JWCL068_ch03_093-146.

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94 Chapter 3 ■ Elementary Fluid Dynamics—The Bernoulli Equation

3.1 Newton’s Second Law

Mecánica de los Fluidos As a fluid particle moves from one location to another, it usually experiences an acceleration or de-

Unidad IV: Dinámica de

celeration. According to Newton’s second law of motion, the net force acting on the fluid particle
under consideration must equal its mass times its acceleration,
Primer Cuatrimestre F ! ma
Ingeniería Electromecánica

los Fluidos Elemental

In this chapter we consider the motion of inviscid fluids. That is, the fluid is assumed to have zero
Facultad de Ingeniería
viscosity. If the viscosity is zero, then the thermal conductivity of the fluid is also zero and there
Universidad Nacional de Salta can be no heat transfer 1except by radiation2.
In practice there are no inviscid fluids, since every fluid supports shear stresses when it is
subjected to a rate of strain displacement. For many flow situations the viscous effects are rela-
tively small compared with other effects. As a first approximation for such cases it is often possi-
ble to ignore viscous effects. For example, often the viscous forces developed in flowing water
may be several orders of magnitude smaller than forces due to other influences, such as gravity or
pressure differences. For other water flow situations, however, the viscous effects may be the dom-
inant ones. Similarly, the viscous effects associated with the flow of a gas are often negligible, al-

1
S
Preparado por M. Valdez
Inviscid fluid flow
though in some circumstances they are very important.
We assume that the fluid motion is governed by pressure and gravity forces only and exam-
2 Preparado por M. Valdez
S
is governed by ine Newton’s second law as it applies to a fluid particle in the form:
pressure and grav- 1Net pressure force on a particle2 # 1net gravity force on particle2 !
1 2
ity forces.
1particle mass2 " 1particle acceleration2
The results of the interaction between the pressure, gravity, and acceleration provide numerous use-
ful applications in fluid mechanics.
To apply Newton’s second law to a fluid 1or any other object2, we must define an appropri-
z
ate coordinate system in which to describe the motion. In general the motion will be three-
dimensional and unsteady so that three space coordinates and time are needed to describe it. There
x
Segunda Ley de Newton a lo
are numerous coordinate systems available, including the most often used rectangular 1x, y, z2 and

Unidad IV
y cylindrical 1r, u, z2 systems shown by the figure in the margin. Usually the specific flow geometry
dictates which system would be most appropriate.

Largo de una Línea de Flujo

Rectangular
In this chapter we will be concerned with two-dimensional motion like that confined to the
x–z plane as is shown in Fig. 3.1a. Clearly we could choose to describe the flow in terms of the
components of acceleration and forces in the x and z coordinate directions. The resulting equations
are frequently referred to as a two-dimensional form of the Euler equations of motion in rectan-
z gular Cartesian coordinates. This approach will be discussed in Chapter 6.
As is done in the study of dynamics 1Ref. 12, the motion of each fluid particle is described
r
in terms of its velocity vector, V, which is defined as the time rate of change of the position of the
θ Todos The
• particle. los particle’s
fluidos tienen
velocity viscosidad, sin embargo,
is a vector quantity en muchas
with a magnitude situaciones
1the speed, losdi-
V ! 0 V 0 2 and
Unidad IV: DINÁMICA DE LOS FLUIDOS ELEMENTAL rection.
efectosAsviscosos
the particle moves about,
(tensiones de itcorte)
followsson
a particular
pequeños path,comparados
the shape of which
con is governed
otros:
Ecuación de Bernoulli. Presión total, estática, dinámica, de estancamiento. Línea Cylindrical by the velocity of the particle. The location of the particle along the path is a function of where
presión, inercia y gravedad, entre otros, y pueden despreciarse.
de energía y línea de gradiente hidráulico. Segunda ley de Newton normal una the particle started at the initial time and its velocity along the path. If it is steady flow 1i.e., noth-
línea de corriente. Aplicaciones de la ecuación de Bernoulli: tubo de Prandtl o ing changes with time at a given location in the flow field2, each successive particle that passes
Pitot-Estático, flujos confinados, chorros de descarga a la atmósfera. En flujo
• through estacionario
a given laspoint
point [such as líneas
112 inde trayectoria
Fig. coinciden
3.1a] will follow the same con lasForlíneas
path. de the
such cases
corriente
z z

! = !(s) n = n1
Fluid particle
(2)
n n=0
V V
s
(1) Streamlines

x x
(a) (b)
3 Preparado por M. Valdez F I G U R E 3.1 4
(a) Flow in the x–z plane. Preparado
(b) Flow in terms of streamline and normalpor M. Valdez
coordinates.

