CE 51014

Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures I
 Chapter 3
Flexural Analysis and Design of beam

• Analysis – determine the strength of structural

members

• Design – creating the structural members that will

carry a specified load or combination loads

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 Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior

• There are three state

(1) Stresses Elastic, Section Uncracked
(2) Stresses Elastic, Section Cracked
(3) Ultimate strength, equivalent, rectangular
stress distribution

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 Stresses Elastic, Section Uncracked
𝑀𝑦ത
Concrete compression stress 𝑓𝑐 =
𝐼𝑢𝑡
M = bending moment
𝑦ത = distance from compression fiber to N.A
𝐼𝑢𝑡 = moment of inertia of uncracked transformed
section
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑢𝑡 = + 𝐴𝑘 2
12
σ 𝐴𝑦
𝑦ത = σ
𝐴
𝑓𝑠 = n 𝑓𝑐𝑡
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• Example 3.1
A rectangular beam has the dimensions b=10in, h=25in and d=23in and is
reinforced with 3 #8bars so that As=2.37in2. The concrete cylinder strength f'c
is 4000psi and the tensile strength in bending (modulus of rupture) is 475psi.
The yield point of the steel fy is 60,000psi, the stress-strain curves of the
materials being those of Fig.1.16. Determine the stresses caused by a bending
moment M=45ft-kips
Solution

b =10 in, h=25 in, and d =23 in

'

As = 2.37in2 , fc = 4000 psi f y = 60000 psi f r = 475 psi M = 45k − ft

𝐸𝑐 = 57000 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 57000 4000 = 3.6 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐸𝑠 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐸𝑠 29 × 106
𝑛= = =8
𝐸𝑐 3.6 × 106

(𝑛−1)𝐴𝑠 = 7 × 2.37 = 16.59 𝑖𝑛2

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 σ 𝐴𝑦 25 × 10 × 12.5 + 16.59 × 23
𝑦ത = = = 13.15 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝
σ𝐴 25 × 10 + 16.59
𝑦𝑡 = 25 − 13.15 = 11.85 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 = + 𝐴𝑘 2
12
2
10 × 253 25 2
= + 25 × 10 13.15 − + 16.59 23 − 13.15
12 2
= 14736 𝑖𝑛4 ≈ 14740 𝑖𝑛4

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 Concrete tension Stress

𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 432 𝑝𝑠𝑖 < 𝑓𝑟 = 475 𝑝𝑠𝑖, ∴ 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠.

Concrete compression stress

Steel stress

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 Stresses Elastic, Section Cracked

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
crack transform section

fc = concrete compression stress

fs = steel stress
fct = concrete tension stress

If fct > fr ----- tension crack occur

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 Stresses Elastic, Section Cracked

1
• Total compression force 𝐶 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑘𝑑
2
• Total tension force T = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
To find the location of neutral axis ‘kd’
Compression moment area = Tension moment area

kd = distance from compression face to neutral axis

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 Stresses Elastic, Section Cracked
By using equilibrium
Taking moment about C,
𝑀 = 𝑇 × 𝑗𝑑 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑
𝑀
Steel stress 𝑓𝑠 =
𝐴𝑠 𝑗𝑑
jd= internal lever arm between C and T
Taking moment about at T,
1
𝑀 = 𝐶 × 𝑗𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑗𝑘𝑑2
2
2𝑀
Concrete stress 𝑓𝑐 = 2 𝑏𝑗𝑘𝑑
𝐴𝑠
Reinforcement ratio 𝜌 = , 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑

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 Stresses Elastic, Section Cracked

𝑘= 𝜌𝑛 2
+ 2𝜌𝑛 − 𝜌𝑛
𝑘𝑑
𝑗𝑑 = 𝑑 −
3
𝑘
𝑗 =1−
3

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 • Example 3.2
The rectangular beam has the dimensions b=10″, h=25″, d=23″ and is reinforced with
three No. 8 bars so that As = 2.37 in2. The concrete cylinder strength fc’ is 4000 psi, and
the tensile strength in bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi. The yield point of the steel
fy is 60,000 psi. Determine the stresses caused by a bending moment M = 90k-ft. Ec = 3.6
x 106 psi.
Solution

b =10 in, h=25 in, and d =23 in

'

