Integral Calculus

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TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

Capt. Sabi St., City of Talisay, Negros Occidental
College of Engineering
Office of the Program Coordinator
LEARNING MODULE
MATH 134:
ENGINEERING
CALCULUS 2
DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COMPILED BY:
GENESIS DELES DUMAICOS
2021
This module is a property of Technological University of the Philippines Visayas and intended
for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY and is NOT FOR SALE NOR FOR REPRODUCTION.
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VISION
The Technological University of the Philippines shall be the premier state university
with recognized excellence in engineering and technology at par with leading universities in
the ASEAN region.
MISSION
The University shall provide higher and advanced vocational, technical, industrial,
technological and professional education and training in industries and technology, and in
practical arts leading to certificates, diplomas and degrees.
It shall provide progressive leadership in applied research, developmental studies in
technical, industrial, and technological fields and production using indigenous materials; effect
technology transfer in the countryside; and assist in the development of small-and-medium
scale industries in identified growth center. (Reference: P.D. No. 1518, Section 2)
QUALITY POLICY
The Technological University of the Philippines shall commit to provide quality higher
and advanced technological education; conduct relevant research and extension projects;
continually improve its value to customers through enhancement of personnel competence and
effective quality management system compliant to statutory and regulatory requirements; and
adhere to its core values.
CORE VALUES
T - Transparent and participatory governance

U - Unity in the pursuit of TUP mission, goals, and objectives
P - Professionalism in the discharge of quality service
I - Integrity and commitment to maintain the good name of the University
A - Accountability for individual and organizational quality performance
N - Nationalism through tangible contribution to the rapid economic growth of the
country
S - Shared responsibility, hard work, and resourcefulness in compliance to the mandates
of the university
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Numbers
TUP Vision, Mission, Quality Policy, and Core Values…………………..…… ii
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………..….. iii
Course Description……………………………………………………...…. vi
Learning Outcomes……………………………………………………...… vi
General Guidelines/Class Rules……………………………………...……. vi
Grading System………………………………………………………...….. vi
Learning Guide (Week No. 1) …………………………………………...... 1
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 1
Expected Competencies…………………………………………..... 1
Content/Technical Information…………………………………….. 1
Introduction………………………...……………………….1
Indefinite Integrals……………………………………...….. 4
Simple Power Formula…………………………………… 5
General Power Formula …...……………………………… 7
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 13
References………………………………………………………….. 14
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 15
Logarithmic Functions……………………………………. 15
Exponential Functions………………………………...….. 19
Trigonometric Functions………………………………….. 22
Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas……………… 26
Inverse Trigonometric Functions …...…………………..… 32
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 36
References………………………………………………………….. 39
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 40
Integration by Parts…….…………………………………. 40
Algebraic Substitution……..…………………………...….. 45
Trigonometric Substitution……………………………….. 48
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 53
References………………………………………………………….. 55
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 56
Integration of Rational Fractions………………………….. 56
Distinct Linear Factors……..………………………...……. 57
Repeated Linear Factors……..……………………………..60
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Quadratic Factors…………………………………………. 64
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 69
References………………………………………………………….. 71
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 72
The Definite Integral……………………………………….. 72
Wallis’ Formula…………….………………………...……. 77
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 80
References………………………………………………………….. 82
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 83
Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates………………….. 83
Areas Between Curves……………………………...……… 90
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 92
References………………………………………………………….. 93
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 94
Integrals with Infinite Limits………………………………..94
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 99
References………………………………………………………….. 100
Learning Guide (Week No. 10) ………………………………………...... 101
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 101
Volumes of Solids of Revolution…………………………….101
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 111
References………………………………………………………….. 112
Learning Guide (Week No. 11&12) ……………………………………... 113
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 113
Miscellaneous Solids…………………….………………….113
Length of a Curve………………………………………...…116
Surface of a Revolution……………………………………..122
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 125
References………………………………………………………….. 128
Learning Guide (Week No. 13) ……………………………………............ 129
Topic/s…………………………………………………………...… 129
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Double Integrals……...………………….………………….129
Triple Integrals…………………………………………...…136
Progress Check ……………………………………………………. 141
References………………………………………………………….. 143
List of References………………………………………………………………… 144
About the Compiler……………………………………………………………… 146
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COURSE DESCRIPTION
An introductory course covering the core concepts of limit, continuity and different ability of
functions involving one or more variables. This also includes the application of differential
calculations in solving problems on optimization, rates of change, related rates, tangents and
normal, and approximations, partial differentiation and transcendental curve tracing.
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the fourteen-week course, the student must be able to:
1. derive the different integration formulas and different techniques of integration;
2. use integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions;
3. apply integration to the evaluation of areas, volumes of revolution, force and work;
and
4. explain the physical interpretation of the double and triple integral.
GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES
1. Written Exercises
a. Seatwork (one per week)
b. Quiz (one per week)
c. Exam (Prelim, Mid-Term, End-Term)
2. Problem Solving Activity
a. Board-work
b. Group
3. Policy on the attendance as stipulated in the student handbook will be observed in
case of late/absence.
GRADING SYSTEM
The student will be graded according to the following:
Average of examinations - 50%

Average of assessments - 50%
Prelim Grade : [(Prelim Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]

Midterm Grade : [(Midterm Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]
End term Grade : [(Final Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]
Final Grade : (Prelim Grade x 0.30) + (Mid-term Grade x 0.30) + (End term
Grade x 0.40)]
The passing grade for this course is 5.0.
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LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __1__
TOPIC/S
I. Integration Formulas/Techniques
a. Anti-differentiation
b. Indefinite Integrals
c. Simple Power Formula
d. General Power Formula
EXPECTED COMPETENCIES
At the end of the week after studying the module, the student should be able to:
1. use techniques of anti-differentiation following directly from derivatives of basic
function;
2. apply basic principles of integration to integral problems;
3. solve indefinite integrals using simple power formula; and
4. solve indefinite integrals using general power formula.
CONTENT/TECHNICAL INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
Integration is the process of finding the region bounded by a function; this process
makes use of several important properties.
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things.
But it is easiest to start with finding the area under the curve of a function like this:
Figure 1
What is the area under 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)?
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We could calculate the function at a few points and add up slices of width ∆𝑥 like this (but
the answer won’t be very accurate):
Figure 2
We can make ∆𝑥 a lot smaller and add up many small slices (answer is getting better):
Figure 3
Add as the slices approach zero in width, the answer approaches the true answer. We now
write 𝑑𝑥 to mean the ∆𝑥 slices are approaching zero in width.
Figure 4
Well, that’s a lot of adding up. But we don’t have to add them up, as there is a “shortcut”.
Because finding an Integral is the reverse of finding a Derivative.
Illustration 𝟏. What is an integral of 2𝑥?
We know that the derivative of 𝑥 2 is 2𝑥
…so an integral of 2𝑥 is 𝑥 2
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The symbol for “Integral” is a stylish “S” (for “Sum”, the idea of summing slices)
∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Integral Symbol Function we want to integrate Slices along 𝑥

After the Integral Symbol we put the function we want to find the integral of (called the
Integrand), and then finish with 𝑑𝑥 to mean the slices go in the 𝑥 direction (and approach
zero in width).
And here is how we write the answer:
∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
We wrote the answer as 𝑥 2 but why +𝐶?

It is the “Constant of Integration”. It is there because of all the functions whose derivative is
𝟐𝒙:
Figure 6
The derivative of 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 is 2𝑥, the derivative of 𝑥 2 + 100 is also 2𝑥, and the derivative of
𝑥 2 − 8 is also 2𝑥, and so on. Because the derivative of a constant is zero.
So, when we reverse the operation, to find the integral, we only know 2𝑥, but there could
have been a constant of any value.
So, we wrap the idea by just writing +𝑪 at the end.
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INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
If 𝐹(𝑥) is a function whose derivative 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) on certain interval of the 𝑥-axis,
then 𝐹(𝑥) is called the anti-derivative of indefinite integral 𝑓(𝑥). When we integrate the
differential of a function we get that function plus an arbitrary constant. In symbols we write
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶
Where the symbol ∫, called the integral sign, specifies the operation of integration upon
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; that is, we are to find a function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. The 𝑑𝑥 tells us that
the variable of integration is 𝑥.
INTEGRATION FORMULAS
In these formulas, 𝑢 and 𝑣 denote differentiable functions of some independent

variable (say 𝑥) and 𝑎, 𝑛, and 𝐶 are constants.
1. The integral of the differential of a function 𝑢 is 𝑢 plus an arbitrary constant 𝐶 (the

definition of an integral).
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
2. The integral of a constant times the differential of the function. (A constant may be
written before the integral sign but not a variable factor).
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3. The integral of the sum of a finite number of differentials is the sum of their integrals.
∫(𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ⋯ + ∫ 𝑑𝑧
4. If 𝑛 is not equal to minus one, the integral of 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 is obtained by adding one to the
exponent and divided by the new exponent. This is called the General Power
Formula.
𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶; 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
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SIMPLE POWER FORMULA
𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪; 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
Example 𝟏. Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation.
a. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
b. ∫(5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 −8
d. ∫ 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
Solution to Example 1.
a. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3+1 𝒙𝟒
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝑪
3+1 𝟒
Checking by differentiation:
𝑑 𝑥4 4𝑥 3
[ + 𝐶] = + 0 = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 4 4
b. ∫(5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥
∫(5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 7)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 7 𝑑𝑥
= 5 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 7 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4+1 𝑥 2+1
= 5[ ] + 3[ ] − 7𝑥 + 𝐶
4+1 2+1
𝑥5 𝑥3
= 5 ( ) + 3 ( ) − 7𝑥 + 𝐶
5 3
= 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑑 5
[𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 𝐶] = 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 7
𝑑𝑥
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c. ∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 3+1 𝑦 4+1
= + +𝐶
3+1 4+1
𝒚𝟒 𝒚𝟓
= + +𝑪
𝟒 𝟓
𝑑 𝑦4 𝑦5 4𝑦 3 5𝑦 4
[ + + 𝐶] = + = 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 = (1 + 𝑦)𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦 4 5 4 5
3𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 −8
d. ∫ 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 8 8
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [3𝑥 + 4 − ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2
= ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 8𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 8 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 2 8𝑥 −1
= + 4𝑥 − +𝐶
2 −1
𝟑 𝟐 𝟖
= 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒙
Checking of differentiation:
𝑑 3 2 8 3
[ 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + + 𝐶] = (2𝑥) + 4 + 8(−𝑥 −2 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2
8
= 3𝑥 + 4 −
𝑥2
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 8
=
𝑥2
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GENERAL POWER FORMULA
𝒏
𝒖𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪; 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
Example 𝟐. Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation.
a. ∫(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥

b. ∫ √𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑥 2 +1) 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ 3
√(2𝑥 3 +2𝑥+1)2
d. ∫(1 − 2𝑥 2 )3 𝑑𝑥
a. ∫(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥
This is the form ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢. If we let 𝑢 = 𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥, then 𝑢 is raised to a power 3 and
is multiplied by the differential 𝑑𝑢 = (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7)𝑑𝑥 of the function corresponding
to 𝑢, the integral can be evaluated as follows:
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = ∫(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7)𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3+1
= +𝐶
3+1
𝟒
(𝒙𝟓 − 𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙)
= +𝑪
𝟒
𝑑 (𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)4 1
[ + 𝐶] = (4)(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7)
𝑑𝑥 4 4
= (𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7)
No integral can be evaluated directly unless it contains, in addition to the expression

identified with 𝑢𝑛 , the exact differential of the function corresponding to 𝑢.
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b. ∫ √𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
This form can also be written as

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∫(𝑥 3 − 2)2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
This is not of the form ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 because of the missing constant factor 3 in the
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integrand. Identifying 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 2, 𝑛 = 2, then the differential 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. We must
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then insert 3 in the integrand and to compensate for it, we place the reciprocal 3
before the integral sign. This in effect multiplying by one does not change nor affect
the value of the function.
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 2, then 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ √𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 3 − 2)2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ∫(𝑥 3 − 2)2 (3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥)
3
1
1 (𝑥 3 − 2)2+1
= 1 +𝐶
3 +1
2
3
1 (𝑥 3 − 2)2
= 3 +𝐶
3
2
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
= (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟗
𝑑 2 3 3 2 3 1
[ (𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐶] = ( ) (𝑥 3 − 2)2 (3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 9 9 2
1
= (𝑥 3 − 2)2 𝑥 2
= √𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2
(3𝑥 2 +1) 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫3
√(2𝑥 3 +2𝑥+1)2
This form can also be written as

(3𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 2
∫ 2 = ∫(2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)−3 (3𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)3
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Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1; 𝑛 = −2/3
𝑑𝑢 = (6𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 2(3𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

So,
2 1 2
∫(2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)−3 (3𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)−3 [2(3𝑥 2 + 1)]𝑑𝑥
2
2
1 (2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)−3+1
= 2 +𝐶
2 − +1 3
1
1 (2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)3
= 1 +𝐶
2
3
𝟑 𝟏
= (𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟑 + 𝑪
𝟐
𝑑 3 1 3 1 2
[ (2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐶] = ( ) (2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)−3 (6𝑥 2 + 2)
𝑑𝑥 2 2 3
1 2
= (2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)−3 2(3𝑥 2 + 1)
2
3𝑥 2 + 1
= 3
√(2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 1)2
d. ∫(1 − 2𝑥 2 )3 𝑑𝑥
If we let 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 2 and 𝑛 = 3, then 𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥. But there is no 𝑥 in the given

1
integrand. It is easy to insert −4 in the integrand and offset this by placing − 4 before the
integral sign but nothing can be done about the missing factor 𝑥. We therefore expand
(1 − 2𝑥 2 )3 and integrate term by term.
∫(1 − 2𝑥 2 )3 = ∫[(1)3 − 3(1)2 (2𝑥 2 ) + 3(1)(2𝑥 2 )2 − (2𝑥 2 )3 ] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(1 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 6 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 12 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 8 ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 3 12𝑥 5 8𝑥 7
=𝑥− + − +𝐶
3 5 7
𝟏𝟐 𝟓 𝟖 𝟕
= 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 − 𝒙 +𝑪
𝟓 𝟕
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𝑑 12 8 12 8
[𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 7 + 𝐶] = 1 − 6𝑥 2 + (5𝑥 4 ) − (7𝑥 6 )
𝑑𝑥 5 7 5 7
= 1 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 6
= (1 − 2𝑥 2 )3
Example 𝟑. Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation.
a. ∫ sin4 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
b. ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
c. ∫ tan2 (3𝑥 − 1) sec 2 (3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
d. ∫ cot 𝛽 ln sin 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
a. ∫ sin4 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑦; 𝑛=4
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
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𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒚
∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = +𝑪
𝟓
𝑑 sin5 𝑦 1
[ + 𝐶] = (5) sin4 𝑦 cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 5 5
= sin4 𝑦 cos 𝑦
b. ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = cot 𝑥; 𝑛=1
𝑑𝑢 = − csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ cot 𝑥 (− csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
cot 2 𝑥
=− +𝐶
2
𝟏
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
11
Check by differentiation:
𝑑 1 1
[− cot 2 𝑥 + 𝐶] = − (2) cot 𝑥 (− csc 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 2
= cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥
Other Solution:
We can also rewrite the function in this form
∫ cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = csc 𝑥; 𝑛=1
𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − ∫ csc 𝑥 (− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
csc 2 𝑥
=− +𝐶
2
𝟏
= − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐
𝑑 1 1
[− csc 2 𝑥 + 𝐶] = − (2) csc 𝑥 (− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 2
= csc 2 𝑥 cot 𝑥
c. ∫ tan2 (3𝑥 − 1) sec 2 (3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = tan(3𝑥 − 1); 𝑛=2

2 (3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = sec − 1)(3 𝑑𝑥)
1
∫ tan2 (3𝑥 − 1) sec 2 (3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2(3𝑥 − 1)(3 sec 2 (3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥)
3
1 tan3 (3𝑥 − 1)
= +𝐶
3 3
𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 (𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟗
𝑑 1 1
[ tan3 (3𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶] = (3) tan2 (3𝑥 − 1) sec 2(3𝑥 − 1)(3) = tan2 (3𝑥 − 1) sec 2(3𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 9 9
12
d. ∫ cot 𝛽 ln sin 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
Guide in choosing 𝑢, the derivative should be present in the integrand. In the given
function, we cannot use any of the trigonometric functions present because of ln. So
instead
Let 𝑢 = ln sin 𝛽 ; 𝑛=1

cos 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
𝑑𝑢 = = cot 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
sin 𝛽
∫ cot 𝛽 ln sin 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 = ∫ ln sin 𝛽 (cot 𝛽 𝑑𝛽)
ln2 sin 𝛽
= +𝐶
2
𝟏 𝟐
= 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷 + 𝑪
𝟐
𝑑 1 2 1 cos 𝛽
[ ln sin 𝛽 + 𝐶] = (2) ln sin 𝛽 ( )
𝑑𝛽 2 2 sin 𝛽
= ln sin 𝛽 (cot 𝛽)
13
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 1
Review on Indefinite Integral, Integration Technique using Power Formula
Name: _____________________________________________Year & Section: __________

Subject: ____________________________________________Date Submitted: __________
Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
For numbers 1 to 10, Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation using
simple power formula.
1. ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6)𝑑𝑥 2. ∫(6𝑥 − 3)(4𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
5 3 1 3
3. ∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(𝑥 3 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫(𝑥 + 5)2 (3𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 1 4

8. ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 −4 ) 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫(3𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫(2𝑥 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥
For numbers 1 to 10, Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation using
general power formula.
1. ∫(4 − 3 sin 2𝑥)4 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫(2 sec 𝜃 + 3) sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 4. ∫

(1+√𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
5. ∫(6𝑥 − 5)(3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4)3 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ cot 𝑦 csc 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7. ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1)(3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 ln3 (1+𝑥 3 )

