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Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system for School Building

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DOI: 10.37591/jorachv.v7i2.1013

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 Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
ISSN: 2394-1952
Volume 7, Issue 2
www.stmjournals.com

Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system

for School Building
Sharad Shukla1,*, Uma Shankar Dubey2, Pranshu Parouha3,
Shubham Patel4, Shubham Patel5
1
Assistant Professor (Guide), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and
Science, IPS Academy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
2–5
Student, Institute of Engineering and Science, IPS Academy, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract
In this project work we are going to design the energy efficient HVAC system for a school
building. The use of air conditioning systems for residential/office buildings were very
minimum in the earlier days of 1980’s. Due to the technology advancement and industrial
growth buildings were started construction in a closed area and construction of apartment
also increased after 1980’s with increased population. Also, ambient temperatures are
changed drastically due to global warming effect. The necessity of design of air conditioning
system for residential/office buildings is increasing day-by-day and lot of professionals have
been developed in this field and adapted themselves into this field as consultants/designers
due to the increased requirement. Hence, we also felt necessity to learn this subject and
upgrade our knowledge in this field of air conditioning.

Keywords: HVAC system design, psychometric processes, refrigeration, efficient HVAC

system, VRF system

*Author for Correspondence E-mail: sharadshukla@ipsacademy.org

INTRODUCTION we can have check on them the next time we

The project objectives are:
1. Design a HVAC system for school building.
2. Heat load calculation of a building.
3. HVAC Equipment selection.
4. Detail drawing of building with HVAC
systems and sub-systems.
Project Background and Process
Applying mechanical and thermal engineering
concepts, an air conditioner was designed for the
human comfort and other necessary objection.
This project report delineates norms and the
procedure for the estimation of the heat load on
the air conditioner. Being socially conscious
technocrat, I choose to invest my time, effort,
and engineering knowledge into clearly
understanding the mechanism underlying within
the air conditioner which became a necessity in
today’s world. We chose to concentrate more on
cooling load calculations because through this
we can understand the heat gain sources so that
switch on an A.C.
Refrigeration
The term refrigeration means cooling a space,
substance or system to lower and/or maintain its
temperature below the ambient one (while the
removed heat is rejected at a higher temperature).
The device that serves this purpose is called
“refrigerator”. Refrigerator has become a part of
day-to-day life of man. It has become a necessity
in this world of technology. In other words, the
term refrigeration means continued extraction of
heat from a body whose temperature is below the
surrounding temperature. The refrigerant is a
heat carrying medium which during their cycle
in the refrigeration system absorbs heat from a
low temperature system and discards it to high
temperature body. There are many types
refrigerants that are widely being used. Some
of them are Freon-22, R-134a, R-11, R-12, R-
100, etc.

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 38
Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system for School Building Shukla et al.

Air Conditioning Scope of the Project

Merely lowering or raising the temperature
provides comfort in general to the machines or
its components and living beings in particular.
In case of machine components along with
temperature, humidity also has to be controlled
and for the comfort of human beings along
with these two important parameters, air
motion and cleanliness also play a vital role.
Air conditioning works on the same principle
as that of Refrigerating system. Air
conditioning is that branch of engineering
science that deals with the conditioning of air
supplying and maintaining desirable internal
atmospheric conditions for human comfort,
irrespective of external conditions. It also
deals with the conditioning of air for industrial
processes, food processing, storage of foods
and other materials.
Air Refrigeration Cycle
Air refrigerator working on Bell-Coleman
cycle (Reverse Brayton cycle) (Figure 1).
This research briefly introduces the principal
components of cooling load of a building,
namely, wall transmission, solar effect,
internal heat gain (light, equipment,
occupants) orientation of building, etc. The
indoor design condition was set at 75°F and a
relative humidity of 55% applied to buildings
of different constructions. The outdoor
condition was extracted from long term
climatic data obtain from Meteorological
Department of Indore.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Previous Work
The basic concept behind air conditioning is
known to have applied in ancient Egypt, where
reeds were hung in windows and were
moistened with trickling water. The
evaporation of water cooled the air blowing
through the window. This process also made
the air more humid.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1: Bell Coleman Cycle. (a) P-V Diagram and (b) T-S Diagram.