As = 2.37in2 , fc = 4000 psi f y = 60000 psi f r = 475 psi M = 90k − ft

𝐸𝑐 = 57000 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 57000 4000 = 3.6 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐸𝑠 = 29 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐸𝑠 29 × 106
𝑛= = =8
𝐸𝑐 3.6 × 106

(𝑛−1)𝐴𝑠 = 7 × 2.37 = 16.59 𝑖𝑛2

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 σ 𝐴𝑦 25 × 10 × 12.5 + 16.59 × 23
𝑦ത = = = 13.15𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑝
σ𝐴 25 × 10 + 16.59
𝑦𝑡 = 25 − 13.15 = 11.85 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 = + 𝐴𝑘 2
12
2
10 × 253 25 2
= + 25 × 10 13.15 − + 16.59 23 − 13.15 = 14736 𝑖𝑛4
12 2
≈ 14740 𝑖𝑛4

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 𝑀𝑦ത
Concrete tension stress 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 𝐼𝑢𝑡
90 × 12 × 1000 × 11.85
𝑓𝑐𝑡 = = 868 𝑝𝑠𝑖 > f r = 475 psi
14740
Therefore, tension crack will form.

(kd )2
− nA
b s (d − kd ) = 0
2

10 
(kd )2
− 8  2.37(23 − kd ) = 0
2

kd =7.6 in

k = 0.33

𝑘
𝑗=1−
3
0.33
𝑗=1− = 0.89
3

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 M
Steel stress fs =
As jd

90 × 12 × 1000
𝑓𝑠 = = 22262 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2.37 × 0.89 × 23

2𝑀
Concrete stress 𝑓𝑐 =
𝑏𝑗𝑘𝑑 2

2 × 90 × 12 × 1000
𝑓𝑐 = 2
= 1390 𝑝𝑠𝑖
10 × 0.89 × 0.33 × 23

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Ultimate strength, equivalent, rectangular stress distribution

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Select a rectangular stress distribution such that the magnitude and

the location of compression force C remain the same

′ ′ 𝛼𝑐 𝛼 𝑎
𝐶 = 𝛼𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑐 = 𝛾𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝛾 = = ( 𝛽1 = )
𝑎 𝛽1 𝑐
d = effective depth of concrete
c = the distance from the outer compression fiber to N.A
Take 𝛾 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝐶 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝛽1 shown in Table 3.1
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 Concrete stress block parameters

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 Example 3.3 The rectangular beam has the dimensions b=10″, h=25″, d=23″
and is reinforced with three No. 8 bars so that As = 2.37 in2. The concrete
cylinder strength fc’ is 4000 psi, and the tensile strength in bending (modulus
of rupture) is 475 psi. The yield point of the steel fy is 60,000 psi. Determine
the nominal moment which the beam will fail. Ec = 3.6 x 106 psi.
Solution
𝐴𝑠
Reinforcement ratio 𝜌 =
𝑏𝑑

2.37
𝜌= = 0.0103
10×23

From figure 3.7,  = 0.72

The beam will fail , f s = f y = 60000 psi

fy 60000
y = = = 0.00207
Es 29  106
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 f ' c u 0.72  4 0.003
b =  =  = 0.0284
fy  u +  y 60 0.003 + 0.00207

 act = 0.0103  b = 0.0284

The beam will fail in tension by yielding of steel.

0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑2 1 −
𝑓𝑐 ′

2 0.59×0.0103×60
𝑀𝑛 = 0.0103 × 10 × 60000 × 23 1 − = 2970000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛 = 248 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
4

The distance to neutral axis

𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
0.0103 × 60 × 23
𝑐= ′ = = 4.94 𝑖𝑛
𝛼𝑓𝑐 0.72 × 4

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 Two failure criteria
1. Yield of steel first, 𝑓𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 (ductile failure)
2. Crushing of concrete first at 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003
(crushing of strain of concrete) i.e, (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 ).
This type of failure is explosive and occurs
without warning, so avoid this kind of failure
in design (called compression failure)(brittle
failure)

