Foundational Principles of Contract

Law Melvin Aron Eisenberg

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/foundational-principles-of-contract-law-melvin-aron-ei
senberg/
i

FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES
OF CONTRACT LAW
ii

The Oxford Commentaries

on American Law
The Editorial Advisory Board

The Honorable Morris S. Arnold

Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
The Honorable Drew S. Days III
Alfred M. Rankin Professor Emeritus and Professorial Lecturer in Law, Yale Law School, and
Former Solicitor General of the United States
James H. Carter
Senior Counsel, WilmerHale, New York
The Honorable Harry T. Edwards
Senior Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Michael Greco
Of Counsel, K&L Gates LLP, and
Former President, American Bar Association
Richard H. Helmholz,
Ruth Wyatt Rosenson Distinguished Service Professor of Law
The University of Chicago Law School
Mary Kay Kane
Chancellor and Dean Emerita
University of California, Hastings College of the Law
Lance Liebman
William S. Beinecke Professor of Law, Columbia University Law School, and
Director Emeritus, American Law Institute
Kent McKeever
Director, Diamond Law Library, Columbia University Law School
Alberto J. Mora
Senior Fellow, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard University and
Former General Counsel, United States Navy
Joseph W. Singer
Bussey Professor of Law, Harvard Law School
Michael Traynor
President Emeritus, American Law Institute
Stephen M. Sheppard, Chair
Dean and Charles E. Cantú Distinguished Professor of Law,
St. Mary’s University School of Law
iii

The Oxford Commentaries on American Law:

An Introduction to the Series
Welcome to The Oxford Commentaries on American Law. In this series, Oxford University Press
promotes the revival of the art of the American legal treatise by publishing careful, scholarly
books that refine the laws of the United States, synthesizing them for the bench, for the bar,
for the student, and for the citizen—​while providing a foundation for future scholarship and
refinement.
The treatise, sometimes called the commentary or, in its elementary form, the hornbook, is
the most traditional of law books. Written for use by lawyers, judges, teachers, and students,
the treatise is a source of law in itself. From the Roman Institutes of Gaius and for Justinian,
through the great volumes on English law called the Glanville and Bracton, to the Institutes of
Sir Edward Coke and the Commentaries of Sir William Blackstone, and even to their criticisms
in the manuals and codes of Jeremy Bentham, treatises were—​along with case reports and stat-
utory collections—​both a repository and a source of the law.
This was true in the United States throughout the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries,
when the treatise was the dominant law book for the mastery of any given field. Great lawyers—​
the likes of Joseph Story, James Kent, Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Henry Wigmore, William
Prosser, and Allan Farnsworth—​wrote elegant books that surveyed the law from a unique per-
spective and that were read and quoted by judges, lawyers, and scholars. These books were
studied by generations of students, who consulted them anew throughout their legal careers.
They remain essential to understanding American law. Yet in the last decades of the 1900s, as the
law book marketplace changed, treatises became less fashionable in the U.S.
Treatises remain significant to the legal systems of Europe, Asia, and South America, as well
as in some specific fields of U.S. law. However, the general need for new ideas in U.S. law to
incorporate changes and answer new questions has hardly grown less. Thus, the need persists
for clarification in the law by careful analysts seeking to define the most useful and balanced
approaches to legal rules as applied to specific situations. The purpose of such analysis is to or-
ganize, explain, and apply the most significant sources in a field of closely related laws, rather
than to account for every single decision or variation in it. The treatise is therefore a tool to de-
scribe rules and principles in the law and to organize them for applications to specific situations,
in answer to questions in the law that are likely to arise. These principles and rules are de-
rived sometimes from the statements and texts of legislators and regulators, sometimes from the
practices of judges, lawyers, and officials, sometimes from the context of older legal customs,
and sometimes from the logic and justice that bind the law, as understood by the author of the
treatise. Treatise authors work within a tradition to create a new source of law, like Sir Edward
Coke said, “bringing new corn from old fields.”
It is my great pleasure to work, not only with the authors of these books, but also with a world
class staff of professionals in the English and North American offices of Oxford University Press,
and with an outstanding editorial board. I am grateful to each of you for your care and persist-
ence in developing this grand initiative.
Stephen M. Sheppard
Series Editor
iv
v

FOUNDATIONAL
PRINCIPLES OF
CONTRACT LAW

Melvin A. Eisenberg

The Oxford Commentaries on American Law

Stephen M. Sheppard
Series Editor

1
Foundational Principles of Contract Law. Melvin A. Eisenberg.
© Melvin A. Eisenberg 2018. Published 2018 by Oxford University Press.
vi

1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of
excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Melvin A. Eisenberg 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly
permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization.
Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data

Names: Eisenberg, Melvin Aron, author.
Title: Foundational principles of contract law/Melvin A. Eisenberg.
Description: New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. | Series: The Oxford
commentaries on American law | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018000342 | ISBN 9780199731404 ((hardback): alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Contracts—United States. | Contracts.
Classification: LCC KF889.85 .E425 2018 | DDC 346.7302/2—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018000342

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America

Note to Readers
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to
the subject matter covered. It is based upon sources believed to be accurate and reliable and
is intended to be current as of the time it was written. It is sold with the understanding that
the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services.
If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional
person should be sought. Also, to confirm that the information has not been affected or
changed by recent developments, traditional legal research techniques should be used,
including checking primary sources where appropriate.

(Based on the Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the

American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations.)

You may order this or any other Oxford University Press publication
by visiting the Oxford University Press website at www.oup.com.
vi

To Helen, Bronwyn, the memory of David, and Lia

vi
ix

About the Author

Melvin A. Eisenberg is the Jesse H. Choper Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of
California, Berkeley (Berkeley Law).
After graduating from Harvard Law School summa cum laude, Eisenberg was with the
New York firm of Kaye Scholer Fierman Hays & Handler. He also served as assistant counsel to
the President’s commission on the assassination of President Kennedy (Warren Commission)
and as assistant corporations counsel of New York City. He joined the Boalt faculty in 1966.
Eisenberg is the author of The Nature of the Common Law (1991) and The Structure of the
Corporation (1997) and has published casebooks on contracts and corporations. He was Chief
Reporter of the American Law Institute’s Principles of Corporate Governance, an Adviser to
the Institute’s Restatement Third of Agency, Restatement of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment,
and a member of the American Bar Association’s Corporate Law Committee. He is presently
an Adviser to the Institute’s Restatement of Consumer Contracts. From 1991 to 1993 he held
the American Law Institute’s Justice R. Ami Cutter Chair. He was a Visiting Professor of Law at
Harvard Law School in 1969, at the University of Tokyo in 1992, and at Columbia Law School
from 1998 to 2009. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been
a Guggenheim Fellow and a Fulbright Senior Scholar. He holds honorary Doctor of Law degrees
from Cologne University and the University of Milan
In 1984 Eisenberg delivered the Cooley Lectures at the University of Michigan. He has also
given lectures at a number of universities in the United States, Germany, Italy, England, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand and Japan. In 1990 he was awarded the UC Berkeley Distinguished
Teaching Award.