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 39
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 7, Issue 2
ISSN: 2394-1952

Andersson et al. [1] designed HVAC system ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION

and calculated cooling loads for a sample Assumptions
residential building at different orientations, Conditioning Space
using a building energy analysis computer 1. 1st lab will be chemistry lab and 2nd lab
program BLAST. They identified that the total will be biology lab and other 2 will be
loads were found to be higher for north than computer and physics lab.
south orientation except in extreme southern
latitudes of the U.S. Specific Assumptions
Inside Condition
Omar et al. [2] calculated the hourly cooling 1. Dry bulb temperature = 104oF.
load due to different kinds of wall, roof and 2. Wet bulb temperature= 69.8oF.
3. Desired temperature= 75oF.
fenestration using transfer function method
4. Relative humidity= 55%
(TFM). The output of this method was
compared with the well-known Carrier Designed Condition
program and the results were acceptable. In 1. One air change per for classrooms and 2
the case of cooling load, when the results were air change for labs and seminar hall.
compared with the ASHRAE examples, some 2. School timing from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
differences were noticed due to wall and roof. 3. Height of the classrooms will be 13.1 ft.
They also studied the effects of changing the 4. Air velocity 1200ft\min.
wall color on cooling load. 5. All the equipment’s selected from Hitachi.
6. False ceiling is absent.
Adnan Shariah et al. [3] studied the effect of 7. Ventilation in toilets are free flow and
the absorptance of external surfaces of forced flow in Kitchen.
buildings on heating, cooling and total loads
using the TRNSYS simulation program. Two Load Calculation
types of construction materials, namely heavy 1. Density of air is constant.
weight concrete block and light weight 2. Only Ventilation for toilets and Kitchen
concrete were used in the simulation. They (no cooling).
also calculated the effects of the absorptance 3. The peak time will be 4 p.m.
on energy loads for insulated buildings. They 4. Classrooms and labs will not be running
reported that, for uninsulated buildings, as the simultaneously.
5. The equipment load in computer and
absorptance was changed from one to zero, the
physics lab will be .15
total energy load decreased by 32%, while for
insulated buildings, it decreased by 26% in
Cost Calculations
Amman. Whereas the decrease was about 47%
1. The capital cost per horse power will be
for uninsulated and 32% for insulated 51,000 Rs.
buildings in Aqaba. 2. The unit rate of electricity will be 10
Rs./kWh.
Kulkarni et al. [4] optimized cooling load for a 3. The number of working days will be 220
lecture theatre in a composite climate in India. days on which only 180 days our HVAC
The lecture theatre had a dimension of system will be working.
16m×8.4m×3.6m and was situated at Roorkee 4. Diversity factor is 1.35
(28.58o N, 77.20o E) in the northern region of
India. The monthly, annual cooling load and Heat Load Calculation [5, 6]
cooling capacity of air conditioning system For Classroom 3
was determined by a computer simulation Heat Gain through West Facing Glass
program. They reported that the use of false • U Factor 161 Btu/hr.ft2 [5]
celling, ceramic tiles on roof and floor, electro • Area of window = 2(1.5x1.2) = 58.104 ft2
chromic reflective colored, 13mm air gap, • Heat gain factor = .56 [5]
clear glass gave the best possible retrofitting Heat gain = 𝑈 × 𝐴 × ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [6]
option. = 5239 Btu/hr.

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 40
Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system for School Building Shukla et al.

Solar Heat Gain Through West Facing Wall • By-pass factor = .15 [5]
and Roof • Factor = 1.08
• Area of wall- 6 × 7 × 10.76 = 393.816 ft2 Heat gain through outside air= 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ×
• U factor = .36 Btu/hr.ft2 [5] 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝐵𝐹 × 𝐹 [6]
• Equivalent temp. diff. = 23 of = 1409Btu/hr.
Heat gain = 𝑈×𝐴× ERSH = 𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝑆𝐹 +
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. [6] ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 3261 Btu/hr. = 37738 Btu/hr.

