DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

Name:-ASEGID GEZEHAGN ID NO:-1205423

Sub date:-
submitted To:-mr
maheb.W

Table Contents
Acknowledgment.....................................................................1
1 Introduction To Software....................................................2
1.1.1 Definition Of Software.......................................................2
1.1.2 Relation Between Hardware And Software.....................2
1.1.3 Qualities Of Good Software................................................2
1.1.4 Ways Of Acquiring Computer Software............................3
1.2 Classification Of Software........................................................3
1.2.1 Classification Of Software Based On Task...................................4
1.2.2 System Software.............................................................................4
2. Application Software.....................................................................5
2.1 Classification Of Software Based On source...........................................6
2.1.1 closed source software..........................................................................
2.2 Open source Software...........................................................................
2.3 Classification Of Software Based On License........................................
2.4 OTher Types Of Software.......................................................................
2.5 Application Software...........................................................................
2.6 General Purpose Application Software........................................
3. System Software...............................................................................
3.1System Management......................................................................
4.Iintroduction To Data base managemen.........................................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
One may say that there is no beginning and end but I doubt that there beginning and the
end for things. That is the almighty God, thanks for Jesus For giving me strength
to finish my work successfully and for teaching me the effort good work requires. I would like to thank
our Management Information System (MIS) course lecture Mr Mahteb.W for giving us this
assignment to do it and help us to understand well about software.

INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE
1.1 Definition Of Software
Software, by definition, is the collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that
performs different tasks on a computer system. It actually tells the computer what to do and how to do
it.Software may enter the computer through one of following three ways.
(i)I may be build into the computer circuit in the form of firmware.
(ii)It may be loaded into the computer from a secondary storage device such as CDROM or hard disk
drives
(iii)It is also be typed into the computer with the aid of the keyboard and
programming tools
1.2 Relation between hardware and software
Software refers to the computer programs that are loaded into a computer system, and hardware refers to
all the visible devices, which are assembled together to build a computer system. The blending of
software and hardware gives life to a computer system. Even though hardware is the physical part of a
computer, it is nothing unless it has software to control it. Hardware and software then share a special
relationship. If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, software is its 'soul'. Both are complimentary
to each other. Hardware is of no use without software and software cannot be used without hardware.
1.3 Qualities Of Good Software
Some of the most essential attributes of good software include
(A) Usability: This is the ease and convenience with which software can be used by
human being. This is affected by technologies such as the Human-Computer Interface
(B) Efficiency: This is the degree with which software fufills its purposes without waste
of resources
(C) Portability: It is the ease with which software can be used in other computer systems
different from the currents one.
(D) Reusability: This is the ease with which software can be reused to design other software.
(E) Maintainability: this is the ease with which modifications can be made to satisfy new
requirements or to correct deficiencies. Well designed software should be flexible
enough to accommodate future changes that will be needed as new requirements come
to light.
(F) Security: This is the with which software is able to protect its data against
unauthorized access and to withstand malicious interference on its operations.
(G) Reliability: This is the frequency and extends to which software fails to perform its
functions under normal operating circumstances.
(H) Understandability: It is the ease with which software can be understood by computer
users.
(I) Completeness: This is the characteristic whereby, the software possesses all of its
parts, each of them being fully developed.
(J) Correctness: This is the degree with which software meet its specified requirements.
(K) Robustness: This is the degree with which software resist to users manipulations errors
1.4 Ways of acquiring computer software
Software can enter the computer through different channels. Some of the common ways of acquiring
computer software include:
(i) Buying the computer: when you buy a new computer from the shop, you are
usually supplied with some software for free, from the computer manufacturer
(ii) Buying the software from a shop:
(iii) Downloading the software from a website for free (freeware) or after paying
some money to the vendor
(iv) Ordering from the vendor either by email, fax or postal letter. Here you also need
to pay for the product before it is sent to you.
(v) Copying from other people‘s machines: This is what most Cameroonians do and it
is what referred to as software piracy. Software piracy is illegal and therefore
punishable by law
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE
Computer software can be organized into categories based on common function, task, or field
of use. We can then categorize software in different ways.
