Ma’am Concep REPORTING

3. Psychological Foundation of Curriculum

The "Psychological Foundation of Curriculum" means

understanding how people learn and what motivates them. It
helps in designing educational plans and materials that suit the
way students think and feel, making learning more effective and
enjoyable.

Behaviorism or Association theories

Ang teoryang ito ay nakatuon sa mga obserbable na kilos at

kung paano ito nauugma sa mga impluwensiyang mula sa labas
at mga kahihinatnan.

Behaviorism or association theories suggest that learning occurs

through associations between stimuli and responses. In simpler
terms, it means we learn by connecting things we experience
(stimuli) with our actions or reactions (responses). This theory
focuses on observable behaviors and how they are linked to
external influences and consequences.

Si Ivan Pavlov, kilala bilang ama ng classical conditioning, ang

nagbuo ng S-R theory. Ang teoryang ito ay nagiging batayan ng
isang paraan ng pag-aaral na tinatawag na indoctrination, kung
saan nililikha ang mga kaugnayan sa pagitan ng mga stimulus
(S) at response (R).

Halimbawa, isipin mo ang isang eksperimento ni Pavlov sa kanyang mga

aso. Una, ipapakita niya ang pagkain sa aso, na siyang nagdudulot ng
natural na pagtulo ng laway (response). Pagkatapos ay ipapakita niya ang
pagkain kasabay ng pagtunog ng isang kampana (stimulus). Sa kalaunan,
ang tunog ng kampana mismo (S) ay magiging sapat na upang magdulot
ng pagtulo ng laway (R) sa mga aso, kahit walang pagkain.

Si Edward Thorndike naman ay nagtataglay ng connectionism

theory at nagtakda ng tatlong batas ng pag-aaral.
Ang Law of Readiness ay nagsasaad na ang pag-aaral ay mas
epektibo kapag handa ang nag-aaral.

Ang Law of Exercise ay nagbibigay diin na ang pagsasanay ay

nagpapalakas ng pag-aaral,

at ang Law of Effect ay nagsasaad na ang positibong resulta ay

nagpapatibay ng pag-aaral.

Si Robert Gagne naman ay nagtataglay ng hierarchical learning

theory,
na nagpapahiwatig na ang pag-aaral ay sumusunod sa isang
maayos na pagkakasunod-sunod. Siya'y naniniwala na ang ugali
ay naaapektohan ng mga pangunahing kondisyon, at ipinasok
niya ang tasking bilang isang paraan ng pagbuo ng layunin sa
pag-aaral. Sa mas simple, ipinalabas ni Gagne ang kahalagahan
ng organisadong hakbang sa pag-aaral at ang papel ng mga
pangunahing kondisyon sa pagbuo ng ugali.

Sa madaling salita, sinasabi ni Gagne na mahalaga ang pagiging organisado

at may pagkakasunod-sunod sa pag-aaral. Kailangan nating isaalang-alang
ang mga pangunahing kondisyon sa pagbuo ng ating ugali at layunin sa
pag-aaral.

Cognitive Information Processing Theory

The Cognitive Information Processing Theory is about how our
brains take in, store, and use information.

Jean Piaget believed that people go through different stages of

thinking as they grow up.
(sensorimotor stage). When you're a baby, you learn by using
your senses and moving around

(preoperational stage). As you get a bit older, you start to use

words and symbols
(concrete operations stage) Later, you learn to do more logical
thinking and,
(formal operations stage). finally, more abstract thinking as a
grown-up
Piaget thought that learning happens through assimilation
(taking in new experiences),
accommodation (changing and adapting what you know),
and finding a balance between old and new learning
(equilibration).

Lev Vygotsky believed that learning comes before development,

and it happens with the help of society and culture. He thought
that teachers and peers play a big role in how kids learn and
develop. Vygotsky also said that children are active in their
learning, not just passive listeners.

Howard Gardner thought that people are smart in different

ways. He said there are eight types of intelligence: (linguistic)
words and language
(logico-mathematical) numbers and logic
(musical) music
(spatial) pictures and images,
(bodily/kinesthetic) using your body,
(interpersonal), understanding and connecting with others
(intrapersonal), knowing yourself
(naturalistic) understanding nature

Daniel Goleman talked about emotions and how they can make
us act. He called it Emotional Quotient (EQ), saying that being
aware of managing our emotions is important for success in life.
ang EQ ay tungkol sa kakayahan natin na maunawaan at ma-control ang
ating mga damdamin.

Mahalaga ito para maging matagumpay sa buhay dahil ang pagkakaroon

ng kontrol sa ating emosyon ay makatutulong sa atin sa pagharap sa mga
hamon at pagtamo ng tagumpay.
Humanistic Psychology

Humanistic Psychology is a way of understanding people that

focuses on their feelings, experiences, and personal growth.

