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MATRIX Book Series 1

David R. Wood Editor-in-chief

Jan de Gier · Cheryl E. Praeger
Terence Tao Editors

2016 MATRIX
Annals
MATRIX Book Series 1

Editors
David R. Wood (Editor-in-Chief )
Jan de Gier
Cheryl E. Praeger
Terence Tao
MATRIX is Australia’s international and residential mathematical research institute.
It facilitates new collaborations and mathematical advances through intensive
residential research programs, each lasting 1–4 weeks.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15890

David R. Wood
Editor-in-Chief

Jan de Gier • Cheryl E. Praeger • Terence Tao

Editors

2016 MATRIX Annals

123
Editors
David R. Wood (Editor-in-Chief ) Jan de Gier
Monash University University of Melbourne
Clayton, Australia Melbourne, Australia

Cheryl E. Praeger Terence Tao

University of Western Australia UCLA
Crawley, Australia Los Angeles, USA

ISSN 2523-3041 ISSN 2523-305X (electronic)

MATRIX Book Series
ISBN 978-3-319-72298-6 ISBN 978-3-319-72299-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72299-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018930336

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 51-XX, 81-XX, 58-XX, 20-XX, 22-XX, 05-XX, 19-XX,
37-XX, 41-XX, 49-XX

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Chapter ‘The smooth Hom-stack of an orbifold’ is published with kind permission of © David Michael
Roberts and Raymond Vozzo 2018. All Rights Reserved.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part
of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

MATRIX is Australia’s first international and residential mathematical research

institute. It was established in 2015 and launched in 2016 as a joint partnership
between Monash University and the University of Melbourne, with seed funding
from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers.
The purpose of MATRIX is to facilitate new collaborations and mathematical
advances through intensive residential research programs, which are currently held
in Creswick, a small town nestled in the beautiful forests of the Macedon Ranges,
130 km west of Melbourne.
This book, 2016 MATRIX Annals, is a scientific record of the five programs held
at MATRIX in 2016:
• Higher Structures in Geometry and Physics
• Winter of Disconnectedness
• Approximation and Optimisation
• Refining C*-Algebraic Invariants for Dynamics Using KK-Theory
• Interactions Between Topological Recursion, Modularity, Quantum Invariants
and Low-Dimensional Topology
The MATRIX Scientific Committee selected these programs based on scientific
excellence and the participation rate of high-profile international participants. This
committee consists of Jan de Gier (Melbourne University, Chair), Ben Andrews
(Australian National University), Darren Crowdy (Imperial College London), Hans
De Sterck (Monash University), Alison Etheridge (University of Oxford), Gary
Froyland (University of New South Wales), Liza Levina (University of Michigan),
Kerrie Mengersen (Queensland University of Technology), Arun Ram (University
of Melbourne), Joshua Ross (University of Adelaide), Terence Tao (University of
California, Los Angeles), Ole Warnaar (University of Queensland), and David Wood
(Monash University).
The selected programs involved organisers from a variety of Australian uni-
versities, including Federation, Melbourne, Monash, Newcastle, RMIT, Sydney,
Swinburne, and Wollongong, along with international organisers and participants.
Each program lasted 1–4 weeks and included ample unstructured time to encourage

v
vi Preface

collaborative research. Some of the longer programs had an embedded conference

or lecture series. All participants were encouraged to submit articles to the MATRIX
Annals.
The articles were grouped into refereed contributions and other contributions.
Refereed articles contain original results or reviews on a topic related to the
MATRIX program. The other contributions are typically lecture notes based on
talks or activities at MATRIX. A guest editor organised appropriate refereeing and
ensured the scientific quality of submitted articles arising from each program. The
editors (Jan de Gier, Cheryl E. Praeger, Terence Tao, and myself) finally evaluated
and approved the papers.
Many thanks to the authors and to the guest editors for their wonderful work.
MATRIX has hosted eight programs in 2017, with more to come in 2018; see
www.matrix-inst.org.au. Our goal is to facilitate collaboration between researchers
in universities and industry, and increase the international impact of Australian
research in the mathematical sciences.
David R. Wood
MATRIX Book Series Editor-in-Chief
Higher Structures in Geometry and
Physics

