CONSTRUCTION AND

DESIGN OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

20CE281

INTERNSHIP REPORT – IV YEAR

Submitted by

RAGESH M (2009020)

Amaravathi Associates, Coimbatore

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRI RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

[Educational Service : SNR Sons Charitable Trust]
[Autonomous Institution, Reaccredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade]
[Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai]
[ISO 9001:2015 Certified and all eligible programmes Accredited by NBA]
Vattamalaipalayam, N.G.G.O. Colony Post, Coimbatore – 641 022

JULY 2023
 ANNA UNIVERSITY::CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Internship Training Report entitled “CONSTRUCTION

AND DEESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” is a record of RAGESH M
(2009020), who carried out the internship training work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr.S.D.Anitha Selvasofia, ME., Ph.D., Dr.E.Sarojini, M.E., Ph.D.,
ACADEMIC COORDINATOR, HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT,
Assistant Professor (Sl.Gr), Professor and Head,
Department of Civil, Department of Civil,
Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College,
Vattamalaipalayam, Vattamalaipalayam,
N.G.G.O.Colony Post, N.G.G.O.Colony Post,
Coimbatore - 641 022. Coimbatore - 641 022.

Faculty In-charge Signature of the Evaluator

Place: Coimbatore
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We put forth our hearts and souls to thank the ALMIGHTY for being with us
through our achievements and success. We would like to express our unfathomable
thanks to our esteemed and Honorable Managing Trustee Sri D.LAKSHMI
NARAYANASAMY and Joint Managing Trustee Sri R.SUNDAR for giving us the
chance to be a part of this elite team at Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College,
Coimbatore.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our honorable Principal,

Dr.N.R.ALAMELU, M.E.,Ph.D., for the facilities provided to complete this training.

We take the privilege to thank the Professor and Head of the Department of Civil
Engineering, Dr.E.SAROJINI, M.E., Ph.D., for her consistent support and
encouragement at every step of our Internship work.

We wish to convey our special thanks to our Academic Coordinator and Internship
Coordinator Dr.S.D.ANITHA SELVASOFIA, M.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor
(Sl.Gr), for the consistent support, timely help and valuable suggestions during the
entire period of our Internship work.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Er THUKKAIRAJA Proprietor,

for his valuable support for the completion of this Internship work.

We extend our sincere gratitude to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members
of our department who helped us during our internship.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF FIGURES
II
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GENERAL 1
1.2 PLACE OF INPLANT TRAINING 1
1.3 STRUCTURE DETAILS 2

2 INPLANT TRAINING OBJECTIVE 4

3 GENERAL PLANNING 5
3.1 GENERAL 5
3.2 FIRE SAFETY 5
3.3 WIRING 6
3.4 SANITARY INSTALLATIONS 7
3.5 DRAINAGE 7
3.6 ELEVATOR 8
3.7 RAIN WATER HARVESTING 8
3.8 STAIRCASE 8
3.9 ELECTRIC DUCT 9

4 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF THE PROJECT 10

4.1 GENERAL 10
4.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS 10
4.3 INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING STRUCTURAL 10
DRAWINGS TO EXECUTION TEAM

5 EXECUTION OF WORKS IN SITE 12

5.1 SITE CLEARANCE 12
5.2 SOIL INVESTIGATION 12
5.3 SETTING OUT 12
5.4 EXCAVATION MARKING 13
5.5 FOUNDATION 13
5.6 BASEMENT FLOOR 14

6 CONSTRUCTION 15
6.1 SLAB REINFORCEMENT 15
 6.2 COLUMN REINFORCEMENT 15
6.4 CASTING OF BEAM AND SLAB 16
6.5 COLUMN SHUTTERING AND CONCRETING 17
6.6 CURING 18
6.7 SUNKEN 18

7 SAFETY MEASUREMENTS 19
7.1 IMPORTANCE 19
7.2 SAFETY MEASUREMENTS TAKEN AT SITE 19
7.3 PERSONAL SAFETY 19
7.4 OTHER SAFETY METHODS 20