ix
x
xi

Summary Table of Contents

About the Author ix

Acknowledgments xxxix

PART ONE • THE OBJECTIVE AND COVERAGE

OF THIS BOOK, THEORIES OF CONTRACT
LAW, FOUR UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES
OF CONTRACT LAW, AND THE TRANSFORMATION
OF CONTRACT LAW FROM CLASSICAL
TO MODERN

1. Th
 e Objective and Coverage of this Book; Doctrinal and
Social Propositions; Social and Critical Morality;
Terminology; and the Tenor of the Footnote Apparatus 3

2. Theories of Contract Law 9

3. F
 our Underlying Principles of Contract Law and the
Foundational Contract-​Law Standard 21

4. The Transformation of Contract Law from Classical

to Modern 25

PART TWO • T
 HE ENFORCEABILITY OF PROMISES

5. Bargain Promises and the Bargain Principle 31

xi
xi

xii Summary Table of Contents

6. The Theory of Efficient Breach 51

PART THREE • M
 ORAL ELEMENTS IN CONTRACT LAW

7. The Unconscionability Principle 69

8. Donative Promises 97

9. The Duty to Rescue in Contract Law 133

10. The Mitigation Principle 149

PART FOUR • B
 EHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
AND CONTRACT LAW

11. Behavioral Economics and Contract Law 159

PART FIVE • T
 HE ROLE OF FAULT
IN CONTRACT LAW

12. The Role of Fault in Contract Law 173

PART SIX • EXPECTATION DAMAGES

13. The Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation

Damages; the Indifference Principle 179

14. Formulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach

of a Contract for the Sale of Goods 189

15. Formulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach

of a Contract to Provide Services 201

16. Damages for a Purchaser’s Breach of a Contract for the

Provision of an Off-​the-​Shelf Commodity 217

17. The Cover Principle 221

xi

Summary Table of Contents xiii

18. The Certainty Principle 227

19. The Principle of Hadley v. Baxendale 239

20. O
 ther Limitations on Expectation Damages: Litigation
Costs, the Time Value of Forgone Gains, and the Risk
of the Promisor’s Insolvency 255

21. The Theory of Overreliance 257

22. C
 ritiques of the Expectation Measure, and Alternative
Damage Regimes 269

PART SEVEN • LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

23. Liquidated Damages 283

PART EIGHT • SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE

24. Th
 e Specific-​Performance Principle: Actual and Virtual
Specific Performance 295

PART NINE • T
 HE ROLE OF RESTITUTION
IN CONTRACT LAW

25. The Role of Restitution in Contract Law (with Mark Gergen) 319

PART TEN • T
 HE DISGORGEMENT INTEREST
IN CONTRACT LAW

26. The Disgorgement Interest in Contract Law 335

PART ELEVEN • T
 HE ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT

27. Th
 e Elements of a Contract: Expressions, Implications,
Usages, Course of Dealing, Course of Performance,
Context and Purpose 367
xvi

xiv Summary Table of Contents

PART TWELVE • I NTERPRETATION IN CONTRACT LAW

28. The General Principles of Contract Interpretation 373

29. Objective and Subjective Elements of Interpretation 397

30. Expression Rules 407

PART THIRTEEN • CONTRACT FORMATION

31. Offers 417

32. Modes of Acceptance 427

33. The Termination of an Offeree’s Power of Acceptance 457

34. Prizes and Rewards 485

35. Implied-​in-​Law and Implied-​in-​Fact Contracts 493

36. Incomplete Contracts 497

PART FOURTEEN • FORM CONTRACTS

37. Form Contracts 521

PART FIFTEEN • THE PAROL EVIDENCE RULE

38. The Parol Evidence Rule 533

PART SIXTEEN • M
 ISTAKE, DISCLOSURE,
AND UNEXPECTED CIRCUMSTANCES

39. Introduction to Mistake in Contract Law 551

40. Evaluative Mistakes 555

41. Mechanical Errors (“Unilateral Mistakes”) 557

42. Mistranscriptions 577

xv

Summary Table of Contents xv

43. Shared Mistaken Factual Assumptions (“Mutual Mistakes”) 579

44. Disclosure in Contract Law 595

45. Th
 e Effects of Unexpected Circumstances—Impossibility,
Impracticability, and Frustration 625

PART SEVENTEEN • P
 ROBLEMS OF PERFORMANCE

46. Introduction to Problems of Performance 667

47. The Order of Performance; Constructive Conditions 669

48. The Principle of Anticipatory Repudiation 673

49. The Principle of Adequate Assurance of Performance 683

50. A
 ugmented Sanctions: Material Breach, Total Breach, and
Opportunistic Breach; Cure; Suspension and Termination 687

51. The Principle of Substantial Performance 697

PART EIGHTEEN • T
 HE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH
IN CONTRACT LAW

52. Th
 e Principle of Good Faith in Contract Law
(with Mark Gergen) 707

PART NINETEEN • EXPRESS CONDITIONS

53. Express Conditions 715

PART TWENTY • RELATIONAL CONTRACTS

54. Relational Contracts 733

PART TWENTY-​O NE • T
 HIRD-​PARTY BENEFICIARIES

55. Third-​Party Beneficiaries 741

xvi

xvi Summary Table of Contents

PART TWENTY-​T WO • R EQUIREMENTS OF A WRITING

56. The Statute of Frauds 783

57. No-​Oral-​Modification Clauses 813

Table of Cases 815

Table of Statutes, Regulations, and Restatements 835
Index 841
xvi

Detailed Table of Contents

About the Author ix

Acknowledgments xxxix

PART ONE • THE OBJECTIVE AND COVERAGE

OF THIS BOOK, THEORIES OF CONTRACT
LAW, FOUR UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES
OF CONTRACT LAW, AND THE TRANSFORMATION
OF CONTRACT LAW FROM CLASSICAL
TO MODERN