6–17 June 2016

Organisers
Marcy Robertson (Melbourne)
Philip Hackney (Macquarie)

The inaugural program at MATRIX took place on June 6–17, 2016, and was
entitled “Higher Structures in Geometry and Physics”. It was both a pleasure and a
privilege to take part in this first ever program at MATRIX. The excellent working
conditions, cosy environment, friendly staff and energetic participants made this
time both memorable and productive.
The scientific component of our program was comprised of a workshop with
lecture series by several invited speakers, followed in the subsequent week by a
conference featuring talks on a range of related topics from speakers from around the
globe. The two events were separated by a long weekend which gave the participants
free time to discuss and collaborate. Within this volume is a collection of lecture
notes and articles reflecting quite faithfully the ideas in the air during these two
weeks.
Our title Higher Structures (not unlike the term down under) suggests a certain
fixed perspective. For the participants in our program, this perspective comes
from the twentieth-century examples of algebraic and categorical constructions
associated to topological spaces, possibly with geometric structures and possibly
taking motivation from physical examples. From this common frame of reference
stems a range of new and rapidly developing directions, activities such as this

vii
viii Higher Structures in Geometry and Physics

program at MATRIX play a vital role in weaving these threads into a collective
understanding. The excitement of working in this rapidly developing field was felt
during our time at MATRIX, and I hope it comes across in this volume as well.
I would like to thank all of the authors who took the time to contribute to this
volume. I would also like to thank the MATRIX staff and officials for hosting and
facilitating this event and giving us the opportunity to share our work with this
volume. Most importantly, I would like to thank the organizers of our program
Marcy and Philip for all of their hard work and for giving all of us participants
this unique opportunity.

Ben Ward
Guest Editor

Participants
Ramon Abud Alcala (Macquarie), Clark Barwick (Massachusetts Institute
of Technology), Alexander Campbell (Macquarie), David Carchedi (George
Mason), Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole (IBS Center for Geometry and Physics),
Daniela Egas Santander (Freie Universitat Berlin), Nora Ganter (Melbourne),
Christian Haesemeyer (Melbourne), Philip Hackney (Osnabrueck), Ralph Kauffman
(Purdue), Edoardo Lanari (Macquarie), Martin Markl (Czech Academy of
Sciences), Branko Nikolic (Macquarie), Simona Paoli (Leicester), Sophia Raynor
(Aberdeen), Emily Riehl (Johns Hopkins), David Roberts (Adelaide), Marcy
Robertson (Melbourne), Chris Rogers (Louisiana), Martina Rovelli (EPFL),
Higher Structures in Geometry and Physics ix

Matthew Spong (Melbourne), Michelle Strumila (Melbourne), TriThang Tran

(Melbourne), Victor Turchin (Kansas State), Dominic Verity (Macquarie), Raymond
Vozzo (Adelaide), Ben Ward (Stony Brook), Mark Weber (Macquarie), Felix
Wierstra (Stockholm), Sinan Yalin (Copenhagen), Jun Yoshida (Tokyo), Dimitri
Zaganidis (EPFL)
Winter of Disconnectedness

27 June–8 July 2016

Organisers
Murray Elder (Newcastle)
Jacqui Ramagge (Sydney)
Colin Reid (Newcastle)
Anne Thomas (Sydney)
George Willis (Newcastle)

