Lecture

HUMAN ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY
MAINTAINING LIFE

Mgfb MARIBAO, PhD, LPT

Associate Professor
CAS, Math and Science Dept
Anatomy
(anatome = to cut up)
• structure & relationships among
structures
• 1st studied by dissection of
cadavers
Physiology
• functions of the body parts
 Subdivisions of Anatomy Subdivisions of Physiology
Surface anatomy Cell physiology

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy Pathophysiology

Systemic (systematic) anatomy Exercise physiology

Regional anatomy Neurophysiology

Radiographic anatomy Endocrinology

Developmental anatomy Cardiovascular physiology

Embryology Immunology

Histology Respiratory physiology

Cytology Renal physiology

Pathological anatomy
Levels of Structural Organization
chemical level

cellular level

tissue level

organ level

organ system level

organismic level
Life Processes
1. Metabolism
- Catabolism
- Anabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
Homeostasis
• body’s internal environment remains
within physiological limits
• regulation of volume & composition of
body fluids
ICF
ECF (plasma; lymph)
interstitial fluid
• continually disturbed by STRESS
• regulated by nervous & endocrine
systems
Feedback Systems (loops)
• cycle of events
• status of a condition is continually
monitored

fed back (reported)

central control region

• 3 basic components :
receptor, control center, effector
Types of feedback system
Negative feedback system (loop)
• if response reverses original stimulus

Positive feedback system (loop)

• if response enhances or intensifies
original stimulus
Negative feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
Note:
• disease results if homeostatic
imbalance is moderate
• death results if it is severe
Disease
• pathological process
• w/ definite set of characteristics
• a part or all of the body is not carrying
on its normal functions
• local or systemic
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