HUMAN ACT

 An act that performed only by a human being and thus is proper to man.
 Not every act that human being does is a distinctively human act.
 Some acts that human beings do are performed also by animals, vegetative acts and acts of perception
and of emotion.
BASIC ELEMENT OF HUMAN ACTS
 the object of the
 the circumstances surrounding the acts,
 and the end or intention that the performing the acts has in mind
Act/ actions
 there are actions that we can easily see if they are good or bad.
Ex. killing is obviously bad/helping is generally good
Purpose/intention
 there are actions that morality can only be seen upon examining the purpose of the doer.
Ex. helping someone is it goodor bad?/ it depends on the puopose of the doer
Circumstances
 [who, what, when, where how or person/ does actions, /thing time, place and manner]
Ex. is punching someone bad? what if it is a baby punch?/ what if you slap someone intentionally out of panic?/
bawal mag hubad?/how about in the bathroom
MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY
Objective - The objective of the moral act is that which the will intends directly and primarily
End or Purpose – refer to the final cause of a natural organ or entity, or of a work of human art.
Circumstances - Is the criteria for assesing the goodness or badness of the human action
MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS
 Refers to things that affect mans knowledge freedom and voluntariness in the performance of an act,
making them less perfectly.
 Also called obstacle of human act that affect or prevents a clear knowledge of the object
DIFFERENT MODIFIER OF HUMAN ACT
IGNORANCE
 Refer to one lack of knowledge of moral duties which human being should have absence of intellectual
knowledge
KINDS OF IGNORANCE
Ignorance in its object Ignorance in it subject Ignorance in it result
PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
IGNORANCE
 Is the absence of knowledge. There are various degrees of ignorance. Traditional ethics classifies them
as vincible, invincible, affected and supine or gross ignorance.
PASSION
 Refers to positive emotions like love, desire, delight, hope and bravery and negative emotions like
hatred, horror, sadness, despair, fear and anger.
FEAR
 Is the disturbance of the mind of a person due to an impending danger or harm himself or loves ones.
HABIT
 Readiness for doing a certain thing acquired by regularly and persistently doing the same act,
synonymous to addiction, and etc.
VIOLELCE
 Refer to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agents for the purpose of compelling said
person to act against his will.
ETHICAL RELATIVISM AND FILIPINO CULTURAL VALUES
Cultural Relativism
 Describes the simple fact that there are different cultures and each has different ways of behaving, thinking and
feeling as its members learn such from the previous generations.
Descriptive Ethical Relativism
 describes the fact that in different cultures one of the variants is the sense of morality: the mores, customs and
ethical principles may all vary from one culture to another.
Normative Ethical Relativism
 is a theory, which claims that there are no universally valid moral principles.
CULTURE AND MORAL BEHAVIOR
Morality/Moral Behavior
 a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong and good compared to what is wrong and bad.
 Refers to a Physical action or attitude that aligns with her principles of specific ethical system.
Culture
 reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that speak to how people should behave and interact with
others.
 Are group of people who share common set of values and beliefs. A sum total of the learned behavior of a group
of people that are transmitted from generation to generation.
As humans
 our behaviors are guided in part by a set of social norms about morality that forms a basic and important part of
our culture.
Ethical Relativism
 is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. Whether an action is right or
wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced.
Ex. If a person spends money to help innocent civilians in a war-torn country, her/his motivations tend to make her/his
actions morally.
Two Version Of Ethical Relativism:
INDIVIDUAL OR PERSONAL ETHICAL RELATIVISM
• Ethical statements are relative to individuals. Like I have my ethical views and you have yours, neither my view
nor your view are better or more correct.
SOCIAL OR CULTURAL ETHICAL RELATIVISM
• Ethical statements are relative to given society. Although societies may differ or disagree to what is right or
wrong, for an individual to decide what is right or wrong.
4 REASON’S ( ARGUMENTS ) FOR ETHICAL RELATIVISM
DIVERSITY OF MORAL VIEWS
MORAL UNCERTAINTY
SITUATIONAL DIFFERENCES
TOLERATION OF DIFFERENCES
FAKE NEWS AND ETHICAL RELATIVISM
FAKE NEWS
• is the type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consist of deliberate misinformation or hoaxes
spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media.
FOUR COMMON TYPES OF FAKE NEWS
TARGET MISINFORMATION
• fictitious peace of information shared for self serving interest.
FAKE HEADLINES
• depicting fictitious facts to generate attention. These are regularly employed by less credible
publications such as tabloid newspapers.
VIRAL POST
• there’s a plethora of new article and content on social media networks. As consequences, users often
do not take the time to authenticate the posts.
SATIRE ( SATIRICAL NEWS )
• current affair and news items and mix them with fictitious, and often absurb events.
HOW TO DETECT FAKE NEWS?
CHECK THE SENDER –
• verify the social media profile of the sender BEFORE YOU SHARED THE POST.
VERIFY PHOTOS AND VIDEOS –
• visual context can be quickly taken out of context. Watch out for location markers such as advertising
signs, road signs, or car license plates and check whether they match the image location.
CHECK THE IMPRINT OR AUTHOR –
• some websites contains imprints or information on copyright and authors. In this type of information is
missing you should not trust the source of shared content.
CHECK THE URL –
• some type of fake news take on the design of well known media brands to evoke trustworthiness.
Ambivalent
• means emerging two or more goals valued by an individual are in conflict regarding the same
attitudinal object.
FILIPINO TRAITS AND VALUES
Utang na Loob
• Norm of reciprocity to repay a person who have extended help to other.
Filipino Time
• Hours behind the standard
Respect for elders
Use of words “po” and “opo” when conversing with elder people or those who are prestigious
member of society.
Bahala na
• Filipino trait characterized by withdrawing from certain undertaking and leaving everything to the
“ spirits “ to interfere and determine the outcome of his deeds.
Mañana Habit
• Known as “ tomorrow “ in English, the habit encourages delaying or setting aside a certain task
assigned in the next day although it can be done today