Our understanding of totally disconnected locally compact (t.d.l.c.) groups has

been growing rapidly in recent years. These groups are of interest for general
theoretical reasons, because half the task of describing the structure of general
locally compact groups falls into the totally disconnected case, and also for purposes
of specific applications, because of the significance that various classes of t.d.l.c.
groups have in geometry, number theory and algebra. The workshop held at
Creswick from 27 June to 8 July 2016 was the first part of a program in which
leading researchers presented the most recent advances by giving short courses and
individual lectures. Time was also set aside for collaboration between established
researchers and students. Both general techniques and results relating to particular
classes of t.d.l.c. groups were covered in the lectures.
Four courses of five lectures each were delivered at Creswick, as follows:
• Helge Glöckner (Paderborn): Endomorphisms of Lie groups over local fields
• George Willis (Newcastle): The scale, tidy subgroups and flat groups
• Anne Thomas (Sydney): Automorphism groups of combinatorial structures
• Phillip Wesolek (Binghamton): A survey of elementary totally disconnected
locally compact groups
A second workshop was held in Newcastle at the end of July 2016 with the same
structure.

xi
xii Winter of Disconnectedness

Notes from the four courses just listed and from the courses
• Adrien Le Boudec (Louvain Le Neuve): Groups of automorphisms and almost
automorphisms of trees: subgroups and dynamics
• Colin Reid (Newcastle): Normal subgroup structure of totally disconnected
locally compact groups
delivered at the Newcastle workshop are published here. Although the distinction
is not absolute, the notes by Reid, Wesolek and Willis cover general methods and
those by Glöckner, Le Boudec and Thomas treat specific classes of t.d.l.c. groups.
In several cases, they are based on notes taken by listeners at the workshops, and
we are grateful for their assistance. Moreover, the notes by Glöckner, which have
been refereed, are an expanded version of what was delivered in lectures and contain
calculations and proofs of some results that have not previously been published.
We believe that these notes give the 2016 overview of the state of knowledge
and of research directions on t.d.l.c. groups and hope that they will also serve to
introduce students and other researchers new to the field to this rapidly developing
subject.

Dave Robertson
Guest Editor

Participants
Benjamin Brawn (Newcastle), Timothy Bywaters (Sydney), Wee Chaimanowong
(Melbourne), Murray Elder (Newcastle), Helge Glöckner (Paderborn), John Harrison
Winter of Disconnectedness xiii

(Baylor), Waltraud Lederle (ETH Zurich), Rupert McCallum (Tübingen), Sidney

Morris (Federation), Uri Onn (ANU), C.R.E. Raja (Indian Statistical Institute,
Bangalore), Jacqui Ramagge (Sydney), Colin Reid (Newcastle), David Robertson
(Newcastle), Anurag Singh (Utah), Simon Smith (City University of New York),
George Willis (Newcastle), Thomas Taylor (Newcastle), Anne Thomas (Sydney),
Stephan Tornier (ETH Zurich), Tian Tsang (RMIT), Phillip Wesolek (Universite
Catholique de Louvain)
Approximation and Optimisation

10–16 July 2016

Organisers
Vera Roshchina (RMIT)
Nadezda Sukhorukova
(Swinburne)
Julien Ugon (Federation)
Aris Daniilidis (Chile)
Andrew Eberhard (RMIT)
Alex Kruger (Federation)
Zahra Roshanzamir
(Swinburne)

There are many open problems in the field of approximation theory where tools
from variational analysis and nonsmooth optimisation show promise. One of them is
the Chebyshev (also known as uniform) approximation problem. Chebyshev’s work
is generally considered seminal in approximation theory and remains influential to
this day in this field of mathematics. His work also has many significant implications
in optimisation, where uniform approximation of functions is considered an early
example of an optimisation problem where the objective function is not differen-
tiable. In fact, the problem of best polynomial approximation can be reformulated
as an optimisation problem which provides very nice textbook examples for convex
analysis.
The joint ancestry and connections between optimisation and approximation are
still very apparent today. Many problems in approximation can be reformulated as
optimisation problems. On the other hand, many optimisation methods require set
and/or function approximation to work efficiently.
These connections were explored in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. This was also
the period when the area of nonsmooth analysis emerged. Convex and nonsmooth