8 QUALITY ASSURANCE ANDQUALITY CONTROL 21

8.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE 21
8.2 QUALTTY CONTROL 21
8.3 QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES AT SITE 22
8.4 TESTS TO CHECK QUALITY CONTROL 22
8.5 CHECK LIST 22

9 LEARNING OUTCOMES 24
9.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES IN INDUSTRY 24
9.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES RELATED 24

10 CONCLUSION 27
 LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO. FIGURES PAGE NO.

1 STRUCTURE UNDER CONSTRUCTION 3

2 RAIN WATER HARVESTING 8

3 FOUNDATION LAYOUT PLAN 14

4 INVERTED BEAM 15

5 COLUMN REINFORCEMENT 16

6 SHUTTERING 17

7 CONCRETING 17

8 CURING 18

9 SUNKEN 18

10 SAFETY EQUIPMENTS 19
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

The entire internship program was well organized and very much informative. The main
objective of training is to get an exposure in the working of an organization, to relate theoretical
concepts and organizational functioning and also to learn real life application of construction
techniques.

This training report includes the general planning, Execution of planning at site, Technical
details of the structure, Site Preparation details, Construction details, Staircase, Safety
measurements, Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA & QC) for the materials used in
construction and various tests and checklists to ensure Quality of the materials.

1.2 PLACE OF INPLANT

TRAINING COMPANY PROFILE:

AMARAVATHI ASSOCIATES is one of the leading construction company in

Coimbatore which undertakes many important and massive construction projects. They put their
foot into the field of civil construction as "civil Engineers & Builders" during the year 1999. Due
to their sincerity, loyalty, sheer hard work, dedication to duty, quality consciousness, prompt
timely deliveries etc they were able to maintain a healthy work partnership. All types of
Buildings and Factories, Apartments are built with extra care and attention to the minute details
of comforts and specification with reference to the norms specified under ISO 9001: 2008

The vast experience of the supervisors in handling large projects with highly reputed
companies and their impeccable management philosophy, contributes immensely to the
company's progress in project management. Ensures comfort, building an enduring relationship,
thus makes an era of sustained development, construction and a meaningful contribution towards
healthy, happy and wholesome quality of life for the people of a better world.

QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND SAFETY MEASURES

1
 QUALITY

Strive to achieve customer's satisfaction in their service with a professional approach through
quality in construction, Timely completion, Involvement of Employees and Continual
Improvement.

OBJECTIVES

 Reducing the purchase cost.

 Reducing the cost of general hiring.
 Timely submission of bills.
 Enduring relationship.

SAFETY PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION AT SITE

 Before the workmen are taken to the construction site, the nature of job, the DO'S and DONT'S
explained effectively.
 Selection of skilled workers adopted the principle "THE RIGHT MAN FOR RIGHT JOB"
 Electrical Installation - Trained Technicians are only allowed to operate or do any related works.
 The defaulters of safety viewed very seriously by the management in order to make them realize
that they should not work without adopting safety methods.

PROJECT: Residential Building (G+1)

LOCATION OF THE PROJECT : Kovilpalayam, Royal castle ,Coimbatore 641012

1.3 STRUCTURE DETAILS

The building under construction consists of 3 floors which includes (G+2) floors. Each floor
consists of living room, bedrooms, toilet, kitchen and garden which is constructed for a family.

Grade of the concrete – M20 & M25

Fe 500 Grade steel

AREA DETAILS:

Ground floor plan - 2204 Sq.Ft

2
First Floor plan - 1185Sq.Ft

PLANDETAILS:

Living room - 15' 0" × 20’0”

Pooja room - 5' 0"-4’ 0’

Bedroom 1 - 16' 0" × 14' 0"

Bedroom 2 - 10' 0" × 11' 0"

Kitchen – 16’0" × 13' 9"

Fig 1 Ground floor plan

3
 CHAPTER 2

INPLANT TRAINING OBJECTIVE

Inplant training provide an industrial exposure as well as to develop the career in the high tech
industrial requirements. It also gave a very good exposure to the construction industry quality
checking at different stages of construction.

The main objective of training is to get an exposure of the working of an organization, to relate
theoretical concepts and organizational functioning and also to learn real life application in
construction techniques.

