Jorge Velasquez

ENG 1302-231

Dr. Sharity Nelson

9 February 2024

Intermittent Fasting: An Annotated Bibliography

Agagunduz, Duygu, et al. “Effect of Intermittent Fasting (18/6) on Energy Expenditure,

Nutritional Status, and Body Composition in Healthy Adults.” Evidence-Based

Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2021, 18 Dec. 2021, pp. 1–10,

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7809611.

Duygu, Agagunduz, et al. conduct a study on how intermittent fasting (IF) affects energy

expenditure, nutrition and body composition on healthy adults (1). This study was

conducted in order to see how fasting during Ramadan affects the body. Twenty-seven

healthy adults, sixteen females and eleven males were selected for the study. According

to Agagunduz, et al. fasting means avoiding food intake for a certain amount of time,

weather for religious or spiritual traditions or for health issues (2) For all participants the

fasting period was eighteen hours per day. This study was conducted on twenty-seven

Turkish nationals for a period of twenty-eight days. A baseline was acquired prior to the

study to compare after the fasting period. Agagunduz, et al. concluded that IF during

Ramadan may have unwanted decrease in resting energy expenditure (9). He also added

it can modify BMI and body composition, especially in fat free mass and hydration status

(9). There were no discernible impacts on dietary energy and minerals. No significant

evidence was found suggesting IF was beneficial or un-beneficial. Agagunduz and his
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partners agree that a larger group with more physical activity is of interest in a future

study (9). This article was very helpful to my research of IF and how it affects the body.

Dias De Silva, Ronaldo, et al. “Intermittent Fasting Promotes Weight Loss without Decreasing

Performance in Taekwondo.” MDPI Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 3131, 2023, pp. 1-12. Gale

OneFile, doi 10.3390/nu15143131.

Silva, et al. conducted a study on the effects intermittent fasting (IF) has on taekwondo

athletes. Combat sport athletes such as taekwondo have various ways to cut weight fast in

preparation for a match. These methods can be detrimental to the athlete’s performance.

Negative effects such as muscle mass reduction, decreased endurance, impaired

judgment, mood alteration among others lead these athletes to adopt nutrition strategies

such IF (Silva, et al. 1). The study was conducted to test weather IF can lead to weight

loss without diminishing performance. Nine taekwondo athletes, seven males and two

females will take on IF for twelve hours while still training for a determined amount of

time. They were be examined for a period of six weeks. The results showed that total

body mass (TBM) was reduced during the first two weeks of IF without reducing

performance. After this period there was no significant change in TBM and performance

(Silva, et al. 8). According to Silva et al., the study's decreased TBM in the first two

weeks confirms that fasting is an effective short-term strategy. However, in longer

periods IF would negatively impact performance (8). This article was very helpful to

determine how IF impacts athletes positively or negatively.

Guo, Mingke, et al “Intermittent Fasting on Neurologic Diseases: Potential role of Gut

Microbiota.” MDPI Nutrients vol. 15, 2023, pp. 1-27. Gale General OneFile
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Intermittent fasting (IF), a dietary pattern that is becoming more popular and advised, has

shown promise in enhancing neurophysiological processes and reducing pathological

damage with minimal to no side effects (Guo, et al 1). While the exact processes behind

IF's advantageous benefits remain unclear, gut microbiota and its metabolites are thought

to play a key role in mediating these effects (Guo, et al. 1). Guo, et al. will examine shifts

in gut microbiota and metabolite profiles prompted by IF and how they can affect neural

health (1). They will also highlight how diets can be used in neurological conditions. IF is

economically feasible and is very popular over other dietary interventions. Recent

scientific insight suggest microbial communities could significantly influence various

neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autism,

multiple sclerosis and stroke (Guo, et al. 2). The synthesis of metabolites and the

composition of the intestinal microbiota have changed as a result of IF, which has an

impact on the peripheral nervous system and the integrity of the intestinal barrier. These

changes may have an impact on physiological and psychopathological processes, even in

people who don't have any underlying medical conditions (Guo, et al.18). This study has

helped me looked into how IF goes beyond just the effects of body mass.

Guerrero-Enriquez, Andrea, et al. “Effectiveness of an Intermittent Fasting Diet Versus

Continuous Energy Restriction on Anthropometric Measurements, Dody Composition

and Lipid Profile in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-Analysis.” European Journal

of Clinical Nutrition, 2021, pp. 1024-1039. Gale Onefile, doi 0.1038/s41430-020-00821-

1.