1.2.1 Classification of software based on task
Based on the kind of task they perform, software can be divided into two
major groups: System software and application software. The diagram
below gives a simplified hierarchical organization of the main parts of
software in a general-purpose computer. At the highest level of this
hierarchy lies the application software, whose services are carried out by the underlying system software.
The devices of the system software are then executed by the underlying hardware componentsComputers
operate by executing software programs. This involves passing the instructions from the application
software, through the system software to the hardware that ultimately. receive the instruction as machine
code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation such as data transmission, data
processing, data storage or data control.
1.2.2 System Software
System software is a type of computer software that controls the operation of the computer and provides
facilities that extend the general capabilities of the machine. This provides the basic functions for
computer usage and helps to run the computer hardware and system. It includes a combination of the
following:
1)Operating system
An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities among computer
hardware devices. This is the most important type of system software in a computer. A user can‘t run an
application program on the computer except it is self booting without the Operating System. Operating
systems are contained in almost all devices including mobile phones. (to be extended in the next
chapterFunctions of an operating system An operating system executes many functions to operate
computer system efficiently. Among them, four essential functions are the followings.
 Resource Management: An operating system manages a collection of computer hardware resources by
using a variety of programs. It manages computer system resources, including its CPU, primary
memory,virtual memory, secondary storage devices, input/output peripherals, and other devices. For
example, most operating systems now are plug and play which means a device such as a printer
willautomatically be detected and configured without any user intervention.
 Task Management: The function of the operating system that controls the running of many tasks. It
manages one program or many programs within a computer system simultaneously. That is, this function
of operating system manages the completion of users' tasks. A task management program in an operating
system provides each task and interrupts the CPU operations to manage tasks efficiently. Task
management may involve amultitasking capability.
 File management: This is a function that manages data files. An operating system contains file
management programs that provide the ability to create, delete, enter, change, ask, and access of files of
data. The operating system keeps track of where files are located on the hard drive through the type of file
system. The type two main types of file system most used are File Allocation table (FAT) or New
Technology
File system (NTFS).
 User Interface: It is a function of an operating system that allows users to interact with a computer. The
two main types of user interfaces are: command line and a graphical user interface (GUI). With a
command line interface, the user interacts. with the operating system by typing commands to perform
specific tasks. An example of a command line interface is DOS (disk operating system). With a graphical
user interface, the user interacts with the operating system by using a mouse to access windows, icons,
and menus. An example of a graphical user interface is Windows Vista or Windows 7.Examples of
popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux (ubuntu,Knoppix, Dreamlinux, …)
OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows(Windows 95, 2000, Vista, 7, 8, …), Windows Phone, and IBM
z/OS.All these, except Windows, Windows Phone and z/OS, share roots in UNIX.
2) Utility program
This is system software designed to help analyse, configure, optimise or maintain a computer. A single
piece will be called a utility or tool. Some Well-known utility software include :
 Antivirus programs: They are used to detect and eliminate computer viruses and related malicious
software. Some examples are: avast, AVG, Avira, BitDefender, Norton
 Backup programs: They help to make copies of all information valuable to a computer or information
system and store it safe. The information can be restored in the event of disk failure or other accidents
that will lead to data loss.
 Data Recovery: As the name implies, data recovery programs are used to recover data. Since disk
drives or other hardware may fail, these utilities are essential to recover data in such a scenario.
 Data Compression programs: They make the data more compact, reducing the space occupied by the
data.
 Disk management program : These are program involving formatting and arranging disk files in
aorderly manner.
 Memory management software : It handles locations in RAM where data put their current data. It can
move certain memory-resident items out of the way so as to increase the memory space.
 The Server: In the context of client-Server architecture, a server is a computer program running to
serve the requests of other programs – ―the clients‖. The clients may run on the same systems or through
networks.
3)Programing Software
It is the type of software that is used for creating other software. Another name for programming software
is Integrated Development Environment (IDE). An IDE normally consist of a source code editor, a
translator (compiler or interpreter) and a debugger.
- Editor: It is a programming tool that is used for creating and modifying application
programs. It helps the computer user to enter, search, delete, replace, copy and insert text or sections of a
text in a desired position. Compiler: It is used to convert a complete program written in a high-level
language (such as Pascal and C) into a program in machine language.
- Interpreter: A program which translates the program statements into machine language one line at a time
as the program is running.