1. Th
 e Objective and Coverage of this Book; Doctrinal
and Social Propositions; Social and Critical Morality;
Terminology; and the Tenor of the Footnote Apparatus 3

I. Objective and Coverage 3

A. Objective 3
B. Coverage 4
II. Terminology 4
A. Doctrinal Propositions 4
B. Social Propositions 5
C. Social and Critical Morality 5
D. Principles and Rules 6
E. Classical Contract Law 6

xvii
xvi

xviii Detailed Table of Contents

F. Williston 6
G. Corbin 7
H. Commodity 7
I. Expression 7
J. Pronouns 7
III. The Tenor of the Footnote Apparatus 7

2. Theories of Contract Law 9

I. Formalist Theories 9
A. Creating New Exceptions 11
B. Reconstruing 12
C. Transformation 13
D. Overruling 14
E. The Status of Formalism 15
II. Interpretive Theories 15
III. Normative Theories 17

3. Four Underlying Principles of Contract Law and the

Foundational Contract-Law Standard 21

4. The Transformation of Contract Law from Classical to Modern 25

PART TWO • T
 HE ENFORCEABILITY OF PROMISES

5. Bargain Promises and the Bargain Principle 31

I. An Introduction to Bargain Promises 31

II. Structural Agreements 32
III. Three Doctrinal Exceptions to the Bargain Principle 37
A. The Legal-Duty Rule 38
1. The Insignificant Hold-Up Issue 41
B. Surrender of or Forbearance to Assert a Claim That Turns
Out to Be Invalid  44
C. The Doctrine of Mutuality and the Illusory-Promise Rule 45
xi

Detailed Table of Contents xix

6. The Theory of Efficient Breach 51

I. The Overbidder Paradigm 51

II. The Factual Predicates of the Theory 52
A. Inefficiently Remaking Contracts 58
B. Inefficiently Providing Disincentives for Planning 62
C. Weakening the Contracting System 62
III. The Loss Paradigm 64
IV. Conclusion 66

PART THREE • M
 ORAL ELEMENTS IN CONTRACT LAW

7. The Unconscionability Principle 69

I. Introduction 69
II. The Role of Markets 71
III. The Role of Moral Fault 72
IV. Specific Unconscionability Norms 73
A. Distress 73
B. Price-Gouging 78
C. Transactional Incapacity 79
D. Unfair Persuasion 82
E. Unfair Surprise 84
F. Sales at Above-Market Prices and the Exploitation of
Price-Ignorance  85
1. One-Off Sellers 85
2. Door-to-Door Sellers 87
3. Extension of Credit 89
G. Substantive Unconscionability 89
H. Two Statutes 95

8. Donative Promises 97

I. Simple Donative Promises 97

II. Formal Donative Promises—Promises under Seal 109
x

xx Detailed Table of Contents

III. Promises Based on a Moral Obligation to

Compensate for a Prior Benefit  112
IV. Promises to Give to Social-Service Institutions 116
V. The Role of Reliance 117
VI. Measuring Reliance Damages in a Donative-Promise Context 121
VII. The Life of Reliance 124

9. The Duty to Rescue in Contract Law 133

I. The No-Duty Rule 133

II. Offer and Acceptance 136
A. Silence as Acceptance 136
B. Late Acceptance 139
C. Unilateral Contracts 139
III. Performance 140
A. The Duty to Warn a Party That It May Be about to Breach 140
B. The Duty to Warn of a Potential Loss 144
C. The Duty to Cooperate 145
IV. Summary 148

10. The Mitigation Principle 149

PART FOUR • B
 EHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
AND CONTRACT LAW

11. Behavioral Economics and Contract Law 159

I. Introduction 159
A. Invariance 160
II. Bounded Rationality 162
III. Irrational Disposition: Unrealistic Optimism 163
IV. Defective Capability 165
A. Availability 166
B. Representativeness 167
xxi

Detailed Table of Contents xxi

C. Faulty Telescopic Faculties 167

D. Faulty Risk-Estimation Faculties 168

PART FIVE • T
 HE ROLE OF FAULT
IN CONTRACT LAW

12. The Role of Fault in Contract Law 173

PART SIX • EXPECTATION DAMAGES

13. Th
 e Building Blocks of Formulas to Measure Expectation
Damages; the Indifference Principle 179

I. Comparing Expectation and Reliance Damages 180

A. Reliance Damages 180
B. Expectation Damages 181
II. Expectation Damages v. Reliance Damages in a Bargain Context 182
A. The Efficient Rate of Performance 183
B. The Efficient Rate of Precaution 184
C. The Efficient Rate of Surplus-Enhancing Reliance 184
Appendix 186

14. F
 ormulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach
of a Contract for the Sale of Goods 189

I. Breach by a Buyer of Goods 189

II. Breach by a Seller of Goods 192
III. Cases in Which Market-Price Damages Exceed the
Promisee’s Actual Loss  194

15. F
 ormulas for Measuring Expectation Damages for Breach
of a Contract to Provide Services 201

I. Breach by a Service-Purchaser 201

A. The Core Formula: Lost Profit 201
B. The Treatment of Fixed Costs (Overhead) 202
C. Deductions from the Core Formula 204
xxi

xxii Detailed Table of Contents

II. Breach by a Service-Provider 206

A. Th
 e Core Formulas: Cost-of-Completion and
Diminished-Value Damages  206
B. When Diminished-Value Damages Should Be Used in Lieu of
Cost-of-Completion Damages  208

16. Damages for a Purchaser’s Breach of a Contract for the

Provision of an Off-the-Shelf Commodity 217

I. Off-the-Shelf Services 217

II. Off-the-Shelf Goods 219
III. Full Capacity 220

17. The Cover Principle 221

I. The Cover Principle and Positive Law 223

II. Conclusion 225

18. The Certainty Principle 227

19. The Principle of Hadley v. Baxendale 239

I. Introduction 239
II. The Hadley Principle and General Principles of Law 241
III. The Modern Arguments for the Hadley Principle 244
IV. An Alternative Regime to the Hadley Principle 250
A. Contractual Allocations of Losses 250
B. Proximate Cause 251
C. Nature of the Break 252
D. Limitations on Disproportionate Damages 253
V. Conclusion 254

20. Other Limitations on Expectation Damages: Litigation

Costs, the Time Value of Forgone Gains, and the Risk
of the Promisor’s Insolvency 255