Inplant training provides opportunity to experience the discipline of working in a professional

engineering organisation, apply engineering methods and to develop technical, interpersonal and
communication skills.

This report in general contains all the practical knowledge that gained during the training period
and which is a valuable experience.

Goals of Construction Planners: Time, Cost, Quality, and Safety. The objectives of construction
planning are the same for all projects: Builders and owners strive to meet cost, schedule, quality,
&safetyrequirements.

The general objectives of project planning are to:

 Recognize business requirements
 Define necessary costs, schedule, list of deliverables, and delivery dates
 Establish resources needed

4
 CHPATER 3

GENERAL PLANNING

3.1 GENERAL

It is of prime importance to plan for the basic requirements before the execution of the project.
The following are some of the important requirements

3.2 FIRE SAFETY

Damage caused due to fire is a serious major problem in a multi-storeyed building. Hence it is
proposed to have automatic fire hydrants to ensure prompt action to put off fire. Fire buckets are
also provided at convenient points. As per National Building Code a storage tank is provided for
both the purpose of water supply as well as to meet out fire-fighting.
The main ignition risks under management control are listed.

 Electrical faults - fixed electrical systems and portable equipment. Sites will have a combination of
fixed electrical wiring from mains sources and electricity generated from fixed and/or mobile
power generators. All electrical installations must be tested, inspected and commissioned before
becoming available for use and at suitable intervals. Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) should be
carried out in accordance with the HSE guidance note HSG107 which advocates a risk-based
testing policy.

 Hot working - hot works are defined as all "processes involving the generation of heat by a naked
flame, electrical arc, sparks, and the use of bitumen boilers or grinding". Cutting operations may
use open flame gas cutting equipment or disc cutting; acetylene should not be permitted on site
unless absolutely necessary.

 Smoking - smoking is usually prohibited on site or designated smoking areas are provided away
from the main work site and the site offices.

 Temporary lighting and lamps - where necessary the illumination of work areas is from
temporary lighting installed or from specific task lighting. The hazards from such lighting come
from placing light units too close to combustible items or not allowing the lamps to cool or from
broken lamp units where hot surfaces are exposed. Lighting units should be secured in position

5
 away from combustible material to prevent them being dislodged. Halogen and halide lights
should not be used due to their high operating temperatures. Lamp holders should be provided that
ensures bulbs of different operating voltages cannot be interchanged and those not fitted with a
bulb should be capped off. Light units should be inspected periodically and broken units should be
removed immediately.

 Portable heaters - portable heaters should only be permitted where necessary and then portable
heaters should be regarded in the same category as 'hot work' and an assessment should be made
of the suitability of the heater and its location; the most hazardous types of portable heaters should
be avoided.

 Arson - access to a site should be strictly controlled and supervised around the clock where
necessary; there are many reasons given by an arsonist for starting a fire and the issue for the site
management is to reduce the opportunity for an arsonist to strike. Management of waste is
important as combustible materials present ready opportunities for arson.

 Lightning - lightning protection systems shall be provided where appropriate and should be tested
annually with certificates provided to confirm a satisfactory test.

3.3 WIRING

Construction wiring (Construction and demolition wiring) means wiring systems installed to
provide electrical supply for construction and demolition work, and is not intended to form part of
the permanent electrical installation. The term includes:

 Consumer mains and sub-mains supplying site switchboards

 Sub-mains to site facilities in which electricity is used, such as sheds, amenities or transportable
structures
 Final sub-circuits connected at circuit-breakers on a site switchboard, supplying plant, construction
equipment such as temporary construction lighting, auxiliary socket-outlet panels, hoists, cranes,
and personnel lifts.

Distribution of cables for telephones and electrical conduct are preplanned and necessary silts
are provided at the initial stage itself for proper alignment and easy installations. For this purpose
exact positions of rising main plug points, fan points, light points etc. should be determined in
advance.