3 4
 Segunda Ley de Newton a lo Segunda Ley de Newton a lo
Largo de una Línea de Flujo Largo de una Línea de Flujo
êt (s)
êr (s) <latexit sha1_base64="1vpUDWXFQXqPXKTYPMeRnh2vXmY=">AAACCnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPWV6tJNsAh1UxIp6LLgxmUF+4A2hMl00g6dmYSZG6WE/IG/4Fb37sStP+HWL3HaZmFbD1w4nHMv53LChDMNrvttbWxube/slvbK+weHR8d25aSj41QR2iYxj1UvxJpyJmkbGHDaSxTFIuS0G05uZ373kSrNYvkA04T6Ao8kixjBYKTArgzGGLJBKDKa5wHU9GVgV926O4ezTryCVFGBVmD/DIYxSQWVQDjWuu+5CfgZVsAIp3l5kGqaYDLBI9o3VGJBtZ/NX8+dC6MMnShWZiQ4c/XvRYaF1lMRmk2BYaxXvZn4n9dPIbrxMyaTFKgki6Ao5Q7EzqwHZ8gUJcCnhmCimPnVIWOsMAHT1lJKKPKyKcVbrWCddK7qnlv37hvVZqOop4TO0DmqIQ9doya6Qy3URgQ9oRf0it6sZ+vd+rA+F6sbVnFzipZgff0C44WanQ==</latexit>

Coordenadas Curvilíneas:
<latexit sha1_base64="E5o0/4Md+bIu4e06mb5bBSDevdI=">AAACCnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPWV6tJNsAh1UxIp6LLgxmUF+4A2hMn0ph06MwkzE6WE/IG/4Fb37sStP+HWL3HaZmFbD1w4nHMv53LChFGlXffb2tjc2t7ZLe2V9w8Oj47tyklHxakk0CYxi2UvxAoYFdDWVDPoJRIwDxl0w8ntzO8+glQ0Fg96moDP8UjQiBKsjRTYlcEY62wQ8gzyPJA1dRnYVbfuzuGsE68gVVSgFdg/g2FMUg5CE4aV6ntuov0MS00Jg7w8SBUkmEzwCPqGCsxB+dn89dy5MMrQiWJpRmhnrv69yDBXaspDs8mxHqtVbyb+5/VTHd34GRVJqkGQRVCUMkfHzqwHZ0glEM2mhmAiqfnVIWMsMdGmraWUkOdlU4q3WsE66VzVPbfu3TeqzUZRTwmdoXNUQx66Rk10h1qojQh6Qi/oFb1Zz9a79WF9LlY3rOLmFC3B+voF4Feamw==</latexit>

@p
p+ ds Segunda Ley de Newton para la Partícula Fluida:
êt (s) @s
êr (s) <latexit sha1_base64="1vpUDWXFQXqPXKTYPMeRnh2vXmY=">AAACCnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPWV6tJNsAh1UxIp6LLgxmUF+4A2hMl00g6dmYSZG6WE/IG/4Fb37sStP+HWL3HaZmFbD1w4nHMv53LChDMNrvttbWxube/slvbK+weHR8d25aSj41QR2iYxj1UvxJpyJmkbGHDaSxTFIuS0G05uZ373kSrNYvkA04T6Ao8kixjBYKTArgzGGLJBKDKa5wHU9GVgV926O4ezTryCVFGBVmD/DIYxSQWVQDjWuu+5CfgZVsAIp3l5kGqaYDLBI9o3VGJBtZ/NX8+dC6MMnShWZiQ4c/XvRYaF1lMRmk2BYaxXvZn4n9dPIbrxMyaTFKgki6Ao5Q7EzqwHZ8gUJcCnhmCimPnVIWOsMAHT1lJKKPKyKcVbrWCddK7qnlv37hvVZqOop4TO0DmqIQ9doya6Qy3URgQ9oRf0it6sZ+vd+rA+F6sbVnFzipZgff0C44WanQ==</latexit>