- Assembler: A programming tool that convert a program in assembly language into program in machine
language.
- Debugger: It is a program that is used for locating and correcting programming errors.
- Linker: A linker or link Editor is a program that takes one or more objects generated by the compiler
and combines them to a single executable program..
- Loader: Loader is a kind of system software, which is responsible for loading and relocation of
theexecutable program in the main memory. The functions of a loader include assigning load time space
forstorage, that is, storage allocation and assisting a program to execute appropriately.
4)Device Drivers
Device drivers are computer programs that allow higher level computer programs to communicate and
interact with a hardware device. All hardware devices have the devices drivers that communicate with
them through the computer bus to which the hardware is connected. Drivers are hardware dependent and
operating system specific. Some specific
categories of device drivers are
Logical Device Drivers (LDD) which are written by the Operating System vendors
Physical Device Drivers (PDD) which are written and implemented by the hardware vendor.
To solve device driver crises, Microsoft has created the Windows Drivers Foundation (WDF) which
collects and keeps all device drivers as a database.
2.Application Software
Although system software has the vital job of controlling and managing the computer, it is the application
software that lets you carry out the tasks for which the system was purchased. It enables the end users to
accomplish certain specific tasks. Business software, databases and educational software are some forms
of application software. Different wordprocessors, which are dedicated to specialized tasks to be
performed by the user, are other examples of application software.
A)General Purpose Software
A general purpose application, sometimes known as ‗off-the-shelf‘ is the sort of software that you use at
home and school. Examples include word processors, spreadsheets, databases, desktop publishing
packages, graphics packages etc.This type of software tries to be a ‗jack-of-all-trades‘. It provides many
features that the majority of users will want e.g. formatting text, creating charts, organising tables. But it
does try to be‘ all things to all people‘ and so there will be a vast number of features that you may never
use e.g. statistical functions, mail merge. This makes the storage size of these applications fairly large.
There are several good reasons for using general purpose software:
 It is relatively cheap
 It is easily available from most computer shops
 It will have been thoroughly tested so there won‘t be any serious problems or bugs
 There will be lots of user support i.e. books, user guides, online help and discussion forums on the
Internet
Examples of General Purpose Application Software:
 Desktop Publishing Software - Often used to create graphics for point of sale displays, promotional
items, trade show exhibits, retail package designs and outdoor signs. In very simple words, it could be
said that it is a page maker application.
 Word-Processing Software - Used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and
possibly printing) of any sort of printable material. Thissoftware enables users to create, format, edit and
print electronic documents (Letters, reports, articles, …). The most popular examples of this type of
software are MSWord, WordPad and Word Perfect, Libreoffice writter.
 Spreadsheet Software - Used for any kind of spreadsheet work including analysis,
planning or modeling. This is a general purpose software with many functions.
Spreadsheet software are used for creating documents to manage and organize
numerical data. It is used to perform calculations on rows and columns of data
Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 and Apple Numbers are some examples of spreadsheet
 Database Database is a structured collection of data. A computer database relies on
database software to organize data and enable database users to perform database
operations. Database software allows users to store and retrieve data from databases.
Examples are Oracle, MSAccess, EasyPhp, etc.
 Graphic package Allow you to create pictures and edit photographs. Example
software: CorelDraw. Paint Shop Pro.
 Presentation Software: The software that is used to display information in the form of a slide show is
known as presentation software. This type of software includes three functions, namely, editing that
allows insertion and formatting of text, methods to include graphics in the text and a functionality of
executing slide shows. Microsoftprocessors, which are dedicated to specialized tasks to be performed by
the user, are other examples of application software.
B)Specific Purpose Software
Function-specific software are highly specialized software that are designed to handle specific tasks.
They're more limited in what they can do, but they usually perform much better than a general purpose
program in a specific task.For example, TurboTax (a tax preparation package) is a special purpose
application. Sure, it adds and subtracts numbers like a spreadsheet, but you can't use it to plan your
monthly budget. It does only one thing - prepare tax returns. Other examples of special
purposeapplication software are web browsers, calculators, media players, calendar programs etc. Again,
make sure that you don't use brand names!
 Communications software: Used to send messages and emails Example software: MS Outlook Express.
MS Messenger.
 Desktop publishing programs: Used to combine and control graphics and text in a single document.