6
3.4 SANITARY INSTALLATIONS

Sanitation is the process of keeping places clean and healthy, especially by providing a clean
water supply and proper sewage system to prevent human contact with waste. All human waste
and liquid wastes from all sanitation facilities including toilets must be disposed of safely. Sanitary
fittings, also known as sanitary clamps or hygienic clamps, are clamping devices used to seal two
ferrules together in a manner that meets the high hygienic standards of regulatory agencies.
Necessary provisions have been included for toilets in each floor, so necessary pipe
connections are made for drainage and water connection for toilets.

3.5 DRAINAGE

The roof is provided with gentle slope towards the collecting edges. However necessary slabs
are provided with the weathering course towards the collecting points where down pipes at the
required intervals are provided. Proper sloped paving with drain is proposed around the building

Drainage systems are also known which involve inserting in the ground drainage pipes
consisting of metal or plastic pipes containing holes for the passage of water. A number of said
drainage pipes are inserted into the ground up to the required depth, spaced at a suitable distance
apart.
Building drainage generally refers to all necessary means for drainage that are used to protect
buildings against damage from humidity or moisture from the surrounding soil. Importance.
Building drainage is of great economic importance! 90% of all structural damage to basement
areas can be prevented by proper drainage so as to drain off the water away from the structure.

Without proper drainage in a construction site, it's inevitable that areas where water can pool
will become submerged. Water that's uncontrolled may cause a significant amount of damage to a
building and even flood it. The water that's collected at a construction site can also affect the
surroundingcommunity.

7
3.6 ELEVATOR

Elevators save time and energy when going up or down flights of stairs: Elevators are a great way to
reduce the distance that people need to walk. An elevator is a great way to get to your destination
quickly. You can also use it for going up and down floors in a building.
One Elevator is provided which are supported by RCC walls. Size of lift - 5' 0" × 5' 0"

3.7 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run
off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well,
shaft, or borehole) so that it seeps down and restores the ground water.
The basic principle of water harvesting is to capture precipitation falling in one area and
transfer it to another, thereby increasing the amount of water available in the latter.

Fig 2 Rain water harvesting

3.8 STAIRCASE

A staircase or stairway is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and
includes landings, newel posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts. A stairwell is a
compartment extending vertically through a building in which stairs are placed.
In multi-storeyed buildings it is necessary to provide Emergency staircase to evacuate people
in case of fire or during any other obstruction. In this structure staircase is provided outside the
building. The width of Staircase is 7'-0".

8
3.9 ELECTRIC DUCT

A duct is a length of underground piping (usually made of PVC), which is used to house
electrical and communication cables. Ducts can be laid underground using trenchless techniques,
just as piping is laid, however they are not used to carry product, but cables.

Ducting for electricity cables is rigid and held within black protective tubing. It must have the
words ‘Electric Cable Duct’ stamped down the side so it’s easy for anyone coming across it to
know exactly what’s inside. It protects people from electricity and electricity from people (and
their machinery). Wiring ducts are generally available in two configurations: slotted (the wiring
duct has slots or fingers for easy customization and breakout) and slotless (solid wiring ducts that
do not have any fingers or slots). Configuration is generally determined by the duct's intended
application.

9
 CHAPTER 4

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

4.1 GENERAL

PROJECT: Residential Building (G+1)

The Residential Building was planned in accordance with the family’s need. The building
consists of 3 floors which includes Ground Floor plus 2 floors. Ground floor consists of a
parking,2 bedrooms, living room, garden etc.

4.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS

Type of the Building- Residential Building

District- Coimbatore
Area of each floor- 2204.00 Sq.Ft
Area of total Building- 5485’ '7 Sq.Ft
Floor Height- 10’
Total number of columns- 18

4.3 INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

 All structural drawings should be read along with the relevant architectural drawings.
 Grade of RCC items shall be M25
 All plain and Reinforced Cement concrete work shall strictly confirm to IS: 456-2000
 For 40 steel confirming to IS 1786-1985 of Grade - Fe 500
 Clear cover to steel as follows
 For Footing-50mm
 For Column -40mm
 For beam 25mm
 For Slab-15mm
 Lap length of all bars shall be 50 times the dia of the bar.