xv
xvi Approximation and Optimisation

analysis techniques can be applied to obtain theoretical results and algorithms

for solving approximation problems with nonsmooth objectives. These problems
include Chebyshev approximation: univariate (polynomial and fixed-knots polyno-
mial spline) approximation and multivariate polynomial approximation. In 1972,
P.-J. Laurent published his book, where he demonstrated interconnections between
approximation and optimisation. In particular, he showed that many difficult
(Chebyshev) approximation problems can be solved using optimisation techniques.
Despite this early work, historically the fields of optimisation and approxi-
mation have remained separate, each (re)developing their own methodology and
terminology. There is a clear pattern though: advances in optimisation result in
significant breakthroughs in approximation and, on the other hand, new approxi-
mation techniques and approaches advance the development of new optimisation
methods and improve the performance of existing ones. Therefore, the lift-off theme
of the program was multivariate and polynomial spline approximation from the
perspective of optimisation theory. We invited top researchers in approximation
theory, polynomial and semialgebraic optimisation and variational analysis to find
new ways to attack the existing open problems and to establish major new research
directions. A fresh look at approximation problems from the optimisation point of
view is vital, since it enables us to solve approximation problems that cannot be
solved without very advanced optimisation techniques (and vice versa) and discover
beautiful interconnections between approximation and optimisation.
The morning sessions of the program consisted of lectures:
• Approximation of set-valued functions (Nira Dyn, Tel Aviv University)
• Algebraic, convex analysis and semi-infinite programming approach to Cheby-
shev approximation (Julien Ugon, Federation University Australia, and Nadezda
Sukhorukova, Swinburne University of Technology)
• The sparse grid combination technique and optimisation (Markus Hegland,
Australian National University)
• Quasi-relative interior and optimisation (Constantin Zalinescu, Al. I. Cuza
University)
The afternoons were dedicated to smaller group discussions. The following discus-
sions were vital for the research papers submitted to this volume:
1. Compact convex sets with prescribed facial dimensions, by Vera Roshchina,
Tian Sang and David Yost
The rich soup of research ideas that was stirred up during the workshop helped
us with a breakthrough in a seemingly unrelated research direction. During the
workshop, David Yost came up with a neat inductive idea that finished the proof
of the dimensional sequence theorem that he and Vera Roshchina have been
working on for a while. Later during the workshop the fractal ideas introduced
by Markus Hegland motivated us to consider convex sets with fractal facial
structure. Even more surprisingly, we discovered that a beautiful example of such
a set can be obtained from the spherical gasket studied by Tian Sang in her prior
research on infinite Coxeter groups.
Approximation and Optimisation xvii

2. Chebyshev multivariate polynomial approximation: alternance interpreta-

tion, by Nadezda Sukhorukova, Julien Ugon and David Yost
The notion of alternating sequence (alternance) is central for univariate
Chebyshev approximation problems. How can we extend this notion to the
case of multivariate approximation, where the sets are not totally ordered? In
one of the papers, namely, “Chebyshev multivariate polynomial approximation:
alternance interpretation” by Sukhorukova, Ugon and Yost, the authors work on
this issue and propose possible solutions, in particular a very elegant formulation
for necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for multivariate Chebyshev
approximation.

Julien Ugon and Nadezda Sukhorukova

Guest Editors

Participants
Alia Al nuaimat (Federation), Fusheng Bai (Chongqing Normal University), Yi
Chen (Federation), Jeffrey Christiansen (RMIT), Brian Dandurand (RMIT), Reinier
Diaz Millan (Federal Institute of Goias), Nira Dyn (Tel Aviv), Andrew Eberhard
(RMIT), Gabriele Eichfelder (Technische Universitat Ilmenau), Markus Hegland
(ANU), Alexander Kruger (Federation), Vivek Laha (Indian Institute of Technology,
Patna), Jeffrey Linderoth (Wisconsin- Madison), Prabhu Manyem (Nanchang Insti-
tute of Technology), Faricio Oliveira (RMIT), Zahra Roshan Zamir (Swinburne),
Vera Roshchina (RMIT), Tian Sang (RMIT), Jonathan Scanlan, Vinay Singh
(National Institute of Technology, Mizoram), Nadezda Sukhorukova (Swinburne),
Julien Ugon (Federation), Dean Webb (Federation), David Yost (Federation),
Constantin Zalinescu (University “Al. I. Cuza” Iasi), Jiapu Zhang (Federation)
Refining C*-Algebraic Invariants for
Dynamics Using KK-Theory