Example software: Adobe PageMaker. MS Publisher.
 Web browser: Computer program that enables internet users to access, navigate,
and search World Wide Web sites. It is also called browser. Ex: Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer, Opera,
Google chrome
 Enterprise Software: It deals with the needs of organization processes and data flow. Customer
relationship management or the financial processes in an organization are carried out with the help of
enterprise software. Ex: Sage Saari
 Multimedia Software: They allow users to create and play audio and video files. They are capable of
playing media files. Audio converters, audio players, burners, video encoders and decoders are some
forms of multimedia software. Examples of this type of software include Real Player and Windows
Media Player.
c) Bespoke software
Although most organisations use general purpose software, some organisations will find that it justdoesn‘t
do exactly what they want or it doesn‘t work with their current systems. In this case, they might decide to
have the software system they need designed and developed specifically for them. This is called ‗tailor-
made‘ or ‗bespoke‘ software. Bespoke application software is tailor made for a specific user and purpose.
For example a factory may require software to run a robot to make cars; however, it is the only factory
making that car in the world, so the software required would have to be specially built for the task.
The main advantages are:
 the company will get the exact software/system that they need
 the software will work exactly how they want it to work
 the software will only have the features that they specifically need in their business.
The Main disadvantages approach are:
 it takes a long time to develop such a system, between a few months to years.  it costs a great deal of
money to develop such a system.
 the company may need to employ a team of people such as business analysts, programmers, testers etc
 there will be little in the way of user support and online helpOther examples might include software for
the military, missile/UAV operations, software for hospitals and medical equipment, software being
written inside banks and other financial institutions.
1. 2.1 Classification Of Software based On Source
Based on code source, we distinguish two types of software: Open Source Software and Closed Source
Software.
1.2.3 Closed source software
Also called proprietary software, it is software with restricting on using, copying and modifying the
source code as enforced by the proprietor. In other words, computer users do not have any access to the
source code of the proprietary software. Well known examples of proprietary software include:
Windows,RealPlayer, Adobe Photoshop, Mac OS, ...
1.3.4 Open Source Software
It is the type of software that has no proprietary restriction attached to it, particularly the restriction about
the access to the source code. In other words, open source software is designed in such a way that
computer users can freely access and modify the source code to suit their individual need. It is also called
non-proprietary software. E.g. Linux, Open Office
1.4 Classification Of Software Based On License
The term licence refers to a legal document or agreement giving someone permission to do and use
something. A software licence comprises the permissions, rights and restriction imposed on a piece of
software. Under a software licence, the Licensee is permitted to use the licence software in compliance
with a specific term on the licence. Based on licence, computer software may be divided into the
following:
Public Domain Software .GPL
The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a free software license, originally
written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project (a project to create a complete free software operating
system). It has since become one of the most popular licenses for free software. The latest version of the
license, version 2, was released in 1991. The GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), another
commonly-used license, is a modified version of the GPL intended for software libraries.The GPL grants
the recipients of a computer program the following rights, or "freedoms":
 The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.  The freedom to study how the program works, and
modify it. (Access to the source code is a precondition for this)
 The freedom to redistribute copies.
 The freedom to improve the program, and release the improvements to the public. (Access to the
source code is a precondition for this) .
1.4.1Freeware
This is a Copyrighted software given away for free by the author. Although it is available for free, the
author retains the copyright, which means that you cannot do anything with it that is not expressly
allowed by the author. Usually, the author allows people to use the software, but not sell it.
You are also free to distribute it to anyone you want, provided the distribution is an unmodified version of
what you downloaded from the provider‘s web site. In fact they encourage you to distribute their
Freeware. Freeware is provided on an "as is" basis and no technical support is usually available.
1.4.2Shareware
This may be copyrighted software, regularly in trial version, but generally the developer allows users to
make copies without an initial charge. However, if the user intends to use it beyond a brief tryout, the
developer requests that the program be paid for. A marketing method for software, whereby a trial version
is distributed in advance and without payment. A user tries out the program, and thus shareware has also
been known as 'try before you buy', demoware, trialware and by many other names.
1.4.4Crippleware
The shareware version of a program whose most advanced and most desirable features have been disabled
with the intention of increasing users apetite for the better version. If the fee is paid, a code is
acquired,which uncripple the program.