10
 Provide 8 dia @ 300 c/c as Distribution steel for all top reinforcement
 Spacer bar to be provided in between two layers of reinforcement of same dia @every
1000 c/c
 Cantilever props should not be released until the roof is concreted
 Removal of Form works
 For slabs
 Slab spanning upto 4.5m-7 days
 Slab panning over 4.5m - 14 days
 For beams and arches
 Beams and arches spanning upto 6m -14 days
 Beams and arches spanning above 6m -21 days
 All reinforcements shall be placed and maintained in the position shown in the drawing
(cross section) by providing proper cover blocks, spacers and supporting bars
 First stirrup in the beam is 50mm away from face of support
 All concrete work shall be machine mixed and machine vibrated

11
 CHAPTER 5

EXECUTION OF WORK

5.1 SITE CLEARANCE

Site clearance work involves clearing waste or rubbish, unwanted surplus material or
machinery or equipment on a site. It can also include building demolitions, handling and getting
rid off of hazardous materials, clearing vegetation, surface soil and offer ground levelling work for
construction plans.
The initial step in construction site is Site clearance and proper levelling of the ground upon
which the construction should begin. The site containing trees, plants and any other objective
matter should be removed completely and the ground is levelled by the workers. The pits formed
due to roots of trees, old foundations etc. shall be filled with soil and compacted.

5.2 SOIL INVESTIGATION

Soil investigation must be undertaken to determine the bearing capacity of the soil, its
settlement rate and the position of the water table. One of the easiest methods is to dig trial pits
and visual inspections carried out then samples with minimum disturbance are collected for
subsequent laboratory testing.
The entire weight of the structure is transmitted to the ground through foundation, hence the
soil strength its safe bearing capacity has to be determined. In this site the SBC of soil is found to
be 350kN/m². Based on the soil strength the design of the building is decided.

5.3 SETTING OUT

A bench mark shall be established at the site by a masonry pillar and connected to the
nearest standard bench mark. Levels of the site should be taken at 5 to 10m intervals depending on
the terrain and the importance of building. The centre lines of the walls are marked by stretching
strings across wooden pegs driven at the ends. The centre lines of the perpendicular walls are
marked by setting out the right angle with a theodolite.

12
5.4 EXCAVATION

Once the site is cleared completely marking is done for earthwork excavation. The centre
point is marked with the help of a thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With respect to
this centre point, all the other points of the column are to be decided. In additional to original size
of footing additional 6" is provided. In this project mechanical earth cutting equipment is used for
excavation of foundation, since the soil is loose and the excavation is deeper, some sort of shoring
is required to support the sides from falling. Excavation is done till hard stratum is reached. Here
the foundation is excavated upto 14".

Excavation plays a fundamental role in the construction industry: it is a practice that

involves the removal of rocks or soil from the ground in order to prepare foundations for
buildings, by excavation, splitting, trench digging.

5.5 FOUNDATION

The purpose of the foundations of the building is to transfer the weight of the building to the
ground. While 'foundation' is a general word, normally, every building has a number of individual
foundations, commonly called footings. Usually each column of the building will have its own
footing. A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the
earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations.

In this structure isolated footing and combined rectangular footing has been used. Isolated or
single footings are used to support single columns. Combined footings are used to support two
columns which are closely spaced. For every foundation mat slabs are provided which constitute
of 12dia and 25dia rod.

Development length is provided at each column rod. The development length is defined as the
length of the bar required on either side of the section to develop the required stress in steel at that
section. The minimum development length for column rods is given as

13
 For 20 dia rod-3'6"

For 25 dia rod-4'6"

For 32 dia rod-5'6"

Fig 3 Foundation Layout Plan

5.1 BASEMENT FLOOR

Basement floor is 10' in height in which 1' is above the road level (RL). Inverted beam is provided at the
basement floor upon which the construction of ground floor begins. The inverted beam is provided to facilitate
ventilation and to prevent the walls from damage which causes due to rain water stagnation. The beam whose
bottom level is same as that of slab is called as an inverted beam.

