Section 8.

3 (T1): Phan Cường Quốc Khánh

T1. (Transition Matrices) Use your technology utility to verify Formula (5).

I. Formula 5

II. Solution

[ ]
1 2 4
B= 5 4 9
3 5 12

[ ]
4 5 12
P= 8 9 7
3 4 2

Find the inverse matrix B using Gauss Elimination:

[ ][ ]
1 2 4 −3 /11 4 /11 −2/11
1/ 5 4 9 = 3 0 −1
3 5 12 −13 /11 −1/11 6/11

We multiply the matrix B(-1) with the matrix P:

[ ][ ][ ]
−3/11 4/11 −2/11 4 5 12 14 /11 13/11 −12/11
3 0 −1 . 8 9 7 = 9 11 34
−13/11 −1/11 6 /11 3 4 2 −42/11 −50/11 −151/11

III. Code

Section 8.5 (T1):

T1. (Similarity Invariants) Choose a nonzero 3x3 matrix A and an invertible 3x3 matrix P. Compute
P-1AP and confirm the statements in Table 1.

I.

[ ]
1 3 4
A= 5 6 2
8 6 5

[ ]
13 4 2
P= 5 4 8
8 5 6

II. Solution
1. Use Gauss Elimination for the matrix A:

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
1 3 4 1 2 4 1 3 4 1 3 4
5 6 2 =¿ 0 −9 −18 =¿ 0 −9 −18 = 0 −9 −18 => det(A) = 1x9x(-9) = -81
8 6 5 8 6 5 0 −18 −27 0 0 9

Find the inverse matrix P using Gauss Elimination:

[ ][ ]
13 4 2 8/43 7/ 43 −12/43
1/ 5 4 8 = −17/43 −31/43 −47/43
8 5 6 7/86 33/86 −16 /43

Use Gauss Elimination to find the Det(P-1AP):

[ ][ ][ ]
8/43 7 /43 −12/43 1 3 4 13 4 2
−17/ 43 −31/ 43 −47/ 43 . 5 6 2 . 5 4 8 =−81
7/86 33 /86 −16/43 8 6 5 8 5 6

→ A and P-1AP has the same determinant.

2. Prove:
 (A-1AP)-1 is invertible → P-1A-1P is its inverse → A must be invertible.
 A must be invertible → Suppose that there is a matrix P that is invertible, then P-1A-1P is
invertible → PAP-1 is its inverse.
3. Use Gauss Elimination for the matrix A:

[ ] [ ]
1 3 4 1 3 4
Rank 5 6 2 =Rank 0 −9 −18 =3
8 6 5 0 0 9

Use Gauss Elimination for the matrix P-1AP:

[ ] [ ]
−831/43 −306/ 43 −238/43 −831/43 −306 /43 −238/43
Rank 3717/43 1521/43 1398/43 =Rank 0 981/277 2148/277 =3
−1485/86 −279/ 43 −174 /43 0 0 129/109
 [ ]
1 3 4
4. A= 5 6 2
8 6 5
−831/ 43 −306 /43 −238/ 43
P AP = 3717/ 43 1521 /43 1398/43
-1

−1485/86 −279 /43 −174/ 43

Null(A) =0
Null(P-1AP)=0

[ ]
1 3 4
5. A= 5 6 2
8 6 5

[ ]
−831/43 −306/ 43 −238/43
P AP = 3717/43
-1
1521/43 1398 /43
−1485/86 −279/ 43 −174 /43
Trace(A) = 1 + 6 + 5 = 12
Trace(P-1AP) = −831/ 43 + 1521/43 - 174/43 = 12
6. The characteristic polynomial of A is

[ ] [ ][ ]
1 3 4 1 0 0 1− λ 3 4
5 6 2 −λ 0 1 0 = 5 6−λ 2
8 6 5 0 0 1 8 6 5−λ

[ ]
1−λ 3 4
→ det 5 6−λ 2 =− λ3 + 12 λ 2 + 18 λ -81
8 6 5−λ

The characteristic polynomial of P-1AP is

[ ] [ ][ ]
−831/43 −306/ 43 −238/43 1 0 0 −831/43−λ −306 /43 −238/43
3717/43 1521/43 1398 /43 −λ 0 1 0 = 3717 /43 1521/43− λ 1398/43
−1485/86 −279/ 43 −174 /43 0 0 1 −1485 /86 −279 /43 −174/ 43−λ

[ ]
−831/43−λ −306/43 −238/ 43
→ det 3717/43 1521/43−λ 1398/ 43 =−λ3 + 12 λ 2 + 18 λ -81
−1485/86 −279/43 −174 /43− λ

7. From the definition of the eigenvector v corresponding to the eigenvalue λ we have: Av=λv

That way:

→ Av−λv=(A−λI)⋅v=0

Equation has a nonzero solution if and only if:

det(A−λI)=0

[ ]
1−λ 3 4
det(A−λI)= det 5 6−λ 2 =− λ3 + 12 λ 2 + 18 λ -81 = −(λ+3)⋅(λ2−15λ+27) = 0
8 6 5−λ

λ1 = −3
 −3 √ 13+15
λ2 =
2
3 √13+15
λ3 =
2
For λ1 = −3:

[ ]
4 3 4
5 9 2
8 6 8

[]
x1
Call v x 2 is an eigentvector of A (λ1 = −3)
x3

Use Gaussian Elimination:

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
4 3 4 1 3/4 1 1 3/ 4 1 1 0 10/7
5 9 2 = 0 21/4 −3 = 0 1 −4 /7 = 0 1 −4 /7
8 6 8 8 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

{
10
x 1+
x 3=0
7
→
4
x 2− x 3=0
7

{
−10
x 1= x3
7
→ 4
x 2= x 3
7
x 3=x 3

[]
−10
7
v1 4
7
1

Same solution of v1 for v2 and v3:

[ ] [ ]
1 1
2 2
v2 − √ 13−1 and v3 √ 13−1
4 4
1 1

III. Code