1.4.5Nagware
Nagware (also known as annoyware) is a type of shareware, that reminds —or nags— the user to register
it by paying a fee. It usually does this by popping up a message when the user starts the program or,
worse, intermittently while the user is using the application. These messages can appear as windows
obscuring part of the screen or message boxes that can quickly be closed. Some nagware keeps the
message up for a certain time period, forcing the user to wait to continue to use the program
1.4.6Adware
Advertising-supported software is any software package which automatically plays, displays, or
downloads advertising material to a computer after the software is installed on it or
while the application is being used.
1.4.7Liteware
This is the free version of a program, that does not contain those features that are attractive to frequent or
heavy user.
1.4.8Vapoware
Vaporware (or vapourware) is software or hardware which is announced by a developer well in advance
of release, but which then fails to emerge, either with or without a protracted development cycle.
1.5 Other Types Of Software
Custom Software: Software that is developed for a specific user or organization is custom software. Since
it is built for a specific user, its specifications and features are in accordance with the user's needs.Off-the-
Shelf Software: As opposed to custom software, off-the-shelf software is standard software bought off the
shelf. It has predefined specifications that may or may not cater to any specific user's requirements. When
you buy it, you agree to its license agreement.Tailor Made Software: Tailor made software is software
that is made to the specifications of a client. In other words it is custom made, bespoke, or 'tailored' to
address a specific needRetail Software: While shareware is provided as a trial version to users, retail
software is
sold to end users.
Firmware: Firmware is a combination of software (generally, system software) permanently stored in the
memory (hardware). As the name suggests, it is a program or data that has been written onto the read-
only memory (ROM). For example, the BIOS (which is installed inside a computer on a chip) checks
differentparts of the system before loading the operating system into the memory.
Liveware: People who write programs, operate and maintain the computers are collectively
known as liveware, humanware or peopleware; for example, programmers, system analysts and hardware
engineers.
2 Application Software
Applications Software provides the real functionality of a computer. It help you use your computer to do
specific types of work.
Two Types Of Application Software
1. General purpose application software
2. Special purpose application software.
2.1 General purpose application program
• General purpose application software is a type of application that can be used for a variety of tasks. It is
not limited to one particular function. For example, a word processor could be classed as general purpose
software as it would allow a user to write a novel, create a restaurant menu or even make a poster.
• Examples of General purpose application software include: Word processors, Spreadsheet and
Presentation software.
• Special purpose application software is a type of software created to execute one specific task. For
example, a camera application on your phone will only allow you to
take and share pictures. Another example would be a chess game, it would only allow you to play chess.
• Other examples of special purpose application software are web browsers, calculators, media players,
calendar programs etc
3 System Software
These are the software that directly allows the user to interact with the hardware components of a
computer system. As the humans and machines follow different languages, there has to be an interface
that will allow the users to interact with the core system, this interface is provided by the software. The
system software can be called the main or the alpha software of a computer system as it handles the major
portion of running a hardware. This System Software can be further divided into four major types:
1.The operating system – It is the main program that governs and maintains the intercooperation of the
components of a computer system. For eg., Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS etc.
2.The language processer– The hardware components present in the computer system
does not understand human language. There are three types of languages involved in the world of human-
machine interaction:o Machine-Level Language: The machines only understand the digital signals or the
binary codes or the binary language which consist of strings of 0’s and 1’s. These are totally machine
dependent language.o Assembly-Level Language: These are the Low-Level Language(LLL), that forms a
correspondence between machine level instruction and general assembly level statements. Assembly
language uses a mnemonics to represent each low-level machine instruction or operation-code also called
the op-codes. For eg., ADD instruction is used to add two entities, the HALT instruction is used to stop a
process etc. It is a machine dependent language and varies from processor to processor.
o High-Level Language: These are the simple English statements, that humans use to program and codeas
it is easy to read and understand to the human world. For eg., Java, C, C++, Python etc.
