Statistics and Probability

Quarter 4 – Module 6:
Bivariate Data
Statistics & Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 6: Bivariate Data
First Edition, 2021

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Statistics and Probability
Quarter 4 – Module 6:
Bivariate Data
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand the relationship between two variables called bivariate data and enhance
your skills in plotting points using the scatterplot.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate the nature of bivariate data; (M11/12SP-IVg-2)
2. construct a scatterplot; and (M11/12SP-IVg-3)
3. describe shape (form), trend (direction), and variation (strength) based on a
scatterplot. (M11/12SP-IVg-4)

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 What I Know

I. Directions: Read and analyze the questions below. Write the letter of the correct
answer on your answer sheet.
1. What type of data uses two sets of variables that can change and are compared
to find relationships?
A. Bivariate B. Univariate C. Qualitative D. Quantitative

2. What type of variable is controlled or influenced by an outside factor in an

experiment?
A. random B. discrete C. dependent D. independent

3. Which term means a graph with points plotted to show a possible relationship
between sets of data?
A. Line of Best Fit C. Correlation Coefficient
B. Scatter Plot D. Two-way Table

4. What is an outlier?
A. A type of variable that cannot be quantified.
B. An extreme value at either end of the distribution.
C. A score that is left out of the analysis because of a missing
data.
D. None of these

5. What kind of a relationship could be concluded between

the x and y variables from the scatter plot on the right?
A. strong positive correlation C. moderate positive correlation
B. strong negative correlation D. moderate negative correlation

II. For each of the following pairs of variables, identify the independent variable and
the dependent variable. If it is not possible to identify these, then write ‘not
appropriate’.
Situation Dependent Variable Independent Variable
6. The age of a basketball player and his
annual salary
7. The number of books read in a week and
the eye color of the readers
8. The cost of grapes (in kilogram) and the
season of the year
9. The mark obtained in a Math test and the
mark obtained in an English test
10. The mark obtained for a math test and
the number of hours spent preparing for
the test

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 Lesson

1 Bivariate Data

Data in statistics are sometimes classified according to how many variables

are there in a particular study. For example, “height” might be one variable and
“weight” might be another variable. Depending on the number of variables being
looked at, the data might be univariate, or it might be bivariate.

When the data involve only one variable it is called univariate. For example,
you might study a group of senior high school students to find out their average Math
scores. The variable involve is Math scores. Or you might conduct a study on a group
of diabetic patients to find their weights, here the variable is weight.

When the data involve two variables, it is called bivariate data. For example,
you might study a group of senior high school students to find out their average Math
scores and their age. You have two variables here which are the Math scores and the
age. If you want to find out the relationship between the age of the car and its mileage,
then you also have bivariate data.

What’s In

When a relationship between two sets of variables is being examined, it is

important to know which one of the two variables depends on the other. Most often
we can make a judgement about this, although sometimes it may not be possible.

Most statistical data involve examining the relationship between two variables.
In some instances of bivariate data, it is determined that one variable influences or
determines the second variable. The two variables in a bivariate data are classified
as independent and dependent.

An independent variable is a “stand alone” variable. Its value can change,

be controlled and manipulated without reference to another variable. On the other
hand, the dependent variable is the variable that is influenced or affected by the
independent variable.

For example, if you want to study the relationship between stride length and
the length of legs, the length of a person's legs is the independent variable. The stride
length is determined by the length of a person's legs, so it is the dependent variable.
Having long legs increases stride length, but increasing stride length will not increase
the length of your legs.

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 Consider the case where a study compared the heights of company employees
against their annual salaries. Common sense would suggest that the height of a
company employee would not depend on the person’s annual salary nor would the
annual salary of a company employee depend on the person’s height. In this case, it
is not appropriate to designate one variable as independent and one as dependent.

Now, can you identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in
each of the following situation?

I know that you can, so let’s do it!

ACTIVITY
Directions: Identify the independent and dependent variables in the following
situations. If it is not possible to identify these, then write ‘not appropriate’.

Situation Dependent Variable Independent Variable

1. The number of visitors at a local
swimming pool and the daily
temperature
2. The growth of a plant and the
amount of fertilizer it receives
3. The number of members in a
household and the size of the
house
4. The month of the year and the
electricity bill for that month
5. The voting intentions of a
woman and her weekly
consumption of red meat

Notes to the Teacher

In this part of the module, the teacher is preparing the
students to understand the concept and nature of
bivariate data by identifying the independent and
dependent variables which will be helpful to further
understand the correlation between two variables.