9. ∫ 1 10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(3+4 sec 𝑥)2 (1+𝑥 3 )
14
REFERENCES
Louis Leithold. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry. 6th ed. Harper & Row Publishers Inc.,
1990. Chapter 1, 2 pp. 31 − 73.
Clyde E. Love, Earl D. Rainville. Differential and Integral Calculus. 6th ed. The Macmillan
Co., 1961. Chapter 1, 2
Ricardo C. Asin. Differential Calculus Reviewer. Manila, Philippines, Merriam & Webster
Bookstore, Inc., 1991. pg. 1 − 16.
Introduction to Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-introduction.html
Techniques of Integration (n.d.). retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-calculus/chapter/techniques-of-integration/
15
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __2__
TOPIC/S
a. Logarithms
b. Exponential Functions
c. Trigonometric Functions
d. Transformation by Trigonometric Formulas
e. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1. solve indefinite integrals using logarithmic formula;
2. solve indefinite integrals involving exponential functions;
3. solve indefinite integrals using transformation by trigonometric formulas; and
4. solve indefinite integrals using inverse trigonometric formulas.
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
𝑢𝑛+1
The limitation of the Power Formula ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶, is when 𝑛 = −1; this
𝑛+1
makes the right side of the equation indeterminate. This is where the logarithmic function
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
comes in, note that ∫ 𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ , and we can recall that 𝑑(ln 𝑢) = . Thus,
𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
The formula above involves a numerator which is the derivative of the denominator. The
denominator 𝑢 represents any function involving any independent variable. The formula is
meaningless when 𝑢 is negative, since the logarithms of negative numbers have not been
defined. If we write 𝑢 = −𝑣 so that 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑣, then we have
𝑑𝑢 −𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
∫ =∫ =∫ = ln 𝑣 + 𝐶 = ln(−𝑢) + 𝐶
𝑢 −𝑣 𝑣
16
When negative numbers are involved, the formula should be considered in the form
𝑑𝑢
∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the denominator is the
logarithm of the denominator.
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Example 𝟏. Evaluate ∫ .
1−𝑦 2
The formula for logarithms says, in words: The integral of any quotient whether whose
numerator is the differential of the denominator is the logarithm of the denominator. Therefore,
we let 𝑢 = (1 − 𝑦 2 ), so that 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
We notice that the given function lacks −2, therefore we insert the factor −2 and compensate
1
− 2 outside the integrand, in this way the equation remains unchanged. So, we have
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ 2
=− ∫
1−𝑦 2 1 − 𝑦2
𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝟐
𝑑 1 1 −2𝑦
[− ln(1 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝐶] = − [ ]
𝑑𝑦 2 2 (1 − 𝑦 2 )
𝑦
=
(1 − 𝑦 2 )
17
𝑥 2 −𝑥
Example 𝟐. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥+1
Rule: As first step toward integrating a rational fraction, carry out the indicated division until
the numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.
So, by division we find
𝑥2 − 𝑥 2
=𝑥−2+
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
Therefore,
𝑥2 − 𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 − 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫
𝑥+1
𝒙𝟐
= − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟐
𝑑 𝑥2 2𝑥 1
[ − 2𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶] = − 2 + 2( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑥+1
2
=𝑥−2+
𝑥+1
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 2(𝑥 + 1) + 2
=
𝑥+1
𝑥2 − 𝑥
=
𝑥+1
Example 𝟑. Evaluate the given integral and check by differentiation.
𝑣3
∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑣−1
Apply the rule in integrating a rational fraction just like in Example 2.
18
Since the numerator has higher degree than of the denominator, we then divide the fraction.
We have,
𝑣3 1
= 𝑣2 + 𝑣 + 1 +
𝑣−1 𝑣−1
Notice, that we just changed the form of the given function thru division, but still has of the
same value. We changed the form that would be acceptable for integration.
Therefore,
𝑣3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ (𝑣 2 + 𝑣 + 1 + ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣−1 𝑣−1
𝒗𝟑 𝒗𝟐
= + + 𝒗 + 𝐥𝐧(𝒗 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟐
𝑑 𝑣3 𝑣2 3𝑣 2 2𝑣 1
[ + + 𝑣 + ln(𝑣 − 1) + 𝐶] = + +1+
𝑑𝑣 3 2 3 2 𝑣−1
1
= 𝑣2 + 𝑣 + 1 +
𝑣−1
𝑣 2 (𝑣 − 1) + 𝑣(𝑣 − 1) + (𝑣 − 1) + 1
=
𝑣−1
𝑣3
=
𝑣−1
sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽
Example 𝟒. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝛽.
2 sec 𝛽+3
When we evaluate the integral of the given function, first we check if the function is applicable
in general power formula to which we choose 𝑢 and mentally check if the derivative of the
chosen 𝑢 is present in the integrand, say for example we choose or let 𝑢 = sec 𝛽, to which the
derivative 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽 is also present in the integrand. Now, since 𝑢 = sec 𝛽 is in the
denominator and has of one degree, therefore we cannot apply the general power rule since
𝑛 ≠ −1, therefore we apply the logarithmic formula. So, we take the whole denominator as 𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2sec 𝛽 + 3 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽

sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽 1 2 sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽
∫ 𝑑𝛽 = ( ) ∫
2 sec 𝛽 + 3 2 2 sec 𝛽 + 3
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜷 + 𝟑) + 𝑪
𝟐
19
𝑑 1 1 2 sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽
[ ln(2 sec 𝛽 + 3) + 𝐶] = [ ]
𝑑𝛽 2 2 (2 sec 𝛽 + 3)
sec 𝛽 tan 𝛽
=
2 sec 𝛽 + 3
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
There are two basic formulas for the integration of exponential functions.
𝑎𝑢
(i) ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
ln 𝑎
(ii) ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
Where
𝑢 = function, say 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 = constant (example: 4, π, sin 60°, √5)

1 𝑥 1
𝑒 = lim (𝑥 + 𝑥) = lim (1 + 𝑥)𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞
𝑒 = 2.71828 1828 4590 4 …
Example 𝟓. Evaluate the following integrals.

1
(a) ∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑦
(b) ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
3
(c) ∫ 3−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫ 4𝑒 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a) Using the formula (ii) for exponential function, we must choose 𝑢 wherein the
derivative of the chosen 𝑢 is also present in the integrand.
Let 𝑢 = −5𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = −5 𝑑𝑥
1 Notice that we compensated the
∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥 (−5 𝑑𝑥) missing factor of −5 in the derivative
5 of 𝑢 to apply the formula (ii)
𝟏
= − 𝒆−𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓
20
𝑑 1 1
[− 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶] = − (𝑒 −5𝑥 (−5))
𝑑𝑥 5 5
= 𝑒 −5𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
(b) Let 𝑢 = ; 𝑑𝑢 = −
𝑦 𝑦2
Thus:
1
𝑒𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
∫ 2 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑦 (− 2 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝟏
= −𝒆𝒚 + 𝑪
𝑑 1 1 1
[− 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝐶] = −𝑒 𝑦 (− 2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1
𝑒𝑦
= 2
𝑦
(c) Using the formula (i) for exponential function, we must also choose 𝑢 wherein the
derivative of the chosen 𝑢 is also present in the integrand.
Let 𝑢 = −𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥
∫ 3−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 3−𝑥 (−𝑑𝑥)
𝟑−𝒙
=− +𝑪
𝐥𝐧 𝟑
𝑑 3−𝑥 1
[− + 𝐶] = − (3−𝑥 )(ln 3)(−1)
𝑑𝑥 ln 3 ln 3
= 3−𝑥
Remember that derivative of

𝑎𝑢 is 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
21
(d) First to do if 𝑢 in the given function involves logarithmic function, is to evaluate using
rules in logarithms. So,
∫ 4 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Evaluating 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 , we let
𝑢 = 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥
3
𝑢 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 3 ln 𝑒
ln 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 3
𝑢 = 𝑥3
Thus:
∫ 4 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
= 4( ) + 𝐶
4
= 𝒙𝟒 + 𝑪
Note: we just change the form of 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 by evaluating the function using rules of
logarithms. Still 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 has the same value as 𝑥 3 . (try to put value in x to confirm.)
𝑒 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Example 𝟔. Evaluate ∫ .
1+4𝑒 3𝜃
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 4𝑒 3𝜃
𝑑𝑢 = (4)𝑒 3𝜃 3𝑑𝜃 = 12𝑒 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃 Notice that the given integral is

applicable using logarithmic rule to
which the derivative of the denominator
is present in the numerator.
Thus:
𝑒 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1 12 𝑒 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ = ∫
1 + 4𝑒 3𝜃 12 1 + 4𝑒 3𝜃
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + 𝟒𝒆𝟑𝜽 ) + 𝑪
𝟏𝟐
22
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Basic Formulas
(1) ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
(2) ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
(3) ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
(4) ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
(5) ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
(6) ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶
Formulas Derived from Logarithmic Function
(7) ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(sec 𝑢) + 𝐶 = − ln(cos 𝑢) + 𝐶
(8) ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(sin 𝑢) + 𝐶
(9) ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢) + 𝐶
(10) ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln(csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢) + 𝐶 = − ln(csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢) + 𝐶
The six basic formulas for integration involving trigonometric functions are stated in terms of
appropriate pairs of functions. An integral involving sin 𝑥 and tan 𝑥, which the simple
integration formula cannot be applied, we must put the integrand entirely in terms of sin 𝑥 and
cos 𝑥 or in terms of tan 𝑥 and sec 𝑥. Notice that these formulas are reverse formulas in
Differential Calculus.
Illustration 𝟏. The formula derived from trigonometric function can be traced as follows:
sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
cos 𝑢
− sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= −∫
cos 𝑢
= − 𝐥𝐧(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖) + 𝑪
23
= ln(cos 𝑢)−1 + 𝐶
1
= ln ( )+𝐶
cos 𝑢
= 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖) + 𝑪
Illustration 𝟐.
sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢
∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ sec 𝑢 ( ) 𝑑𝑢
sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢
sec 𝑢+tan 𝑢
Notice that by multiplying the function sec 𝑢 to (which is equal to 1) does not
sec 𝑢+tan 𝑢
change the value of the function, rather it only changed the form which is now acceptable for
integration using logarithm formula.
sec 2 𝑢 + sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢

=∫ 𝑑𝑢
sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢
Let 𝑣 = sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑣 = (sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 + sec 2 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
= 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖) + 𝑪
Example 𝟕. Evaluate the following integrals.

1
(a) ∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4
(c) ∫ csc 4𝑡 cot 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (d) ∫ csc 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝜃 sec 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(e) ∫ 𝑑𝜃 (f) ∫
cos 5 𝜃 5 + 3 tan 4𝑥
(a) Using Trigonometric Function Formula (1)
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 5 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 5𝑥 (5 𝑑𝑥)
5
𝟏
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓
24
(b) Using Trigonometric Formula (2)

1
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑦
1
𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1
∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫ cos 𝑦 ( 𝑑𝑦)
4 4 4
𝟏
= 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟒
𝑑 1 1 1
[4 sin 𝑦 + 𝐶] = 4 cos ( 𝑦) ( )
𝑑𝑦 4 4 4
1
= cos ( 𝑦)
4
(c) Using Trigonometric Formula (6)
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = 4 𝑑𝑡
1
∫ csc 4t cot 4t 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ csc 4𝑡 cot 4𝑡 (4 𝑑𝑡)
4
𝟏
= − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟒𝒕 + 𝑪
𝟒
𝑑 1 1
[− csc 4𝑡 + 𝐶] = (− ) (− csc 4𝑡 cot 4𝑡)(4)
𝑑𝑡 4 4
= csc 4𝑡 cot 4𝑡
(d) Using Trigonometric Formula (4)
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑑𝑥
1
∫ csc 2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 2 3𝑥 (3 𝑑𝑥)
3
𝟏
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
𝑑 1 1
[− cot 3𝑥 + 𝐶] = − (− csc 2 3𝑥)(3) = csc 2 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 3
25
(e) This function will fall on general power formula taking 𝑢 = cos 𝜃; 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃;
𝑛=5
Thus:
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ = − ∫(cos 𝜃)−5 (− sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
cos5 𝜃
(cos 𝜃)−5+1
=− +𝐶
(−5 + 1)
1
= cos −4 𝜃 + 𝐶
4
𝟏
= +𝑪
𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟒 𝜽
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
[ 4
+ 𝐶] = [ cos−4 𝜃 + 𝐶]
𝑑𝜃 4 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 4
1
= (−4)(cos −5 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃)
4
= cos −5 𝜃 sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
=
cos5 𝜃
(f) Upon seeing the given function in the integrand, we mentally evaluate that the integral
will be solved using logarithmic function formula. To which
𝑢 = 5 + 3 tan 4𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3 sec 2 4𝑥 (4 𝑑𝑥) = 12 sec 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Thus:
sec 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 12 sec 2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
5 + 3 tan 4𝑥 12 5 + 3 tan 4𝑥
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝟓 + 𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟏𝟐
𝑑 1 1 3 sec 2 4𝑥 (4) sec 2 4𝑥

[ ln(5 + 3 tan 4𝑥) + 𝐶] = ( )=
𝑑𝑥 12 12 5 + 3 tan 4𝑥 5 + 3 tan 4𝑥
26
TRANSFORMATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS
In this part, if the derivative of the chosen 𝑢 is expressed implicitly in the integrand, to
solve the integral of the given trigonometric function we transform the given trigonometric
function for it to be integrated using various trigonometric identities.
Example 𝟖. Evaluate the following integrals.
cos3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(a) ∫ (b) ∫ sin2 𝜃 csc 2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 − sin 𝑦
(cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 sin3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(c) ∫ (d) ∫
cos 𝑥 cos 6 𝑦
(e) ∫ sec 6 𝛽 tan 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 (f) ∫ tan5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a) First thig to do, is to evaluate the given function mentally if the general power rule is
applicable, if not, try logarithmic function, or since it involves trigonometric function
try to evaluate using trigonometric function basic formulas. Now, since it’s impossible
to solve the integrand using the first three techniques, we then try to transform some of
the trigonometric function relative to the other existing function just to change the form
so that it can be integrated. With this, we transform cos 3 𝑦 using identities that could
relate to the existing sine function.
Thus:
cos 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos2 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

∫ =∫
1 − sin 𝑦 1 − sin 𝑦
(1 − sin2 𝑦) cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=∫
1 − sin 𝑦
(1 − sin 𝑦)(1 + sin 𝑦) cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=∫
1 − sin 𝑦
= ∫(1 + sin 𝑦) cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Now, notice that after we transformed the given function it resolved into two terms and
both are acceptable for integration. Also notice that the second term has two possible solution.
But, do not worry it can still be justified with the same value after checking by differentiation.
27
So, to continue with the solution, we have
= sin 𝑦 + ∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution 1 for ∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟐
Solution 2 for ∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟐
Notice that we have two possible solution for the given integral. Let’s check by
differentiation to prove that they have the same value.
Checking by differentiation: (Solution 1)

𝑑 1 1
[sin 𝑦 + sin2 𝑦 + 𝐶] = cos 𝑦 + (2) sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦
= (1 + sin 𝑦) cos 𝑦
1 − sin 𝑦
= (1 + sin 𝑦) cos 𝑦 ( )
1 − sin 𝑦
(1 − sin2 𝑦) cos 𝑦
=
1 − sin 𝑦
cos 2 𝑦 cos 𝑦
=
1 − sin 𝑦
cos3 𝑦
=
1 − sin 𝑦
28
Checking by differentiation: (Solution 2)

𝑑 1 1
[sin 𝑦 − cos2 𝑦 + 𝐶] = cos 𝑦 − (2) cos 𝑦(− sin 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦
= (1 + sin 𝑦) cos 𝑦
1 − sin 𝑦
= (1 + sin 𝑦) cos 𝑦 ( )
1 − sin 𝑦
(1 − sin2 𝑦) cos 𝑦
=
1 − sin 𝑦
cos 2 𝑦 cos 𝑦
=
1 − sin 𝑦
cos 3 𝑦
=
1 − sin 𝑦
(b) Transform csc 2 2𝜃 using reciprocal identity to relate to sine function.

Thus:
1
∫ sin2 𝜃 csc 2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sin2 𝜃 ( 2 ) 𝑑𝜃
sin 2𝜃
1
= ∫ sin2 𝜃 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
(sin 2𝜃)2
1
= ∫ sin2 𝜃 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)2
sin2 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
4 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
1
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
4 cos 2 𝜃
1
= ∫ sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4
𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟒
Challenge yourself. Check by differentiation. Try this!
29
(c) Expand and evaluate.

(cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 (cos2 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Notice that we have denominator of cos 𝑥, now with the outcome of the expanded term,
we decide to transform sin2 𝑥 in terms of cosine function to be able to distribute and divide
each term with cos 𝑥.
cos2 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 4 (1 − cos 2 𝑥)

=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 4 − 4 cos 2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
4 − 3 cos 2 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
4 3 cos 2 𝑥 4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= 4 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝟒 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
(d) With the given function, we can group the given trigonometric function based on the
degree to form new trigonometric function and start transformation so that the function
can be integrated.
sin3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin3 𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
cos6 𝑦 cos 3 𝑦 ∙ cos 3 𝑦
sin3 𝑦 1
=∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑦
cos 3 𝑦 cos3 𝑦
= ∫ tan3 𝑦 sec 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ tan2 𝑦 sec 2 𝑦 sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ∫(sec 2 𝑦 −1) sec 2 𝑦 sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ sec 4 𝑦 sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ sec 2 𝑦 sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
30
Using the general power rule by taking 𝑢 = sec 𝑦 for both terms, we have
sec 5 𝑦 sec 3 𝑦
= − +𝐶
5 3
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟑
𝑑 1 1 1 1
[ sec 5 𝑦 − sec 3 𝑦 + 𝐶] = (5) sec 4 𝑦 (sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦) − (3) sec 2 𝑦 (sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 5 3 5 3
= sec 5 𝑦 tan 𝑦 − sec 3 𝑦 tan 𝑦
= sec 3 𝑦 tan 𝑦 (sec 2 𝑦 − 1)
= sec 3 𝑦 tan 𝑦 (tan2 𝑦)
= sec 3 𝑦 tan3 𝑦
1 sin3 𝑦
= ( 3 )( 3 )
cos 𝑦 cos 𝑦
sin3 𝑦
=
cos6 𝑦
(e)
∫ sec 6 𝛽 tan 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 = ∫ sec 4 𝛽 tan 𝛽 sec 2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
From here, we can notice that sec 2 𝛽 is the derivative of tan 𝛽, by that, we transform
sec 4 𝛽 in terms of tangent so that general power rule can be applied to solve the integral.
= ∫(tan2 𝛽 + 1)2 tan 𝛽 sec 2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
= ∫(tan4 𝛽 + 2 tan2 𝛽 + 1) tan 𝛽 sec 2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
= ∫(tan5 𝛽 + 2 tan3 𝛽 + tan 𝛽) sec 2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
= ∫ tan5 𝛽 sec 2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 + 2 ∫ tan3 𝛽 sec 2 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 + ∫ tan 𝛽 sec 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
1 1 1
= tan6 𝛽 + 2 ( tan4 𝛽) + tan2 𝛽 + 𝐶
6 4 2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟔 𝜷 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝜷 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜷 + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
31
(f) We can transform the given function thru gradual transformation.
∫ tan5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan3 𝑥 (tan2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Notice that the first term can now be integrated using the general power formula, while
the second term still needs transformation. So,
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 sin 𝑥