14
 CHAPTER 6

CONSTRUCTION

6.1 SLAB REINFORCEMENT

In this construction the slab is designed as two way slab. In two way slab, the slab is
supported on all four sides and bending takes place in two direction. The main reinforcement is
provided along both direction. In this type of slab the corners may be held down by restraints or
may be allowed to lift up, so additional reinforcement known as Torsional reinforcement is
provided at corners. Torsional reinforcement consists of top and bottom reinforcement, each with
layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the edges a minimum
distance of 1/5 of the shorter span. Only straight rods are used for slab reinforcement and the
cranked bars are not used. Thickness of the slab provided here is 6”.

6.2 COLUMN REINFORCEMENT

A reinforced concrete column is a structural member designed to carry compressive load. The
columns are classified into short and long columns according to slenderness ratio. In this
construction columns are only short columns.

In column reinforcement, vertical reinforcement is the principal reinforcement In this lateral

reinforcements are provided in the form of lateral ties to prevent the column from expanding
laterally. Here two types of columns are used square and rectangular columns. In columns 25dia
and 32 dia rods are used as vertical reinforcement and 12 dia rods at 150mm c/c spacing is
provided as lateral ties.

15
 Fig 5 Column Reinforcement

6.3 END BEAM REINFORCEMENT

All the end beams in this construction were given a reinforcement of 3 layers for providing
safety against earthquake. Since it is a massive project the end beams are designed in such a
manner to resist earthquake force and prevent the structure from collapse.

6.4 CASTING OF BEAM AND SLAB

Before casting the slab water is sprayed on the shutter sheets to avoid honey combing and to
get smooth surface. Cover blocks in slab and beams are checked before concreting. The side
shuttering is supported with runners to prevent bulging of beams when concrete is poured and
vibrated. The cement paste is poured design,on the existing column surface to get proper bonding.
The concrete pump is set and RMC of grade M25 is poured on the slab. Reinforced concrete slabs
are structural elements that require great care in detailing, and installation.

In this site, slab thickness varies from 5" to 6" at different locations. Here only Two way
slabs are used because of the larger span. The size of main rod is 10mm and the distributing rod is
8mm. The spacing between the rods is 8". The entire concreting work was done within two days.
The electrical insulation pipes are provided upon which the concrete is poured.

16
6.5 COLUMN SHUTTERING AND CONCRETING

Two types of columns are used in this construction they are square and rectangular columns.
To hold shutter firmly concrete pad known as starter is cast before shuttering. Here starter size of
l'x1' and I'x 1'9" were used and the concrete is filled in the starter. It is cured for 1 day. Column
box for shuttering is made up of sheets fabricated with stiffeners. Thin film of grease is applied to
inner side for tay removal. Shuttering is properly aligned for its verticality. They are supported
with props. Shutters have to be tightened to prevent leakage of slurry. Cover for column to be
provided is 40mm. Since mobile crane were used in the site which was 50' it was not possible to
concrete the column using machine so hand concreting were done for columns.

Fig 6 Shuttering

Fig7 Concreting
17
6.6 CURING

Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept within a
reasonable temperature range. Properly cured concrete has an adequate amount of moisture for
continued hydration and development of strength, volume stability, resistance to freezing and
thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance. There are different types of curing methods. In this
construction slabs are cured by Ponding method and the columns are cured by saturated wet
coverings in the form of gunny bags.

Fig 8 Curing

6.7 SUNKEN

Sunken slabs are provided in toilets, bathrooms. They are placed below the beam level. The
purpose of providing this slab is to conceal all the pipes below the floor and to prevent water
entering the room. The sunken slab is designed as two way slab.

Fig 9 Sunken
18
 CHAPTER 7

SAFETY MEASUREMENTS

7.1 IMPORTANCE

Safety measurement is the most important factor in construction site, because there are many
potential hazards for workers in construction which includes falls (from heights), trench collapse,
scaffold collapse, electric shock and fail to use proper personal protective equipment.

7.2 SAFETY MEASUREMENT TAKEN IN SITE

Most accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper working
procedures. The prevention measures taken in the site includes

Fig 10 Safety Equipments

7.3 PERSONAL SAFETY

 Workers should compulsory wear shoes and helmets during work.