Transient Heat Gain Except Roof and Wall Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH)
• Area of glass = 58.104 ft2 • Latent heat of people = 205 Btu/hr.
• Area of partition = 6 × 4 × 10.76 = • No. of people = 30
258.24 ft2 • Room latent heat = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 ×
• Area of floor = 6 × 7 × 10.76 = 451.92 ft2 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
• U factor (glass) = 1.13Btu/hr.ft2 [5] = 30 X 205 = 6150 Btu/hr.
• U factor (partition)= .32Btu/hr.ft2 [5] • Supply Duct leakage loss =
• U factor (floor) = 452Btu/hr.ft2 [5] 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑟 × 𝑅𝐿𝐻 = .025 X 6150
• Temp. diff. (glass) = 29°F =154 Btu/hr.
• Temp. diff (partition and floor) = 24°F • Outside air CFM =300
Trans. Heat gain (glass) =𝑈 × 𝐴 × • Outside air moisture = -21.8 gr/lb
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. [6] • By-pass factor = .15
= 1904 Btu/hr. • Factor = .68 [5]
Trans. Heat gain (partition) = 1983 Btu/hr. Latent heat through outside air = 𝐶𝐹𝑀 ×
Trans. Heat gain (floor) = 4772 Btu/hr. 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 𝐵𝐹 × 𝐹
= -667 Btu/hr.
Internal Heat Gain ERLH = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 +
• No. of people = 30 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 + 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟)
• Lights = 240 W = 5637 Btu/hr.
• Safety factor = 1.25 [5]
Effective Room Total Heat (ERTH)
• Equipment load= 2000 W
ERTH = 𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝐸𝑅𝐿𝐻
• Sensible heat (people)= 245Btu/hr.ft2 [5]
= 43375 Btu/hr.
• U factor (light and equip.) = 3.41
Btu/hr.ft2 [5] Outside Air Sensible Heat
Heat gain (people) = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 × =𝐶𝐹𝑀 × 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝.× (1 − 𝐵𝐹) × 𝐹
𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 =7987Btu/hr.
= 7350 Btu/hr.
Heat gain (lights) =𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 × 1.25 × Outside Air Latent Heat
𝑈 =𝐶𝐹𝑀 × 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 × (1 − 𝐵𝐹) × 𝐹
= 963 Btu/hr. =-3780 Btu/hr.
Heat gain (equipment) =𝑈 × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
= 6820 Btu/hr. Total Heat Load
=𝐸𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝑂𝐴𝑆𝐻 + 𝑂𝐴𝐿𝐻
Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH) =47581 Btu/hr.
• RSH = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠
= 32292 Btu/hr. Actual Tonnage of Refrigeration
• Supply duct heat gain= 1292 Btu/hr. = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑/12000
• Safety factor = 8.5% =3.97 TR
= RSH X .085 Dehumidified CFM TR
= 2745 Btu/hr. • Apparatus dew point (ADP) = 52°F
• Outside air CFM = 300 • Dehumidified temp. rise = (1 −
• Outside air temp. = 29oF 𝐵𝐹) × (𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑏 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 − 𝐴𝐷𝑃)

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 41
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 7, Issue 2
ISSN: 2394-1952

=(1 − .15) × (75 − 52) Total TR = 99.6

=19.55°F By applying diversity factor of 135%
• Dehumidified CFM =𝐸𝑅𝑆𝐻/(1.08 × Total TR required = 73.8
𝐷𝑇𝑅)
= 37738/(1.08 × 19.55) PRODUCT SUB-SYSTEMS AND
= 1787 CFM COMPONENT
Dehumidified CFM TR = 𝐷𝐶𝐹𝑀/400 Equipment Selection
= 1787/400 Equipment’s are selected according to the
Dehumidified CFM TR = 4.4675 TR higher values of tonnes of refrigeration and
CFM. Here the distributions of systems are
Here on comparing with actual TR and according to the standards followed by the
Dehumidified TR, Dehumidified TR is greater OEMs (Table 2).
hence we select equipment according to
Dehumidified TR (Table 1). Table 2: Equipment Selection.
Similarly,

Required TR

Type of Unit
Selected TR

Selected
Rooms

CFM
Table 1: Calculation of tonnage of
refrigeration.
Dehumidified TR
Occupancy

Classroom 1 3.11 2+1.3 671+424 High wall

Actual TR
Area ft2
Rooms

Classroom 2 3.72 2+2 671+671 High wall

Classroom 3 4.46 3+1.6 776.4+585.8 High wall
Classroom 4 3.8 2+2 671+671 High wall