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Flexural strength

Total compression force 𝐶 = 𝑓𝑎𝑣 𝑏𝑐

• 𝑓𝑎𝑣 = average compression stress
′
The relation between 𝑓𝑎𝑣 and 𝑓𝑐
𝑓𝑎𝑣
𝛼= ′
𝑓𝑐
𝑐 = 𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′ bc
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 Flexural strength
𝛼= 0.72 for 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 4000𝑝𝑠𝑖 ,
𝑓𝑐 ′ −4000 ′
𝛼= 0.72 - × 0.04for 𝑓𝑐 above 4000 upto
1000
8000psi
𝛼= 0.56for 𝑓𝑐 ′ > 8000𝑝𝑠𝑖
′
𝛽= 0.425 for 𝑓𝑐 ≤ 4000𝑝𝑠𝑖 ,
𝑓𝑐 ′ −4000 ′
𝛽= 0425 - ×
0.025for 𝑓𝑐 above 4000
1000
upto 8000psi
′
𝛽= 0.324 for 𝑓𝑐 > 8000𝑝𝑠𝑖
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 Forces

• From equilibrium 𝐶 = 𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠

• M = 𝑇𝑍 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (d − β𝑐)
• M = 𝐶𝑍 = 𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑐(d − β𝑐)

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 Tension failure

• 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 steel yielding
𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
c= ′ × = ′ =
𝛼𝑓𝑐 𝑏 𝑑 𝛼𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′
0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑 2 1− or
𝑓𝑐 ′
0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
𝑓𝑐 ′

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 Compression failure
• The steel stress 𝑓𝑠 not having yield point, is proportional to
steel strain 𝜀𝑠 ; according to Hooke law
• 𝜀𝑢 = 0.003 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
• 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 Hooks laws 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
• From similar triangles,
𝜀𝑢 𝜀𝑠 𝑑−𝑐
• = → 𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑢
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 𝑐
𝑑−𝑐
• 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
′ 𝑑−𝑐
• 𝛼𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 =𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢
𝑐

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 Balance steel ratio

• Balanced steel ratio, 𝜌𝑏 represents the amount of

reinforcement necessary to make a beam fail by crushing
of concrete at the same load that causes the steel to yield.
This means that neutral axis must be located at the load
which the steel starts yielding and concrete starts reaching
its compressive strain of 𝜖𝑢 = 0.003.
𝜖𝑢
• 𝑐𝑏 = d
𝜖𝑦 +𝜖𝑢

• 𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑐𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦

𝛼𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜖𝑢
• 𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 𝜖𝑦 +𝜖𝑢

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 Strain Limits Method for Analysis and Design

• Net tensile strain 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 →

𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
Strength reduction factor ∅ = 0.9
• 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002 → 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
Strength reduction factor ∅ = 0.65 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Strength reduction factor ∅ = 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
Between net tensile strain of 0.002 and 0.005,strength reduction
factor varies linearly as shown figure 3.9

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 Variation of Φ as a Function of Strain and
Function of Neutral Axis Depth Ratio c/𝑑𝑡

Variation of Φ as a Function of Strain

Variation of Φ as a Function of Neutral Axis

Depth Ratio c/𝑑𝑡

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 Variation of Φ as a Function of Strain and
Function of Neutral Axis Depth Ratio c/𝑑𝑡

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 Maximum reinforcement ratio

• By ACI code, Maximum reinforcement ratio using

𝜀𝑡 =0.004
0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜖𝑢
• 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑓𝑦 𝜖𝑢 +0.004

Maximum reinforcement ratio for tension-controlled

beam
0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜖𝑢
𝜌0.005 =
𝑓𝑦 𝜖𝑢 +0.005

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 Nominal flexural strength for single reinforced
rectangular beam

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 Nominal flexural strength for single
reinforced rectangular beam
𝑎
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
• 𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏

2 0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑 1−
𝑓𝑐 ′

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Example 3.3and 3.4

The rectangular beam has the dimensions b=10”,h=25”,d=23”and is reinforced with three No.
8 bars so that As = 2.37 in2. The concrete cylinder strength fc’ is 4000 psi, and the tensile
strength in bending (modulus of rupture) is 475 psi. The yield point of the steel fy is 60,000 psi.
Determine the nominal moment and design moment which the beam will fail by using equivalent
rectangular stress distribution. 1 = 0.85
Solution

Maximum reinforcement ratio for tension-controlled beam

0.85𝛽 1 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜖𝑢
𝜌0.005 = 𝑓𝑦 𝜖 𝑢 +0.005

0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝜖𝑢 0.85 × 0.85 × 4 0.003

𝜌0.005 = = × = 0.0181
𝑓𝑦 𝜖𝑢 + 0.005 60 0.003 + 0.005
𝐴𝑠
Reinforcement ratio 𝜌 =
𝑏𝑑