= − +∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 2 cos 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒 𝟐
Note: Please be mindful with the signs of the integral of trigonometric functions, as you may
seemed to be confuse with the signs of their respective derivatives.
32
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
(1) ∫ = arcsin + 𝐶, 𝑎>0
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
(2) ∫ = arctan + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
(3) ∫ = arcsec + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
In applying the formula (Example: Formula 1 above), it is important to note that the
numerator is the differential of the variable quantity 𝑢 which appears squared inside the square
root symbol. We mentally put the quantity under the radical into the form of the square of the
constant minus the square of the variable.
Example 𝟗. Perform the indicated integrations.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(a) ∫ (b) ∫
9 + 𝑦2 √3 − 12𝑥 2
𝑒 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑥2 + 1
(c) ∫ (d) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√16 − 4𝑒 4𝜃 𝑥2 + 4
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 tan 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
(e) ∫ (f) ∫
√−7 − 8𝑦 − 𝑦 2 √cos 2 𝛽 − 6
(a) Using inverse trigonometric function formula (2)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ 2
=∫
9+𝑦 (3) + (𝑦)2
2
where 𝑎 = 3, and 𝑢 = 𝑦; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦
𝟏 𝒚
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑
1
𝑑 1 𝑦 1 3 1 1
[ arctan + 𝐶] = ( ) = =
𝑑𝑦 3 3 3 𝑦 2 𝑦2 9 + 𝑦2
1 + (3) 9 (1 + 9
)
33
(b) Using inverse trigonometric function formula (1)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√3 − 12𝑥 2 2 2
√(√3) − (√12 𝑥)
where 𝑎 = √3, and 𝑢 = √12 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = √12 𝑑𝑥
We multiply the numerator with the lacking factor √12, thus
1 √12 𝑑𝑥
= ∫
√12 2 2
√(√3) − (√12 𝑥)
Now we can use the formula (1)
1 √12𝑥
= arcsin +𝐶
√12 √3
1 2√3 𝑥
= arcsin +𝐶
√12 √3
𝟏
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
√𝟏𝟐
Challenge yourself: Check by differentiation. Try this!
(c) Using inverse trigonometric function formula (1)
𝑒 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑒 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ =∫
√16 − 4𝑒 4𝜃 √(4)2 − (2𝑒 2𝜃 )2
where 𝑎 = 4; 𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑒 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 4 𝑒 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫
4 √(4)2 − (2𝑒 2𝜃 )2
1 2𝑒 2𝜃
= arcsin +𝐶
4 4
𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝜽
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝑪
𝟒 𝟐
34
(d) For the given function, since it cannot be solve using inverse trigonometric function
formula yet, we change the form by dividing the numerator to the denominator, or we
can also rewrite the numerator just like
𝑥2 + 1 𝑥 2 + (4 − 3)
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +4 𝑥2 + 4
𝑥2 + 4 − 3
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 4
𝑥2 + 4 3
= ∫( 2 − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ ∫
𝑥2 +4 (2)2 + (𝑥)2
Now, we can solve the integral of the given function.
𝟑 𝒙
= 𝒙 − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
(e) With this type of function given in the integrand, we arrange or change the form of the
denominator inside the square root by completing the square to be acceptable in inverse
trigonometric function formula (1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ =∫
√−7 − 8𝑦 − 𝑦 2 √−7 − 8𝑦 − 𝑦 2 − 16 + 16
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=∫
√9 − (𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 + 16)
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=∫
√(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2
At this point, we still can’t apply the inverse trigonometric function formula (1)
because of the numerator. We then again change the form of the given function,
(𝑦 + 4 − 4) 𝑑𝑦
=∫
√(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2
(𝑦 + 4) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=∫ − 4∫
√(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2 √(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2
Now, notice that both terms can now be integrated. General power formula for first
term and inverse trigonometric function formula (1) for second term. We have,
35
1 𝑑𝑦
= ∫[(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2 ]−2 (𝑦 + 4) 𝑑𝑦 − 4 ∫
√(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2
1 1 𝑑𝑦
= − ∫[(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2 ]−2 (−2)(𝑦 + 4) 𝑑𝑦 − 4 ∫
2 √(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2
1
1 [(3)2 − (𝑦 + 4)2 ]2 𝑦+4
=− 1 − 4 arcsin +𝐶
2 3
2
𝒚+𝟒
= −√𝟗 − (𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐 − 𝟒 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 +𝑪
𝟑
(f) Using inverse trigonometric function formula (3)

tan 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 sin 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
∫ = ∫
√cos2 𝛽 − 6 2
cos 𝛽 √(cos 𝛽)2 − (√6)
where 𝑎 = √6, and 𝑢 = cos 𝛽; 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝛽 𝑑𝛽

− sin 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
= −∫
2
cos 𝛽 √(cos 𝛽)2 − (√6)
𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜷
=− 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐞𝐜 +𝑪
√𝟔 √𝟔
1
𝑑 1 cos 𝛽 1 − sin 𝛽
√6
[− arcsec + 𝐶] = (− )
𝑑𝛽 √6 √6 √6 cos 𝛽 2
√(cos 𝛽) − 1
[ √6 √6 ]
1 sin 𝛽
=( )
√6 cos2 𝛽
cos 𝛽 √ −1
6
1 sin 𝛽 tan 𝛽
=( ) =
√6 cos2 𝛽−6 √cos2 𝛽 − 6
cos 𝛽 √ 6
36
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 2
Review on Integration of Exponential Functions, Logarithmic Functions, Trigonometric
Functions and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Logarithmic Functions
For numbers 1 to 10, Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation.
2 𝑑𝑥 (1−2𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
1. ∫ 3𝑥−4 2. ∫ 𝑦
(2𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥 𝑤+3
3. ∫ 4. ∫ 𝑤−1 𝑑𝑤
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3
5. ∫ 5 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
6. ∫ 2+3 sin 𝜃
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
7. ∫ 2 sec 𝑥+3 8. ∫ 𝑦−1
(𝑥+6) 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥 −tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

9. ∫ (𝑥+2)2
10. ∫
cos2 𝑥
Exponential Function
11. ∫ 𝑒 −8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫ 3−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13. ∫(𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 )2 𝑑𝑡 (𝑒 𝑦 +1)2

14. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑒𝑦
3
15. ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑧 6𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑒 2𝛽 𝑑𝛽
16. ∫
4+5𝑒 2𝛽
17. ∫(1 − 2𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 18. ∫ 6𝑒 5 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
37
1 5𝑥
19. ∫ (𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑦
− 2𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 20. ∫ 6𝑒 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
Trigonometric Functions
21. ∫ sin 5𝑦 𝑑𝑦 22. ∫ sin2 𝜃 csc 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
cos ln 𝑥 tan 𝑥
23. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 24. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1−tan2 𝑥
25. ∫(tan 𝜃 − 1)2 𝑑𝜃 1−cos 2𝑦

26. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
1+cos 2𝑦
27. ∫ sec 4 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 28. ∫(cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥)2 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
29. ∫(cos4 𝑦 − sin4 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 30. ∫ cos 𝛼 (1 − cos 2𝛼)3 𝑑𝛼
31. ∫ cos 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 32. ∫ cos2 𝑥 sin3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
33. ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 34. ∫ cot 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
35. ∫ sec 6 𝑦 sin3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 36. ∫ sec 6 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
37. ∫ sin3 𝛽 (2 − 3 cos 𝛽)2 𝑑𝛽 38. ∫ tan5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin5 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
39. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 40. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos5 𝑥 cos5 𝑥
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

For numbers 41 to 50, Evaluate the following integrals using inverse trigonometric
function formula.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
41. ∫ 42. ∫
3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+5 9𝑥 2 +16
(2𝑥+7) 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
43. ∫ 44. ∫
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5 (𝑥+2)√𝑥 2 +4𝑥+3
38
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑡
45. ∫ 46. ∫
√15+2𝑦−𝑦 2 (𝑡−3)√𝑡 2 −6𝑡+5
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
47. ∫ 48. ∫ 𝑦2 +𝑦+1
𝑥 4 +16
(𝑥+2) 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
49. ∫ 50. ∫
√4−2𝑥−𝑥 2 √2−cos2 𝑥
39
REFERENCES
1990. Chapter 1, 2 pp. 31 − 73.
Co., 1961. Chapter 1, 2
Ricardo C. Asin. Differential Calculus Reviewer. Manila, Philippines, Merriam & Webster
Bookstore, Inc., 1991. pg. 1 − 16.
Logarithmic Functions | Fundamental Integration Formulas (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/logarithmic-functions-fundamental-
integration-formulas
Exponential Functions | Fundamental Integration Formulas (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/exponential-functions-fundamental-
Trigonometric Functions | Fundamental Integration Formulas (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/trigonometric-functions-fundamental-
Inverse Trigonometric Functions | Fundamental Integration Formulas (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/inverse-trigonometric-functions-
fundamental-integration-formulas
40
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __3__
TOPIC/S
a. Integration by Parts
b. Algebraic Substitution
c. Trigonometric Substitution
1. solve indefinite integrals using integration by parts;
2. solve indefinite integrals using algebraic substitution; and
3. solve indefinite integrals using trigonometric substitution.
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Integration by parts is a special method of integration that is often useful when two
functions are multiplied together but is also helpful in other ways.
The formula is based on the product rule for derivatives:
𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
If we integrate both sides and rearrange,
∫ 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
41
When 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥, 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 or

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢. When this is integrated, we have
∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖
The expression to be integrated must be separated into two parts, one part being 𝑢 and
the other part, together with 𝑑𝑥, being 𝑑𝑣. The factor corresponding to 𝑑𝑣 must obviously
contain the differential of the variable of integration.
Example 𝟏. What is ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ?
We can see that there are two functions in the integrand, the algebraic function (𝑥) and
trigonometric function (cos 𝑥). In this case, it is best to use integration by parts to solve the
integral.
First, we need to choose 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
(Sometimes, it takes trial and error in choosing the best 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣) 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
Now, using the formula:
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥)(sin 𝑥) − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
= 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑑
(𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶) = 𝑥(cos 𝑥) + sin 𝑥 (1) − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 cos 𝑥
42
Steps in solving integrals using integration by parts:

1. Choose 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣.
2. Differentiate 𝑢 to get 𝑑𝑢.
3. Integrate 𝑑𝑣 to get 𝑣.
4. Substitute 𝑢, 𝑑𝑢, 𝑣, and 𝑑𝑣 to the formula ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢.
5. Simplify and solve.
Example 𝟐. Perform the integration.
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using the steps in solving integrals using integration by parts.
Say we let 𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣= 2
We have,
𝑥2 𝑥2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ( ) − ∫ ( ) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
Now, notice the outcome when we choose 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 it just produced more complex integrand.
Thus, we let 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
We have,
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
= 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
Notice that by choosing 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, it produced terms acceptable for integration.
𝑑 𝑥
[𝑒 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶] = 𝑒 𝑥 (1) + (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
43
Example 𝟑. Perform the integration ∫ 𝑦 csc 2 𝑦 cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.
let 𝑢=𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = csc 2 𝑦 cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Using the general

power formula:
cot2 𝑦 𝑢𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑣=− ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
2 𝑛+1
where 𝑢 = cot 𝑦.
cot 2 𝑦 cot 2 𝑦
∫ 𝑦 csc 2 𝑦 cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦) (− ) − ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑦 cot 2 𝑦 1
=− + ∫ cot 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑦 cot 2 𝑦 1
=− + ∫(csc 2 𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑦 cot 2 𝑦 1 1
=− + ∫ csc 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2
𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 𝒚
=− − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒚 − + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Example 𝟒. Perform the integration ∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦.
let 𝑢 = sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1

∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ sin 4𝑦 (4𝑑𝑦)
1 4
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 = − 4 cos 4𝑦 1
𝑣 = − cos 4𝑦
4
Thus:
1 1
∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (sin 𝑦) (− cos 4𝑦) − ∫ (− cos 4𝑦) (cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦)
4 4
1 1
∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 + ∫ cos 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4 4
44
Now, consider ∫ cos 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
let 𝑢 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = cos 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1

∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ cos 4𝑦 (4𝑑𝑦)
1 4
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 = 4 sin 4𝑦 1
𝑣 = sin 4𝑦
4
Thus:
1 1
∫ cos 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑦 ( sin 4𝑦) − ∫ ( sin 4𝑦) (− sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦)
4 4
1 1
∫ cos 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 + ∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦
4 4
Therefore:
1 1 1 1
∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 + [ cos 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 + ∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦]
4 4 4 4
1 1 1
= − sin 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 + cos 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 + ∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 + 𝐶
4 16 16
Notice the last term with integral, is the same as the given integral. Thus, we transpose to the
left side of the equation, we have
1 1 1
(1 − ) ∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 + cos 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 + 𝐶
16 4 16
15 1 1
∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 + cos 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 + 𝐶
16 4 16
15
Now, we divide everything by . We get
16
𝟒 𝟏
∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒚 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
or
𝟏
∫ sin 𝑦 sin 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝒚] + 𝑪
𝟏𝟓
45
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
There are two types of substitution: algebraic substitution and trigonometric
substitution.
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
In algebraic substitution we replace the variable of integration by a function of a new variable.
A change in the variable on integration often reduces an integrand to an easier integrable form.
Example 𝟓. Evaluate the following integrals:

(8𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑤 3 𝑑𝑤
a. ∫ b. ∫ 𝑥 3 √2𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 c. ∫
√4𝑦 − 3 (𝑤 2 + 1)3
We use algebraic substitution technique if after we tried all the previous techniques introduced
yet the function cannot be integrated. With this, we replace the variable of integration by a
function of a new variable. Say,
a. Let 𝑢 = √4𝑦 − 3
𝑢2 = 4𝑦 − 3
1
𝑦 = 4 (𝑢2 + 3)
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 4 (2𝑢 𝑑𝑢) = 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Replace the variable of integration by a function of a new variable,

1 1
(8𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 [8 (4) (𝑢2 + 3) + 1] (2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
∫ =∫
√4𝑦 − 3 𝑢
1
= ∫(2𝑢2 + 6 + 1) ( 𝑑𝑢)
2
7
= ∫ (𝑢2 + ) 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑢3 7
= + 𝑢+𝐶
3 2
After integration, we change it back to its original variable. Thus,
𝟑
(8𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 (√𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑) 𝟕
∫ = + √𝟒𝒚 − 𝟑 + 𝑪
√4𝑦 − 3 𝟑 𝟐
46
3
𝑑 (√4𝑦 − 3) 7 𝑑 1 3 7 1
[ + √4𝑦 − 3 + 𝐶] = [ (4𝑦 − 3)2 + (4𝑦 − 3)2 + 𝐶]
𝑑𝑦 3 2 𝑑𝑦 3 2
1 3 1 7 1 1
= ( ) (4𝑦 − 3)2 (4) + ( ) (4𝑦 − 3)−2 (4)
3 2 2 2
1 1
= 2(4𝑦 − 3)2 + 7(4𝑦 − 3)−2
7
= 2√4𝑦 − 3 +
√4𝑦 − 3
2(4𝑦 − 3) + 7
=
√4𝑦 − 3
8𝑦 − 6 + 7
=
√4𝑦 − 3
8𝑦 + 1
=
√4𝑦 − 3
b. Let 𝑢 = √2𝑥 2 + 1
𝑢2 = 2𝑥 2 + 1
1
𝑥 2 = 2 (𝑢2 − 1)
1
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (2𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥 3 √2𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 √2𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
1 1
= ∫ (𝑢2 − 1) (𝑢) ( 𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
2 2
1
= ∫(𝑢4 − 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢
4
1 1
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
4 4
1 𝑢5 1 𝑢3
= ( )− ( )+𝐶
4 5 4 3
47
1 𝑢5 𝑢3
= ( − )+𝐶
4 5 3
1 3𝑢 − 5𝑢3
5
= ( )+𝐶
4 15
1 3
= 𝑢 (3𝑢2 − 5) + 𝐶
60
where 𝑢 = √2𝑥 2 + 1
1 3
= (√2𝑥 2 + 1) [3(2𝑥 2 + 1) − 5] + 𝐶
60
Simplify:
1 3
= (2𝑥 2 + 1)2 (6𝑥 2 + 3 − 5) + 𝐶
60
1 3
= (2𝑥 2 + 1)2 (6𝑥 2 − 2) + 𝐶
60
1 3
= (2𝑥 2 + 1)2 (2)(3𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶
60
𝟏 𝟑
∫ 𝑥 3 √2𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟑𝟎
c. Let 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 2 = 𝑢2 − 1
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
∫ 2 =∫ 2
(𝑥 + 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)3
(𝑢2 − 1)(𝑢 𝑑𝑢)
=∫
(𝑢2 )3
(𝑢3 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
=∫
𝑢6
𝑢3 𝑢
= ∫( − ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6 𝑢6
= ∫ 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢−5 𝑑𝑢
48
𝑢−2 𝑢−4
= − +𝐶
−2 −4
1 1
=− 2
+ 4+𝐶
2𝑢 4𝑢
where 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 2 = − + +𝑪
(𝑥 + 1)3 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐
TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
Trigonometric substitution is employed to integrate expressions involving functions of
(𝑎2 − 𝑢2 ), (𝑎2 + 𝑢2 ), and (𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) where 𝑎 is a constant and 𝑢 is any algebraic function.
Substitutions convert the respective functions to expressions in terms of trigonometric
functions. The substitution is more useful but not limited to functions involving radicals.
Use the following suggestions:
When the integrand involves…
(𝑎2 − 𝑢2 ), try 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
(𝑎2 + 𝑢2 ), try 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃
(𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ), try 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
The substitution may be represented geometrically by constructing a right triangle.
Example 𝟔. Evaluate the following integrals, making use of trigonometric substitution.

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
a. ∫ 3 b. ∫ 3
(𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2 (4 − 𝑥 2 )2
𝑦2
c. ∫ √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 d. ∫ 3 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 2 − 16)2
49
3
a. Since the integrand involves (𝑎2 + 𝑢2 ) in the presence of (𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 )2 , we try to
substitute 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Thus,
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫ 3 =∫ 3
(𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑎2 + (𝑎 tan 𝜃)2 )2
𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ 3
(𝑎2 + 𝑎2 tan2 𝜃)2
=∫
3
√(𝑎2 (1 + tan2 𝜃))
=∫ 3
𝑎 sec 3 𝜃
1 1
= 2
∫ 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 sec 𝜃
1
= ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎2
1
= sin 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑎2
𝑦
Now, since tan 𝜃 = ,
𝑎
𝑦
sin 𝜃 =
√𝑎2 +𝑦2
Thus,
𝑑𝑦 𝟏 𝒚
∫ 3 = +𝑪
(𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 ) 2
𝒂𝟐 √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
50
3
b. Since the integrand involves (𝑎2 − 𝑢2 ) in the presence of (4 − 𝑥 2 )2 , try to substitute
𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃.
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃; where 𝑎 = 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Thus:
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3 =∫ 3
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 (22 − 𝑥 2 )2
(𝑎 sin 𝜃)2 (𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
=∫ 3
(𝑎2 − (𝑎 sin 𝜃)2 )2
𝑎3 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ 3
(𝑎2 (1 − sin2 𝜃))2
𝑎3 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫
𝑎3 cos3 𝜃
sin2 𝜃
=∫ 𝑑𝜃
cos2 𝜃
= ∫ tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫(sec 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
= tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
Now, since sin 𝜃 = , 𝜃 = arcsin 𝑎
𝑎
𝑥
tan 𝜃 =
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
Thus,
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝒙 𝒙
∫ 3 = − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
(4 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 √𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
51
c. Since the integrand involves the (𝑎2 − 𝑢2 ) in the presence of (√9 − 𝑥 2 ), we use to
substitute 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃.
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃; where 𝑎 = 3
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Thus:
∫ √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑎2 − (𝑎 sin 𝜃)2 (𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
= ∫ √𝑎2 (1 − sin2 𝜃) (𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
= ∫ √𝑎2 (cos2 𝜃) (𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
= ∫ 𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 + cos 2𝜃
= 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2
𝑎2
= ∫(1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
𝒂𝟐 𝟏
= [𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽] + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
𝑥 𝑥
Now, since sin 𝜃 = , 𝜃 = arcsin 𝑎
𝑎
√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑥√𝑎2 −𝑥 2
cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 =
𝑎 𝑎2
Thus,
𝑎2 𝑥 1 2𝑥√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
∫ √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [arcsin + ( )] + 𝐶
2 𝑎 2 𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥
= arcsin + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2 𝑎 2
52
𝟗 𝒙 𝒙
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 + √𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
3
d. Since the integrand involves (𝑢2 − 𝑎2 ) in the presence of (𝑦 2 − 16)2 , we use to
substitute 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃; where 𝑎 = 4
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Thus:
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
∫ 3 =∫ 3
(𝑦 2 − 16)2 (𝑦 2 − 𝑎2 )2
(𝑎 sec 𝜃)2 (𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)