ds ds ds
<latexit sha1_base64="t0hP1/aRrbwX+AN6jZMXkEV+xPA=">AAACGnicbZBPS8MwGMbT+W/Of1WPXqJDEITRykCPAy8eJ7hNWMtI03QLS9OQpMIoPfsl/Ape9e5NvHrx6icx3Qq6zRcCP57nffMmTyAYVdpxvqzKyura+kZ1s7a1vbO7Z+8fdFWSSkw6OGGJvA+QIoxy0tFUM3IvJEFxwEgvGF8Xfu+BSEUTfqcngvgxGnIaUYy0kQb2sTj3Iolw5gkkNUUMivyXVR6qgV13Gs604DK4JdRBWe2B/e2FCU5jwjVmSKm+6wjtZ8WVmJG85qWKCITHaEj6BjmKifKz6VdyeGqUEEaJNIdrOFX/TmQoVmoSB6YzRnqkFr1C/M/rpzq68jPKRaoJx7NFUcqgTmCRCwypJFiziQGEJTVvhXiETDLapDe3JYjzmgnFXYxgGboXDddpuLfNeqtZxlMFR+AEnAEXXIIWuAFt0AEYPIJn8AJerSfrzXq3PmatFaucOQRzZX3+ANyFoZw=</latexit>

<latexit sha1_base64="E5o0/4Md+bIu4e06mb5bBSDevdI=">AAACCnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPWV6tJNsAh1UxIp6LLgxmUF+4A2hMn0ph06MwkzE6WE/IG/4Fb37sStP+HWL3HaZmFbD1w4nHMv53LChFGlXffb2tjc2t7ZLe2V9w8Oj47tyklHxakk0CYxi2UvxAoYFdDWVDPoJRIwDxl0w8ntzO8+glQ0Fg96moDP8UjQiBKsjRTYlcEY62wQ8gzyPJA1dRnYVbfuzuGsE68gVVSgFdg/g2FMUg5CE4aV6ntuov0MS00Jg7w8SBUkmEzwCPqGCsxB+dn89dy5MMrQiWJpRmhnrv69yDBXaspDs8mxHqtVbyb+5/VTHd34GRVJqkGQRVCUMkfHzqwHZ0glEM2mhmAiqfnVIWMsMdGmraWUkOdlU4q3WsE66VzVPbfu3TeqzUZRTwmdoXNUQx66Rk10h1qojQh6Qi/oFb1Zz9a79WF9LlY3rOLmFC3B+voF4Feamw==</latexit>

V (s, t) = êt (s) = V (s, t)êt (s) V (s, t) = <latexit sha1_base64="NlD7+0RN9EBO5EhaJolG13bDwJY=">AAAB+XicbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgKeyKoMeAF49RzAOSJczOziZD5rHMzAphyR941bs38erXePVLnCR7MIkFDUVVN91dUcqZsb7/7ZU2Nre2d8q7lb39g8Oj6vFJ26hME9oiiivdjbChnEnassxy2k01xSLitBON72Z+55lqw5R8spOUhgIPJUsYwdZJj7EZVGt+3Z8DrZOgIDUo0BxUf/qxIpmg0hKOjekFfmrDHGvLCKfTSj8zNMVkjIe056jEgpown186RRdOiVGitCtp0Vz9O5FjYcxERK5TYDsyq95M/M/rZTa5DXMm08xSSRaLkowjq9DsbRQzTYnlE0cw0czdisgIa0ysC2dpSySmFRdKsBrBOmlf1QO/Hjxc1xrXRTxlOINzuIQAbqAB99CEFhBI4AVe4c3LvXfvw/tctJa8YuYUluB9/QLLopP9</latexit>