21. The Theory of Overreliance 257

I. Introduction 257
xxi

Detailed Table of Contents xxiii

II. Preliminary Considerations 258

III. Cases Where Overreliance Is Normally Impossible 259
A. C
 ases in Which Reliance Consists of Necessary Performance
or Preparation Costs  259
B. Cases in Which Expectation Damages Are Invariant to Reliance 260
1. Liquidated Damages 260
2. Sellers’ Damages for Breach by a Buyer 260
3. Buyer’s Damages for Breach by a Seller 261
IV. C
 ases in Which Overreliance, Although Theoretically
Possible, Is Very Unlikely to Occur  262
A. Reliance That Holds Its Value after Breach 262
B. Cases Where It Would Be Inefficient for a Buyer to Take
the Seller’s Probability of Breach into Account  262
1. Lumpy Reliance 263
2. Coordinated Contracts 263
3. Reliance on a Seller Who Has a Very Low Probability of
Committing an Economically Significant Breach  264
V. A Flawed Tenet of the Theory of Overreliance 265
A. Litigation Risks 265
B. Litigation Costs 266
VI. Th
 e Costs of Modifying the Expectation Measure by
Taking into Account the Probability of the Promisor’s Breach  266

22. C
 ritiques of the Expectation Measure, and Alternative
Damage Regimes 269

I. Introduction 269
II. Enforcement-Error Regimes 269
A. Background 269
B. The Subjective Beliefs of Promisors 270
C. Objective Probabilities and Evidence about Subjective
Probabilities  271
D. The Elusiveness of Objective Probabilities, and of Objective
Evidence about Subjective Probabilities, in Contracts Cases  272
E. Other Administrative Concerns Raised by
Enforcement-Error Regimes  273
xvi

xxiv Detailed Table of Contents

III. Regimes That Take into Account the Secrecy Interest 274
IV. Regimes That Have the Goal of Promoting Efficient Search 277
V. Conclusion 279

PART SEVEN • LIQUIDATED DAMAGES

23. Liquidated Damages 283

PART EIGHT • SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE

24. The Specific-Performance Principle: Actual and

Virtual Specific Performance 295

I. Th
 ree Reasons in Favor of a Regime of Routine
Specific Performance  296
A. The Indifference Principle 296
B. The Bargain Principle 297
C. Informational Effects 297
II. Reasons against a Regime of Routine Specific Performance 298
A. The Enforcement Process 298
1. Social Norms 298
2. The Risk of Error 299
B. The Problem of Jury Trial 299
C. The Problem of Mitigation 300
D. Suits by a Seller 302
E. The Problem of Opportunism 302
III. The Specific Performance Principle 304
IV. A
 pplication of the Specific Performance Principle
to Important Types of Contracts  306
A. Contracts for the Sale of Goods 306
1. Seller’s Breach of a Contract for the Sale of Goods 306
a. Homogeneous Goods to be Delivered in the Near Future 306
b. Long-Term Supply Contracts 307
c. Goods Not Readily Available in the Market 308
xv

Detailed Table of Contents xxv

2. Highly Differentiated Goods 309

3. Moderately Differentiated Goods 309
4. Breach by the Buyer 310
B. Contracts for the Sale of Real Property 310
1. Breach by the Seller 310
2. Breach by the Buyer 311
C. Contracts for the Provision of Services 312
1. Contracts for Personal Services 312
a. Breach by the Employee 312
b. Breach by the Employer 313
2. Other Contracts for the Provision of Services 313
V. Conclusion 316

PART NINE • T
 HE ROLE OF RESTITUTION
IN CONTRACT LAW

25. The Role of Restitution in Contract Law (with Mark Gergen) 319

I. Restitutionary Damages When the Defendant is in Breach 321

II. Restitutionary Damages When the Plaintiff is in Breach 328
III. Restitutionary Damages in the Absence of an Enforceable
Contract  330

PART TEN • T
 HE DISGORGEMENT INTEREST
IN CONTRACT LAW

26. The Disgorgement Interest in Contract Law 335

I. Introduction 335
II. The Disgorgement Interest outside Contract Law 337
III. The Puzzle of Restatement Second 339
IV. Efficiency Arguments against Disgorgement 342
V. W
 hy Contract Law Should and Does Protect the
Disgorgement Interest  343
xvi

xxvi Detailed Table of Contents

VI. C
 ases in Which the Promisee Has Bargained for the
Promisor’s Gain from Breach  345
VII. Disgorgement in Lieu of Specific Performance 349
VIII. Disgorgement as a Surrogate for Expectation Damages 349
IX. Bargains Designed to Serve Interests Other than Profitmaking 350
X. Externalities 353
XI. Disgorgement of Costs Saved by Breach 354
A. Skimped Services 354
B. Diminished Value 355
XII. The Causation Arguments against Disgorgement in
Contract Law  356
A. Cause in Fact 356
B. Joint Cause; Apportionment 358
C. Remote Cause; Tracing 359
XIII. Why Don’t We See More Disgorgement in Contract Law? 360
XIV. The Problem of Apportionment 361
XV. Conclusion 363

PART ELEVEN • T
 HE ELEMENTS OF A CONTRACT

27. The Elements of a Contract: Expressions, Implications,

Usages, Course of Dealing, Course of Performance,
Context and Purpose 367

I. Expressions 367
II. Implications 367
III. Usages 368
IV. Course of Dealing 369
V. Course of Performance 369
VI. Context and Purpose 370
A. Context 370
B. Purpose 370
xxvi

Detailed Table of Contents xxvii

PART TWELVE • I NTERPRETATION IN CONTRACT LAW

28. The General Principles of Contract Interpretation 373

I. Contextualism 373
II. Literalism 380
A. The Plain-Meaning Rule 380
III. Extreme Literalism 385

29. Objective and Subjective Elements of Interpretation 397

30. Expression Rules 407

I. Background Considerations 407

II. The Forms of Expression Rules 410
III. The Justifications of Expression Rules 410
IV. Conclusion 413

PART THIRTEEN • CONTRACT FORMATION

31. Offers 417

I. The Promissory Nature of an Offer 418

II. What Constitutes an Offer? 420
A. Advertisements 420
B. Auctions 424

32. Modes of Acceptance 427

I. Acceptance by Promise or by Act? 427

II. Acceptance of Offers for Unilateral Contracts 429
A. The Background 429
B. Employment Manuals and the At-Will Rule 431
1. In General 431
2. Disclaimers 433
3. Modification 434
xxivi

xxviii Detailed Table of Contents

C. The Offeree’s Motivation 436

D. The Offeree’s Lack of Knowledge of the Offer 438
E. Requirement of Notice of Performance of the Offeree 439
III. Obligations of an Offeree Who Has Begun Performance 440
IV. Bilateral Contracts 440
A. Section 2-207(1) Contracts 442
B. Section 2-207(3) Contracts 446
V. Subjective Acceptance 447
VI. Electronic Acceptance 449
VII. When an Acceptance Is Effective 450
A. R
 ecurring Scenarios in Which the Time-of-Effectiveness
Issue Arises  451
VIII. New Modes of Transmission 455