=∫ 3
[(𝑎 sec 𝜃)2 − 𝑎2 ]2
𝑎3 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫ 3
[𝑎2 (sec 2 𝜃 − 1)]2
𝑎3 sec 3 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫
𝑎3 tan3 𝜃
sec 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫
tan2 𝜃
sec 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
=∫
(sec 2 𝜃 − 1)
sec 𝜃
= ∫ (sec 𝜃 + ) 𝑑𝜃
sec 2 𝜃 − 1
sec 𝜃
= ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝑑𝜃
tan2 𝜃
= ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ sin−2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sin−1 𝜃
= ln(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃) + +𝐶
−1
𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽) − +𝑪
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑦 𝑎 𝑎 2 √𝑦 2 −𝑎2
Since sec 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 = √1 − cos2 𝜃 = √1 − (𝑦) =
𝑎 𝑦 𝑦
Therefore:
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝒚 √𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔 𝒚
∫ 3 = 𝐥𝐧 ( + )− +𝑪
2
(𝑦 − 16) 2
𝟒 𝟒 √𝒚 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔
53
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 3
Review on Integration Techniques using Integration by Parts, Algebraic and
Trigonometric Substitution

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Integration by Parts
For numbers 1 to 10, Evaluate the following integrals using integration by parts.
1. ∫ 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ 𝑢 arctan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3. ∫ 𝑥(2𝑥 − 1)7 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 𝑦 sin2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5. ∫ 𝑦 cos 𝑦 sin2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 6. ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ sin(ln 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 8. ∫ 𝑤 3 sin 𝑤 𝑑𝑤
9. ∫ ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 10. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integration using Algebraic Substitution

For numbers 11 to 20, Evaluate the following integrals using algebraic substitution.
1
(12𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥
11. ∫ 12. ∫ 𝑥 3 (6 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥 √𝑦 2 −12
13. ∫ 14. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
1+√𝑥 𝑦
(5𝑦+4)𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15. ∫ 16. ∫
√5𝑦−1 (𝑥 2 +9)3
5
17. ∫ cos √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 −
2
18. ∫(1 + √𝑤) 𝑑𝑤
(4𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 20. ∫ √𝑒 𝑥 − 16 𝑑𝑥
19. ∫ 3
(2𝑥+1)2
54
Integration using Trigonometric Substitution

For numbers 21 to 30, Evaluate the following integrals using trigonometric substitution.
1
𝑑𝑥
21. ∫ 22. ∫ 𝑥 3 (6 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
23. ∫ √12 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
24. ∫
√10−𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
25. ∫ 26. ∫
(𝑦 2 +13)2 3
(𝑥 2 −9)2
27. ∫ 𝑣 2 √9 − 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
28. ∫
𝑧(8−𝑧 2 )3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑤
29. ∫ 30. ∫
𝑥√52 −𝑥 2 𝑤(𝑤 2 +1)
55
REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 249 − 263.
Ricardo C. Asin. Integral Calculus Reviewer. Revised Edition. Manila, Philippines, Merriam
& Webster Bookstore, Inc., 1991. Pages 63 − 107.
Integration by Parts. Math is Fun (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-by-parts.html
Integration by Substitution (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/integration-by-substitution-techniques-of-
integration
56
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __4__
TOPIC/S
a. Integration of Rational Fractions
i. Distinct Linear Factors
ii. Repeated Linear Factors
iii. Quadratic Factors
1. solve indefinite integrals involving rational fractions;
2. solve indefinite integrals using distinct linear factors method;
3. solve indefinite integrals using repeated linear factors method; and
4. solve indefinite integrals using quadratic factors method.
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS
Partial Fraction
𝑃(𝑥)
Functions of 𝑥 can be expressed in the form , where both 𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are
𝑄(𝑥)
polynomials of 𝑥, is known as rational fraction. A rational fraction is known to be a proper
fraction if the degree of 𝑃(𝑥) is less than the degree of 𝑄(𝑥). Example of proper fraction is…
3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6
2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
A rational fraction is said to be an improper fraction if the degree of 𝑃(𝑥) is greater than to
the degree of 𝑄(𝑥). Examples are…
3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 + 1 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
and
2𝑥 2 + 6 3𝑥 + 2
Improper fraction may be expressed as the sum of a polynomial and a proper fraction. For
example:
12𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 − 9 5
= 3𝑥 + 2 +
4𝑥 − 7 4𝑥 − 7
57
𝑥−4
Proper fraction such as can be expressed as the sum of partial fraction, provided
2𝑥 2 −4𝑥
that the denominator will be factorized.
Integration of any rational fraction depends essentially on the integration of a proper fraction
by expressing it into a sum of partial fractions. There are four cases that may arise in dealing
with integrand involving proper fraction.
DISTINCT LINEAR FACTORS

The simplest case in that in which the denominator can be broken up into real linear
factors, none of which is repeated. In this case, we may always write the given fraction
(provided the numerator has lower degree than the denominator) as a sum of fractions whose
numerators are constants and whose respective denominators are the factors of the original
denominator.
𝑥 3 +2
Example 𝟏. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 3 −𝑥
By division,
𝑥3 + 2 𝑥+2
3
=1+ 3
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
The factors of the denominator are 𝑥, (𝑥 + 1), (𝑥 − 1).
Let
𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1)
where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are constants to be determined. Clearing of fractions, we find
𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1).
This relation must hold for all values of 𝑥.Hence, assigning 𝑥 to any three values whatever,
we must obtain three simultaneous equations to determine 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶. But the most convenient
values to use are 0, −1, 1 (the zeros of the original denominator), for each of these causes two
terms to drop out:
when 𝑥 = 0:
0 + 2 = 𝐴(0 + 1)(0 − 1) + 𝐵(0)(0 − 1) + 𝐶(0)(0 + 1)
2 = −𝐴
𝐴 = −2
58
when 𝑥 = −1:
(−1) + 2 = 𝐴(−1 + 1)(−1 − 1) + 𝐵(−1)(−1 − 1) + 𝐶(−1)(−1 + 1)
1 = 𝐵(2)
1
𝐵=
2
when 𝑥 = 1:
(1) + 2 = 𝐴(1 + 1)(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1)(1 − 1) + 𝐶(1)(1 + 1)
3 = 𝐶(2)
3
𝐶=
2
Thus
𝑥3 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [1 + + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1
2 1 3
= ∫ [1 − + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2(𝑥 + 1) 2(𝑥 − 1)
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ + ∫ + ∫
𝑥 2 𝑥+1 2 𝑥−1
𝟏 𝟑
= 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟐
Note: do not forget the preliminary division (when necessary)
(𝑥−1)𝑑𝑥
Example 𝟐. Evaluate ∫ .
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6
As you can see, the given function is already a proper fraction, because the degree of the
numerator does not exceed the degree of the denominator. Thus, we just need to factor (if
possible) the denominator
(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
Now, let
(𝑥 − 1) 𝐴 𝐵
= +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 3)
(𝑥 − 1) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)
59
when 𝑥 = −2:
(−2 − 1) = 𝐴(−2 + 3) + 𝐵(−2 + 2)
−3 = 𝐴
𝐴 = −3
when 𝑥 = −3:
(−3 − 1) = 𝐴(−3 + 3) + 𝐵(−3 + 2)
−4 = 𝐵(−1)
𝐵=4
Thus,
(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 −3 4
∫ = ∫[ + ] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −3 ∫ +4∫
𝑥+2 𝑥+3
= −𝟑 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝟒 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝑪
(3𝑥 2 +8𝑥−12)𝑑𝑥
Example 𝟑. Evaluate ∫ .
𝑥 3 +7𝑥 2 +12𝑥
(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 12) 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 12) 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)
Let:
(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 12) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 4
(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 12) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 + 3)
when 𝑥 = 0:
3(0)2 + 8(0) − 12 = 𝐴(0 + 3)(0 + 4) + 𝐵(0)(0 + 4) + 𝐶(0)(0 + 3)
−12 = 𝐴(3)(4)
𝐴 = −1
60
when 𝑥 = −3:
3(−3)2 + 8(−3) − 12 = 𝐴(−3 + 3)(−3 + 4) + 𝐵(−3)(−3 + 4) + 𝐶(−3)(−3 + 3)
27 − 24 − 12 = 𝐵(−3)
−9 = −3𝐵
𝐵=3
when 𝑥 = −4:
3(−4)2 + 8(−4) − 12 = 𝐴(−4 + 3)(−4 + 4) + 𝐵(−4)(−4 + 4) + 𝐶(−4)(−4 + 3)
48 − 32 − 12 = 𝐶(4)
4 = 4𝐶
𝐶=1
Thus,
(3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 12) 𝑑𝑥 −1 3 1
∫ = ∫ [ + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+3 𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −∫ + 3∫ +∫
𝑥 𝑥+3 𝑥+4
= − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟒) + 𝑪
REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS

If the denominator contains a factor (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑟 , the above method fails, since there
would be 𝑟 partial fractions with denominator (𝑥 − 𝑎), and these could be combined into a
single fraction with denominator (𝑥 − 𝑎). In this case, corresponding to the factor (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑟 ,
we assume 𝑟 partial fractions of the form…
𝐴 𝐵 𝐷
+ + ⋯ +
𝑥 − 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑟
𝑥 3 −1
Example 𝟒. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥(𝑥+1)3
In this case, notice the the denominator has repeated linear factors of (𝑥 + 1). So,
Let
𝑥3 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
3
= + + 2
+
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)3
61
𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥)

To get the necessary four equations for the determination of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, two methods are at
once available. Specific values of 𝑥 can be used in the identity, or the coefficients of like
powers of 𝑥 in the two members of the above equation can be equated.
Say,
when 𝑥 = 0:
−1 = 𝐴
𝐴 = −1
when 𝑥 = −1:
(−1)3 − 1 = 𝐷(−1)
𝐷=2
To use the coefficients to determine the value of the 𝐵 and 𝐶, first we need to expand the
equation
𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥
𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 2𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥
Coefficients involving 𝑥 3 :
1=𝐴+𝐵
1 = (−1) + 𝐵
1+1 =𝐵
𝐵=2
0 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶
0 = 3(−1) + 2(2) + 𝐶
0 = −3 + 4 + 𝐶
𝐶 = −1
These equations yield 𝐴 = −1, 𝐵 = 2, 𝐶 = −1, 𝐷 = 2, whence
(𝑥 3 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 −1 2 −1 2
∫ 3
= ∫[ + + 2
+ ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)3
𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟏) + − +𝑪
𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
62
(5𝑦−4) 𝑑𝑦
Example 𝟓. Evaluate ∫ .
𝑦 3 +4𝑦 2
(5𝑦 − 4) 𝑑𝑦 (5𝑦 − 4) 𝑑𝑦
∫ 3 2
=∫ 2
𝑦 + 4𝑦 𝑦 (𝑦 + 4)
Let
(5𝑦 − 4) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= + 2+
𝑦 (𝑦 + 4) 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦+4
(5𝑦 − 4) = 𝐴(𝑦)(𝑦 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑦 + 4) + 𝐶(𝑦 2 )
If 𝑦 = −4:
5(−4) − 4 = 𝐴(−4)(−4 + 4) + 𝐵(−4 + 4) + 𝐶(−4)2
−24 = 16𝐶
3
𝐶=−
2
If 𝑦 = 0:
5(0) − 4 = 𝐴(0)(0 + 4) + 𝐵(0 + 4) + 𝐶(0)2
−4 = 4𝐵
𝐵 = −1
If 𝑦 = 1:
5(1) − 4 = 𝐴(1)(1 + 4) + 𝐵(1 + 4) + 𝐶(1)2
1 = 5𝐴 + 5𝐵 + 𝐶
3
1 = 5𝐴 + 5(−1) + (− )
2
3
1+5+2 3
𝐴= =
5 2
Thus,
3 3
(5𝑦 − 4) 𝑑𝑦 −1 −2
∫ 2 = ∫[2 + 2 + ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 (𝑦 + 4) 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦+4
3 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ − ∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 − ∫
2 𝑦 2 𝑦+4
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
= 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 + − 𝐥𝐧(𝒚 + 𝟒) + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
63
(𝑥 4 +1) 𝑑𝑥
Example 𝟔. Evaluate ∫ .
𝑥 2 (𝑥+1)2
By division,
(𝑥 4 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1
∫ 2 = ∫ [1 − 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1
=𝑥−∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
Let
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 )
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ) + 𝐷𝑥 2
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 2𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 2
Equating coefficients:
2=𝐴+𝐶
1 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷
Coefficients involving 𝑥:
0 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵
𝐴 = −2𝐵
Constant:
−1 = 𝐵
Therefore
𝐵 = −1
𝐴 = −2𝐵 = −2(−1) = 2
𝐶 =2−𝐴 = 2−2= 0
𝐷 = 1 − 2𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 = 1 − 2(2) − (−1) − 0 = −2
64
Thus:
(2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 2 −1 0 −2
∫ = ∫ [ + + + ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 2
= 2 ln 𝑥 + + +𝐶
𝑥 𝑥+1
Therefore:
(𝑥 4 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 1 2
∫ 2 = 𝑥 − (2 ln 𝑥 + + )+𝐶
𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 𝑥+1
𝟏 𝟐
= 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − − +𝑪
𝒙 𝒙+𝟏
QUADRATIC FACTORS
Corresponding to a factor in the denominator of the form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 with 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0,
we assume the partial fraction
𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐵
,
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are to be determined.
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10
Example 𝟕. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 +5𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5)
Notice the denominator possess quadratic equation to which we cannot factor, so we let
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝐴 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2) 𝐶
= + +
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 2)(𝑥) + 𝐶(𝑥)
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 5𝐴 + 2𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
65
when 𝑥 = 0:
10 = 5𝐴
𝐴=2
Equate coefficients with 𝑥 2 :
1 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵
1 = (2) + 2𝐵
1
𝐵=−
2
Equate coefficients with 𝑥:
4 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶
1
4 = 2(2) + 2 (− ) + 𝐶
2
4= 4−1+𝐶
𝐶=1
Thus,
1
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 2 − 2 (2𝑥 + 2) 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ + 2 + 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
= 2∫ − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2
𝑥 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5
1 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + ∫ 2
2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 4
𝑑𝑥
Solving for ∫ :
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1+4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫
(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 4 (𝑥 + 1)2 + (2)2
1 𝑥+1
= arctan
2 2
Thus:
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 𝟏 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓) + 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 +𝑪
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
66
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Example 𝟖. Evaluate ∫
(𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5)2
.
Let
𝑥2 𝐴(2𝑥 + 4) 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑥 + 4) 𝐷
= + + +
(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)2
𝑥 2 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) + 𝐶(2𝑥 + 4) + 𝐷
𝑥 2 = 2𝐴𝑥 3 + 12𝐴𝑥 2 + 26𝐴𝑥 + 20𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑥 + 5𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑥 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷
Equating coefficients:
with 𝑥 3 :
0 = 2𝐴
𝐴=0
with 𝑥 2 :
1 = 12𝐴 + 𝐵
1 = 12(0) + 𝐵
𝐵=1
with 𝑥:
0 = 26𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 2𝐶
0 = 26(0) + 4(1) + 2𝐶
−4 = 2𝐶
𝐶 = −2
constant:
0 = 20𝐴 + 5𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷
0 = 20(0) + 5(1) + 4(−2) + 𝐷
0=5−8+𝐷
𝐷 = −3
Thus,
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 −2(2𝑥 + 4) −3
∫ 2 2
= ∫[ 2 + 2 + 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5)2
67
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 = ∫ − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫
(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5)2 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 1 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)2
𝑑𝑥
Solving for ∫
(𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4)+1
𝑑𝑥
=∫
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (1)2
= arctan(𝑥 + 2)
2𝑥+4
Solving for 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5
= 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
Solving for 3 ∫
(𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5)2
𝑑𝑥
= 3∫
[(𝑥 + 2)2 + (1)2 ]2
Using trigonometric substitution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2; 𝑎=1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
= 3∫
(𝑢2 + 𝑎 2 )2
𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 3∫
[(𝑎 tan 𝜃)2 + 𝑎2 ]2
𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= 3∫ = 3 ∫
(𝑎2 sec 2 𝜃)2 𝑎4 sec 4 𝜃
3
= 3
∫ cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎
3 1 + cos 2𝜃
= 3
∫( ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 2
3 1 1
= [ 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃]
𝑎3 2 4
since 𝑎 = 1
3 3
= 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
2 4
68
𝑢
Remember: 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 ; 𝜃 = arctan 𝑎
𝑢 𝑢 𝑎
tan 𝜃 = ; sin 𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 =
𝑎 √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 √𝑢2 + 𝑎2
Thus,
3 3 3 3
𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 = 𝜃 + (2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
2 4 2 4
3 𝑢 3 𝑢 𝑎
= arctan + ( )( )
2 𝑎 2 √𝑢2 + 𝑎2 √𝑢2 + 𝑎2
3 𝑢 3 𝑎𝑢
= arctan + ( 2 )
2 𝑎 2 𝑢 + 𝑎2
Since we assign earlier 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑎 = 1,
Therefore:
𝑑𝑥 3 3 (1)(𝑥 + 2)
3∫ = arctan(𝑥 + 2) + ( )
[(𝑥 + 2)2 + (1)2 ]2 2 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 + (1)2
3 3 𝑥+2
= arctan(𝑥 + 2) + ( 2 )
2 2 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
Finally:
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 2
=∫ 2 − 2∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 2
(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 1 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5)2
is
3 3 𝑥+2
= arctan(𝑥 + 2) − 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) − [ arctan(𝑥 + 2) + ( 2 )]
2 2 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
𝟑 𝟑 𝒙+𝟐
= 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐) − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓) − 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐) − ( 𝟐 )+𝑪
𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓
69
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 𝟒
Review on Integration Techniques using Partial Fractions

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Distinct Linear Factors

For numbers 1 to 10, Evaluate each of the following integrals.
(𝑦−1) 𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 2 −14𝑦+5) 𝑑𝑦
1. ∫ 𝑦2 +5𝑦+6 2. ∫ 𝑦(𝑦−1)(𝑦−5)
(2𝑥+11) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
4. ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
(17𝑥−6) 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑣−12) 𝑑𝑣
5. ∫ 𝑥 3 −𝑥2 −6𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑣 3 −6𝑣2 +8𝑣
21 𝑑𝑦 5 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ (𝑦−1)(𝑦−2)(𝑦+3) 8. ∫ sin2 𝑥+3 sin 𝑥−4
(𝑤+13) 𝑑𝑤 3𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡
9. ∫ (𝑤+1)(𝑤−2)(𝑤+3) 10. ∫
𝑡 4 +5𝑡 2 +4
Repeated Linear Factors

(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑣+3) 𝑑𝑣
11. ∫ 12. ∫
𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) 𝑣 2 (𝑣 2 −2𝑣−3)
(5𝑥−4)𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 14. ∫
𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 (𝑥−3)4
(𝑦2 −7)𝑑𝑦 (2𝑤 2 −11) 𝑑𝑤