The machine level language is very complex to understand and code, therefore the users prefer the High-
Level Language or the HLL for coding. These codes need to be converted into the machine language so
that the computer can easily understand and work accordingly. This operation is performed by the
Language Processor which is made up of further three components:
Assemblr: This language processor is used to convert the assembly language into machine level language.
o Compiler: This language processor is used to convert High-Level Language into machine levellanguage
in one go, thus execution time is fast. The error detection is difficult in a compiler. Programming
Languages like C, C++ and Scala use compiler.
o Interpreter: This language processor is also used to convert High-Level Language into machine level
language line-by-line, thus execution time is slow. Errordetection is easier in an interpreter as it reports as
soon as a bug is caught and restarts the process. This consumes unnecessary memory.
ProgramminLanguages like Python, Ruby and Java uses an interpreter.
3. The Device Drivers – The device drivers and the device programs or the system software that acts as an
interface between the various Input-Output devices and the users or the operating system. For eg., the
Printers, Web cameras come with a driver disk that is needed to be installed into the system to make the
device run in the system.
4. The BIOS – It stands for Basic Input Output System and is a small firmware that controls the
peripheral or the input-output devices attached to the system. This software is also responsible for starting
the OS or initiating the booting process.
3.1 System management Program
Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software
application or program. It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of
database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software. Written standards and procedures
must guide all information systems processing functions. The organization’s management must define
and implement standards and adopt an appropriate system development life cycle methodology governing
the process of developing, acquiring, implementing, and maintaining computerized information systems
and related technology.Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Standards and Procedures Establish
written standards and procedures for systems development and maintenance for the systems to be
developed, acquired, implemented, and maintained. Review SDLC methodology to ensure that its
provisions
reflect current generally accepted techniques and procedures. Reason: SDLC documented standards and
procedures ensure a consistent approach and controls are maintained throughout a systems or application
development process
DLC Management and Controls
Ensure adequate SDLC management processes and controls exist. Essential management processes and
controls over the system development (project) process include:Appropriate strategic planning for
projects within the
IT short- and long-term plans, including authorization and reporting requirements from senior
management to the board; Periodic reporting to the board on project status and
target completion dates (including budget variance
reports); Requirements for internal audit involvement in
mission critical projects; and,
•Requirements for security officer/team involvement
regarding security controls.
Reason:
Appropriate management processes and controls over the systems development process ensures efficient
use of resources and minimizes risk(s) within systems development and programming activities. A
general systems development or project management framework defines the scope and boundaries of
managing projects, as well as the SDLC or project management methodology
to be adopted and applied. Automated project planning, monitoring, and production software aids help
control and facilitate the systems development process. Periodic reporting to senior management and the
board as well as auditor and security officer involvement enables controls to be considered during the
development process prior to implementation into production.
4.1INTRODUCTION TO DATA BASE SYSTEM
As the name suggests, the database management system consists of two parts. They are:
1. Database and
2. Management System
What is a Database?
To find out what database is, we have to start from data, which is the basic building block of any
DBMSData: Facts, figures, statistics etc. having no particular meaning (e.g. 1, ABC, 19 etc).Record:
Collection of related data items, e.g. in the above example the three data items had no meaning.But if we
organizethem in the following way, then they collectively represent meaningful information A database-
management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access thosedata.
This is a collection of related data with an implicit meaning and hence is a database. The collection of
data, usually referred to as the database, contains information relevant to an enterprise. The primary goal
of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and
efficient. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning.The
management system is important because without the existence of some kind of rules and regulations it
isnot possible to maintain the database. We have to select the particular attributes which should be
included in a particular table; the common attributes to create relationship between two tables; if a new
record has to be inserted or deleted then which tables should have to be handled etc. These issues must be
resolved by having some kind of rules to follow in order to maintain the integrity of the
database.Database systemsare designed to manage large bodies of information. Management of data
involves both defining structures for storage of information and providing mechanisms for the
manipulation of information. In addition, the database system must ensure the safety of the information
stored, despite system crashes or attempts at unauthorized access. If data are to be shared among several
users, the system must avoid possible anomalous results.
Because information is so important in most organizations, computer scientists have developed a large
body of concepts and techniques for managing data.
4.2Data Base management System
A Database management system is a computerized record-keeping system. It is a repository or a container
for collection of computerized data files. The overall purpose of DBMS is to allow he users to define,
store, retrieve and update the information contained in the database on demand. Information can be
anything that is of significance to an individual or organization.Databases touch all aspects of our lives.