33. The Termination of an Offeree’s Power of Acceptance 457

I. Lapse 457
A. The General Rule 457
B. The Conversation Rule 458
C. Failure to Notify an Offeree That His Acceptance Is Too Late 460
II. Revocation of Offers for Bilateral Contracts 460
III. Exceptions to the Firm-Offer Rule 464
A. Nominal Consideration 464
B. Effect of Writing 464
C. Auctions 465
D. Reliance 465
IV. Revocation of Offers for Unilateral Contracts 466
V. “Indirect Revocation” 470
VI. The Withdrawal of General Offers 472
VII. Death or Incapacity 474
VIII. Rejection, Counter-offer, and Qualified Acceptance 477
A. Rejection 477
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Ghâficky, Al, the regicide, 335 note, 340
Ghâlib, his song at Câdesîya, 168
Ghassân, Beni, 69, 87, 202
Ghatafân, Beni, 23, 25, 27
Ghauth, Beni, 24
Ghâzies, 382
Ghimâs (Câdesîya), 168, 171
Ghîzeh, 243
Ghôr, 97, 150, 152, 205
Ghûta, 144
Gilead, 141
Greeks, in Egypt, 242
Gregory, 299

Habîb, 394
Hadhramaut, 21, 56
Hafîr, 72
Hajjâj, 445
Hakam ibn Jabala, 333
Hakîm ibn Hizâm, 340
Hâma, 199
Hamadan, 256, 257
Hamza, 44
Hâni, 435
Hanîfa, Beni, 38 et seq., 44, 45, 48
Hanifite, the, Aly’s wife, 89
Hantzala, 337
Hantzala, Beni, 30
Haphsa, widow of Mahomet, 2, 231, 307, 353
Haram, at Jerusalem, 209
Haram, in Hejâz, 263
Harîr, or Night of Clangour (Câdesîya), 168, 173
Harôra, 389
Harrân, 217
Hasan, 65, 350, 359, 394, 414;
becomes Caliph, 418;
abdicates, 419, 422, 442
Hâshim, Beni, 227
Hâshim ibn Otba, 153, 172, 179 et seq.;
killed at Siffîn, 382
Hassân ibn Thâbit, 202, 343
Haurân, 205
Hawâb, dogs of, 354
Hawâzin, Beni, 26, 27
Hebron, 97
Hegira, 1;
era established, 271
Hejer, 47, 50
Heliopolis, 241, 242
Heraclius, 67, 97, 201;
death of, 243
Hims, 198, 216
Himyar, 51;
troops, 146
Hind, daughter of Nómân, 265
Hindia, western branch of Euphrates, 70, 135, 175
Hind, wife of Abu Sofiân, 237, 277
Hîra, 49, 68, 76, 78;
capitulates, 79 et seq., 85, 127, 161, 164;
reoccupied, 178
Hît, 190, 199
Hobâb, 4
Hodeibía, 226, 386
Hodzeifa, 18, 51, 307
Hodzeil, 85, 90
Holwân, 190, 249, 256
Horcus, 90
Horcûs, 251
Hormuz, 72, 112
Hormuzân, 166, 250, 252, 254;
murder of, 293
Honey-bee, part of the Lord’s host, 257
Horr, 436 et seq.
Hosein, 65, 394, 414, 434;
 march to Kûfa, 435 et seq.;
death, 440
Hotem, 48, 49
Houries, 105

Ibn Aámir, Governor of Bussorah, 305, 317, 326;

sends help for Othmân, 334, 347
Ibn Abbâs, 282, 345, 350, 355;
Governor of Bussorah, 368, 393, 394, 396, 409
Ibn Abu Sarh, 248, 290, 298, 299, 324, 326, 329
Ibn Backîla, 82
Ibn Honeif, 347, 356 et seq.
Ibn Ishâc, 21
Ibn Khaldûn, vi
Ibn Masûd, 270, 304, 307;
death of, 311
Ibn Muljam, the assassin, 412;
body burned, 414
Ibn Sauda (Ibn Saba), 316, 362
Ibn Zobeir, 353, 367, 391, 430, 435, 434, 443;
death, 446
Iddat, interval before cohabitation, 75
Ikrima, 18, 39, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 93, 97, 108;
death, 111
Imâmate in Aly’s family, 417, 451
Imprecation of Caliphs, 394, 421
Imrulcays, Beni, 30
Indian Ocean, 296
Irâc Araby, 70;
field measurement, 230, 249, 308, 348
Isfandiar, 258
Islam for Arabia, 17, 224
Ispahan, 259
Istakhr (Persepolis), 249, 256
Iwân, 180
Iyâdh, 68, 84, 87, 89, 217
Iyâdh, Beni, 190, 217
Iyâs ibn Cabîsa, 78, 80

Jabala, 87, 88, 202

Jabân, 127, 132
Jâbia, 94, 97, 205, 207, 208, 235
Jacob’s Pillow, 209
Jadîla, Beni, 24, 139
Jalenûs, 174, 175
Jalôla, battle of, 187
Jarîr, 133, 139, 376
Jârjea, 97, 107, 109
Jarûd, 47, 49
Jaulân, 94, 141
Jazia, tribute, 218
Jehâd, Sura, 167
Jerâsh, 153
Jerusalem, 202, 206;
capitulation, 207
Jews, 153, 211;
expelled from Kheibar, 224, 452
Jeyfar, 51
Jezîra, 69
Jobeir, 269
Jobeir ibn Motím, 340
Jôf, 68
John, son of Zacharias, his tomb, 206
Jondob, 304, 318
Joppa, 206
Jordan (Ordonna), 153, 205
Jorf, 8, 96
Jûdi, 87, 88
Jundai-Sabûr, 252