15. ∫ 16. ∫
𝑦 3 −12𝑦+16 𝑤 3 +3𝑤 2 −4
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
17. ∫ 18. ∫
(𝑦+2)3 𝑥 2 (𝑥−2)2
70
𝑑𝑥 9(𝑦−1) 𝑑𝑦
19. ∫ 20. ∫
𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)2 𝑦 2 (𝑦2 −9)
Quadratic Factors
10 𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥+7) 𝑑𝑥
21. ∫ 22. ∫
4𝑦 3 −4𝑦 2 +5𝑦 𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4
5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 2 −6𝑦+5) 𝑑𝑦
23. ∫ 24. ∫
𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 𝑦 3 −𝑦 2 +3𝑦−5
(𝑦3 −4) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
25. ∫ 26. ∫
𝑦 3 +𝑦2 +2𝑦 (𝑥 2 +2𝑥+10)2
(𝑥 3 +10) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑧 3 −2𝑧 2 +1) 𝑑𝑧

27. ∫ 28. ∫
𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +5𝑥 (𝑧 2 +2𝑧+5)2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑤 3 −𝑤 2 +1)𝑑𝑤
29. ∫ 30. ∫
𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +9𝑥−18 (𝑤 2 +2𝑤+2)2
71
REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 264 − 272.
Integration of Rational Fractions – Techniques of Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/integration-of-rational-fractions-techniques-
of-integration
72
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __6__
TOPIC/S
I. Definite Integral
a. Wallis’ Formula
1. solve definite integrals using techniques introduced earlier in the lesson;
2. use geometry and the properties of definite integrals to evaluate them; and
3. solve definite integrals using Wallis’ formula.
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
The definite integral generalizes the concept of the area under a curve. We lift the
requirements that 𝑓(𝑥) be continuous and nonnegative and define the definite integral as
follows.
DEFINITION
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a function defined on an interval [𝑎, 𝑏], the definite integral of 𝑓
from 𝑎 to 𝑏 is given by
𝒃 𝒏
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊 ) ∆𝒙,

𝒂 𝒏→∞
𝒊=𝟏
provided the limit exists. If this limit exists, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to
integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏], or is an integrable function.
Integral notation goes back to the late seventeenth century and is one of the contributions of
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who is often considered to be the co-discoverer of calculus, along
with Isaac Newton. The integration symbol ∫ is an elongated S, suggesting sigma or
summation. On a definite integral, above and below the summation symbol are the boundaries
of the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. The numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏 are 𝑥-values and are called the limits of integration;
specifically, 𝑎 is the lower limit and 𝑏 is the upper limit. To clarify, we are using the word limit
in two different ways in the context of the definite integral. First, we talk about the limit of a
sum as 𝑛 → ∞. Second, the boundaries of the region are called the limits of integration.
73
We call the function 𝑓(𝑥) the integrand, and the 𝑑𝑥 indicates that 𝑓(𝑥) is a function with
respect to 𝑥, called the variable of integration. Note that, like the index in a sum, the variable
of integration is a dummy variable, and has no impact on the computation of the integral. We
could use any variable we like as the variable of integration:
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
A definite integral has start and end values; in other words, there is an interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
Definite Integral Indefinite Integral

(from 𝑎 to 𝑏) (no specific values)
We find the definite integral by calculating the Indefinite Integral at 𝑎 and at 𝑏, then
subtracting:
2
Example 𝟏. What is ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ?
We are being asked for the definite integral, from 1 to 2, of 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
First, we need to find the Indefinite Integral. Using the rules of integration, we find that
2
2
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 2 + 𝐶] |
1 1
Now, we substitute the upper limit subtracted by the lower limit, we have
= [(2)2 + 𝐶] − [(1)2 + 𝐶]
= 4+𝐶−1−𝐶
=𝟑
Notice that "C "gets cancelled out. So, with Definite Integrals, we can ignore 𝐶.
74
Also, we can check with such a simple shape, we can try to solve or calculate the area by
geometry.
Using the formula to calculate for the area of trapezoid having

bases of 2 and 4, with height equal to 1, we have
2+4
𝐴= ×1= 𝟑
2
Indeed, it does have an area of 3.
Example 𝟐. The definite integral, from 0.5 to 1.0, of cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥:
The indefinite integral is:
∫ cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥) + 𝐶
We can ignore 𝐶 for definite integrals (as we saw above) and we get:
1
1
∫ cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [sin(𝑥)] |
0.5 0.5
= [sin(1)] − [sin(0.5)]
= 0.841 − 0.479
= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟐
Note: 𝑥 must be in radians.
Example 𝟑. The definite integral, from 1 to 3, of cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥:
3
∫ cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
Notice that some of it is positive, and some negative. The definite integral will work out the
net value.
75
Now, we calculate the area under the curve from 1 to 3.

3
3
∫ cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [sin(𝑥)] |
1 1
= sin(3) − sin(1)
= 0.141 − 0.841
= −𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟎
So, there is more negative than positive with a net result of −𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟎.
But sometimes we want all area treated as positive (without the part below the axis being
subtracted). In that case, we must calculate the areas separately, like in this example:
Example 𝟒. What is the total area between 𝑦 = cos(𝑥) and the 𝑥-axis, from 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑥 = 3?
This is like the example we just did in Example 3, but now we expect that all area is positive.
So now, we must do the parts separately:
• One for the area above the 𝑥-axis

• One for the area below the 𝑥-axis
𝜋
The curve crosses the 𝑥-axis at 𝑥 = , so we have:
2
𝜋
From 1 to :
2
𝜋 𝜋
2
∫ cos(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [sin(𝑥)] | 2
1 1
𝜋
= [sin ( )] − [sin(1)]
2
= 1 − 0.841
= 0.159
76
𝜋
From to 3:
2
3
3
∫ cos(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [sin(𝑥)] | 𝜋
𝜋
2 2
𝜋
= [sin(3)] − [sin ( )]
2
= 0.141 − 1
= −0.859
The last one comes out negative, but we want it to be positive, so:
Total Area = 0.159 + 0.859 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Note: Further discussions when it comes to solving area under the curve on the next topic. For
this part, we just want to evaluate definite integrals by substituting the upper limit to be
subtracted by the lower limit of the integral.
𝑏
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑔(𝑥)] |
𝑎 𝑎
= [𝑔(𝑏)] − [𝑔(𝑎)]
3
Example 𝟓. Evaluate ∫1 (𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥.
3
𝑥 4 5𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 3
∫ (𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = [ − + + 2𝑥] |
1 4 3 2 1
(3)4 5(3)2 3(3)2 (1)4 5(1)2 3(1)2

=[ − + + 2(3)] − [ − + + 2(1)]
4 3 2 4 3 2
= 24.75 − 2.08
= 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟕
Note: Apply the technique of integration needed to evaluate the integral and just substitute
the given boundaries. (upper minus lower limit)
77
DEFINITE INTEGRAL: WALLIS’ FORMULA
The integral
𝝅
𝟐
(𝐢) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒎 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
in which 𝑚 and 𝑛 are integrers ≥ 0, arises over again in elementary applications. Fortunately,
the integral above can be evaluated simply, with a formula which is easy to remember in
words, though bulky looking in symbols.
𝜋
2 [(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) … (2 or 1)][(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) … (2 or 1)]
∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙𝛼
0 (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4) … (2 or 1)
in which
𝜋
𝛼= , if 𝑚 and 𝑛 are both even
2
𝛼 = 1, if otherwise
𝐴∙𝐵
In other words, the value of the integral (i) is ∙ 𝛼, in which
𝐶
𝐴= the product, starting with one less than the exponent 𝑚, going down 2 at a time, until
2 or 1 is reached;
𝐵= a similar product, starting with one less than the exponent 𝑛, until 2 or 1 is reached;
𝐶= a similar product, starting with the sum of the exponents, until 2 or 1 is reached.
Example 𝟔. Evaluate
𝜋
2
∫ sin8 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
0
By Wallis’ Formula, we obtain
𝜋
2 [(8 − 1)(8 − 3)(8 − 5)(8 − 7)][(4 − 1)(4 − 3)] 𝜋
∫ sin8 𝑥 cos4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙
0 (8 + 4)(8 + 4 − 2)(8 + 4 − 4)(8 + 4 − 6)(8 + 4 − 8)(8 + 4 − 10) 2
[(7)(5)(3)(1)][(3)(1)] 𝜋 𝟕𝝅
= ∙ =
(12)(10)(8)(6)(4)(2) 2 𝟐𝟎𝟒𝟖
78
Example 𝟕. Evaluate
𝜋
2
∫ cos5 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.
0
Using Wallis’ Formula
Since 𝑛 is an odd number, 𝛼 = 1.

𝜋
2 (5 − 1)(5 − 3)
∫ cos5 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∙1
0 (5)(5 − 2)(5 − 4)
(4)(2)
=
(5)(3)(1)
𝟖
=
𝟏𝟓
Example 8. Evaluate
𝜋
2
∫ sin6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
0

𝜋
Since 𝑚 is an even number, 𝛼 = .
2
𝜋
2 (6 − 1)(6 − 3)(6 − 5) 𝜋
∫ sin6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙
0 (6)(6 − 2)(6 − 4) 2
(5)(3)(1) 𝜋
= ∙
(6)(4)(2) 2
𝟏𝟓𝝅
=
𝟗𝟔
79
Example 𝟗. Evaluate
𝜋
2
∫ sin4 𝑦 cos 5 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.
0
Since both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are not even, 𝛼 = 1.

𝜋
2 (4 − 1)(4 − 3)(5 − 1)(5 − 3)
∫ sin4 𝑦 cos 5 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∙1
0 (4 + 5)(4 + 5 − 2)(4 + 5 − 4)(4 + 5 − 6)(4 + 5 − 8)
(3)(1)(4)(2)
=
(9)(7)(5)(3)(1)
𝟖
=
𝟑𝟏𝟓
Example 𝟏𝟎. Evaluate

𝜋
2
∫ sin5 𝜃 cos 5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
0

𝜋
2 (5 − 1)(5 − 3)(5 − 1)(5 − 3)
∫ sin5 𝜃 cos 5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
0 (5 + 5)(10 − 2)(10 − 4)(10 − 6)(10 − 8)
(4)(2)(4)(2)
=
(10)(8)(6)(4)(2)
𝟏
=
𝟔𝟎
80
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 5
Review on Definite Integrals

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Definite Integrals
For numbers 1 to 10, Evaluate the following definite integrals using appropriate
integration techniques.
1 𝜋
𝑑𝑦 3
1. ∫ 6. ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 + 8𝑦 0
1 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 (5 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ 4 7. ∫
0 (1 + 𝑦) 0 4𝑥 2 + 1
1
𝑑𝑦 √3
3. ∫ 8. ∫ arctan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 √1 + 8𝑦 1
ln 2 𝜋
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
4. ∫ 9. ∫ 𝑦 cos 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 √1 + 𝑒 𝑥 0
3
√2 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 10. ∫
1 𝑤 2 √4 − 𝑤 2 2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 10
Wallis’ Formula
For numbers 1 to 10, Evaluate the following definite integrals using Wallis’ Formula.
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
11. ∫ sin7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 16. ∫ cos8 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
12. ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 17. ∫ sin6 𝑥 cos 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
81
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
10 2
13. ∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 18. ∫ sin2 𝑦 cos 9 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
14. ∫ cos5 𝜃 sin5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 19. ∫ cos 2 𝜃 sin6 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
15. ∫ sin9 𝛼 cos5 𝛼 𝑑𝛼 20. ∫ sin8 𝛽 cos 4 𝛽 𝑑𝛽
0 0
82
REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 276 − 282.
The Definite Integral (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-openstax-calculus1/chapter/the-definite-integral/
Definite Integral (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-definite.html
83
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __7__
TOPIC/S
I. Application of Definite Integrals

a. Plane Areas
b. Areas between Curves
1. solve the area bounded by curves in rectangular coordinates;
2. solve the area bounded by curves using horizontal strip method;
3. solve the area bounded by curves using vertical strip method; and
4. solve areas between curves.
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
PLANE AREAS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
There are two methods for finding the area bounded by curves in rectangular coordinates.
1. Using a horizontal element (called strip) of area.
2. Using a vertical strip of area.
The strip is in the form of a rectangle with area equal to length × width, with width equal to
the differential element. To find the total area enclosed by a specified curves, it is necessary
to sum up a series of rectangles defined by the strip.
Using Horizontal Strip
From the figure, the area of the strip is 𝒙 𝒅𝒚, where

𝑥 = 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 . The total area can be found by running this
strip stating from 𝑦1 going to 𝑦2 . Our formula for integration
is…
𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝑨 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ (𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 ) 𝒅𝒚
𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟏
84
Note that 𝑥𝑅 is the right end of the strip and is always on the curve 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑥𝐿 is the left end
of the strip and is always on the curve 𝑔(𝑦). We therefore substitute 𝑥𝑅 = 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑥𝐿 = 𝑔(𝑦)
prior to integration.
Using Vertical Strip

We apply the same principle of using horizontal
strip to the vertical strip. Considering the figure
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝑨 = ∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟏
where 𝑦𝑈 = upper end of the strip = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦𝐿 = lower end of the strip = 𝑔(𝑥)
The steps in finding the area can be outlined as follows:

1. Sketch the curve.
2. Decide what strip to use and define its limits.
3. Apply the appropriate formula based on the strip then integrate.
Example 𝟏. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 and the 𝑥-axis.
Step 1: Sketch the curve
𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥2
𝑥 2 = −𝑦 + 9
𝑥 2 = −(𝑦 − 9) → downward parabola;

vertex (0, 9); latus rectum = 1.
The required area is symmetrical with respect to the 𝑦-axis, in this case, integrate the half of
the area then, double the result to get the total area. The use of symmetry will greatly simplify
our solution most especially to the curves in polar coordinates.
85
Using Horizontal Strip:
Step 2: Determine the limits of the strip.
The strip shown will start from 𝑦 = 0 and end to 𝑦 = 9.
Step 3: Apply the appropriate formula then integrate.

𝑦2 𝑦2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑦1
1
Where: 𝑦1 = 0; 𝑦2 = 9; 𝑥𝑅 = parabola = (9 − 𝑦)2 ; 𝑥𝐿 = 𝑦-axis = 0.
9 1
𝐴 = 2 ∫ [(9 − 𝑦)2 − 0] 𝑑𝑦
0
9 1
𝐴 = 2 ∫ (9 − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
0
9 1
𝐴 = −2 ∫ (9 − 𝑦)2 (−𝑑𝑦)
0
9
(9 − 𝑦)3⁄2
𝐴 = −2 [ 3 ]|
0
2
4 3 3
𝐴 = − [(9 − 9)2 − (9 − 0)2 ]
3
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Using Vertical Strip:
Step 2: Determine the limits of the strip
In this case, the limits are not defined; we need to solve the points of intersection of the
curves. 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2
when 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = ±3. The strip will swipe from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 3.
86
Step 3: Apply the appropriate formula then integrate.

𝑥2 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥1
Where: 𝑥1 = 0; 𝑥2 = 3; 𝑦𝑈 = parabola = 9 − 𝑥 2 ; 𝑦𝐿 = 𝑥-axis = 0.

3
𝐴 = 2 ∫ [(9 − 𝑥 2 ) − 0] 𝑑𝑥
0
3
𝐴 = 2 ∫ (9 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥3 3
𝐴 = 2 [9𝑥 − ] |
3 0
(3)3 (0)3
𝐴 = 2 {[9(3) − ] − [9(0) − ]}
3 3
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟔 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Example 𝟐. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 2𝑎.
Identifying points of intersection:
𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦=0
when 𝑥 = 2𝑎, 𝑦 = 8𝑎
Thus, point of intersection: (0, 0) and (2𝑎, 8𝑎)
Using Vertical Strip:

𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
2𝑎
𝑥3
𝐴=∫ [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑎
𝑥 4 2𝑎 (2𝑎)4 (0)4
𝐴=[ ]| = − 2
4𝑎2 0 4𝑎2 4𝑎
𝑨 = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
87
Example 𝟑. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 and the line 𝑥 = 3.
Sketch the curve.
𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 + 1
(𝑦 + 1)2 = 𝑥 + 1
Thus, the equation is a parabola opening

rightward, vertex at (-1, -1) and 𝐿𝑅 = 1.
Identifying the points of intersection:
when 𝑥 = 3,
(𝑦 + 1)2 = (3) + 1
𝑦 + 1 = √4
𝑦 = ±2 − 1
Thus, 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = −3
Using Horizontal Strip:

𝑦2 𝑦2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑦1
1
𝐴 = ∫ [3 − (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
−3
1
𝑦3 2
𝐴 = [3𝑦 − − 𝑦 ]|
3 −3
(1)3 2
(−3)3
𝐴 = [3(1) − − (1) ] − [3(−3) − − (−3)2 ]
3 3
𝟑𝟐
𝑨= 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟑
Challenge yourself by using the vertical strip! Go try it for yourself. You can do it!
88
Example 𝟒. Solve the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the lines 𝑥 = −2 and
𝑦 = 4.
Sketch the curve.
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = −𝑦 + 4
(𝑥 − 2)2 = −(𝑦 − 4)
Thus, the equation is a parabola opening downward,

vertex at (2, 4) and 𝐿𝑅 = 1.
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥1
Where: 𝑥1 = −2; 𝑥2 = 2; 𝑦𝑈 = 4; 𝑦𝐿 = parabola = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 .

2
𝐴 = ∫ [4 − (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥
−2
2
𝐴 = ∫ (4 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
−2
𝑥3 2 2
𝐴 = [4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + ] |
3 −2
(2)3 (−2)3
𝐴 = {[4(2) − 2(2)2 + ] − [4(−2) − 2(−2)2 + ]}
3 3
8 56
𝐴= +
3 3
𝟔𝟒
𝑨= 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟑
89
Example 5. Find the area between the curves 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥.
Sketch the curve:
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) = −𝑦 + 2(1)
2(𝑥 + 1)2 = −(𝑦 − 2)

1
(𝑥 + 1)2 = − (𝑦 − 2)
2
Thus, the equation is a downward parabola with vertex at
1
(−1, 2) and 𝐿𝑅 = .
2
Points of intersection:
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦=0
2𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 0 when 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = 2(−3) = 6
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −3 therefore, points of intersection: (0, 0) and (−3, −6)
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥1
Where: 𝑥1 = −3; 𝑥2 = 0; 𝑦𝑈 = parabola = (−2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥); 𝑦𝐿 = line = 2𝑥.