2.37
𝜌= = 0.0103
10×23

 act = 0.0103   0.005 = 0.0181

The12/29/2023
beam is under reinforced and will fail in tension by yielding of steel. 33
The distance to neutral axis

𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.0103 × 60 × 23
𝑐= ′ = = 4.94 𝑖𝑛
𝛼𝑓𝑐 0.72 × 4

c c 4.94
= = = 0.215  0.375 for ε t = 0.005
d t d 23

The beam is under reinforced and will fail in tension by yielding of steel.
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
The equivalent stress block depth 𝑎 =
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 2.37 × 60
𝑎= = = 4.18 𝑖𝑛
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85 × 4 × 10

𝑎 4.18
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 2.37 × 60000 × 23 − = 2970000 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛 = 248𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
2 2

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Design moment capacity

 act = 0.0103   0.005 = 0.0181

c c 4.94
= = = 0.215  0.375 for ε t = 0.005
dt d 23

Therefore, tension controlled member,  = 0.9

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 248 = 223 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

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 Nominal flexural strength for single
reinforced rectangular beam
• 𝑀𝑛 = R𝑏𝑑2
0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
• 𝑅 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 1 −
𝑓𝑐 ′
• Flexural resistance factor R depend only on
reinforcement ratio and strength of materials(Table
A.5a and A.5b of appendix A)
• Design strength
𝑎
• ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
2 0.59𝜌𝑓𝑦
• ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑 1−
𝑓𝑐 ′
• ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅R𝑏𝑑2
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 Minimum reinforcement ratio

• According to ACI code 10.5, minimum steel area

must not be less than

3 𝑓𝑐 ′ 200𝑏𝑤 𝑑
• 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

3 𝑓𝑐 ′ 200
• 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥ (see Table A.4)
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

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 Over reinforced beams
• Nominal flexural strength
𝑎
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 −
2
• Design strength
𝑎
• ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 −
2
• The strength reduction factor ∅ will be equal
0.65for beam in this range.

12/29/2023 38
 Selection optimum reinforcement ratio and
calculate concrete dimension
1. 𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛 → 𝑀𝑢 = ∅R𝑏𝑑2
2. Select 𝜌 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 from Table A.4
Choose ratio about 0.6 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 . If select 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌0.005,∅ 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 0.9
3. Find flexural resistance factor R from Table A.5
2 𝑀𝑢
𝑏𝑑 =
∅R
4. Choose b and d to meet requirement (effective depth about 2 to
3 times the width often appropriate.
5. Calculate the required steel area 𝐴𝑠 =𝜌𝑏𝑑 and choose size and
number of bars referring to table A.2
6. Refer to table A.7, ensure selected beam width for adequate
cover and spacing

12/29/2023 39
 Selection concrete dimension and find
reinforcement
1. Select beam width b and effective depth d and
𝑀𝑢
calculate required 𝑅 = 2
∅𝑏𝑑
2. Use Table A.5, find 𝜌< 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 and select value of
∅.
3. Calculate the required steel area 𝐴𝑠 =𝜌𝑏𝑑 and
choose size and number of bars referring to table
A.2
4. Refer to table A.7, ensure selected beam width
for adequate cover and spacing

12/29/2023 40
 Concrete protection for reinforcement
• According to ACI Code 7.7, for cast in place
concrete, concrete protection at surface not exposed
directly to the ground or weather should not be less
than
- ¾ in for slabs and walls
- 1-1/2 in for beams and columns
• If concrete surface exposed directly to the ground or
weather. Protective covering at least 2 in is required.
• If concrete is cast in direct contact with ground
without form, cover at least 3 in must be furnished.

12/29/2023 41
 Concrete protection for reinforcement

• Effective depth 𝑑 = ℎ − (𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 +

𝑜𝑛𝑒 − ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)

12/29/2023 42
 Concrete spacing

• According to ACI Code 7.6, minimum clear distance between

adjacent bars not be less than the nominal diameter of bar or 1
in.

12/29/2023 43
 Doubly Reinforced Beams
• Tension and Compression steel both at yield strength
- If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the strength of the beam is approximately
equal to singly reinforced beams neglecting compression steel.
- If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , the strength of the beam is doubly reinforced
beams analysis is required
- .