Some of the major areas of application are as follows:
1. Banking
2. Airlines
3. Universities
4. Manufacturing and selling
5. Human resources
Enterprise Information
◦ Sales: For customer, product, and purchase information.
◦ Accounting: For payments, receipts, account balances, assets and other accounting information.
◦ Human resources: For information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes, and benefits, and for
generation of paychecks.
◦ Manufacturing: For management of the supply chain and for tracking production of items in factories,
inventories of items inwarehouses and stores, and orders for items.Online retailers: For sales data noted
above plus online order tracking,generation of recommendation lists, and maintenance of online product
evaluations.
Banking and Finance
◦ Banking: For customer information, accounts, loans, and banking transactions.
◦ Credit card transactions: For purchases on credit cards and generation of monthly statements.
◦ Finance: For storing information about holdings, sales, and purchases of financial instruments such
asstocks and bonds; also for storing real-time market data to enable online trading by customers and
automated trading by the firm.
• Universities: For student information, course registrations, and grades (in addition to standard enterprise
information such as human resources and accounting).
• Airlines: For reservations and schedule information. Airlines were among the first to use databases in a
geographically distributed manner.
• Telecommunication: For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills, maintaining balances
on prepaid calling cards, and storing information about the communication networks.
Advantage of DBMS
Controlling of Redundancy: Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data (i.e storing same data
multiple times). In a database system, by having a centralized database and centralized control of data by
the DBA the unnecessary duplication of data is avoided. It also eliminates the extra time for processing
the large volume of data. It results in saving the storage space.Improved Data Sharing : DBMS allows a
user to share the data in any number of application programs.
Data Integrity : Integrity means that the data in the database is accurate. Centralized control of the data
helps in permitting the administrator to define integrity constraints to the data in the database. For
example: in customer database we can can enforce an integrity that it must accept the customer only from
Noida and
Meerut city.
Security : Having complete authority over the operational data, enables the DBA in ensuring that the only
mean of access to the database is through proper channels. The DBA can define authorization checks to
be carried out whenever access to sensitive data is attempted.
Data Consistency : By eliminating data redundancy, we greatly reduce the opportunities for
inconsistency. For example: is a customer address is stored only once, we cannot have disagreement on
the stored values. Also updating data values is greatly simplified when each value is stored in one place
only. Finally, we avoid the wasted storage that results from redundant data storage.
Efficient Data Access : In a database system, the data is managed by the DBMS and all access to the data
is through the DBMS providing a key to effective data processing
Enforcements of Standards : With the centralized of data, DBA can establish and enforce the data
standards which may include the naming conventions, data quality standards etc.
Data Independence : Ina database system, the database management system provides the interface
between the application programs and the data. When changes are made to the data representation, the
meta data obtained by the DBMS is changed but the DBMS is continues to provide the data to application
program in the previously used way. The DBMs handles the task of transformation of data wherever
necessary.Reduced Application Development and Maintenance Time : DBMS supports many important
functions that
are common to many applications, accessing data stored in the DBMS, which facilitates the quick
development of application.
Disadvantage Of DBMS
1) It is bit complex. Since it supports multiple functionality to give the user the best, the underlying
software has become complex. The designers and developers should have thorough knowledge about the
software to get the most out of it.
2) Because of its complexity and functionality, it uses large amount of memory. It also needs large
memory to run efficiently.
3) DBMS system works on the centralized system, i.e.; all the users from all over the world access this
database. Hence any failure of the DBMS, will impact all the users.
4) DBMS is generalized software, i.e.; it is written work on the entire systems rather specific one. Hence
some of the application will run slow
summary
know in this tme our world is interrelated more and more than we expect.To perform in our day to day
life we must have to know the technologies well.among the latest technologies that can change our life
one is a computer and computer is perform Its task by sofsoftware.Software is a collection of computer
program that perform different tasks in computer. Their are many types of software among that
application software and system softwares are good example.
=>Application software have 2 main categories those are
1.General purpose application:-A type of application that can be used for a variety of tasks.its not
limited to one particular function
2.specific purpose:- A type of software created to execute one specific task.
=>system software:-.system management program:-the process of defining,designing,testing and
implementing new software
Data Base management:-
Reference
cscA0101(computing Basics)
DZEUGANG placide(computer software system )
Malla Reddu College(DMS-2018-19)