18–29 July 2016

Organisers
Magnus Goffeng
(Chalmers / Gothenburg)
Adam Rennie (Wollongong)
Aidan Sims (Wollongong)

This graduate school and workshop were motivated by intense recent interest and
progress in the non-commutative geometry of dynamical systems.
The progress has been of several sorts. The assignment of C -algebras to
dynamical systems is not new but has become much more sophisticated in recent
years. The K-groups of such dynamical C -algebras provide invariants of the
original dynamical system but are not always fine enough to capture the structural
features of greatest interest. In response to this, precise characterisations of the
relationships between more detailed K-theoretic invariants and equivalence classes
of dynamical systems have recently been sharpened significantly.
The extra ingredient whose potential applications to such problems we hoped to
highlight to attendees is recent progress in importing ideas from algebraic topology
to dynamical systems theory through the computability of the Kasparov product.
The Kasparov product is a far-reaching generalisation of index theory and provides
an abstract composition rule for morphisms in the KK-category of C -algebras. The
KK-category extends and refines the correspondence category of C -algebras; and
a correspondence can be regarded as a generalised dynamical system and is closely
related to the construction of dynamical C -algebras.

xix
xx Refining C*-Algebraic Invariants for Dynamics Using KK-Theory

With this background in mind, we started the first week with three lecture series
during the mornings, with informal Q&A and research in the afternoons. The three
lecture courses were:
• Robin Deeley: Groupoids and C -algebras
• Bram Mesland: Kasparov’s KK-theory
• Adam Rennie and Aidan Sims: Hilbert modules and Cuntz–Pimsner algebras
Groupoid C -algebras and Cuntz–Pimsner algebras are two of the most flex-
ible and best developed frameworks for modelling dynamical systems using C -
algebras. The basics of Kasparov’s KK-theory and the recent advances in the
computability of the product proved central to the progress seen during the
workshop.
The lecture series by Deeley, Mesland, Rennie, and Sims set the stage for the
second week, bringing attendees, particularly the significant student cohort, together
around a common language and a joint leitmotif. The talks ranged widely over the
core topics, their applications and neighbouring disciplines. The five papers which
follow give a good indication of the breadth of the conference.
Deeley offers refinements of Putnam’s homology theory for dynamical systems,
and Ruiz et al. provide strong invariants for a special class of dynamical systems.
Bourne (with Schulz-Baldes) provides an application of KK-theoretic techniques
to topological insulators. Goffeng and Mesland provide a detailed account of
novel aspects of the non-commutative geometry of the Cuntz algebras, while Arici
probes the non-commutative topology and geometry of quantum lens spaces using
techniques which are perfectly in tune with the theme of the workshop.

Adam Rennie
Guest Editor
Refining C*-Algebraic Invariants for Dynamics Using KK-Theory xxi

Participants
Zahra Afsar (Wollongong), Francesca Arici (Radboud University Nijmegen),
Chris Bourne (Erlangen-Nurnberg), Guo Chuan Thiang (Adelaide), Robin Deeley
(Hawaii), Anna Luise Duwenig (Victoria), James Fletcher (Wollongong), Iain
Forsyth (Leibniz University Hannover), Elizabeth Anne Gillaspy (Universitet
Manster), Magnus Goffeng (Chalmers Technology/Gothenburg), Peter Hochs
(Adelaide), Marcelo Laca (Victoria), Lachlan MacDonald (Wollongong), Michael
Mampusti (Wollongong), Bram Mesland (Leibniz University Hannover), Alexander
Mundey (Wollongong), Adam Rennie (Wollongong), Karen Rught Strung (Polish
Academy of Sciences), Efren Ruiz (Hawaii at Hilo), Thomas Scheckter (UNSW),
Aidan Sims (Wollongong), Hang Wang (Adelaide), Yasuo Watatani (Kyushu)
Interactions Between Topological
Recursion, Modularity, Quantum
Invariants and Low-Dimensional
Topology