V dF = adm
V
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<latexit
dt
<latexit sha1_base64="aBS5Sf9EeynyEEwy19pe0Sjuc6E=">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</latexit>
dt
<latexit sha1_base64="nz4rqL5oVSnlyz9qodNwEy/FHtg=">AAACEHicbZDLSsNAFIYn9VbrLerChZvBIlSQkkhBN0LBjcsK9gJtKZPJpB06k4SZE6GEvISv4Fb37sStb+DWJ3HaZmFbfxj4+c85nDOfFwuuwXG+rcLa+sbmVnG7tLO7t39gHx61dJQoypo0EpHqeEQzwUPWBA6CdWLFiPQEa3vju2m9/cSU5lH4CJOY9SUZhjzglICJBvZJq6Iv4QLf4l6gCE19rLPUh2xgl52qMxNeNW5uyihXY2D/9PyIJpKFQAXRuus6MfRTooBTwbJSL9EsJnRMhqxrbEgk0/109oEMn5vEx0GkzAsBz9K/EymRWk+kZzolgZFerk3D/2rdBIKbfsrDOAEW0vmiIBEYIjylgX2uGAUxMYZQxc2tmI6IAQGG2cIWT2YlA8VdRrBqWldV16m6D7VyvZbjKaJTdIYqyEXXqI7uUQM1EUUZekGv6M16tt6tD+tz3lqw8pljtCDr6xfNzZwX</latexit>
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ds
✓ ◆
<latexit sha1_base64="NlD7+0RN9EBO5EhaJolG13bDwJY=">AAAB+XicbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgKeyKoMeAF49RzAOSJczOziZD5rHMzAphyR941bs38erXePVLnCR7MIkFDUVVN91dUcqZsb7/7ZU2Nre2d8q7lb39g8Oj6vFJ26hME9oiiivdjbChnEnassxy2k01xSLitBON72Z+55lqw5R8spOUhgIPJUsYwdZJj7EZVGt+3Z8DrZOgIDUo0BxUf/qxIpmg0hKOjekFfmrDHGvLCKfTSj8zNMVkjIe056jEgpown186RRdOiVGitCtp0Vz9O5FjYcxERK5TYDsyq95M/M/rZTa5DXMm08xSSRaLkowjq9DsbRQzTYnlE0cw0czdisgIa0ysC2dpSySmFRdKsBrBOmlf1QO/Hjxc1xrXRTxlOINzuIQAbqAB99CEFhBI4AVe4c3LvXfvw/tctJa8YuYUluB9/QLLopP9</latexit>

dV @V @V ds dêt (s) ds p
a(s, t) = = + êt (s) + V (s, t) <latexit sha1_base64="eHTY+2FVSp/F7wk6BYNil+oyfD8=">AAAB+HicbVA9SwNBEJ2LXzF+RS1tFoNgFe4koGXAxjIB8wHJEfY2c8mS3btjd0+IR36BrfZ2Yuu/sfWXuEmuMIkPBh7vzTAzL0gE18Z1v53C1vbO7l5xv3RweHR8Uj49a+s4VQxbLBax6gZUo+ARtgw3AruJQioDgZ1gcj/3O0+oNI+jRzNN0Jd0FPGQM2qs1EwG5YpbdRcgm8TLSQVyNAbln/4wZqnEyDBBte55bmL8jCrDmcBZqZ9qTCib0BH2LI2oRO1ni0Nn5MoqQxLGylZkyEL9O5FRqfVUBrZTUjPW695c/M/rpSa88zMeJanBiC0XhakgJibzr8mQK2RGTC2hTHF7K2FjqigzNpuVLYGclWwo3noEm6R9U/XcqtesVeq1PJ4iXMAlXIMHt1CHB2hACxggvMArvDnPzrvz4XwuWwtOPnMOK3C+fgEDvpOM</latexit>

dt @t @s dt ds dt ✓ A lo largo de la trayectoria êt (s):

!
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s
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✓ ◆ W ✓ ◆
1@ V2
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<latexit

V2 @p @V
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@V @V pdA p+ ds dA ⇢ (dAds) g s n ✓ = ⇢ (dAds) +

R a(s, t) = + V êt (s) êr (s) @s 2 @s @t
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<latexit

@t @s R !
!
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@p 1@ V2 @V
@V 1@ V2 V2 ⇢g sin ✓ = ⇢ +
a(s, t) = + êt (s) êr (s) @s 2 @s @t
@t 2 @s R <latexit sha1_base64="VtNeteYfClDAzU/FCGhcJ/aLhEE=">AAACkXicbVFda9swFJW99WPZ2qbr417EskFLSbBDYdvDIHQvg75ksKSFKAuych2LyrKRrgvB+H/sr+11P2RUTgxN0l0QHM65517pKMqVtBgEfzz/xcu9/YPDV63Xb46OT9qnb8c2K4yAkchUZu4ibkFJDSOUqOAuN8DTSMFtdP+t1m8fwFiZ6Z+4zGGa8oWWsRQcHTVr/+6y2HBRspwblFzRvHrCtuoyk2R0wazUDBNATr/WDFMQ4/naGVZlv9oZstbHv/rMyEWCF1sz
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5 Preparado por M. Valdez 6 Preparado por M. Valdez