In contrast to continuous energy restriction (CER), this study assessed how well an

intermittent fasting (IF) diet reduced anthropometric limitations such as body mass index,
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body weight, and waist circumference, as well as altered body composition like fat mass,

lean body mass, and muscle mass, and altered lipid profiles (Guerrero, et al. 1024). It

also examined how well an IF diet was adhered to by overweight or obese adults. After

doing a literature search, 859 studies were found; ultimately, 18 publications were

chosen. When compared to a CER regimen, four studies found a higher overall weight

loss associated with IF diets, and one study found a similar reduction in waist

circumference. In five studies, there was a tendency for the IF groups' fat mass to decline

more (Guerrero, et al. 1024). Nonetheless, there was comparable loss of muscle and lean

mass in both groups. Lipid profile variables showed substantial differences in only three

studies, primarily in the IF groups(Guerrero, et al. 1024). Dietary adherence yielded

conflicting results. Similar to a CER diet, an IF diet can improve anthropometry, body

composition, and lipid profile in adults who are overweight or obese. (Guerrero, et al.

1024). This study was useful to my research on how IF affects body composition.

Hammouri, Walid, et al. “The Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Some Physical Fitness Elements

Among Sport Science Students.” Journal of Exercise Physiology, vol. 26, no. 4 ,2023, pp.

174-180. Gale Onefile, ISSN 1097-9751.

This study aims to investigate the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on elements of

physical fitness in college students at the university of Jordan. Thirteen male students

volunteered for the study that took place during the final week of Ramadan for a period

of five days. The test was then conducted again for another five days after, without

fasting. Hammouri, et al. observed the students conduct five exercises consisting of,

Push-ups, sit-ups, seat and reach, shuttle run and one mile run (177). The data shows a

table with the results for each exercise while fasting and not fasting. The test showed that
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there was no significant difference in performance for all test with the exception of the

shuttle run (Hammouri, et al. 179). The shuttle run test showed that students had a better

performance while not fasting. However, the results were not significant enough to

scientifically acknowledge a difference (Hammouri, et al. 179). Hammouri, et al.

concluded that there were no significant differences between fasting and non-fasting in

strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and cardio respiratory fitness (180). This study

will help me understand further how IF affects everyday students on a day to day.

Marcedo De Moraes, Carlos, et al. “Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Chronic Swimming

Exercise on Body Composition and Lipid Metabolism.” NRC Research Press, Vol. 42,

2017, pp. 1341-1346. Gale Onefile, doi 10.1139/apnm-2017-0435

The aim of this study was to show how intermittent fasting protocol (IFP) can have

effects on body composition and lipid metabolism. The study was conducted on 20-week-

old Wistar rats and was divided into four different groups (Moraes, et al. 1341). Control

was established as CON eating as desired and sedentary, exercise designated EX eating as

desired and endurance training, intermittent fasting IF and sedentary, and intermittent

fasting and exercise IFEX (Moraes, et al. 1342). Endurance exercises consisting of

swimming were performed for five sessions per week, for six weeks. Every session

consisted of forty minutes of swimming in water at constant temperature. IF was

performed continuously for six weeks for eighteen hours per day. Moraes, et al.

discovered that the combination of IF and moderate aerobic exercise is capable of

modifying lipid metabolism and it is able to promote changes in body composition

(1346). Furthermore, the body weight of IF and IFEX rats decreased without changes in

food (1342). The IFEX rats showed increase in total high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
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and increased intramuscular lipid content (1342). Moraes, et al. noted that IFP combined

with endurance training is efficient at decreasing body mass and altering fat metabolism,

without producing losses in the content of proteins (1342). This article although it

involves rats, shows good conclusions on IF that help in my research.

Pieper, Claudia, et al. “InterVFast—Effectiveness and Acceptance of Intermittent Fasting

in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial.”

BMC, 2024, pp. 1-9. Gale Onefile, doi 10.1186/s13063-023-07843-7

This study protocol aims to show the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) in cardiac

rehabilitation patients. The rehabilitation process for cardiac inpatients is a

multidisciplinary approach that include changes in patients’ health behaviors to reduce

future cardiovascular issues (Pieper, et al. 1). This study is conducted in the center for

cardiovascular rehabilitation in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The intervention

consists of IF sixteen hours without eating and an eight-hour eating period. The study's

initial goal is to compare the amount of weight lost at baseline and at the conclusion of

the four-week therapy. The secondary outcomes include variations in blood pressure,

glucose, and lipids, as well as patient approval of the diet, and the difference in weight

reduction between baseline and three and twelve months following inpatient

rehabilitation (Pieper, et al. 6). The trial is still ongoing with the first part of the trial

complete. However, the conclusion of the four weeks shows promising results. If

successful, the results of this trial could support the theory that IF could be a useful

intervention in the near future, according to researchers. This article was helpful to my

research, showing there is still active important research on IF.