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 What’s New

Why does price of commodity increase when supply decreases? Why does
blood pressure increase when a person gets older? Does having a high-test score
have something to do with how long a student studies his lesson? Is there a
relationship existing between a person’s food intake and his health? These are some
questions that are asked concerning relationship between two quantities.

We often want to know if there is a relationship between two numerical

variables. The relationship of the variables in a bivariate data can be displayed using
a graph called scatterplot. A scatterplot gives a visual display or graphical
representation of the relationship between two variables. It consists of a series of
points plotted on a rectangular coordinate plane. The x-axis represents the
independent variable while the dependent variable is represented by the y-axis.

ACTIVITY
Directions: Construct a scatterplot for the given data. Draw and label the
coordinate axes and then plot each point. Use graphing paper.

Age of a person, in years

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1. (x)
Weight, in kg (y) 40 42 38 35 45 51 48 48 50 47

Age of a car, in years (x) 0.5 1 1.5 2 3 4 4.5 5 6 7

2.
Mileage, in km/liter (y) 16 15 10 12 10 12 11 10 11 8

Number of hours spent in

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
safety training (x)
3.
Number of hours lost due
100 90 85 60 80 50 30 30 20 10
to accidents

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 What Is It

The function of scatter plot is to give a visual depiction of the nature of the
relationship between two variables. Correlation analysis is the statistical procedure
used to determine and describe the relationship between two variables. The
relationship of correlation between two variables may be described in terms of
strength and direction.

The trend line is a diagonal line closest to the point, which tells the direction
of correlation that exists between the variables. The direction of correlation may
be positive, negative, or zero. If the trend line points to the right, its slope is positive.
We can say that there is a positive correlation/association between the two variables.
In a positive correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable also increases.
If the trend line points to the left, there is a negative correlation. In a negative
correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

Meanwhile, the strength of correlation maybe perfect, very high (strong),

moderately high, moderately low, very low (weak), and zero. This is indicated by the
closeness of the points to the trend line. The closer the points are to the trend line,
the stronger the relationship is. There exists a perfect positive or negative correlation
between two variables if the points fall in the trend line. Perfect correlations happen
when other variables are controlled or manipulated just like in an experiment.

The shape or form of the scatter plot can be described as linear or nonlinear.

Consider the following examples on the next page.

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Example 1: The table below shows the time in hours spent by seven Grade 11
students in studying their lessons and their scores on a Math test.
Construct a scatterplot.
Time
spent Math
studying Scores (y)
(x)

Math Scores (y)

1 5
2 15
3 10
4 15
5 30
6 35
7 40

Time spent studying (x)

Solution: Plot the points on the rectangular plane. The values of the independent
variable, time spent in studying in the x-axis, and the dependent
variable test scores in the y-axis.

Interpretation: The scatterplot shows a positive correlation because the points seem
to follow a straight-line form that points upward to the right. It describes
a positive trend since as the amount spent in studying increases, their
scores also increase. We can say that there is a strong positive
correlation between the two variables.

Example 2: The table below shows the time in hours spent by six Grade 11
students in playing computer games and the scores they got on a Math
test. Construct a scatterplot.

Time
spent Math
playing Scores
computer (y)
Math Scores (y)

games (x)
1 30
2 25
3 25
4 10
5 15
6 5
Time spent playing computer games (x)

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Solution: Plot the points on the rectangular plane. The values of the independent
variable, time spent in playing computer games in the x-axis, and the
dependent variable test scores in the y-axis.

Interpretation: The scatterplot shows a negative correlation because the points

seem to follow a straight line that points downward to the right. It
describes a negative trend, as the amount of time spent in playing
computer increases, their scores in math decrease. We can say that
there is a strong negative correlation between the two variables.

Example 3: The table below shows the number of selfies posted online of students
and the scores obtained from a Math test. Construct a scatterplot.

Number
of selfies Math
posted Scores (y)
Math Scores (y)

online (x)
1 25
2 5
3 20
4 35
5 25
6 10
Number of selfies (x)

Solution: Plot the points on the rectangular plane. The values of the independent
variable, number of selfies posted online in the x-axis, and the
dependent variable test scores in the y-axis.