5 6

Segunda Ley de Newton a lo Segunda Ley de Newton a lo

Largo de una Línea de Flujo Largo de una Línea de Flujo
ê (s) ! ê (s)
êr (s) êr (s)
@p @p 1@ V2 @V @p 1 @p dz 1@ V2
p+ ds ⇢g s n ✓ = ⇢ + p+ ds +g + =0
@s @s 2 @s @t @s ⇢ @s ds 2 @s
ds ds
V ds dz V
✓ dz s n ✓ = n eg ando con espec o a
ds Z Z Z
dx ! 1 1
p 2 p dp + gdz + d V2 =0
@p dz 1@ V @V ⇢ 2
⇢g =⇢ +
✓ @s ds 2 @s @t ✓
Asum mos dens dad cons an e u o ncompres b e
W @V W
Asum mos u o Es ac onar o =0
@t 1
Ecuac ón de Bernou p + ⇢gz + ⇢ V 2 = Constante
z @p dz 1@ V 2
z 2
+ ⇢g +⇢ =0
@s ds 2 @s La on an d n g a ón d n a pa a ada n a d o n
x x
P M V P M V

7 8
 Ecuación de Bernoulli Ecuación de Bernoulli

1
1 p + ⇢gz + ⇢ V 2 = pT = Constante , Pa
p + ⇢gz + ⇢ V 2 = Constante 2
2
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Presión Estática Presión “Hidrostática” Presión Dinámica Presión Total

Limitaciones:
S Flujo sin fricción (no viscoso) Para un flujo incompresible, estacionario y sin pérdidas, la suma de la presión estática,
S Flujo sin adición ni extracción de energía (bombas o turbinas) hidrostática y dinámica, es decir, la presión total, es constante a lo largo de una línea de
corriente
S Flujo estacionario
S Flujo incompresible
S Válida entre puntos a lo largo de una misma línea de corriente

9 Preparado por M. Valdez 10 Preparado por M. Valdez

9 10

Ecuación de Bernoulli Ecuación de Bernoulli

p 1 N m3 J p 1
+ gz + V 2 = eT = Constante , 2 · = + z + V 2 = HT = Constante , m
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⇢ 2 m kg kg <latexit sha1_base64="6knYtUwGGfJm57Jfr/MkS8EVyfo=">AAACR3icbZDLahsxFIY17s11b26zzEbUFAoBM2MC7SYQyMarkkLsBDyu0chnxiK6TKQzpe6gt8pL5BHaZZt9diHLypdCY/eA4Of/z+EcfVkphcM4/hE1Hjx89PhJ82nr2fMXL1+1X78ZOlNZDgNupLFnGXMghYYBCpRwVlpgKpNwmp0fLfLTr2CdMPoE5yWMFSu0yAVnGKxJ+1OaW8br0tdFamfG732neysr8XWv8MMvvYP+5OQgRfiGVtVHRjtkGsGnaAXThYQL+jdUftLuxN14WXRbJGvRIes6nrR/pVPDKwUauWTOjZK4xHHNLAouwbfSykHJ+DkrYBSkZgrcuF7+29N3wZnS3NjwNNKl++9EzZRzc5WFTsVw5jazhfm/bFRh/nFcC11WCJqvFuWVpGjoAiKdCgsc5TwIxq0It1I+Y4EaBtT3tmTKtwKUZBPBthj2ukncTT7vdw7313iaZJe8Je9JQj6QQ9Inx2RAOLkkP8lvch1dRTfRbXS3am1E65kdcq8a0R8Ae7QA</latexit>
g⇢ 2g

Energía Energía Energía Energía Altura Altura Altura Altura

de Flujo Potencial Cinética Mecánica Total o Carga Geométrica Carga o Carga
de Presión de Velocidad Total
o Dinámica
Para un flujo incompresible, estacionario y sin pérdidas, la suma de la energías específicas de
Para un flujo incompresible, estacionario y sin pérdidas, la suma de la alturas de presión,
flujo (presión), potencial y cinética, es decir, la energía mecánica total, es constante a lo largo de
dinámica y geométrica, es decir, la altura o carga total es constante a lo largo de una línea de
una línea de corriente.
corriente.
El trabajo hecho por las fuerzas de gravedad y de presión a lo largo de una línea de corriente es
igual al cambio de energía cinética (Principio de trabajo y energía)
11 Preparado por M. Valdez 12 Preparado por M. Valdez

11 12