Káb, the Rabbin, 236, 279, 310

Kâbul, 296
Kahânat (soothsaying), 26
Karoon, river, 251, 252
Kaskar, 127
Kelb, Beni, 87, 415
Kerâmat, 80
Kerbala, 437;
tragedy of, 438
Kermân, 259, 260, 297
Khabûr, 191
Khâcân, 259
Khaffân, 128
Khâlid ibn Saîd, 17, 53;
his defeat, 92;
death, 94
Khâlid ibn Welîd, 18;
his character, 21;
discomfits Toleiha, 22 et seq., 27;
attacks Mâlik ibn Noweira, 32;
marries his widow, 34;
and Mojâa’s daughter, 46;
the ‘Sword of the Lord,’ 68;
in Irâc, 72 et seq.;
kills Hormuz, 73;
speech, 75, 82;
cruelty, 76, 86, 79;
frets at inaction, 84, 88;
pilgrimage incognito, 91;
transferred to Syria, 100;
march across desert, 101;
commands on the Yermûk, 106 et seq.;
deposed, 111, 143;
storms Damascus, 146, 199 et seq.;
received back into favour, 204, 207, 216 et seq.;
arraigned for malversation, 219;
death, 221, 276, 284
Khanâfis, 138
Khandac, Trench of Sapor, 71, 160, 165
Khansa, Al, 28
Kharanba, 347, 402
Khârejites, 388 et seq.;
hostile attitude towards Aly, 395;
defeated at Nehrwân, 399;
origin of name, 400;
émeutes, 405, 443, 444, 454
Khaulân, 54
Khawarnac palace, 79, 82, 161
Khazraj, Beni, 4, 5, 61
Kheibar, 22, 64, 224
Khirrît, the Khârejite rebel, 405
Khorasan, 259
Khuzistân, 249, 250
Kibla, 209
Kinda, Beni, 56
Kindy, Al, 23, 75, 220, 416, 452
Kinnisrîn (Chalcis), 199, 200, 204
Kirckesia, 190, 199
Kremer, Herr von, vii
Kubbet al Sakhra, 209
Kûfa, 70;
founded, 193, 195 et seq., 216;
threatened by Yezdegird, 256, 270, 297;
change of governors, 303;
émeute, 317, 329, 348;
assists Aly, 359, 364;
seat of Aly’s government, 369;
indifferent to Aly, 398, 403
Kûtha, 179

Lackît, 51
Lady’s Castle, the, 73
Lakhmite dynasty, 69, 78
Laodicea, 199
Leila, 34, 36, 41;
Abu Bekr’s son enamoured of her, 272
Lesser Pilgrimage, 329
Levant, 298
Lydda, 206

Maâb, 97, 153

Maára, 199
Madzâr, Battle of, 74
Mahomet, death of, 1;
burial, 5, 20, 27, 36, 38;
woman betrothed to him, 59, 76, 223, 224, 286;
his ring, 314, 354;
pulpit, 425
Mâhra, 18, 51, 52
Mâlik, Beni, 30
Mâlik ibn Noweira, 30 et seq., 221, 222
Mamûn, Al, 450, 452
Marásh (Germanica), 201
Marj al Soffar, 94
Marj Arjûn, 206
Mary, Coptic maid, 276
Masbazân, 190
Mascala, 406
Masjid al Acksa, at Jerusalem, 209
Maskat, 51
Masûd, brother of Mothanna, 137
Masûdy, 309
Mecca, 52, 263, 351
Medâin, 67, 70, 84, 162, 179;
western suburb taken, 181;
capture of city, 183;
spoil, 184;
jewelled carpet, 185, 193
Medîna threatened, 10
Mehrân, 135
Melchite and Maronite patriarchs, 248
Membaj, 377
Memphis, 241
Menbij (Hierapolis), 201
Merve, 259, 450
Merwân, 300, 322, 324, 332, 338, 339, 354, 372, 429;
Caliph, 446
Mesopotamia, 69;
Upper, 217
Micdâd, 288, 290
Minas, 200
Ministers of religion, 270
Miracle of lake, 48;
of the sea, 49;
of Darâbgird, 260
Misr, 241
Moâdz ibn Jabal, 56, 132;
dies in plague, 235
Moánna, 74
Mocarran, sons of, 14
Modeya, 90
Moghîra ibn Shoba, Governor of Bussorah, 192;
deposed, 264;
appointed to Kûfa, 269, 278, 284, 288, 345, 423, 425, 429
Moghîra, the Thackîfite, 338, 340
Mohâjir, 18, 52, 56, 57, 58
Mohakkem, 42, 44
Mohammed, doctor of Bussorah, 86
Mohammed, Hanify, son of Aly, 350, 381
Mohammed ibn Coteira, 333
Mohammed ibn Maslama, 194, 248, 325, 333
Mohammed, son of Abu Bekr, 302, 313, 330, 338, 339, 360;
Governor of Egypt, 372, 392, 394, 402;
killed, 403
Mohammed, son of Abu Hodzeifa, 302, 313, 330, 370
Mohammed, son of Talha, 391
‘Moharram,’ the, 442
Mojâa, 40 et seq., 44;
Khâlid marries his daughter, 46
Mondzir, chief of Bahrein, 47
Moseilama, 18, 23;
marries Sajâh, 31, 38;
 killed, 43;
sayings, 45
Mosque of Omar, 209
Motammim, 34 et seq.
Motázelites, 451 et seq.
Mothanna, 50, 67, 74, 84, 101, 112 et seq.;
retrieves defeat at Bridge, 131;
gains battle of Boweib, 135;
his horse, ‘the Rebel,’ 136;
suspended, 139;
character, 135, 139, 155;
death, 159;
his widow Selma, 159, 170
Mothers of the Faithful, Mahomet’s widows, 59, 225, 278
‘Mount of the Eagle,’ 103
Muâvia, 218;
appointed Governor of Syria, 237;
his mother Hind, 277, 294;
attacked by Romans, 297, 310, 319, 326;
sends help to Othmân, 334, 345;
letter to Aly, 349;
machinations against Cays, 372;
joined by Amru, 373;
marches to meet Aly, 378;
at battle of Siffîn, 379 et seq.;
arbitration, 386;
saluted Caliph, 394;
gains Egypt, 403;
raid against Irâc, 407;
visits Mosul, 408;
truce with Aly, 410;
escapes assassination, 412;
sole Caliph, 419;
declares Yezîd heir apparent, 429;
death, 433
Mucoucus, 241 et seq.
Muedzzin, 175, 238
Muhâjerîn, or Refugees, 5
Mukhtâr, 445
Mundzir, Gharûr, 49
Mundzir, Prince of Hîra, 82
Murad, Beni, 55
Mûsa, conqueror of Spain, 86
Muslim, killed, 435
Mûta, 8, 22, 82