0
𝐴 = ∫ [(−2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) − 2𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
−3
0
𝐴 = ∫ (−2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−3
0
2𝑥 3
𝐴 = [− − 3𝑥 2 ] |
3 −3
2(0)3 2(−3)3
𝐴 = [− − 3(0)2 ] − [− − 3(−3)2 ]
3 3
54
𝐴 = 0−[ − 27]
3
𝑨 = 𝟗 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
90
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES
Example 𝟔. Find each of the two areas bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥.
To find the two areas bounded by the curves, we need to define the points of intersection by
equating the two given curves.
𝑦cubic = 𝑦parabola
𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 = 3; 𝑥 = −2
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦=0
Thus, points of intersection: (0, 0), (3, 15)
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = (3)3 − 4(3) = 15
and (−2, 0)
𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = (−2)3 − 4(−2) = 0
Now, we take the maximum and minimum points for each curve. For parabola we have the
minimum point equal to the vertex which is (−1, −1). For the cubic equation, we take the first
derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 and equate to zero. We have,
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 Maximum and Minimum points of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 when 𝑥 = 1.15, 𝑦 = −3.08
4 when 𝑥 = −1.15, 𝑦 = 3.08
𝑥2 =
3
Thus, Maxima: (−1.15, 3.08)
𝑥 = ±1.15
Minima: (1.15, −3.08)
(approximate value only for graphing purposes)
91
Solving for 𝐴1 :
𝑥2
𝐴1 = ∫ 𝑦1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
𝑥2
𝐴1 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
0
𝐴1 = ∫ [(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
−2
0
𝐴1 = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−2
0
𝑥4 𝑥3 2
𝐴1 = [ − − 3𝑥 ] |
4 3 −2
(0)4 (0)3 (−2)4 (−2)3

𝐴1 = [ − − 3(0)2 ] − [ − − (−2)2 ]
4 3 4 3
16
𝐴1 = 0 − (− )
3
𝟏𝟔
𝑨𝟏 = 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟑
Solving for 𝐴2
𝑥2
𝐴2 = ∫ 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
𝑥2
𝐴2 = ∫ (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
0
𝐴2 = ∫ [(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) − (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
−2
3
𝐴2 = ∫ (6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥3 𝑥4 3 2
𝐴2 = [3𝑥 + − ] |
3 4 0
(3)3 (3)4 2 2
(0)3 (0)4
𝐴2 = [3(3) + − ] − [3(0) + − ]
3 4 3 4
𝟔𝟑
𝑨𝟐 = 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟒
92
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 6
Applications of Definite Integrals
(Plane Areas and Areas Between Curves)

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Solve the following applications of definite integral. You may use desmos application or
geogebra classics to graph the given curves.
𝑥
1. Find the area under one arch of the curve 𝑦 = cos 4 .
2. Find the area bounded by the curve 16𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , the 𝑥-axis, and the line 𝑥 =8. Solve
using horizontal strip and vertical strip.
3. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 3 = 0 and the line 𝑥 = 5.
4. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 = 0 and the lines 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 = 12.
5. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 and the 𝑦-axis.
6. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 and the 𝑥-axis.
7. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥, the 𝑦-axis, and the line 𝑦 = 3.
8. Find the area between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 and 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 6.
9. Find the area below 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 and above 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3

over the interval 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
10. Determine the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3, 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 2 and

𝑥 = −4.
93
REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 283 − 289.
Applications of Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/chapter-4-applications-of-integration
Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/plane-areas-in-rectangular-coordinates-
applications-of-integration
https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/example-1-plane-areas-in-rectangular-
coordinates
coordinates
coordinates
coordinates
coordinates
coordinates
Areas Between Curves (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/calculus_late_online/section08.01.html
Paul’s Online Notes. Applications of Integrals. Area Between Curves (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/areabetweencurves.aspx
94
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __8__
TOPIC/S
I. Integrals with Infinite Limits
1. solve integrals with infinite limits; and
2. identify whether the integral is convergent or divergent.
INFINITE INTEGRAL
𝑡
(i) If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 exists for every 𝑡 > 𝑎, then
𝑎
∞ ∞
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒂 𝒕→∞ 𝒂
provided the limit exists and is finite.

𝑏
(ii) If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 exists for every 𝑡 < 𝑎, then
𝑡
𝒃 𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
−∞ 𝒕→−∞ 𝒕
provided the limit exists and is finite.

𝑐 ∞
(iii) If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 and ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 are both convergent, then
−∞ 𝑐
∞ 𝒄 ∞
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
−∞ −∞ 𝒄
where 𝑐 is any number. Note as well that this requires both integrals to be
convergent for this integral to also be convergent. If either of the two integrals is
divergent, then so is the integral.
95
Example 𝟏. Evaluate the following integral

∞
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥.
1 𝑥2
This is an innocent looking integral. However, because infinity is not a real number, we can’t
just integrate as normal and then “plug in” the infinity to get an answer.
To see how we’re going to do this integral let’s think of this as an area problem. So instead of
1
asking what the integral is, let’s instead ask what the area under 𝑓(𝑥) = on the interval
𝑥2
[1, ∞) is.
We still can’t do this, however, let’s step back a little and instead ask what the area under
𝑓(𝑥) is on the interval [1, 𝑡] where 𝑡 > 1 and 𝑡 is finite. This is a problem that we can do
1 𝑡
1 𝑡 1
𝐴𝑡 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = [− ] | = 1 −
1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑡
Now, we can get the area under 𝑓(𝑥) on [1, ∞) simply by taking the limit of 𝐴𝑡 as 𝑡 goes to
infinity.
1
𝐴 = lim 𝐴𝑡 = lim (1 − ) = 1
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡
This is then how we will do the integral itself.
∞ 𝑡
1 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑡→∞ 1 𝑥 2
1 𝑡
= lim [− ] |
𝑡→∞ 𝑥 1
1 1
= lim [− − (− )]
𝑡→∞ (𝑡) (1)
1
= lim (1 − )
𝑡→∞ 𝑡
1
= lim 1 − lim ( )
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡
=𝟏
So, this is how we will deal with these kinds of integrals in general. We will replace the infinity
with a variable (usually 𝑡), do the integral and then take the limit of the result as 𝑡 goes to
infinity.
96
Example 𝟐. Determine if the following integral is convergent or divergent and if it’s

convergent, find its value.
∞
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥.
1 𝑥
So, the first thing to do is convert the integral to a limit
∞ 𝑡
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑡→∞ 1 𝑥
Now, do the integral and the limit.

∞ 𝑡
1
∫ [ln
𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑥] |
1 𝑥 𝑡→∞
1
= lim [ln(𝑡) − ln(1)]

𝑡→∞
= lim [ln(𝑡)]
𝑡→∞
= ln(∞)
=∞
Therefore, the limit is infinite and so the integral is divergent.
Example 𝟑. Determine if the following integral is convergent or divergent and if it’s

0
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥.
−∞ √3 −𝑥
Convert the integral to a limit/ integral pair, evaluate the integral and then the limit.
0 0
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑑𝑥
−∞ √3 −𝑥 𝑡→−∞ 𝑡 √3 − 𝑥
0
= lim [−2√3 − 𝑥] |
𝑡→−∞
𝑡
= lim [−2√3 − (−2√3 − 𝑡)]

𝑡→−∞
97
= −2√3 + ∞
=∞
Therefore, the limit is infinite and so the integral is divergent.
Example 𝟒. Determine if the following integral is convergent or divergent and if it’s

∞
2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
−∞
In this case, we have infinities in both limits. The process we a re using to deal with the infinite
limits require only one infinite limit in the integral and so, we need to split the integral up into
two separate integrals. We can split up at any point, so let’s choose 𝑥 = 0 since this will be a
convenient point for the evaluation process.
∞ 0 ∞
2 2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−∞ −∞ 0
Now, we evaluate each of the individual limits.

0 0
2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−∞ 𝑡→−∞ 𝑡
1 −𝑥 2 0
= lim [− 𝑒 ] |
𝑡→−∞ 2 𝑡
1 2 1 2
= lim [(− 𝑒 −(0) ) − (− 𝑒 −(𝑡) )]
𝑡→−∞ 2 2
1 1 2
= lim (− + 𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑡→−∞ 2 2
1 1 2
= lim (− ) + lim ( 𝑒 −𝑡 )
𝑡→−∞ 2 𝑡→−∞ 2
1
=−
2
So, the first integral is convergent. Note, that this does not mean that the second integral will
also be convergent.
Now, we solve for the second integral.
98
∞ 𝑡
−𝑥 2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑡→∞ 0
𝑡
1 2
= lim [− 𝑒 −𝑥 ] |
𝑡→∞ 2 0
1 2 1 2
= lim [(− 𝑒 −(𝑡) ) − (− 𝑒 −(0) )]
𝑡→∞ 2 2
1 2 1
= lim (− 𝑒 −𝑡 + )
𝑡→∞ 2 2
1 2 1
= lim (− 𝑒 −𝑡 ) + lim ( )
𝑡→∞ 2 𝑡→∞ 2
1
=
2
This integral is convergent and so since they are both convergent, the integral we were actually
asked to deal with is also convergent and its value is
∞ 0 ∞
−𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−∞ −∞ 0
1 1
=− +
2 2
=𝟎
Example 𝟓. Determine if the following integral is convergent or divergent and if it’s

∞
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
−2
∞ 𝑡
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2 𝑡→∞ −2
𝑡
= lim [− cos 𝑥] |
𝑡→∞
−2
= lim (cos 2 − cos 𝑡)

𝑡→∞
= −∞
This limit does not exist and so the integral in divergent.
99
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 7
Integrals with Infinite Limits

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Determine if the following integral is convergent or divergent and if it’s convergent find
its value.
∞
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫
2 𝑥3
∞
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
0 9𝑥 2 + 4
∞
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
0 (𝑥 2 + 4)2
∞
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫
5 4𝑥 2 + 25
0
5. ∫ 𝑒 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−∞
∞
𝑑𝑦
6. ∫
0 2𝑦 + 1
1
𝑑𝑥
7. ∫
−∞ 𝑥(𝑥 + 4)
∞
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8. ∫ 2 2
−∞ (𝑥 + 4)
3
𝑑𝑦
9. ∫
−∞ √7𝑦 +2
∞
𝑑𝑥
10. ∫
4 𝑥√4𝑥 2 − 1
100
LIST OF REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 292 − 295.
Paul’s Online Notes. Improper Integrals (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcii/improperintegrals.aspx
101
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __10__
TOPIC/S
I. Volumes of Solids of Revolution

a. Circular Disk Method
b. Cylindrical Shell Method
II. Other Applications of Integration
1. recall the formula used to find the volume of a solid generated by revolving a region
bounded by curves about a horizontal or vertical axis;
2. find the integral used to calculate the volume of a solid generated by revolving a
region bounded by given curves about a horizontal or vertical axis;
3. solve the volume of a solid formed by rotating a region bounded by curves using
circular disk method; and
4. solve the volume of solids of revolution using cylindrical shell method.
VOLUMES OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION
The solid generated by rotating a plane area about an axis in its plane is called a solid
of revolution. The volume of a solid revolution may be found by the following procedures:
CIRCULAR DISK METHOD

The strip that will revolve is perpendicular to the axis of revolution. In this method, the axis of
rotation may or may not be part of the boundary of the plane area that is being revolved.
Using Horizontal Strip
The disk as shown in the figure has an outer radius of 𝑥𝑅 ,

a hole of radius 𝑥𝐿 , and the thickness 𝑑𝑦. The differential
volume is therefore (𝜋𝑥𝑅2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜋𝑥𝐿2 𝑑𝑦) and the total
volume is
𝒚𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [(𝒙𝑹 )𝟐 − (𝒙𝑳 )𝟐 ] 𝒅𝒚
𝒚𝟏
102
The integration involved is in variable 𝑦 since the derivative is 𝑑𝑦, 𝑥𝑅 , and 𝑥𝐿 therefore must
be expressed in terms of 𝑦. If the axis of revolution is part of the boundary of the plane area
that is being revolved, 𝑥𝐿 = 0, and the equation reduces to…
𝒚𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ (𝒙𝑹 )𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝒚𝟏
Using Vertical Strip

From the figure shown on the right, the volume can be found
by the formula…
𝒙𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ [(𝒚𝑼 )𝟐 − (𝒚𝑳 )𝟐 ] 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟏
If we have 𝑦𝐿 = 0, we have
𝒙𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝅 ∫ (𝒚𝑼 )𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟏
where 𝑦𝑈 and 𝑦𝐿 are functions of 𝑥.
CYLINDRICAL METHOD
The strip that will revolve is parallel to the axis of revolution. The volume of revolution is
obtained by taking the limit of the sum of cylindrical shell elements, each of which is equal in
volume to the mean circumference times the height times the thickness.
Using Horizontal Strip Using Vertical Strip
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒚𝑪 (𝒙𝑹 − 𝒙𝑳 ) 𝒅𝒚 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 ∫ 𝒙𝑪 (𝒚𝑼 − 𝒚𝑳 ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒚𝟏 𝒙𝟏
103
Example 𝟏. Find the volume of the solid generated when the area bounded by the curve
𝑦 2 = 𝑥, the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 2 is revolved about the 𝑥-axis.
Using Circular Disk Method
𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦𝑈 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
2
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥2 2
𝑉 = 𝜋[ ]|
2 0
(2)2 (0)2
𝑉 = 𝜋[ − ]
2 2
𝑉 = 𝜋[2 − 0]
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Using Cylindrical Shell Method

𝑦2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦𝐶 (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
√2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦(2 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
√2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ (2𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
2𝑦 2 𝑦 4 √2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 [ − ]|
2 4 0
4
(√2) 2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 [((√2) − ) − 0]
4
𝑉 = 2𝜋[2 − 1]
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
104
Example 𝟐. Find the volume generated when the area in Example 1 will revolve about the
𝑦-axis.
Using Circular Disk Method
𝑦2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(𝑥𝑅 )2 − (𝑥𝑅 )2 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
√2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(2)2 − (𝑦 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
√2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [4 − 𝑦 4 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
𝑦 5 √2
𝑉 = 𝜋 [4𝑦 − ] |
5 0
5
(√2)
𝑉 = 𝜋 [4(√2) − ]
5
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Using Cylindrical Shell Method

𝑥2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥𝐶 (𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 − 0) 𝑑𝑥
0
2 3
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫ (𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
0
5
2
𝑥2
𝑉 = 2𝜋 [ 5 ]|
0
2
4 5 5
𝑉= 𝜋 [(2)2 − (0)2 ]
5
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
105
Example 𝟑. A cup like object is made by rotating the area between 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1
with 𝑥 ≥ 0 around the 𝑥-axis. Find the volume of the material needed to make the cup. Units
are cm.
First step is to sketch the upper and lower bounding curves:
Refer to figure on the right, area bounded by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 (the

bottom curve), 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 (the line above), and 𝑥 = 0, showing
a typical rectangle.
The lower limit of integration is 𝑥 = 0 (since the question says

𝑥 ≥ 0).
Next, we need to find where the curves intersect so we know the upper limit of the integration.
Equating the two expressions and solving:
2𝑥 2 = 𝑥 + 1
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 = 0
(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 (since we only need to consider 𝑥 ≥ 0. This
is consistent with what we see in the graph
𝑥=1 above)
So, with 𝑦𝑈 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦𝐿 = 2𝑥 2 , the volume required is given by:

𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(𝑦𝑈 )2 − (𝑦𝐿 )2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(𝑥 + 1)2 − (2𝑥 2 )2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ [(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) − (4𝑥 4 )] 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥3 4𝑥 5 1
𝑉 = 𝜋 [ + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − ]|
3 5 0
1 4
𝑉 = 𝜋 [( + 1 + 1 − ) − (0)]
3 5
5 + 30 − 12
𝑉 = 𝜋[ ] Here’s an illustration of the volume we have
15
found. A typical “washer” with outer radius
𝟐𝟑𝝅 𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 1 and inner radius 𝑦1 = 2𝑥 2 is
𝑽= = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝐜𝐦𝟑 shown.
𝟏𝟓
106
Example 𝟒. Find the volume of the solid of revolution generated by rotating the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
between 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑦 = 4 about the 𝑦-axis.
Here is the volume generated when we rotate the

Here is the region we need to rotate: The
region around the 𝑦-axis: The volume generated
graph of the area bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 = 0 when revolving the curve bounded by 𝑦 =
and 𝑦 = 4. 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 4 around the 𝑦-axis.
We must first express 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦, so that we can apply the volume of solid of revolution
of formula.
1
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 , then 𝑥 = 𝑦 3 .
2
The formula requires 𝑥 2 , and on squaring we have 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 3 .
Thus,
𝑦2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
4 2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
0
5
3𝑦 3 4
𝑉 = 𝜋[ ]|
5 0
3𝜋 5 4
𝑉= [𝑦 3 ] |
5 0
3𝜋
𝑉= [10.079 − 0]
5
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟎 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
107
Other Applications:
Volume of a wine cask
Example 𝟓. A wine cask has radius at the top of 30 cm and a radius at the middle
of 40 cm. The height of the cask is 1 m. What is the volume of the cask (in 𝐿),
assuming that the shape of the sides is parabolic?
We will lay the cask on its side to make the algebra easier:
Parabola with vertex at (0, 40) and passing through (50, 30).
We need to find the equation of a parabola with vertex at (0, 40) and passing through
(50, 30). We use the formula:
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘)
Now (ℎ, 𝑘) is (0, 40) so we have: 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 40) and the parabola passes through
(50, 30), so
(50)2 = 4𝑎(30 − 40)
2500 = 4𝑎(−10)
4𝑎 = −250
So, the equation of the side of the barrel is
𝑥 2 = −250(𝑦 − 40)
𝑥2
𝑦=− + 40
250
108
We need to find the volume of the cask which is generated when we rotate this parabola
between 𝑥 = −50 and 𝑥 = 50 around the 𝑥-axis.
Parabolic area rotated around the 𝑥-axis producing our wine cask
We now apply the formula for the volume of a solid of revolution:

𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
50 2
𝑥2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (− + 40) 𝑑𝑥
−50 250
50
𝑥4 80𝑥 2
𝑉 = 𝜋∫ ( − + 1600) 𝑑𝑥
−50 62500 250
50
𝑥5 80𝑥 3
𝑉 = 𝜋[ − + 1600𝑥] |
312500 750 −50
Now, since
(−50)5 = −505 ,
(−50)3 = −503 , and

(−50) = −50,
we can reduce the amount of writing somewhat and put:
(50)5 80(50)3
𝑉 = 2𝜋 [ − + 1600(50)]
312500 750
𝑉 = 425162 cm3
1 L = 1000 cm3
𝑽 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟐 𝐋
So, the wine cask will hold 425.2 L.
109
Example 𝟔. A watermelon has an ellipsoidal shape with major axis 28

cm and minor axis 25 cm. Find its volume.
We are told that the melon is an ellipsoid. We need to find the equation
of the cross-sectional ellipse with major axis 28 cm and minor axis 25
cm.
We use the formula on ellipses
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
where 𝑎 is half the length of the major axis and 𝑏 is half the length of the minor axis.
For the volume formula, we will need the expression for 𝑦 2 and it’s easier to solve for this now
(before substituting our 𝑎 and 𝑏).
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑎2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 = 𝑏 2 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑏2 2
𝑦2 = (𝑎 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑎2
Since 𝑎 = 14 and 𝑏 = 12.5, we have:
(12.5)2
𝑦2 = (142 − 𝑥 2 )
(14)2
𝑦 2 = 0.797 (196 − 𝑥 2 )
Note: The 𝑎 and 𝑏 that we are using for the ellipse formula are not the same 𝑎 and 𝑏 we use in
the integration step. They are completely different parts of the problem.
Using this, we can now find the volume using integration. (Once again we find the volume for
half and then double it at the end).
14
𝑉half = π ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
0
14
= 𝜋 ∫ [0.797(196 − 𝑥 2 )] 𝑑𝑥
0
14
= 0.797 𝜋 ∫ (196 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
110
𝑥 3 14
𝑉half = 2.504 [196𝑥 − ] |
3 0
(14)3
= 2.504 [196(14) − ]
3
= 2.504(1829.33)
= 4580.65 cm3
So, the watermelon’s total volume is 2 × 4580.65 = 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝐜𝐦𝟑 or 𝟗. 𝟏𝟔𝟏 𝐋.
111
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 8
Solids of Revolution