 Workers are not permitted to take drugs while working.
 Nets should be provided immediately after the completion of the first floor.
 Safety sign boards are placed at the respective positions.
 Hazardous materials are identified and marked.
 First aid kit is available to treat the workers in case of any accident.

19
  Workers must use harnesses and other safety equipment when performing roof work
or working on scaffolds.

7.4 OTHER SAFETY METHODS

 Tidy up construction sites

 Keep passages clear all the time.
 The stacks should not be too high.
 Beware of floor openings and ensure that they are fenced or covered.
 Provide sufficient lighting.
 Familiarize with the location and the operation of fire-fighting equipment
 Before you operate a machine, ensure that the dangerous part of the machine has been
installed with a guard.
 Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes, hooks or other lifting equipment.
 Avoid dragging electric cables on the ground or allowing the cables to come into
contact with water.
 Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit breaker.

20
 CHAPTER 8

QUALITYASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

8.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality Assurance or QA is the process of identifying or deciding all the quality

requirements of a project, identifying existing quality documents such as codes, specifications etc.
that are relevant to the quality requirements of the project and making them available for use,
preparation of new project specific quality documents such as

 Project Quality Plan (PQP)

 Inspection Test Plans (ITP)

 Job Procedures (JP)

 Project Specifications

That would provide the necessary framework or guidelines for ensuring that the planned or targeted
quality requirements (quality goals) for the project are achieved in a systematic and timely manner

It includes all those quality parameters or guidelines that would ensure that a project or a
product meets its planned or targeted quality by it’s stakeholders or the producers. All the
documents providing quality parameters or guidelines for that purpose are part of quality domain
and are called QA documents.

8.2 QUALITY CONTROL

Quality Control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply
with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality
characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses the difference
between the results obtained and the desired results in order to make decisions which will correct
any differences.

21
 One way of controlling quality is based on the Inspection or verification of finished
products. The aim is to filter the products before they reach the client so that products that do not
comply with requirements are discarded or repaired. This reception control is usually carried out
by people who were not involved in the production activities which means that costs may be high
and preventative activities and improvement plans may not be affective.

8.3 QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES ATSITE

When test are destructive, the decision to accept or reject a full batch must be made on the
basis of the quality of a random sample. This type of statistical control provides less information
and contain sampling risks. However, it is more economical, requires fewer inspectors, and speeds
up decision-making, while the rejection of the whole batch encourages suppliers to improve their
quality. There are many control measures to check the quality control. Following are some of the
methods.

8.4 TESTS TO CHECK QUALITY CONTROL

There are two tests done to check the quality of concrete

 Slump Cone Test
 Cube Compression Test

8.5 CHECK LIST

Before the commencement of any work checklist has to be prepared for every work which has
to be carried on. It includes
 Checklist for Soiling
 Checklist for Backfilling
 Checklist for Shuttering (Wall and Column)
 Checklist for Shuttering (footing)
 Checklist for Brick Masonry
 Checklist for Ceiling Plastering
 Checklist prior to concreting
 Checklist after concreting

22
The Checklist contains various checking parameters which includes

 Bar bending schedule.

 Lap length and location of laps.
 Cover Provision.
 Check for conformance as shown in the drawing.
 Check for levels.
 Check for dimensions.
 Props.
 Check for verticality.
 Check for line.
 Check for Sealing of joints and holes in shutter forms.
 Adjustable spans.
 Check for consolidation.
 Check for filling depth etc.

23
 CHAPTER 9

LEARNING OUTCOMES

9.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES IN INDUSTRY

I was able to spend the 6 weeks in an effective manner. This In Plant Training provided an opportunity to
experience the discipline of working in a professional engineering organisation, apply engineering methods
and to gain practical knowledge about construction . I was able to improve my Interpersonal communication
skills, Understanding project management skills as part of a multidisciplinary team, Understanding job costing,
Improvement in understanding contract documents, Improvement in understanding planning and scheduling,
Improvement in understanding construction-specific technology , Improvement in understanding the firm’s
safety policies and procedures and Working in a diverse and inclusive environment.