12/29/2023 44
 Doubly Reinforced Beams
Total resisting moment
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
′ 𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
where,
𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝐴 𝐴𝑠 ′
With 𝜌 = 𝑠 , 𝜌′ =
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝜌 − 𝜌′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
′ ′ 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′ + 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
12/29/2023 45
Balanced steel ratio for doubly reinforced beams

• Design Moment ∅𝑀𝑛

• 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 → ∅ = 0.9
• 0.004 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 → ∅ 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑.
Balanced reinforcement ratio for doubly reinforced beams
𝜌ҧ𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 + 𝜌′
𝜌𝑏 = Balanced reinforcement ratio for singly reinforced beams
𝜌′ = compression reinforcement ratio
Maximum reinforcement ratio
𝜌ҧ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌′
Maximum reinforcement ratio for ∅ = 0.9
𝜌ҧ0.005 = 𝜌0.005 + 𝜌′

12/29/2023 46
 ′
Compression steel below yield stress 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦

• From the strain diagram taking limit state

Minimum tensile reinforcement ratio 𝜌ҧ𝑐𝑦 which will yielding of

compression steel at failure
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑′ 𝜀𝑢
𝜌ҧ𝑐𝑦 = 0.85𝛽1 + 𝜌′
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑦
𝑓𝑦
Taking 𝜀𝑢 = 0.003 as usual and 𝜀𝑦 = , 𝐸𝑠 = 29,000 ksi
𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑′ 87000
𝜌ҧ𝑐𝑦 = 0.85𝛽1 + 𝜌′
𝑓𝑦 𝑑 87000 − 𝑓𝑦

12/29/2023 47
 Compression steel below yield stress
• If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌ҧ𝑐𝑦 , the N.A is sufficiently high that compression
steel at failure is less than the yield stress 𝑓𝑠 ′ < 𝑓𝑦
′
𝑓
• 𝜌ҧ𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 + 𝜌′ 𝑠
𝑓𝑦

′ ′ 𝑑′
• To determine 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑢 + 𝜀𝑦 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑑
• 𝜀𝑡 = 0.004, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
′ 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑢 + 0.004 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑑
• 𝜀𝑡 = 0.005, 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑′
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢 − 𝜀𝑢 + 0.005 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑑

12/29/2023 48
 Compression steel below yield stress

• If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌ҧ𝑐𝑦 , and 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌ҧ𝑏 , tensile steel is at the
yield stress at failure but compression steel is not
𝑓𝑠 ′ 𝜀𝑠 ′ 𝑐−𝑑 ′
𝜀𝑠 ′ = , =
𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢 𝑐
′
𝑐 − 𝑑
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 ′ = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑢
𝑐

𝑎 ′
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ab 𝑑 − + 𝐴𝑠 ′ 𝑓𝑠 ′ 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
2

12/29/2023 49
 Flange T- beams
• Flange section
• Effective flange width
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
L – beams → 𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑤 +
12
𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑤 + 6ℎ𝑓
𝑠1
𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑤 +
2
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
T – beams → 𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛
4
𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑤 + 16ℎ𝑓
𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑟
𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑤 + +
2 2
Isolated T –beam→ 𝑏𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 4𝑏𝑤
𝑏𝑤
ℎ𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛
12/29/2023 2 50
 Strength analysis

• If the stress block depth 𝑎 ≤ ℎ𝑓 , rectangular beam analysis

with effective flange width b.
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑
• 𝑎= or 𝑎 =
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑎
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2

12/29/2023 51
 Strength analysis

• If the stress block depth 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓 , T- beam analysis is required before

assuming tension failure.

12/29/2023 52
 Strength analysis
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏−𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
• 𝐴𝑠𝑓 =
𝑓𝑦
ℎ𝑓
• 𝑀𝑛1 =𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝐴𝑠 −𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦
• 𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤
𝑎
• 𝑀𝑛2 =(𝐴𝑠 - 𝐴𝑠𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
ℎ𝑓 𝑎
• 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − + (𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2 2
• Design moment ∅𝑀𝑛
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑓
• 𝜌𝑤 = , 𝜌𝑓 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
• 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌𝑓
12/29/2023 53
 Strength analysis
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑓
• 𝜌𝑤 = , 𝜌𝑓 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
• 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌𝑓
𝐴𝑠
• if 𝜌𝑤 = ≤ 𝜌𝑤,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌𝑓 (tension failure)
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
• Design Moment ∅𝑀𝑛
• 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 → ∅ = 0.9
• 0.004 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 → ∅ 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑.
• Depth Ratio c/𝑑𝑡 ≤ 0.375 → ∅ = 0.9
• 0.375 < c/𝑑𝑡 < 0.429 → ∅ 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
• Limiting minimum reinforcement ratio