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Ristyadi, Dwi, et al. “Resource Allocation Strategies for Survival and Reproduction by an

Invasive Pest in Response to Intermittent Fasting.” Current Zoology, 2022, pp. 600-606.

Oxford, doi 10.1093/cz/zoac068

This article looks at insects and the course of biological invasions, regular fasting is

typical. However, it is unclear how invasive animals modify their resource allocations for

reproduction and survival in the event of occasional famine. Here, Ristyadi, et al.

examined the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) on the life cycle strategies of Tetranychus

Ludeni, a haplodiploid spider mite that is a significant global invasive pest of horticulture

crops (600). Ristyadi, et al, established a breeding colony of Tetranychus Ludeni placed

on about twenty potted kidney bean plants in Massey University in North New Zealand

(601). In order to determine the effects of IF on the reproduction and lifespan of the

Tetranychus Ludeni spiders they were treated with three different IF durations: control,

twenty-four hour and forty-eight hours, yielding twelve treatments in total. IF for forty-

eight hours prolonged the longevity of females, however, there were no significant

impact on male spiders (Ristvadi, et al. 602). Results showed that IF during the first half

of Tetranychus Ludeni adult life increased female longevity by fifteen to thirty nine

percent regardless of mating status. The opposite occurred in male spiders, their lifespan

shortened during IF (Ristvadi, et al. 602). This research shows how IF affects other

species such as insects. This is important and shows how IF is force into nature which is

how humans used to do IF.

Ye, Ya-Fei, et al. “Is Intermittent Fasting Better Than Continuous Energy Restriction for Adults

with Overweight and Obesity?” Dovepress, 2022, pp. 2813-2823. Gale Onefile
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In this study Ye, et al. explain the various forms and procedures for implementing

intermittent fasting (IF), as well as the impact it can have on risk factors for

cardiometabolic illnesses, body weight, and body composition. (2813). Ye, et al. start by

stating how obesity has become a global health issue and how China has the highest

number of adults with overweight and obesity at 600 million (2813). IF has been widely

applied for management of weight and treatment with obesity. Ye, et al. note that IF

works best when combined with other interventions such as exercise, meal replacement

and psychological intervention (2821). According to Ye, et al. IF is an effective

nonpharmacologic therapy for weight loss that can lower body weight and improve body

composition in total body fat, abdominal fat and lean body mass (2822). Additionally, it

can decrease indices such as blood glucose, lipids, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular

metabolism in adults with overweight and obesity. Ye, et al. as a result of the study

conclude that IF should be considered as a method in weight loss (2822). This article

enforces the conclusions that IF is good for weight loss and body composition.

Zhongbiao, Nie, et al. “Effects of Time-Restricted Eating with Different Eating Windows on

Human Metabolic Health: Pooled Analysis of Existing Cohorts.” Diabetology and

Metabolic Syndrome, 2023, pp. 1-13. Gale Onefile, doi 10.1186/s13098-023-01190-y

In humans’ long-term dietary patterns influence metabolic health. More recently,

it has been demonstrated that fasting regimens like calorie restriction and intermittent

fasting (IF) lower body mass, blood pressure (BP), inflammation, and serum insulin

concentration while improving insulin sensitivity and the lipid profile and lowering the

risk of metabolic disease (Zhongbiao, et al. 2). This study comprised 1531 participants

from America, Europe and Asia. In this study the potential benefits of time restricted
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eating (TRE) were assessed. There were no discernible metabolic advantages linked to

various eating windows. Therefore, the findings suggest that different meal times can

have comparable positive effects on metabolic markers (Zhongbiao, et al.8). After

analyzing data from TRE trials with different eating windows, the study concluded that

different meal windows had comparable benefits on improving metabolic health, such as

lowering fasting insulin and body weight reduction (Zhongbiao, et al.8). Consequently,

the findings imply that different eating times can have comparable advantages for

metabolic markers such blood lactate Therefore, the findings suggest that different meal

times can have comparable positive effects on metabolic markers (Zhongbiao, et al.8).

This article is important showing how the eating windows are as important as the IF

itself.
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