Interpretation: Looking at the scatterplot, the points are neither following a straight
line pointing upward or downward to the right nor a pattern (nonlinear).
There is no correlation between the number of selfies posted online and
the scores obtained on a Math test.

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 What’s More

Let’s see how well you understood our discussion. At this point, I want you to
answer the activity below.

Directions: In each of the following:

a. Construct a scatterplot.
b. Determine the shape or form of the scatter plot.
c. Determine the direction of the straight line.
d. Determine the strength of the correlation between the two variables.

Shown in the table below are the

The table below shows the numbers
numbers of hours spent by 8
of cups of coffee that 8 persons had
1. students in using the Internet 2.
in one week and their systolic blood
and their scores on a
pressure number after one week.
Mathematics test.
Number of Systolic
Hours Using
Student Scores Person Cups of Blood
the Internet
Coffee Pressure
1 1 30 1 5 110
2 2 25 2 4 115
3 3 20 3 7 100
4 2 30 4 10 120
5 0.5 26 5 14 130
6 2.5 15 6 6 110
7 2 32 7 12 110
8 3 15 8 16 120

The table below shows the numbers of hours spent in a mall by 12 persons and
3.
the amount of money they spent when they went to the mall.
No. of Hours Amount of No. of Hours Amount of
Person Person
in the Mall Money Spent in the Mall Money Spent
1 8 600 7 6 500
2 10 1,000 8 4 800
3 9 500 9 5 500
4 3 600 10 2 150
5 1 200 11 3 450
6 7 900 12 4 650

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 What I Have Learned

When describing the relationship between two variables displayed on a

scatterplot, we need to comment on:
a. the direction — whether it is positive, negative or zero
b. the form — whether it is linear or non-linear
c. the strength — whether it is strong, moderate or weak
d. possible outliers – is the point or points that are farthest from the trend
line.

Directions: Match the scatterplot in Column A, with its form, direction and strength
in Column B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

A. Strong positive, linear

1.
relationship

B. Moderate positive, linear

2. . relationship

C. Weak positive linear

3. . relationship

D. Strong negative, linear

relationship

4. .
E. Moderate negative, linear
relationship

5. F. Weak negative, linear

relationship

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 G. Perfect positive, linear
6. .
relationship

H. Perfect negative, linear

7. . relationship

I. Zero nonlinear relationship

(No relationship)
8. .

J. Complicated relationship or
cannot be determined

9. .

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 What I Can Do

Let’s see how well you understood our discussion. At this point, I want you to
answer the activity below.

Directions: In each of the following, construct a scatterplot for the data, and use it
to comment on the direction, form and strength of any relationship
between the two variables.

Andre has a private resort. He decided to record the

temperature in one week and the number of guests
1.
who came to visit to his resort. The data are shown
below.
Day Temperature in 0C Number of Guests
1 27 600
2 28 1,000
3 29 1,500
4 31 2,500
5 26 900
6 30 1,000
7 31 2,600

The data below shows the average weekly number of hours studied by 14 students
2. in Pablo Roman NHS – SHS and the corresponding height of each student (to the
nearest tenth of a meter).
Average Average
Height in Height in
Person Hours of Person Hours of
meter meter
Study Study
1 18 1.5 8 18 2.1
2 16 1.9 9 20 1.9
3 22 1.7 10 10 1.9
4 27 2.0 11 28 1.5
5 15 1.9 12 25 1.7
6 28 1.8 13 18 1.8
7 19 1.8 14 17 2.1

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 Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze the situations/questions below. Write the letter of
the correct answer on your answer sheet.

1. In a scatterplot, an outlier is ________.

A. a puppet with a long nose named Pinocchio
B. something we didn't learn in junior high school
C. a really bad point which does not tell the truth when outside
D. a point that is far outside the main cluster of points/ordered pairs

2. What can you say about the direction of correlation?

A. It is always positive.
B. It is always negative.
C. It can be zero or no direction.
D. It can be positive, negative or zero.

