UNIT3 REVISION

Probability Eng. Abdullah Alfaqeeh

Q1: An experiment consists of inspecting three pieces against the product
specifications. List the elements of the sample space of this experiment, S,
using the letter c for "conforming" and d for "defective".

S={ ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc,ddd}
a) List the elements of S corresponding to event A that at least one of the three pieces is
conforming? A={ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc}
b) List the elements of S corresponding to event B that the second piece is defective.
B={cdc,cdd,ddc,ddd}
c) List the elements of S corresponding to event C that at most one of the three pieces is
conforming. C={cdd,dcd,ddc,ddd}
Define the event D that is represented by the set { ccc, ccd, cdc, cdd } D= the event that
the first piece is conforming
S={ ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc,ddd}
A={ccc,ccd,cdc,cdd,dcc,dcd,ddc}B={cdc,cdd,ddc,ddd}
e) List the elements of the sets representing B' and C’ B`={ccc,dcd,ccd,dcc}
C`={ccc,ccd,cdc,dcc}
f) Verify that:i)B'∩C' = (𝑩 ∪C)'
B`∩C`={ccc,ccd,dcc} B ∪ C={cdc,cdd,ddc,ddd,dcd}(B∪ C)`={ccc,ccd,dcc}

ii) B'∪C' = (𝑩 ∩C)’

B`∪ C`={ccc,ccd,dcc,dcd,cdc}
B ∩ C= {cdd,ddc,ddd}
( B ∩ C )`={ccc,ccd,dcc,dcd,cdc}
3) A pair of dice is tossed. What is the probability of getting a total of 5?
Ns= 6*6=36(1.4 , 4.1 ,2.3 , 3.2)

Total of five = p( 5) = 4/36

Q4) A Statistics class consists of 20 Industrial, 12 Mechanical, 10 Electrical, and 8 Civil
Engineering students. One student is randomly selected. Find the probability that he is:S=50
students

a) An Industrial-engineering major, P(I)=𝑛(𝐼)/𝑛(𝑠) = 20/50 = 2/5

b) Not in a Mechanical-engineering major, P(M)`=38/50
c) Either a Civil or an Electrical-engineering major. P(C ∪ E) =18/50
5) In a one class of 50 students, 20 study Islamic Culture, 15 study Arab Editing, and 8
study the two courses. If a student is selected at random, find the probability that: S=50

P(I)= 20/50= 0.4P(A)= 15/50= 0.3

P(A∩)I)=8/50= 0.16
Event A Arab Editing. Event I Islamic culture.a) He studies Arab Editing only.P(A only)=
P(A) - P(A∩)I)= 0.3 – 0.16= 0.14
b) He studies at least one of the two courses.P(A ∪I)= P(I)+ P(A) - P(A∩)I)= 0.4+ 0.3 –
0.16 = 0.54
c) He studies only one of the two courses.P(studies only one of the two courses)=P(A∪I) -
P(A∩)I)= 0.54 – 0.16 = 0.38
5) In a one class of 50 students, 20 study Islamic Culture, 15 study Arab Editing, and 8
study the two courses. If a student is selected at random, find the probability that: S=50

P(I)= 20/50= 0.4P(A)= 15/50= 0.3

P(A∩)I)=8/50= 0.16
Event A Arab Editing. Event I Islamic culture.
d) He studies at most one of the two courses.P(at most one of the two courses)= P(A`∪ I`)= 1-
P(A∩I)= 1- 0.16= 0.84
e) He doesn't study any of the two courses. P(A`∩ I`) =1-P(A ∪I)= 1- 0.54 = 0.46
f) If he is enrolled in Islamic Culture, he takes Arab Editing also. P(A/I)= 𝑝(A∩I)/ 𝑝(I)
=0.16/0.4
Q6)A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely to occur as an odd
number. Find the probability that a number less than 4 occurs on a single toss of the die.

S={1,1,2,3,3,4,5,5,6} n(s)=9
P(<4) = 5/9
If A and B are mutually exclusive events and P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.5,
find:

(a) P(𝑨 ∩B)= 0

(b) P(𝑨∪B) = P(A)+P(B) - P(A ∩B)=0.4+0.5=0.9
(c) P(𝑨′) =1-P(A)= 1-0.4=0.6
(𝐝) 𝑷(𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩) = P(B) =0.5
(e) 𝑷(𝑨 ′ ∪ 𝑩)=P(A`) = 0.6
(𝐟) 𝑷(𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′)=1- 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 1 - P(A)+P(B) = 1– (0.4+0.5) = 0.1
8) A town has two fire engines operating independently. The probability that
a specific fire engine is available when needed is 0.95 P(A)=0.95 P(B)=0.95

a) What is the probability that the two engines are available when needed? P(A ∩ B)= P(A)*P(B)
=0.95*0.95=0.9025
b) What is the probability that at least one of the two engines is available when needed? P(A
∪B)=P(A)+P(B)- P(A ∩B)=0.95+0.95-0.9025=0.9975
c) What is the probability that at most one of the two engines is available when needed? P(A`∪
B`)=1- P(A ∩B)= 1- 0.9025= 0.0975
d) What is the probability that neither is available when needed? P(A′ ∩ B′)= 1- P(A ∪B) = 1-
0.9976 = 0.0025
 11) A firm accustomed to training operators who do certain tasks on a production line.
Those operators who attend the training program are known to be able to meet their
production quotas 90% of the time. New operators who do not take the training course only
meet their quotas 65% of the time. 60% of new operators attend the course. Given that a
new operator meets his production quota, what is the probability that he attended the
program?
A= operators who attend the training programB=
operators who do not take the training course

0.90 P(M)= P(A ∩M)+ P(B ∩M) =P(A)*P(M/A)+P(B)*P(M/B)

A M =0.60(0.90)+0.40(0.65)=0.8
P(A/M)= = 0.675
0.60
0.4
0 0.65
B M