3 𝑓𝑐 ′ 200
• 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
12/29/2023 54
Example 3.14
The isolated T beam shown in Fig is composed of a flange 28in wide and 6in deep
cast monolithically with a web of 10in width that extends 24in below the bottom
surface of the flange to produce a beam of 30in total depth. Tensile reinforcement
consists of 6 #10 bars placed in two horizontal rows separated by 1in clear spacing.
The centroid of the bar group is 26in from the top of the beam. The concrete has a
strength of 3000psi and the yield strength of the steel is 60,000psi. What is the
design moment capacity of the beam?

Solution,
Isolated T –beam→ 𝑏𝑓 = 28 𝑖𝑛 < 4𝑏𝑤 = 4 × 10 = 40 𝑖𝑛

𝑏𝑤 10
ℎ𝑓 = 6 𝑖𝑛 > = = 5 𝑖𝑛
2 2
Therefore the effective flange width 𝑏𝑓 = 28 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 = 7.62 𝑖𝑛2

12/29/2023 55
The stress block depth
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 7.62×60
𝑎= = = 6.4 𝑖𝑛 >6 in
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 0.85×3×28

the stress block depth 𝑎 = 6.4 𝑖𝑛 > ℎ𝑓 = 6 𝑖𝑛, T- beam analysis is required

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 0.85 × 3 28 − 10 6
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = = = 4.59 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 60
ℎ𝑓 5
𝑀𝑛1 =𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 7.62 × 60 × 26 − = 6330 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛
2 2

𝐴𝑠 - 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 7.62 − 4.59 = 3.03 𝑖𝑛2

𝐴𝑠 −𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 3.03×60
𝑎= = = 7.13 in
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 0.85×3×10

𝑎 7.13
𝑀𝑛2 =(𝐴𝑠 - 𝐴𝑠𝑓 ) 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 3.03 × 60 × 26 − = 4080 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛
2 2

12/29/2023 56
 Find ∅

𝑎 7.13
𝑐= = = 8.39 𝑖𝑛
𝛽1 0.85
dt=h-2.5=30-2.5=27.5 in
c c 8.39
= = = 0.305  0.375 for ε t = 0.005
d t d 27.5
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 27.5 − 8.39
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑢 = 0.003 × = 0.0068 > 0.005
𝑐 8.39

Strength reduction factor ∅ = 0.9

∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅(𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2 ) = 0.9 6330 + 4080 = 9370 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛

12/29/2023 57
12/29/2023 58
 The stress block depth
2𝑀𝑢
𝑎 = 𝑑 − 𝑑2 −
0.765 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏

2×6400
𝑎 = 20 − 202 − = 3.22 𝑖𝑛 > ℎ𝑓 = 3 𝑖𝑛
0.765 ×3×47

the stress block depth 𝑎 > ℎ𝑓 , T- beam analysis is required

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏−𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 0.85×3 47−11 3
𝐴𝑠𝑓 = = = 4.59 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 60

ℎ𝑓 3
∅𝑀𝑛1 =∅𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − = 0.9 × 4.59 × 60 × 20 − = 4590 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛
2 2

∅𝑀𝑛2 = 𝑀𝑢 − ∅𝑀𝑛1 = 6400 − 4590 = 1810 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛

12/29/2023 59
 The stress block depth

2𝑀𝑢
𝑎=𝑑− 𝑑2 −
0.765 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏

2×1810
𝑎 = 20 − 202 − = 3.98 𝑖𝑛
0.765 ×3×11

∅𝑀𝑛2 1810 2
𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 𝑎 = = 1.86 𝑖𝑛
∅𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 3.98
2 0.9 × 60 × 20 −
2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 + 𝐴𝑠 - 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 4.59 + 1.86 = 6.45 𝑖𝑛2
Check 𝜀𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∅ = 0.9
•

12/29/2023 60
 𝑎 3.98
𝑐= = = 4.68 𝑖𝑛
𝛽1 0.85

c c 4.68
= = = 0.23  0.375 for ε t = 0.005
dt d 20

𝜀𝑡 > 0.005
The design is satisfactory.

12/29/2023 61
 Reference; Arthur H. Nilson, “Design of Concrete Structures”,
Fourteenth Edition, 2010
Code; ACI 318-08 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary, 2008

12/29/2023 62