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Solids of Revolution
Graph the curve using desmos application or geogebra classics and draw only the portion
represented as stated in the problem. Labelling is important.
1. The area bounded by the 𝑦-axis, the line 𝑦 = 1, and that arc of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 between 𝑥 =
𝜋
0 and 𝑥 = 2 is revolved about the line 𝑦 = 1. Find the volume generated.
2. The area bounded by parabola 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line 𝑦 = 4 is revolved about the 𝑥-axis.
Find the volume generated.
3. Find the volume of the sphere using disk method and cylindrical shell method.
4. Find the volume generated by revolving about 0𝑥 the area bounded by the hyperbola
𝑥𝑦 = 9, the line 𝑥 = 3, and the 𝑥-axis.
5. Find the volume generated by revolving about the 𝑦-axis the area bounded by the curve
𝑥 2 = 4(𝑥 − 𝑦), the 𝑦-axis and the line 𝑦 = 1.
6. The area bounded by the parabola 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3, the 𝑦-axis, and the line 𝑦 = 4
revolves about the line 𝑦 = 4. Find the volume generated.
7. Find the volume of a circular cone using cylindrical shell method.
8. Find the volume generated by revolving about the line 𝑥 = 2𝑎 the area bounded by that
line, the 𝑥-axis, and the curve 𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 .
9. Find the volume generated by revolving about 0𝑥 the area in the second quadrant under
the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
10. The area bounded by 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 𝑒, and the 𝑥-axis. Find the volume generated.
112
REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 298 − 308.
Volumes of Solids of Revolution. Applications of Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/volumes-of-solids-of-revolution-
Volume of Solid of Revolution by Integration (Disk Method) (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.intmath.com/applications-integration/4-volume-solid-revolution.php
113
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __11&12__
TOPIC/S
I. Volumes of Solids of Revolution

a. Miscellaneous Solids
II. Length of a Curve
III. Surface Tracing/Surfaces of Revolution
1. find the volume of miscellaneous solids by integration;
2. solve for the length of a curve; and
3. find the surface area generated by revolving the given curve.
MISCELLANEOUS SOLIDS
The volume of any solid can be expressed as a definite integral, provided we know the
area of every plane section parallel to some fixed plane. We divide the solid into thin slices by
means of 𝑛 planes parallel to the fixed plane, trim off the outer edge and take as element the
slab remaining: The volume of this slab, of course, is the thickness times the area of the face,
which by hypothesis is known.
The only plane figures whose area we are supposed to know offhand are the rectangle,
1
the triangle, the trapezoid, the circle, the circular sector (2 𝑟 2 𝛼), and the ellipse (𝜋𝑎𝑏). Thus,
the only solids whose volumes we can find at this time are those that can be divided into parallel
slices of one of these shapes.
114
Example 𝟏. Find the volume in the first octant under

the plane 𝑧 = 𝑦 and inside the cylinder 𝑦 2 = 4 − 𝑥.
Note: The volume element is rectangular.
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑦
but 𝑧=𝑦 and 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑦2

Therefore:
𝑑𝑉 = (𝑦)(4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
2
𝑉 = ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦𝑑𝑦
0
1 2
𝑉 = − ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 ) (−2𝑦 𝑑𝑦)
2 0
1 (4 − 𝑦 2 )2 2
𝑉=− [ ]|
2 2 0
1 (4 − (2)2 )2 (4 − (0)2 )2
𝑉=− [ − ]
2 2 2
1
𝑉 = − [0 − (4)2 ]
4
𝑽 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
Example 𝟐. Find the volume in the first octant enclosed

by the cylinder 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑧 = 𝑥.
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥
1
but 𝑦 = (𝑎𝑥)2 and 𝑧=𝑥
Thus:
1
𝑑𝑉 = (𝑎𝑥)2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎 3
𝑉 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
0
115
5
𝑎
1 𝑥2
𝑉=𝑎 [ 2
5 ]|
0
2
2 1 5
𝑉= 𝑎2 (𝑎)2
5
𝟐 𝟑
𝑽= 𝒂 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟓
Example 𝟑. Find the volume of a wedge cut from a

circular cone by two planes through the axis.
𝛼
𝑑𝑉 = (𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦)
2𝜋
𝛼
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
2
𝑎
but 𝑥 = (ℎ) (ℎ − 𝑦)
Thus:
𝛼 𝑎 2
𝑑𝑉 = [( ) (ℎ − 𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
2 ℎ
𝛼 𝑎2
𝑑𝑉 = ( 2 ) (ℎ − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦
2 ℎ
𝛼𝑎2 ℎ
𝑉 = − 2 ∫ (ℎ − 𝑦)2 (−𝑑𝑦)
2ℎ 0
𝛼𝑎2 (ℎ − 𝑦)3 ℎ
𝑉=− [ ]|
2ℎ2 3 0
𝛼𝑎2 ℎ3
𝑉=− [0 − ]
2ℎ2 3
𝛼𝑎2 ℎ3
𝑉 = − 2 (− )
2ℎ 3
𝟏 𝟐
𝑽= 𝜶𝒂 𝒉 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐢𝐜 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟔
116
LENGTH OF A CURVE
To obtain the length of an arc of a curve, the average person might well bend a wire to fit that
arc, then straighten the wire and measure its length. We wish to replace that intuitive concept
with a mathematical definition of arc length.
We shall use the figure to guide us to a desirable definition.
Let 𝑠 denote the length of the arc of the curve measured
from some initial point 𝑃𝑜 to the point 𝑃: (𝑥, 𝑦), and
suppose for definiteness that 𝑠 increases as 𝑥 increases. For
the change ∆𝑠 in arc length from 𝑃 to 𝑃′ we obtain
∆𝑠 ∆𝑠 𝑃𝑃′ ∆𝑠 √(∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑦)2

= ∙ = ∙
∆𝑥 𝑃𝑃′ ∆𝑥 𝑃𝑃′ ∆𝑥
∆𝑠 ∆𝑦 2
= √
∙ 1+( )
𝑃𝑃′ ∆𝑥
in which 𝑃𝑃′ is the length of the chord from 𝑃: (𝑥, 𝑦) to 𝑃′ : (𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦). If the curve is
well behaved near 𝑃, it is reasonable to expect that
∆𝑠
lim = 1,
∆𝑥→0 𝑃𝑃′
which yields,
𝑑𝑠 ∆𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
(1) = lim √
= 1+( )
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
If 𝑠 decreases as 𝑥 increases, then
∆𝑠 ∆𝑠 ∆𝑦 2
=− √
∙ 1+( )
∆𝑥 𝑃𝑃′ ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
(2) √
=− 1+( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Equations (1) and (2) furnish us with a desirable starting point. We define the differential of
arc length 𝑑𝑠 by (1) and (2) and conclude that
(3) (𝑑𝑠)2 = (𝑑𝑥)2 + (𝑑𝑦)2 .
Thus, |𝑑𝑠| is the hypotenuse of the right triangle with sides |𝑑𝑥| and |𝑑𝑦|.
If the tangent to the curve at 𝑃 makes an angle 𝛼 with 0𝑥 , then

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(4) cos 𝛼 = , sin 𝛼 =
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
117
Now, we defined the differential 𝑑𝑠 of arc length by
𝑑𝑠 = √(𝑑𝑥)2 + (𝑑𝑦)2
Instead of this, it is sometimes convenient to use the equivalent forms
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( √
) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
or, if 𝑥 and 𝑦 are known in terms of a parameter 𝑡, the form
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
We now define the length 𝑠 of a curve along an arc 𝐶 by
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥,
𝐶 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are the abscissas of the endpoints of 𝐶, and where must be replaced by its
𝑑𝑥
value in terms of 𝑥 from the equation of the curve.
If it is more convenient to integrate with respect to 𝑦, we put
𝑏
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑠 = ∫ √( ) + 1 𝑑𝑦.
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are given in terms of a parameter 𝑡,
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑏
𝑑𝑦 2
√
𝑠 = ∫ ( ) + ( ) 𝑑𝑡.
𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
We assume, of course, that in any instance the integrand is a single-valued function of the
variable of integration. If this condition is not satisfied, 𝐶 must consist of several portions for
each of which the condition holds, and each portion may be considered separately.
118
1 1
Example 4. Find the length of the curve 𝑦 = ln sin 𝑥 from 𝑥 = 4 𝜋 to 𝑥 = 2 𝜋.
From 𝑦 = ln sin 𝑥, we obtain 𝑦 ′ = cot 𝑥, so that the desired length is given by

1
𝜋
2
𝑠 = ∫ √1 + (cot 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜋
4
1
𝜋
2
= ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝜋
4
1
𝜋
2
= [ln(csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)] |
1
4
𝜋
1 1 1 1
= [ln (csc 𝜋 − cot 𝜋)] − [ln (csc 𝜋 − cot 𝜋)]
2 2 4 4
= ln(1 − 0) − ln(√2 − 1)
= − ln(√2 − 1)
2−1
= − ln
√2 + 1
𝒔 = 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + √𝟐)
Example 𝟓. Find the length of the curve 9𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 3 from

𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 3.
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solving for 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 from the given curve:
9𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 3
18𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 12𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑦
119
But
4 2 3
𝑦 = √ 𝑥3 = 𝑥2
9 3
So,
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 1
= 3 = 𝑥
2
𝑑𝑥 3 (2 𝑥 2 )
3
𝑑𝑦 2
( ) =𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Thus,
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑠 = ∫ √1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
3
3
(1 + 𝑥)2
𝑠=[ 3 ]|
0
2
2 3
= [(4)2 − 1]
3
𝟏𝟒
𝒔=
𝟑
Example 𝟔. Find the length of one branch of the

curve 𝑎𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 5𝑎.
𝑎𝑦 2 = 𝑥 3
2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎𝑦
where
1
𝑥3 2
𝑦=( )
𝑎
120
Thus
1
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 3 𝑥 2
= 1 = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥3 2 2 𝑎
2𝑎 ( 𝑎 )
Therefore
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
9𝑥
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + 𝑑𝑥
4𝑎
1
5𝑎
9𝑥 2
𝑠= ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
0 4𝑎
1
4𝑎 5𝑎 9𝑥 2 9
𝑠= ∫ (1 + ) ( 𝑑𝑥)
9 0 4𝑎 4𝑎
3
9𝑥 2
5𝑎
4𝑎 (1 + 4𝑎
)
𝑠= 3 |
9 0
2
[ ]
3
8𝑎 9𝑥 2 5𝑎
𝑠= [(1 + ) ] |
27 4𝑎 0
3
8𝑎 9(5𝑎) 2
𝑠= [(1 + ) − 1]
27 4𝑎
3
8𝑎 45𝑎 2
𝑠= [(1 + ) − 1]
27 4𝑎
3
8𝑎 49 2
𝑠= [( ) − 1]
27 4
8𝑎 49 7
𝑠= [( ) ( ) − 1]
27 4 2
𝟑𝟑𝟓𝒂
𝒔=
𝟐𝟕
121
Example 𝟕. Find the length of the four-cusped

2 2 2
hypocycloid 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑎3 .
Solving for 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥.

2 −1 2 1
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 3
1 1
𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −3 𝑦 3
= −( ) = −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝑦
But can be expressed as
𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑎3
2 2
𝑦 3 𝑎 3
1+( ) =( )
𝑥 𝑥
2 2
𝑦 3 𝑎 3
( ) =( ) −1
𝑥 𝑥
Thus
2 2
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦 3 𝑎 3
( ) =( ) =( ) −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Now,
𝑑𝑦 2
√
𝑑𝑠 = 1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎 3
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
𝑎 3
𝑑𝑠 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1 𝑎 1
𝑠 = 𝑎3 ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
0
2
𝑎
1 𝑥3
𝑠=𝑎 [ 3
2 ]|
0
3
122
3 1 2
𝑠 = 𝑎3 [(𝑎)3 − 0]
2
3
𝑠= 𝑎
2
3
Therefore, the total length of the four-cusped hypocycloid is 4𝑠 = 4 ( ) 𝑎 = 𝟔𝒂.
2
SURFACE TRACING/SURFACES OF REVOLUTION

The problem of this section is to find the area of
the surface generated by rotating a plane curve 𝐶
about a line in its plane – say, for definiteness,
about the 𝑥-axis. For variety, let us revert to
fundamentals to obtain the desired formula. In the
given figure, we cut the pertinent section along the
axis of revolution into equal segments ∆𝑥 which
project onto elements ∆𝑠𝑖 along the curve 𝐶. Next
inscribe in 𝐶 a broken line of 𝑛 segments ∆𝑠𝑖 ′. In
the rotation, each segment ∆𝑠𝑖 ′ generates the
frustum of a circular cone, the radii of whose bases are 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 + ∆𝑦𝑖 . By elementary geometry,
the surface area of this conical frustum is the circumference of the middle section multiplied by
𝟏
the slant height, or 𝟐𝝅 (𝒚𝒊 + 𝟐 ∆𝒚𝒊 ) ∆𝒔𝒊 ′. It can be shown that
𝑛
1
lim ∑ 2𝜋 ( ∆𝑦𝑖 ) ∆𝑠𝑖′ = 0.
𝑛→∞ 2
𝑖=1
Therefore
𝑛
𝐴 = lim ∑ 2𝜋𝑦𝑖 ∆𝑠𝑖′ = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑠.

𝑛→∞ 𝐶
𝑖=1
123
Example 𝟖. Find the surface area generated by revolving

the curve 𝑎2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 about 0𝑥 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎.
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑦 2
√
𝑑𝑠 = 1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
2
3𝑥 2 9𝑥 4
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( √
) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑎
Now, we solve for 𝐴:
𝑥3 9𝑥 4
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋 ( 2 ) √1 + 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎2 𝜋 9𝑥 4 36𝑥 3
𝑑𝐴 = √1 + ( 4 𝑑𝑥)
18 𝑎4 𝑎
1
2 𝑎
𝑎 𝜋 36𝑥 3 9𝑥 4 2
𝐴= ∫ (1 + 4 ) ( 4 𝑑𝑥)
18 0 𝑎 𝑎
3
9𝑥 4 2
𝑎2 𝜋 (1 + 𝑎4 ) 𝑎
𝐴= 3 |
18 0
2
[ ]
3
2 𝑎2 𝜋 9𝑥 4 2 𝑎
𝐴= [(1 + 4 ) ] |
3 18 𝑎 0
𝑎2 𝜋 3
𝐴= [(10)2 − 1]
27
𝒂𝟐 𝝅
𝑨= (𝟏𝟎√𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏) 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
𝟐𝟕
124
Example 𝟗. Find the surface area of a zone cut

from a sphere by two parallel planes at a distance
ℎ apart.
𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
=− = −
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦2
( ) = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 − 𝑦2
Thus,
𝑦2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑠 =
√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
Therefore,
𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝜋 (√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 ) ( )
√𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑎 𝑑𝑦
ℎ
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0
ℎ
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑎[𝑦] |
0
𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅𝒂𝒉 𝐬𝐪. 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬
125
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 9
Miscellaneous Solids, Length of a Curve, Surface Tracing/Surface of a Revolution

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Miscellaneous Solids
1. Find the volume of an ellipsoid.
2. Find the volume in the first octant bounded

by the surfaces 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 and 𝑧 2 = 𝑎𝑥.
3. Find the volume of a spherical wedge.
126
Length of a Curve
4. Find the length of the curve 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 from 𝑥 = √3

to 𝑥 = √8.
5. Find the length of one branch of the parabola

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 from the vertex to the end of the
latus rectum.
6. Find the length of one branch of the curve

9𝑦 2 = 4(1 + 𝑥 2 )3 from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2.
Surface of Revolution
7. Find the surface area of a sphere of radius 𝑎.
127
8. Find the surface area generated by revolving

one arch of the cosine curve about the
horizontal axis.
9. Find the surface area of a torus.
128
REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 89 − 90, 308 − 317.
129
LEARNING GUIDE
Week No.: __13__
TOPIC/S
I. Multiple Integrals
a. Double Integrals
b. Triple Integrals
1. solve double and triple integrals;
2. use double integrals to find the volume of rectangular regions in the 𝑥𝑦-plane;
3. use double integrals to integrate over general regions; and
4. use triple integrals to integrate over three-dimensional regions.
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
DOUBLE INTEGRALS
Before starting on double integrals let’s do a quick review of the definition of definite integrals
for functions of single variables. First, when working with the integral,
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
we think of 𝑥’s as coming from the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏. For these integrals we can say that we
are integrating over the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏. Note that this does assume that 𝑎 < 𝑏, however, if
we have 𝑏 < 𝑎 then we can just use the interval 𝑏 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎.
Now, when we derived the definition of the definite integral, we first thought of this as an area
problem. We first asked what the area under the curve was and to do this we broke up the
interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 into 𝑛 subintervals of width ∆𝑥 and choose a point, 𝑥𝑖∗ , from each interval
as shown below,
130
Each of the rectangles has height of 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ ) and we could then use the area of each of these
rectangles to approximate the area as follows.
𝑨 ≈ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊 )∆𝒙 + 𝒇(𝒙∗𝟐 )∆𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊 )∆𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒏 )∆𝒙
To get the exact area we then took the limit as 𝑛 goes to infinity and this was also the definition
of the definite integral.
𝒃 𝒏
∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊 )∆𝒙

𝒂 𝒏→∞
𝒊=𝟏
In this section we want to integrate a function of two variables, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). With functions of one
variable we integrated over an interval (i.e. a one-dimensional space) and so it makes some
sense then that when integrating a function of two variables we will integrate over a region of
𝑹𝟐 (two-dimensional space).
We will start out by assuming that the region in 𝑹𝟐 is rectangle which we will denote as follows,
𝑹 = [𝒂, 𝒃] × [𝒄, 𝒅]
This means that the ranges for 𝑥 and 𝑦 are 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 and 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑.
Also, we will initially assume that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ 0 although this doesn’t really have to be the case.
Let’s start out with the graph of the surface 𝑆 given by graphing 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the rectangle 𝑅.
Now, just like with functions of one variable, let’s not worry about integrals quite yet. Let’s
first ask what the volume of the region under 𝑆 (and above the 𝑥𝑦-plane of course) is.
We will approximate the volume much as we approximated the area above. We will first divide
up 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 into 𝑛 subintervals and divide up 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 into 𝑚 subintervals. This will divide
up 𝑅 into a series of smaller rectangles and from each of these we will choose a point (𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑗∗ ).
131
Now, over each of these smaller rectangles we will construct a box whose height is given by
𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑗∗ ). Here’s a sketch of that
Each of the rectangles has a base area of ∆𝐴 and a height of 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑗∗ ) so the volume of each
of these boxes is 𝑓(𝑥𝑖∗ , 𝑦𝑗∗ ) ∆𝐴. The volume under the surface 𝑆 is then approximately,
𝒏 𝒎
𝑽 ≈ ∑ ∑ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊 , 𝒚∗𝒋 ) ∆𝑨
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
We will have a double sum since we will need to add up volumes in both the 𝑥 and 𝑦 directions.
To get a better estimation of the volume we will take 𝑛 and 𝑚 larger and larger and to get the
exact volume we will need to take the limit as both 𝑛 and 𝑚 go to infinity. In other words,
𝒏 𝒎
𝑽 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ∑ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊 , 𝒚∗𝒋 ) ∆𝑨

𝒏,𝒎→∞
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
132
Now, this should look familiar. This looks a lot like the definition of the integral of a function
of single variable. In fact, this is also the definition of a double integral, or more exactly an
integral of a function of two variables over a rectangle.
Here is the official definition of a double integral of a function of two variables over a
rectangular region 𝑅 as well as the notation that we’ll use for it.
𝒏 𝒎
∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∑ ∑ 𝒇(𝒙∗𝒊 , 𝒚∗𝒋 ) ∆𝑨

