Chapter 2 ( scalars and vectors ) Chapter 1 ( Measurement )

Vectors addition Fr = F1 + F2 Same direction ( ϴ = 0) Standard formula:

Fr = F1 - F2 Opposite direction ( ϴ = 180 )
Fr = 𝐹12 + 𝐹22 Perpendicular
tan ϴ = 𝑦/𝑥 ( ϴ = 90) How to transform :
value x 10 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
If there was more than two vectors start with only two
A If we want to add two non-perpendicular we All standard
B start by resolution of the two vectors and then units have the
we add them power of 100

Fr
FY Dimensional formula
resolution

Fy = Fr cos 1 (J) Fx = Fr cos 2 (I)

Vectors

Physical Law Dimensional formula Unit of measurement

= Fr sin 2 (J) = Fr sin 1(i) 1 Area A =length x width A = L X L = L2 m2
2 Fx Volume V = Length x width x height V=LxLxL=L3 m3
If the angle 2 increases Fy increase Density ρ = Mass / volume Ρ = M x L -3 Kg/m3
while Fx decreases
Velocity V = distance / time V = L T-1 m/sec
Acceleration a = change in velocity / time a = L T-2 m/sec 2
Vector product

Scalars ( dot ) product Vector ( cross ) product

Force F = mass x acceleration F = M x L x T-2 Kg.m/sec 2
formula A.B = AB cos θ AʌB = AB sin θ newton
work W = force x displacement W = M x L2 x T-2 Kg.m2/ s2
Equal zero When θ = 90 ( perpendicular) When θ = 0 , 180 (parallel) N.m
Maximum When θ = 0 , 180 When θ = 90 joule
( parallel) ( perpendicular) Pressure P = force / area P = M L-1 T-2 Kg /m1.s2
momentum P = Mass x velocity P = M L T -1 Kg .m/s

Measuring errors :
Imporant notes :

1 ) scalar product = vector product when the angle = 45

2) if two vectors are opposite in direction then A=-B
3) two vectors are equal if they have same magnitude , direction
4) If A ʌ B = C , then the angle between C and A equals 90
5) A.B = B.A But AʌB = - BʌA
6) the displacement during ¼ cycle = the displacement during ¾ cycle

In the right handed rule :

the fingers are directed from first vector to the second vector
the thumb is directed to the direction of the cross product

Tip to tail mechanism

When we add two vectors we move the first
on top of the second as in the opposite graph
A + B = Red vector
 Chapter 3 velocity and equation of motion

∆𝑑
Chapter 4 Projection
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑓+𝑣𝑖
Average velocity =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
=
2
velocity = X – Dimensions : ( Range )
∆𝑡
Vix = V cos θ ( constant )
moves with Vf = Vi + at ax = zero ( constant )
If the body

Vfx = Vix ( the velocity is constant through X – dimension )

uniform
velocity D = vi + ½ a𝑡 2
non-

Y – Dimensions : ( height )
Viy = Vi sin θ ( Variable )
2 a d = 𝑉𝑓 2 − 𝑉𝑖 2 ay = -10 ( at rising ) OR 10 ( at failing )= ( constant)
Vfy = Zero ( AT THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT )

If the body falls freely Vi = zero a = 9.8 m/𝑠 2

Velocity of object at any instant = V = 𝑉𝑓𝑥 2 + 𝑉𝑓𝑦 2
If body projected vertically Vf = zero a = -9.8 m/𝑠 2
𝑣𝑖𝑦
started motion from rest Vi = zero Finding the time of maximum height : t= 9.8
If the body stopped Vf = zero Finding the maximum distance crossed :
𝑣𝑖𝑦
First calculate the total time from Y dimension : T = 2 x 9.8
𝑉𝑓 −𝑉𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑦
Acceleration = 𝑇
Then calculate the maximum Range covered : R = Vix X 2 X 9.8

1 Notes : As the angle of projection

uniform

uniform
Velocity

Velocity
At non

V∝ 𝐷 V∝
D ∝ 𝑡 2 D ∝ 𝑉𝑓 2 Maximum horizontal range is obtained at angle 45 increases
At

𝑇 if the angle decreased / increased from 45 range the maximum height increases
decrease the vertical component
Any two complementary angles have the same increases
Part 3 Newton law of force Range the total time increases
while zero horizontal range is obtained at angle 0 the horizontal component
Newton first law of motion: ( Law of inertia ) decreases
a static object keeps its state of rest and a moving object keeps its state of motion at a uniform
velocity in straight line unless acted by a resultant force
Mathematical formula : Σ F = 0 Note that at maximum height If an object is projected
note : according to newton first law if the body is moving it must move in straight line with uniform velocity of Y axis = zero ( horizontally )
velocity ( zero acceleration ) but if the body is constant the summation of all forces = zero Acceleration = 10 m/s2 Vix = Vi
We reach ½ the total time Viy = 0
Force is zero = uniform velocity = zero acceleration V = VX
equal angles = equal forces
Newton third Law :
For every action there is a reaction equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
Mathematical formula F1 = - F2
Note : the action and the reaction must be of same type
whatever happens to action happens to reaction ( if the action is doubled the reaction will be
doubled )