Nablûs, 206
Nahr Shîr, 84, 179
Nâila, Othmân’s wife, 315, 339;
her fingers hung up at Damascus, 342, 348
Najaf, 79;
Sea of, 135, 161, 414
Najrân, 53, 55;
Christians of, 223
Namârick, 128
Namr, Beni, 31, 134, 137, 190
Narsa, 127
Naval enterprise, 264, 300
Nefûd, desert, 101
Negus of Abyssinia, 223
Nehâvend, 266;
battle of, 257, 278
Nestorians, 49
Night of Clangour (Câdesîya), 168, 173
Nile, 241, 242, 245;
Omar’s letter to, 246
Nisibîn, 216, 217
Nóeim ibn Mocarrin, 258
Nojeir, 57, 64
Nokheila, 401
Nómân ibn Mocarrin, 14, 251, 252, 256;
his death, 257;
Nómân, Prince of Hîra, 79
Noseir, 86
Nubians, 242

Obeidallah, son of Abbâs, his little children put to death, 408

Obeidallah, son of Omar, 381
Obeidallah, son of Ziâd, 435 et seq., 444
Obna, 10
Obolla, 76, 191, 192
Odzeib, 160, 171
Ohod, 22, 44
Okeidar, 87, 88
Okkâsha, 25
Omân, 21, 47, 50
Omar, described, 2, 275, 283, 4, 6, 9, 18, 28 note;
angry with Khâlid, 34, 46, 90;
mourns for his brother Zeid, 45, 50;
frees all Arab slaves, 64;
judge, 65;
deposes Khâlid, 111, 114;
accession to Caliphate, 125, 132;
orders new levies, 133, 156;
receives tidings of victory at Câdesîya, 177;
weeps at seeing spoil, 189;
forbids advance on Persia, 189, 203, 249;
visits Jerusalem, 207 et seq.;
journeys to Jâbia, 216;
arraigns Khâlid, 219;
his Dewân, 225;
compiles Corân, 231;
administration of famine, 232;
in the plague, 234;
progress through Syria, 236;
entertained by a bishop, 236;
performs pilgrimage, 238;
conquers Egypt, 239 et seq.;
letter to the Nile, 246;
releases Hormuzân, 253;
pressed to allow advance on Persia, 255;
 sends army against Persia, 256;
miraculous interposition of, to save Saria, 261;
enlarges square at Mecca, 263;
dread of naval enterprise, 264;
acquits Abu Mûsa, 267;
establishes era of Hegira, 271;
simplicity, 273;
marries Omm Kolthûm, 276;
last pilgrimage, 278;
assassination, 280;
appoints Electors, 280;
death, 283;
burial, 285, 286, 306, 456
Omeyyad, Beni, 294, 316;
dynasty, 443, 446;
in Spain, 449
Omm al Banîn, 315
Omm al Fâdhl, widow of Abbâs, 355
Omm Ayman, 65
Omm Farwa, 58, 120
Omm Habîba, 336
Omm Keis, 152
Omm Kirfa, 27
Omm Kolthûm, 203;
Omar’s wife, 276, 413, 415
Omm Salma, 55
Omm Siml, 27
Omm Walad, 265, 272
Omra, or Lesser Pilgrimage, 329
Ordinances of Omar, 212, 452
Ordonna (Jordan), 153, 205
Orontes, 199, 203
Orthodoxy, intolerant, 455
Orwa, 318
Osâma, expedition, 8 et seq., 16, 325
Otba, 191, 249, 251, 264
Othmân, 275;
 appointed Elector, 280;
elected Caliph, 291, 294;
appoints Abu Sarh over Egypt, 298;
outlook darkens, 302;
recension of Corân, 307;
palace, 309;
puts down unlawful amusements, 311;
enlarges square of Káaba, 312;
embellishes Mosque at Medîna, 312;
alters rites of pilgrimage, 313;
loses Prophet’s ring, 314;
sinks wells, 314;
marries Nâila, 315;
gives in to Kûfa, 320;
Aly expostulates with him, 321;
appeals to the people, 322;
last pilgrimage, 323;
contumeliously treated, 324;
complaints invited, 325;
conference with governors, 326;
attacked by regicides, 329 et seq.;
addresses them, 335;
blockade, 337;
slain, 339;
character, 341;
bloody shirt hung up at Damascus, 348, 374, 376
Othmân ibn al Aás, 52
Othmân ibn Honeif (see Ibn Honeif)
Oxus, 259, 296
Oyeina, 23, 25, 27, 28, 315

Palestine, 200, 205, 211

Paradise, 105
Patriarch, Jerusalem, 208;
Maronite, 248
Pella, 150
Persepolis, 249, 255
Persian Gulf, 191
Persians, 72 et seq., 76, 90
Persia, war in, 296;
Shîyite, 455
Phacûsa (Tel Fâkhus), 245
Pilgrimage, 65;
Khâlid’s incognito, 91;
rules altered by Othmân, 313, 323
‘Pilgrimage to Nejd,’ 101
Plague, 234
Polygamy, 457
Predestination, 211, 235
Promised Land, 95

Rabadza, 13, 16
Rabia, 21
Rajjâl, 39, 41
Rama (Arimathea), 206
Ramh, 206
Râm Hormuz, 249, 251
Ramleh, 206, 211
Readers of Corân, 45, 231, 381
‘Refugees,’ 5, 32, 126, 227
Regicides attack Medîna, 329;
return with document bearing Othmân’s seal, 331
Register (Dewân) of Arab race, 229
Rei, captured, 258
Retribution, law of, 202
Ricca, 216, 377
Ring of Mahomet, 314
‘River of Blood,’ 76
Roha, 199, 216, 217
Roman army, 90, 92, 104, 190;
and fleet, 215
Roman empire, 66
Rustem, 126, 155, 163;
forebodings of, 165;
 killed, 174