3. It indicates the closeness of the points to the trend line.

A. shape of scatterplot C. line of best fit
B. direction of correlation D. strength of correlation

4. What type of correlation exists between the outside temperature and the number
of layers of clothes you wear?
A. Positive correlation C. No correlation
B. Negative correlation D. All of the above

5. What type of correlation exists between the number of siblings you have and your
weight?
A. Positive correlation C. No correlation
B. Negative correlation D. All of the above

6. What is the correlation between length of running start and the distance of long
jump?
A. It’s positive, the further you run the further you jump.
B. It’s negative, the less you run the less distance of your jump.
C. It’s positive, the further your running start the less your distance.
D. No correlation

7. A scientist is conducting an experiment on mice, seeing how their weight is

affected by the volume of cheese they are given. What is the independent variable
in this experiment, and why?
A. The volume of cheese is the independent variable, because it is being changed
to measure the effect on weight.

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 B. The weight of the mice is the independent variable, because it is being changed
to measure the volume of cheese.
C. The weight of the mice is the independent variable, because it is being affected
by the volume of cheese.
D. The volume of cheese is the independent variable, because it is being affected
by the weight of the mice.

8. In a scientific experiment, the independent variable is the amount of sleep (in

hours) a new mother got per night during the first month following the birth of
her baby. What will most likely be the dependent variable?
A. the blood pressure of the baby
B. the level of alertness of the baby
C. the number of times (per night) the baby woke up for a feed
D. the amount of time (in hours) spent by the mother on reading

9. A pediatrician investigated the relationship between the amount of time children

aged two to five spend outdoors and the annual number of visits to his clinic.
Which one of the following statements is NOT true?
A. When graphed, the amount of time spent outdoors should be shown on the
horizontal axis.
B. The annual number of visits to the pediatric clinic is the dependent variable.
C. The amount of time spent outdoors is the independent variable.
D. It is impossible to identify the independent variable in this case.

10. Which scatter plot shows a linear relationship between x and y?

11. What can you say about a scatterplot that has no association?
A. It has no ordered pairs.
B. It has ordered pairs that have a negative pattern.
C. Its ordered pairs have no predictable pattern.
D. None of these

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 For numbers 12-15. The scatterplot shows the relationship between the age of
drivers and the number of car accidents per 100 drivers in the year 2009.

12. What is the independent variable?

A. Age of the drivers C. year 2009
B. Number of car accidents per 100 drivers D. None of these

13. What is the dependent variable?

A. Age of the drivers C. year 2009
B. Number of car accidents per 100 drivers D. None of these

14. What is the direction of the scatterplot?

A. Positive C. Zero
B. Negative D. Straight

15. What is the strength of correlation?

A. Strong positive correlation C. Perfect positive correlation
B. Strong negative correlation D. Perfect negative correlation

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 Additional Activities

Directions: In your own words, explain your insights on the statements below.
Choose only one statement. Use a separate sheet of paper.

Journal Writing: Does wealth depend on education or vice versa?

How do you describe the association between dignity and
power?

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

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 17
What’s New What’s New What I Have
Learned
1. D
2. E
3. C
4. B
5. H
6. F
7. G
8. I
2. Weak negative, 3. Moderate 9. A
linear negative, linear
relationship relationship
What I Know What's In
1. A 1. Dependent – number What’s New
2. C of visitors;
3. B Independent – daily
4. C temperature
5. D 2. Dependent – growth of
6. Dependent – annual a plant;
salary; Independent – amount
Independent – age of of fertilizer it receives.
player 3. Dependent – size of
7. Not Appropriate the house;
8. Dependent – Cost Independent –
Independent – season number of household
of the year members
9. Not appropriate 4. Dependent – month of 1. Weak positive,
10. Dependent – test the year; linear
scores Independent – bill for relationship
Independent – the month
number of hours 5. Not appropriate
preparing for the test.
Answer Key
 18
What's More What's More What's More
2. No relationship 2. Weak positive, 3. Weak positive,
linear linear
relationship relationship
Assessment
What I Can Do What I Can Do 1. D
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. D
10.C
11.C
1. Moderate 12.A
2. No relationship 13.B
positive, linear
14.B
relationship 15.B
Additional Activities
Students answer may vary.
Answer Key
References

Books
Belecina, R., Bacay, E. S. & Mateo E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability First Edition.
Rex Book Store, Inc.

Canlapan, R. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. Makati
City, Philippines.

Department of Education (2020). K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies with

Corresponding CG Codes

Mercado, J. P., Orines, F. B. (2016). Next Century Mathematics Statistics and

Probability. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Website Links
Arcidiacono, G. (2019). Statistics Calculator: Scatter Plot.
http://www.alcula.com/calculators/statistics/scatter-plot/
Accessed February 13, 2021

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

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