9.2 LEARNING OUTCOMES RELATED

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

Very Good
Excellent

Average
Programme Outcomes:

Good
PO’s

Student will be able to understand the basics concepts of

1. 
Engineering Fundamentals

Students will be able to give detailed and extensive

2. explanation of the purpose and need of the project 

Students will be able to give strong ability to design and

develop Solution with appropriate consideration for the
3. public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and 
environmental considerations

Students can analyze problems and look for relevant data to

4. conduct investigation of complex problems 

Student will be able to develop programs to evaluate/justify

use of appropriate simulation software and/or hardware
5. 
design tools for the problem.

Student will be able to analyse and apply the impact of

6. Engineering solutions on society. 

The student will be able to Strongly analyse the relationship

between global environmental and economic trends and their
7. 
impact on diverse cultures and communities. The student
will
be able to develop an integrated vision for sustainability that
24
 Very Good
Excellent

Average
Programme Outcomes:

Good
PO’s

embraces their personal lives, profession, local communities

and world at large.

The students will be able to apply ethical principles and

commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms 
8.
of engineering practice

Students will be able to work as a team and take

responsibility of work assigned to the team. Student will be
able to Listen, communicate with other team members, meet
9. deadlines and achieve project goals. Fairly distribute the 
responsibilities among the team members and take a
leadership role. The Student will be proactive in taking
responsibility of the team
Student can evaluate, analyse and create technical reports,
prepare and deliver oral presentation. Student will be able to
displayeffective non-verbal communication skills for
10. persuasion and driving a point home amongst peers and 
Management. Student demonstrates the ability to
communicate clearly and effectively amongst the various
stake holders.

Student can demonstrate effective project management skills

and problem- solving techniques related to project
management, project status reporting, conflict management
11. and project stake holder management. Student can apply the 
management principles suchas cost benefit analysis, strategic
alignment and project portfolio management and project
performance analysis and metrics.

Student will be able to carry out research in gap areas of

engineering topics by analysing the existing trends of
research by exhaustive study of research papers and
12. technical literature. Student actively participates in 
professional activities such as meetings, presentations and
workshops. Student can analyse and evaluate imprecise and
insufficient information and arrive at valid conclusions.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

25
 Very Good
Excellent

Average
Programme Outcomes:

Good
PO’s

Student will be able to carry out projects effectively within

the stipulated period by applying the knowledge of materials,
13. methods aligned with latest technology, regulatory andsafety 
aspects in completing the projects

Students will be able to investigate, Plan, Design and

14. execute the structural built environment and necessary 
infrastructural requirements abiding legal and ethical
regulations.
Students will be able to implement multifaceted techniques
15. using relevant software tools in thrust areas and emerging 
fields for various applications in Civil Engineering

26
 CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

I am very thankful to Er..Thukkairaja T (Proprietor),Amaravathi Associates for giving me

this wonderful opportunity in the site work at mullai nagar,uppilipalayam coimbatore . The entire
program was very useful and informative.

I was able to spend the 6 weeks in an effective manner. This In Plant Training provided an
opportunity to experience the discipline of working in a professional engineering organisation,
apply engineering methods and to gain practical knowledge about construction and exposure to
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA & QC).The internship is a bridge between the
theoretical knowledge & the practical or the reality work at the field of construction or civil
engineeringwork.

It was a great opportunity to work with Chief Engineer and highly technical supervisors. Hope
I could expand the knowledge in construction Industry which is gained through this training.

27
REFERENCES:

 Dr. B.C. Punmia, Er. Ashok Kumar Jain, Dr. Arun K. Jain, “R.C.C. Designs(Reinforced
Concrete Structures)”,Tenth Edition, 2006.

 Dr.K.R.Arora,-Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 2, Seventh Edition,-2015

 IS: 456-2000,-Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code for Practice(Fourth

Revison)”,July 2004.

 P.N.Khanna,- Indian Practical Civil Engineers Handbook”, Engineers‘ Publishers, New

Delhi,2008.

 S.Ramamrutham, R. Narayan,“Theory of Structures”,New Ninth Revised and Enlarged

Edition, 2014.

 Shashi Bhushan Suman,“Design of Concrete Structures”,Third Edition, 2015.

28