Gestalt Theory, by focusing on the "wholeness" of a problem,

suggests that learning is best understood when we see the entire
picture. When learning, we analyze problems, figure out what's
important, and see how things relate to each other. Our past
experiences influence how we understand and solve problems.

Sa isang problema Inaalam muna naten yung buong kwento,

yung side ng bawat isa para makabuo tayo ng sulosyon na
importante yung tagalong magbe-benefit ikaw pati yung
ibang tao.

Abraham Maslow's Self-Actualization Theory centers on

fulfilling human needs, emphasizing emotions like love and
trust. He believed that creating a happy and healthy learner is
crucial for achieving personal growth and realizing one's
potential.

Kailangan nagkakaroon ang mga bata ng healthy at happy

learning environment para mas lalo syang matuto.
For example, kapag yung bata ay inaaway ng mga kamag-aral
nya, plus masungit at nakakatakot magturo si teacher.
Sa tingin nyo ba matututo ang isang bata sa school na
pinapasukan nya?

Carl Rogers, known for Nondirective and therapeutic learning,

developed counseling methods for facilitating learning. He
highlighted the importance of individual perceptions in shaping
learning and behavior in the classroom. According to Rogers,
the curriculum should focus on the learning process, personal
needs, and psychological meaning rather than just cognitive
scores.

Nilikha niya ang mga paraan ng pagsusuri at pagsasanay na

makatutulong sa pag-unlad ng pag-aaral. Binigyang-diin niya ang
kahalagahan ng indibidwal na pananaw sa paghubog ng pag-
aaral at pag-uugali sa silid-aralan.

4. Social Foundations of Curriculum

The Social Foundations of Curriculum model looks at how

society, schools, and knowledge contribute to bringing about
change in education. In simple terms, it means that the things
happening in our society, the role of schools, and the knowledge
we learn can all work together to make positive changes in how
we teach and learn. Society acts like a source of change, schools
play a role in making those changes happen, and the knowledge
we gain is a powerful force driving those changes in education.
It's like saying that the world around us, the schools we go to,
and what we learn are all connected and can help make
education better.

Emile Durkheim's theory centers on the influence of society

and social context in education.
He emphasized that the things surrounding individuals,
particularly schools and civil society, have the power to bring
about change and shape behavior.

Kung ano ang pamamalakad, mga rules at policies sa

paaralan ay naa-adapt nila ito pati nadin ang culture ng
societing kinabibilangan nila.

Alvin Toffler's theory, as outlined in his book "Future Shock,"

underscores the importance of knowledge in preparing students
for the future. He envisioned a future where technology would
enable parents to teach a prescribed curriculum at home,
emphasizing the role of knowledge in adapting to technological
advancements.
 Future Shock, kung saan sinasabing importante and
knowledge upang ma prepare na ang mga tao o mga
magaaral sqa future. Sa paniniwala ni Alvin Toffler na sa
future daw sa pamamagitan ng technology ay kaya ng
ituro ng mga magulang ang curriculum sa kanilang mga
anak kahit sila pa ay nasa bahay lamang
So dapat daw ay ready tayo dito at nakakaadapt na tayo
sa bawat teachnology advancement

Paolo Freire advanced the Self-Actualization Theory, focusing

on the importance of human emotions, love, and trust in the
educational process. His theory highlights the holistic
development of individuals beyond mere cognitive aspects.
Binibigyang-diin ng kanyang teorya ang pangkalahatang pag-unlad ng
indibidwal hindi lamang sa aspetong kognitibo kundi pati na rin sa iba pang
bahagi ng kanilang pagkatao.

Sa pananaw ni Freire, hindi sapat na ang tanging pagtuon sa pag-iisip at

kognitibong aspeto ng pag-aaral. Mahalaga rin na bigyang-pansin ang
emosyon, pagmamahal, at tiwala ng isang tao sa sarili at sa kapwa sa
proseso ng edukasyon. Ipinapakita ng kanyang teorya na ang mga
emosyon at relasyon sa kapwa ay may malaking impluwensya sa pag-unlad
at pagkatuto ng isang indibidwal.

John Goodlad's theory revolves around organizing the

curriculum based on the needs of both society and students. He
advocated for reducing student conformity in the classroom and
emphasized the continuous need for school improvement to
meet evolving educational needs.

Sa madaling salita, gusto ni Goodlad na ang edukasyon ay tumutok sa

tunay na pangangailangan ng mga mag-aaral at ng lipunan at patuloy na
nagpapabuti para sa kanilang kapakanan.

William Pinar's theory of curriculum involves a

multidisciplinary approach. He proposed that curriculum should
be studied from various perspectives, including historical, racial,
gendered, phenomenological, postmodern, theological, and
international viewpoints. This approach aims to provide a
comprehensive understanding of education beyond traditional
boundaries.

Sa simpleng salita, gusto ni Pinar na tingnan ang kurikulum mula sa iba't

ibang anggulo upang mas maunawaan natin ang buong kahulugan at
epekto nito sa lipunan.