Classroom 1 269 30 2.88 3.11 Classroom 5 3.5 2+1.6 671+585.8 High wall
Classroom 2 207.13 30 3.30 3.72 Classroom 6 3.86 2+2 671+671 High wall
Classroom 3 451.92 30 3.97 4.46 Classroom 7 3.77 2+2 671+671 High wall
Classroom 4 451.92 30 3.54 3.8 Classroom 8 3.84 2+2 671+671 High wall
Classroom 5 451.92 30 3.32 3.5 Classroom 9 4.22 2+2.5 671+670.5 High wall
Classroom 6 451.92 30 3.54 3.86 Classroom 10 4.07 1.3+3 529.3+776.4 High wall
Classroom 7 451.92 30 3.47 3.77 Classroom 11 3.69 2+2 671+671 High wall
Classroom 8 322.8 30 3.52 3.84 Lab 1 3.98 2+2 671+671 High wall
Classroom 9 322.8 30 3.79 4.22 Lab 2 3.98 2+2 671+671 High wall
Classroom 10 322.8 30 3.69 4.07 Lab 3 4.7 3+2 776.4+671 High wall
Classroom 11 322.8 30 3.42 3.69
Lab 4 2.67 2+0.8 671+370.5 High wall
Lab 1 322.8 30 3.62 3.98
Office 1 2.66 3 776.5 High wall
Lab 2 322.8 30 3.62 3.98
Office 2 2.78 3 776.5 High wall
Lab 3 322.8 30 4.16 4.7
Faculty room 1 5.53 3+3 776.4+776.4 High wall
Lab 4 322.8 30 2.67 2.67
Faculty room 2 5.16 3+2.5 776.4+670.5 High wall
Office 1 215.2 10 2.34 2.66
Boys Room 4.8 3+2 776.4+671 High wall
Office 2 199.06 10 2.42 2.78
Ladies Room 4.6 3+2 776.4+671 High wall
Faculty room 1 341.79 30 5.37 5.53
Seminar hall 11.4 6+6 3000+3000 Ceiling type
Faculty room 2 341.79 30 5.11 5.16
Boys Room 341.79 40 4.50 4.8
Installation of HVAC systems and sub systems
Ladies Room 341.79 40 4.12 4.6 in floor plan is according to this detailed
Seminar hall 1137.78 80 11.45 11.4 drawing given (Figures 2–5).

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 42
Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system for School Building Shukla et al.

Fig. 2: Detailed Drawing of School Building [7].

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 43
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 7, Issue 2
ISSN: 2394-1952

Fig. 3: Elevation of School Building With Outdoor Unit [7].

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 44
Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system for School Building Shukla et al.

Fig. 4: HVAC systems and sub-systems in ground floor [7].

WHY VRF? recovery mode the compressor would only be

Some of the features of multi-split systems
should provide energy savings. These include:
VRF systems use R-410A refrigerant as the
heat-transfer fluid and the working fluid,
achieving a very high energy efficiency ratio
(EER) of 15 to 20 and integrated energy
efficiency ratio (IEER) of 17 to 25. They are
20% to 30% more efficient than conventional
HVAC systems due to partial load operation,
speed modulation, zoning capabilities, and
heat-recovery technology.
Heat recovery is readily accomplished with the
refrigerant when some of the indoor units are
heating and some of the units are cooling.
According to one manufacturer’s published
data, if a 50% demand for full cooling and a
50% demand for full heating exist, in the heat
48% loaded.
Duct losses are confined to the ventilation air
which is normally about 1/5th of the air flow
of a ducted system circulating and
conditioning both the ventilation air and there
circulated air.
Modern VRF systems provide some major
advantages, such as zoning, individual
temperature control, minimized ductwork,
excluding the need for secondary fluids
(chilled-water or hot-water distribution), and
associated costs. This all-electric technology
consists of a single outdoor condensing unit,
multiple indoor units serving various zones,
refrigerant piping with branch selectors, and
associated controls.

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 45
Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 7, Issue 2
ISSN: 2394-1952

Fig. 5: HVAC system and sub-systems in 1st floor [7].

COST COMPARISON WITH year for 2nd year the cost of maintenance is
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM 2500 INR per Horse power.
Life Cycle Cost of VRF System Total Maintenance Cost for 15 years =
Capital Cost 6574121.1 INR.
• Total Horsepower Required = 94
• Cost per Horse power A/C to OEM= Total Cost of VRF system = 4794000 +
51000 INR. 15167088 + 6574121.1
Capital Cost = 94 X 51000 = 26535209.09 INR.
= 4794000 INR.
Life Cycle Cost of Chilled Water System
Running Cost for 15 Years Capital Cost
• A/C to OEM Running Cost per Hour for • Required Chiller Plant = 75 TR
94 HP = 70.218 • Cost Per TR A/C to OEM = 65000 INR.
• No. of hours School Running = 8 Total Capital Cost = 75 X 65000
• No. of School Days = 180 = 4875000 INR.
• No. of Years = 15
• Unit price of Electricity = 10 Running Cost For 15 Years
Running Cost = 70.218 X 8 X 180 X 15 X 10 • A/C to OEM Running Cost per Hour for
= 15167088 INR. 94 HP = 64.68 INR
• No. of School hours = 8
Maintenance Cost • No. of School Days = 180
For 15 years of maintenance we have • No. of years = 15
Considered 10% of escalation of price every • Unit price of Electricity = 10

JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 46
Design, Calculation and Cost Estimation of HVAC system for School Building
Total Running Cost = 64.68 × 8 × 180 × 15 × 10
= 13970880 INR.
Operating Cost for Chilled Water System
For operating the chilled water system, we
have to hire an operator and Pay some salary
let us consider the salary of an operator is
15000 INR and there will be a 5% escalation
in salary every year,
Hence total Cost of operating the chilled water
System = 3884141 INR.
Maintenance Cost for 15 Years
Maintenance cost of chilled water system is
similar to VRF system but the 2nd year
maintenance cost will be 2000 INR per TR
and there will be a 10% escalation of price
every year,
Total Maintenance Cost for 15 years =
4196247.5 INR
Total Cost of Chilled water system =4875000+
13970880 + 3884141 + 4196247.5
= 26926268.95 INR
Here, we clearly observed that the Cost of
Chilled water system is higher and it requires
an operator to operate the chilled water system
and also considering the Water Scarcity and
also the Cost to procure the water we have
selected the VRF system over chilled water
system.
APPLICATION
In the small/medium sized building
environment where air conditioning is
required, it is common for Variable
Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems to be
installed to maintain internal building
conditions. VRF systems operate with multiple
indoor air-conditioning units connected to a
single outdoor condensing unit. Depending on
each zone’s condition, the refrigerant volume
is varied to each indoor unit. Hotels, schools,
hospitals, cinema hall courthouses, residential,
central plant, multi-storied buildings,
Commercial buildings, office buildings, and
industrial unit are good examples.
CONCLUSIONS
The impacts of building envelop parameters;
HVAC systems design, selection and
JoRACHV (2020) 38-48 © STM Journals 2020. All Rights Reserved
Shukla et al.
operational techniques; and lighting system
design on energy consumption in the selected
commercial buildings from different climate
zones have been studied. The study has been
conducted in different stages to accomplish the
research objectives. In the initial phase,
extensive literature was assessed for HVAC
system operation, energy efficiency in
buildings, energy conservation and thermal
comfort. It was apparent from earlier studies
that energy efficiency in buildings and thermal
comfort conditions were primarily allied with
HVAC system planning and procedure. In
most countries one of the major contributions
in energy consumption for buildings come
from HVAC system and especially a largest
electric consumption found in commercial
buildings by HVAC. Through some studies
conducted, apprehension about preserving and
improving an existing building energy system
has guided designers to pay a lesser amount of
consideration towards comparative study for
the proposed buildings. It was necessary to
assess the current common practices adopted
in commercial building energy systems to
identifying the impact and potential of energy
efficiency measures in different climate zones
of India.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our appreciation and
gratitude to Mr. Sharad Shukla (Guide), for his
valuable support, advice and guidance during
this study work. Our special appreciation goes
to our college for their continuous help and
support. Finally, I thank the almighty God,
without blessing of whose, nothing would be
possible.
REFERENCES
1. Andersson B., Wayne P., Ronald K. The
impact of building orientation on
residential heating and cooling. Energy
and Buildings,1985; 8; 205–224.
2. Omar et al. [2], Calculated the hourly
cooling load due to different kinds of wall,
roof and fenestration using transfer
function method (TFM).
3. Shariah A., Bassam S., Akram R. and
Brhan T., Effects of absorptance of
external surfaces on heating and cooling
loads of residential buildings in Jordan
Page 47
 Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation
Volume 7, Issue 2
ISSN: 2394-1952

Energy Conversion and Management. 7. For all the CAD drawing please check out
1998; 39; 273–284. the connection given underneath:
4. Kulkarni K., P.K. Sahoo and Mishra M., https://drive.google.com/open?id=124QhH
Optimization of cooling load for a lecture FACNiZsuHkQ9Dhq0XRhj3YQpkGd.
theatre in a composite climate in India.
Energy and Buildings. 2011; 43; 1573–
1579. Cite this Article
5. ASHRAE, Fundamentals Handbook, Sharad Shukla, Uma Shankar Dubey,
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