𝒏,𝒎→∞
𝑹 𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
Note the similarities and differences in the notation to single integrals. We have two integrals
to denote the fact that we are dealing with a two-dimensional region and we have a differential
here as well. Note that the differential is 𝑑𝐴 instead of the 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑦 that we’re used to seeing.
Note as well that we don’t have limits on the integrals in this notation. Instead we have the 𝑅
written below the two integrals to denote the region that we are integrating over.
As indicated above one interpretation of the double integral of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the rectangle 𝑅 is
the volume under the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) (and above the 𝑥𝑦-plane). Or,
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 = ∬ 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) 𝒅𝑨
𝑹
Example 𝟏. Consider the double integral:
𝑉 = ∬(𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝐴,
𝑅
where 𝑅 is the rectangle 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2.
Suppose we integrate with respect to 𝑦 first. Then

1 2
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥,
0 1
The inner integral is

2
𝑦4 2
𝑉 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = [𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 ]|
1 4 1
Note that we treat 𝑥 as a constant as we integrate with respect to 𝑦.
133
The integral is equal to
2 (2)
(2)4 2 (1)
(1)4
𝑉 = [𝑥 +𝑥 ] − [𝑥 +𝑥 ]
4 4
15
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥
4
We are now left with the integral
1
15 2
𝑥 3 15𝑥 2 1
∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ + ]|
0 4 3 8 0
(1)3 15(1)2 (0)3 15(0)2

=[ + ]−[ + ]
3 8 3 8
1 15
= +
3 8
𝟓𝟑
=
𝟐𝟒
Alternatively, we can integrate with respect to 𝑥 first and then 𝑦, and still yield the same
answer. We have
2 1
𝑉 = ∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 0
The inner integral is

1
𝑥3 𝑥2 1
𝑉= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 3)
𝑑𝑥 = [ + 𝑦 3
]|
0 3 2 0
(1)3 3
(1)2 (0)3 3
(0)2
=[ +𝑦 ]−[ +𝑦 ]
3 2 3 2
1 𝑦3
= +
3 2
Note that we treat 𝑦 as a constant as we integrate with respect to 𝑥. The outer integral is
2
1 𝑦3 1 𝑦4 2
∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑦 = [ 𝑦 + ] |
1 3 2 3 8 1
1 (2)4 1 (1)4
= [ (2) + ] − [ (1) + ]
3 8 3 8
8 11
= −
3 24
𝟓𝟑
=
𝟐𝟒
134
Example 𝟐. Evaluate
10 14
∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
7 11
Formulating the double integral, we first evaluate the inner integral with respect to 𝑥:
14 14
2
𝑥3
∫ (𝑥 + 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = [ + 4𝑦𝑥] |
11 3 11
(14)3 (11)3
=[ + 4𝑦(14)] − [ + 4𝑦(11)]
3 3
= 471 + 12𝑦
We then integrate the result with respect to 𝑦:

10 10
∫ (471 + 12𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = [471𝑦 + 6𝑦 2 ] |
7 7
= [471(10) + 6(10)2 ] − [471(7) + 6(7)2 ]
= 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗
Therefore:
10 14
∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟗
7 11
We could have computed the double integral starting from the integration over 𝑦. Confirm
yourself that the result is the same for
14 10
∫ ∫ (𝑥 2 + 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 .
11 7
DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER GENERAL REGIONS

Double integrals can be evaluated over the integral domain of any general shape.
We studied how double integrals can be evaluated over a rectangular region. But there
is no reason to limit the domain to a rectangular area. The integral domain can be of any general
shape. In this atom, we will study how to formulate such an integral.
135
This method is applicable to any domain 𝐷 for which:
• the projection of 𝐷 onto either the 𝑥-axis or the 𝑦-axis is bounded by the two values, 𝑎
and 𝑏.
• any line perpendicular to this axis that passes between these two values intersects the
domain in an interval whose endpoints are given by the graphs of two functions, 𝛼 and
𝛽.
𝑥-axis: If the domain 𝐷 is normal with respect to the 𝑥-axis, and 𝑓: 𝐷 → 𝑅 is a continuous
function, then 𝛼(𝑥) and 𝛽(𝑥) (defined on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]) are the two functions that
determine 𝐷. It follows, then, that:
𝑏 𝛽(𝑥)
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 𝑎 𝛼(𝑥)
𝑦-aixs: If 𝐷 is normal with respect to the 𝑦-axis and 𝑓: 𝐷 → 𝑅 is a continuous function, then
𝛼(𝑥) and 𝛽(𝑦) (defined on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]) are the two functions that determine 𝐷. It
follows, then, that
𝑏 𝛽(𝑦)
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
𝐷 𝑎 𝛼(𝑦)
Example 𝟑. Calculate
∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐷
𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≤ 1, 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 }
1 1
∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝐷 0 𝑥2
1
𝑦2 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥𝑦 + ] |
0 2 𝑥2
At first the second integral is calculated considering 𝑥 as a constant. The remaining operations
consist of applying the basic techniques of integration:
1
𝑦2 1 1 (1)2 2)
(𝑥 2 )2
∫ [𝑥𝑦 + ] | 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ {[𝑥(1) + ] − [𝑥(𝑥 + ]} 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑥2 0 2 2
1
1 3
𝑥4
= ∫ (𝑥 + − 𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 2
136
𝑥2 1 𝑥4 𝑥5 1
= [ + 𝑥 − − ]|
2 2 4 10 0
(1)2 1 (1)4 (1)5 (0)2 1 (0)4 (0)5

=[ + (1) − − ]−[ + (0) − − ]
2 2 4 10 2 2 4 10
1 1 1 1
= + − − −0
2 2 4 10
𝟏𝟑
=
𝟐𝟎
TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

When the function to be integrated has a cylindrical symmetry, it is sensible to integrate using
cylindrical coordinates.
When the function to be integrated has a cylindrical symmetry, it is sensible to change the
variables into cylindrical coordinates and then perform integration.
In 𝑅 3 the integration on domains with a circular base can be made by the passage in cylindrical
coordinates; the transformation of the function is made by the following relation:
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) → 𝑓(𝜌 cos 𝜑, 𝜌 sin 𝜑 , 𝑧)

The domain transformation can be graphically attained, because only the shape of the base
varies, while the height follows the shape of the starting region. Also, in switching to
cylindrical coordinates, the 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 differentials in the integral become 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧.
Example 𝟒. The region is:
𝐷 = {𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 9, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5}
If the transformation is applied, this region is obtained:
𝑇 = {2 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5}
because the z component is unvaried during the transformation,
the 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 differentials vary as in the passage in polar
coordinates: therefore, they become: 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧. Finally, it is
possible to apply the final formula to cylindrical coordinates:
∭ 𝐷 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∭ 𝑇 𝑓(𝜌 cos 𝜑, 𝜌 sin 𝜑 , 𝑧) 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧
137
This method is convenient in case of cylindrical or conical domains or in regions where it is

easy to individuate the 𝑧 interval and even transform the circular base and the function.
Example 𝟓. The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 is and as integration domain this cylinder:
𝐷 = {𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 9, −5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5}
The transformation of 𝐷 in cylindrical coordinates is the following:
𝑇 = {0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 3, 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋, −5 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5}
while the function becomes:
𝑓(𝜌 cos 𝜑, 𝜌 sin 𝜑, 𝑧) = (𝜌 cos 𝜑)2 + (𝜌 sin 𝜑)2 + 𝑧
= 𝜌2 (cos 2 𝜑 + sin2 𝜑) + 𝑧
= 𝜌2 + 𝑧
Therefore, the integral becomes:
∭ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∭ (𝜌2 + 𝑧)𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑∅ 𝑑𝑧
𝐷 𝑇
5 2𝜋 3
= ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑∅ ∫ (𝜌3 + 𝑧𝜌)𝑑𝜌
−5 0 0
5
𝜌4 𝑧𝜌2 3
2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑∅ [ + ]|
−5 0 4 2 0
5 2𝜋
(3)4 𝑧(3)2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑∅ [ + − 0]
−5 0 4 2
5 2𝜋
81 9𝑧
= ∫ 𝑑𝑧 [∅] | [ + ]
−5 0
4 2
5
81 9𝑧
= 2𝜋 ∫ [ + ] 𝑑𝑧
−5 4 2
81𝑧 9𝑧 2 5
= 2𝜋 [ + ]|
4 4 −5
81(5) 9(5)2 81(−5) 9(−5)2

= 2𝜋 {[ + ]−[ + ]}
4 4 4 4
= 𝟒𝟎𝟓𝝅
138
Example 𝟔. Evaluate the following integral.
∭ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉 𝐵 = [2, 3] × [1, 2] × [0, 1]

𝐵
3 2 1
∭ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 1 0
𝐵
3 2 1
=∫ ∫ [4𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 ] | 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 1 0
3 2
= ∫ ∫ 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 1
3 2
= ∫ [2𝑥𝑦 2 ] | 𝑑𝑥
2 1
3
= ∫ [2𝑥(2)2 − 2𝑥(1)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
2
3
= ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
3
= [3𝑥 2 ] |
2
= [3(3)2 − 3(2)2 ]
= 27 − 12
= 𝟏𝟓
Note: just to make the point that order doesn’t matter, try to use a different order from that
listed above. Say, do the integral in the following order:
2 3 1
∭ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 2 0
𝐵
and
1 2 3
∭ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 1 2
𝐵
You will notice that they would still have the same answer as 15. Try it yourself!
139
Example 𝟕. Evaluate
∭ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
where 𝐸 is the region under the plane 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 that lies in the first octant.
We should first define octant. Just as the two-dimensional coordinates system can be divided
into four quadrants the three-dimensional coordinate system can be divided into eight octants.
The first octant is the octant in which all three of the coordinates are positive.
Here is a sketch of the plane in the first octant.
We now need to determine the region 𝐷 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. We can get a visualization of the
region by pretending to look straight down on the object from above. What we see will be the
region 𝐷 in the 𝑥𝑦-plane. So 𝐷 will be the triangle with vertices at (0, 0), (3, 0) and (0, 2).
Here is a sketch of 𝐷.
Now, we need the limits of integration. Since we are under the plane and in the first octant (so
we’re above the plane 𝑧 = 0) we have the following limits for 𝑧.
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 6 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
140
We can integrate the double integral over 𝐷 using either of the following two sets of
inequalities.
0 ≤ 𝑥 < −3 3
0≤𝑥 ≤− 𝑦+3
2 2
0≤𝑦 ≤− 𝑥+2 0≤𝑦≤2
3
Since neither really holds an advantage over the other we’ll use the first one. The integral is
then,
6−2𝑥−3𝑦
∭ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑉 = ∬ [∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑧] 𝑑𝐴
0
𝐸 𝐷
6−2𝑥−3𝑦
= ∬[2𝑥𝑧] | 𝑑𝐴
𝐷 0
2
3 − 𝑥+2
3
=∫ ∫ 2𝑥(6 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2
3 − 𝑥+2
3
= ∫ [12𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ] | 𝑑𝑥
0 0
3
2 2 2
= ∫ [12𝑥 (− 𝑥 + 2) − 4𝑥 2 (− 𝑥 + 2) − 3𝑥 (− 𝑥 + 2)] 𝑑𝑥
0 3 3 3
3
4
= ∫ [ 𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 + 12𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
0 3
3
𝑥4 8 3 2
= [ − 𝑥 + 6𝑥 ] |
3 3 0
(3)4 8 3 2
(0)4 8
=[ − (3) + 6(3) ] − [ − (0)3 + 6(0)2 ]
3 3 3 3
= 27 − 72 + 54
=𝟗
141
PROGRESS CHECK
Activity Sheets
EXERCISE 10
Multiple Integrals

Professor: __________________________________________Score: __________________
Double Integrals
1. Evaluate
∬(4𝑦 2 − 12𝑥) 𝑑𝐴,

𝐷
where 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, (𝑥 − 2)2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 6}
2. Evaluate
∬(2𝑦𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝐴,
𝐷
2
where 𝐷 is the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2√𝑥.
3
3. Evaluate
∬(3 − 6𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝐴,
𝐷
where 𝐷 is the region shown in the figure.
4. Evaluate the given integral by first reversing the order of integration.

3 6
∫ ∫ √𝑦 2 + 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 2𝑥
5. Evaluate the given integral by first reversing the order of integration.

1 𝑦2
∫ ∫ (6𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 −√𝑦
142
Triple Integrals
6. Evaluate
3 4 0
∫ ∫ ∫ 4𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 −1 −1
7. Evaluate
1 𝑧2 3
∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑦 cos(𝑧 5 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0
8. Evaluate
∭ 6𝑧 2 𝑑𝑉
𝐸
where 𝐸 is the region below 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 10 in the first octant. with the following
limits:
1
0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 5 − 2𝑥 − 𝑦
2
5
0≤𝑥≤
2
0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 10 − 4𝑥
9. Evaluate
1
5 𝑧 10−2𝑧
2
∭ 12𝑦 − 8𝑥 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 12𝑦 − 8𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0
𝐸
10. Use a triple integral to determine the volume of the region below 𝑧 = 4 − 𝑥𝑦 and
above the region in the 𝑥𝑦-plane defined by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.
143
REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961. Pages 385 − 402.
& Webster Bookstore, Inc., 1991.
Multiple Integrals (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-calculus/chapter/multiple-integrals/
Double Integrals. Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, 1996. Retrieved from
Calculus Early Transcendentals: Integral & Multi-Variable Calculus for Social Sciences. Triple
Integrals: Volume and Average Value (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.sfu.ca/math-
coursenotes/Math%20158%20Course%20Notes/sec_TripleIntegrals.html
Triple Integrals (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calciii/tripleintegrals.aspx
Double Integrals Over General Regions – Practice Problems (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calciii/digeneralregion.aspx
Triple Integrals – Practice Problems (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calciii/TripleIntegrals.aspx
144
LIST OF REFERENCES
1990.
Co., 1961.
& Webster Bookstore, Inc., 1991.
Introduction to Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-introduction.html
Techniques of Integration (n.d.). retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-calculus/chapter/techniques-of-integration/
Chapter 2 - Fundamental Integration Formulas (n.d.). retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/chapter-2-fundamental-integration-formulas
Integration by Parts. Math is Fun (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-by-parts.html
Integration by Substitution (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/integration-by-substitution-techniques-of-
integration
Integration of Rational Fractions – Techniques of Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/integration-of-rational-fractions-techniques-
of-integration
The Definite Integral (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-openstax-calculus1/chapter/the-definite-integral/
Definite Integral (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/integration-definite.html
Applications of Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/chapter-4-applications-of-integration
Plane Areas in Rectangular Coordinates (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/plane-areas-in-rectangular-coordinates-
Areas Between Curves (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.whitman.edu/mathematics/calculus_late_online/section08.01.html
145
Paul’s Online Notes. Applications of Integrals. Area Between Curves (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/areabetweencurves.aspx
Paul’s Online Notes. Improper Integrals (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calcii/improperintegrals.aspx
Volumes of Solids of Revolution. Applications of Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://mathalino.com/reviewer/integral-calculus/volumes-of-solids-of-revolution-
Volume of Solid of Revolution by Integration (Disk Method) (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.intmath.com/applications-integration/4-volume-solid-revolution.php
Multiple Integrals (n.d.). Retrieved from

Double Integrals. Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, 1996. Retrieved from
Calculus Early Transcendentals: Integral & Multi-Variable Calculus for Social Sciences. Triple
Integrals: Volume and Average Value (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.sfu.ca/math-
coursenotes/Math%20158%20Course%20Notes/sec_TripleIntegrals.html
Triple Integrals (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calciii/tripleintegrals.aspx
Double Integrals Over General Regions – Practice Problems (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calciii/digeneralregion.aspx
Triple Integrals – Practice Problems (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calciii/TripleIntegrals.aspx
146
ABOUT THE COMPILER
Genesis Deles Dumaicos is a licensed Mechanical Engineer practicing in the field of academe
since 2015 and a member of Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers – Negros Occidental
Chapter. He graduated his bachelor’s degree at the Technological University of the Philippines
Visayas in 2014 and is about to complete his master’s degree at Technological University of
the Philippines.

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i

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS

DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GENESIS DELES DUMAICOS

T - Transparent and participatory governance

Content/Technical Information…………………………………….. 129

GENERAL GUIDELINES/CLASS RULES

The student will be graded according to the following:

Average of examinations - 50%

Prelim Grade : [(Prelim Exam x 0.50) + (Assessment x 0.50)]

The passing grade for this course is 5.0.

Week No.: __1__

What is the area under 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)?

Illustration 𝟏. What is an integral of 2𝑥?

We know that the derivative of 𝑥 2 is 2𝑥

Integral Symbol Function we want to integrate Slices along 𝑥

We wrote the answer as 𝑥 2 but why +𝐶?

So, we wrap the idea by just writing +𝑪 at the end.

In these formulas, 𝑢 and 𝑣 denote differentiable functions of some independent

1. The integral of the differential of a function 𝑢 is 𝑢 plus an arbitrary constant 𝐶 (the

SIMPLE POWER FORMULA

Example 𝟏. Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation.

∫(1 + 𝑦)𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑦 3 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦

GENERAL POWER FORMULA

Example 𝟐. Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation.

a. ∫(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥

a. ∫(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7) 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = ∫(𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7)𝑑𝑥

= (𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 − 7𝑥)3 (5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 2 − 7)

No integral can be evaluated directly unless it contains, in addition to the expression

This form can also be written as

This form can also be written as

𝑑𝑢 = (6𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 2(3𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

If we let 𝑢 = 1 − 2𝑥 2 and 𝑛 = 3, then 𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥. But there is no 𝑥 in the given

∫(1 − 2𝑥 2 )3 = ∫[(1)3 − 3(1)2 (2𝑥 2 ) + 3(1)(2𝑥 2 )2 − (2𝑥 2 )3 ] 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥

Example 𝟑. Evaluate the following integrals and check by differentiation.

Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑦; 𝑛=4

Let 𝑢 = cot 𝑥; 𝑛=1

∫ cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ cot 𝑥 (− csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

∫ cot 𝑥 csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = csc 𝑥; 𝑛=1

= − ∫ csc 𝑥 (− csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)

c. ∫ tan2 (3𝑥 − 1) sec 2 (3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = tan(3𝑥 − 1); 𝑛=2

Let 𝑢 = ln sin 𝛽 ; 𝑛=1

∫ cot 𝛽 ln sin 𝛽 𝑑𝛽 = ∫ ln sin 𝛽 (cot 𝛽 𝑑𝛽)

Name: _____________________________________________Year & Section: __________

1. ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 6)𝑑𝑥 2. ∫(6𝑥 − 3)(4𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(𝑥 3 + 4)2 𝑑𝑥

7. ∫(𝑥 + 5)2 (3𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 1 4

9. ∫(3𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫(2𝑥 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥

1. ∫(4 − 3 sin 2𝑥)4 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫(2 sec 𝜃 + 3) sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 4. ∫

5. ∫(6𝑥 − 5)(3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4)3 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ cot 𝑦 csc 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

7. ∫ sin3 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1)(3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 ln3 (1+𝑥 3 )

Introduction to Integration (n.d.). Retrieved from

Techniques of Integration (n.d.). retrieved from

Week No.: __2__

we let 𝑢 = (1 − 𝑦 2 ), so that 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

So, by division we find

Example 𝟑. Evaluate the given integral and check by differentiation.

Week No.: 1

Name: ___________________________________Year & Section:

Week No.: 2