Sabât, 138, 179

Sacalâr 152
Sád ibn (Mâlik) Abu Wackkâs, 157;
marches to Irác, 158;
marries Selma, Mothanna’s widow, 159;
reorganises army, 159;
battle of Câdesîya, 167;
upbraided by Selma, 170;
captures Medâin, 183;
his castle, 194;
deposed, 268;
appointed Elector, 280, 287;
again appointed to Kûfa, 303;
superseded, 303, 326, 343
Sád ibn Obáda, 3 et seq., 6, 371
Saffâh, Al, ‘the Bloody,’ 449
Safia, 37, 76
Safwân, 15, 351
Sahba, 89
Saîd, Governor of Kûfa, 306;
expelled by citizens, 319;
servant killed, 320, 353
Sajâh, Prophetess, 23, 30 et seq., 39, 85
Sakatia, 129
Sakûn, Beni, 56
Salahiya, in Egypt, 241
Sâlim, 42
Salmân, 183
Salûba, 83
Samaritans, 153, 211
Samsât (Samosata), 201
Samsât, the sword, 53, 92
Sanâa, 54, 56
Saria, 260
Sawâd, 83, 179, 194;
 ‘Garden of Coreish’, 317 et seq., 320
Sayhad, desert, 57
Sea of Najaf, 71
Sebastia, 206
Second coming, 317
Sedîr, palace, 82
Sejestan, 259, 370
Seleucia, 70, 179
Service of victory;
at Hîra, 82, 83;
at Medâin, 184
Servile population, 344
Shahrîrân, 112, 113
Shaizar, 199
Shamir, 438, 440, 445
Shanas, Roman general, 198
Shât al Arab, 191
Sheibân, Beni, 31, 50
Sherâf, 158
Shîyas, 448 et seq., 451;
tolerant, 455
Shorahbîl, 18, 39, 40, 94, 97, 108, 152, 153, 205, 208, 237
Shoreih, 391, 394
Showeil, 80
Shuhîb, 413
Shusan, 252
Shuster (Tostar), 251
Sicily, 450
Siffîn, 378;
battle of, 379 et seq.
Sinnimâr, 79
Sirhân, Wady, 102
Sirîn, 86
Siroes, 67, 84, 127, 155
Slavery, female, 273, 457
Slaves, Arab, set free, 68
Society, Moslem, 271, 273 et seq.
Sohâr, 51
Soheil, 96
Sommeyya, 290, 380
Songstresses, two, mutilated, 59
Soofeeism, 455
Soonnies, 455
Sophronius, Bishop of Jerusalem, 208, 210
Spain, 449
Spoil, at Câdesîya, 176;
at Medâin, 184;
at Jalôla, 188
Succession, 7, 286, 427 et seq.
Sudân, the regicide, 340
Suez Canal, 244
Suleim, Beni, 26, 27
Sunh, Al, 121
Sunnat, 451, 455
Sûra, 179
Sûr al Rûm, 377
Sûras, read before battle, 167;
at Medaîn, 184;
how compiled, 231
Sûs (Shushan), 252
Suwâ, 103
‘Sword of God,’ ‘Sword of the Lord,’ name of Khâlid, 68, 77, 107
Syria, attacked, 94;
east of Jordan, described, 141;
Northern, 198 et seq., 205, 211, 215;
field measurement, 230;
sends grain to Hejâz, 233, 297, 348, 350, 370, 374;
invaded by Aly, 377, 408
Syrian desert, 68

Tabari, vi, 21, 77

Tadmor, 103, 154
Tadzâric, 98
Tâghlib, Beni, 31, 89, 137, 190;
 Christian, 218, 406
Tâhir, 53
Tâhirite dynasty, 450
Tâk i Kesra, 179
Talha, 6, 117;
appointed Elector, 280, 287, 329 et seq.;
sends son to protect Othmân, 334, 342 et seq., 350;
retires to Mecca, 352, 353;
marches on Bussorah, 354;
its occupation, 356 et seq.;
Battle of Camel, 361 et seq.;
killed, 364, 366
Tay, Beni, 15, 22;
reclaimed, 24, 27, 131, 436
Tâyif, 52, 53, 55
Tebûk, 55
Tekrît, 181, 190
Tell Azâz, 201
Temîm, Beni, 15;
described, 30, 48, 360, 436
Thâbit ibn Cays, 22, 42, 318
Thackîf, Beni, 131
Theocratic faction, 388
Theodore, 198
Theodoric, 97
Thinia, 90
Thomâma, 48
‘Three Hundred’ of Bedr, 95
Tiberias, 153, 205, 208
Tiflis, 298
Tigris, 71, 130, 179;
swum by Arab cavalry, 183;
canals, 230
Tihâma, 52
Timoor, passage of Tigris by, 183
Tithe, 218
Toleiha, 13, 17, 21 et seq.;
 defeated, 25, 26, 164, 173, 257, 318
Tostar (Shuster), 251
Tower of Babel, 70
Tradition, 20
Trench of Sapor, 71, 160, 165
Tripoli (Africa), 247, 299
Tumlât, valley of, 245
Turks, 259, 297;
mercenaries, 453

Veiled prophet, 52
Veil, the, 265, 458
Victory, Service of, 82
Villains’ Road, the, 53
Volcano near Medîna, 263
Voluptuousness, 273

Wacûsa, 98
Wâdi al Cora, 10, 94
Wahshi, 43
Walaja, battle of, 75
Wâsit, 447
‘Waterer of the two Holy Places’ (Abbâs), 233
Welîd ibn Ocba, 87, 93, 94, 303;
deposed for inebriety, 304, 394
Welîd the Caliph, 447
White Palace of Medâin, 180
Widows of Mahomet, 59, 225, 278
Windmill, 279
Wine forbidden, as a bath, 219;
intemperance in, 273
Women, Moslem, fight, 138;
and children give coup de grâce to wounded enemies, 175;
influence of captive, 273

Yabna, 206
Yála, 347
Year, Mussulman, viii
‘Year of Ashes,’ 232
Yemâma, 21, 38 et seq.;
battle of, 41
Yemen, 18, 21, 55, 56
Yenbó, 245
Yerbóa, Beni, 30 et seq.
Yermûk, 98
Yezdegird, 127, 155;
deputation to, at Medâin, 162, 251, 255, 258;
his death, 259, 297
Yezîd, 95, 97, 108, 198, 207, 218, 276
Yezîd ibn Cays, 388
Yezîd, son of Muâvia, declared heir apparent, 429;
becomes Caliph, 433, 434, 443, 446

Zab, battles on the, 445, 449

Zeid, brother of Omar, 36;
killed, 42, 45
Zeid ibn Thâbit, 123;
compiles Corân, 231, 309, 333, 343
Zeinab, 276, 415
Ziâd, 56, 188, 265, 267, 368, 407, 423;
declared brother of Muâvia, 424, 429
Ziâd ibn Lebîd, 293
Zibricân, 15, 48, 50
Zimmies, 83, 194, 301, 318
Zobeid, Beni, 53
Zobeir, 6, 240 et seq.;
appointed Elector, 280, 287, 309, 327, 328, 329 et seq.;
sends son to protect Othmân, 334 et seq., 350;
retires to Mecca, 352;
marches on Busserah, 354;
its occupation by, 356;
Battle of Camel, 361 et seq.;
killed, 364, 366
Zohra, 164, 176, 179