28 November–23 December 2016

Organisers
Motohico Mulase (UC Davis)
Norman Do (Monash)
Neil Hoffman (Oklahoma State)
Craig Hodgson (Melbourne)
Paul Norbury (Melbourne)

This program contributed to the active international research effort under way at
present to connect structures in mathematical physics with those in low-dimensional
topology, buoyed by recent theoretical advances and a broad range of applications. It
brought together people in cognate areas with common interests, including algebraic
geometry, conformal field theory, knot theory, representation theory, quantum
invariants and combinatorics.
The program was motivated by recent generalisations of the technique of
topological recursion, as well as fundamental conjectures concerning invariants
in low dimensional topology. These include the AJ conjecture, the Jones slope
conjecture of Garoufalidis and the underlying topological significance of the 3D-
index. Algorithmic techniques to compute these and related invariants are also
featured in the program.
The program began with a week of short courses, comprising three lectures each,
on the following topics:
• Conformal field theory (Katrin Wendland, Freiburg)
• Hyperbolic knot theory (Jessica Purcell, Monash)
• Quantum invariants (Roland van der Veen, Leiden)
• Topological recursion (Norman Do, Monash)
xxiii
xxiv Interactions Between Topological Recursion, Modularity, Quantum Invariants. . .

The program for the middle week was largely informal and reserved for research
collaborations. The final week was dedicated to an international conference, which
gathered together leading experts in the areas of mathematical physics, topological
recursion, quantum invariants and low-dimensional topology to address recent
advances and explore new connections between these fields.
The program attracted a total of 51 attendees. During the conference, there were
33 talks, of which 23 were delivered by international visitors. Among these talks
were the following:
• Jørgen Andersen: Verlinde formula for Higgs bundles
• Feng Luo: Discrete uniformization for polyhedral surfaces and its convergence
• Rinat Kashaev: Pachner moves and Hopf algebras
• Scott Morrison: Modular data for Drinfeld doubles
• Hyam Rubinstein and Craig Hodgson: Counting genus two surfaces in 3-
manifolds
• Gaëtan Borot: Initial conditions for topological recursion
• Tudor Dimofte: Counting vortices in the 3D index
• George Shabat: Counting Belyi pairs over finite fields
• Leonid Chekhov: Abstract topological recursion and Givental decomposition
• Piotr Sułkowski: Knots and BPS/super-quantum curves
The articles in these proceedings represent different aspects of the program.
Kashaev’s contribution describes a topological quantum field theory in four dimen-
sions. Licata-Mathews and Spreer-Tillmann describe topological and geometric
results for 3-manifolds. Shabat describes first steps towards generalising Belyi maps
to finite fields. Roland van der Veen kindly contributed notes from his short course
on quantum invariants of knots.

Norman Do, Neil Hoffman, Paul Norbury

Guest Editors

Participants
Jørgen Andersen (Aarhus), Vladimir Bazhanov (ANU), Gaetan Borot (Max Planck),
Benjamin Burton (Queensland), Alex Casella (Sydney), Wee Chaimanowong (Mel-
bourne), Abhijit Champanerkar (CUNY), Anupam Chaudhuri (Monash), Leonid
Interactions Between Topological Recursion, Modularity, Quantum Invariants. . . xxv

Chekhov (Steklov), Blake Dadd (Melbourne), Tudor Dimofte (California, Davis),

Norman Do (Monash), Petr Dunin-Barkovskiy (Moscow), Omar Foda (Melbourne),
Evgenii Fominykh, Sophie Ham, Robert Cyrus Haraway III (Sydney), Craig
Hodgson (Melbourne), Neil Hoffman (Oklahoma), Joshua Howie (Monash), Adele
Jackson (ANU), Max Jolley (Monash), Rinat Kashaev (Geneva), Seonhwa Kim
(IBS), Ilya Kofman (CUNY), Reinier Kramer (Amsterdam), Andrew James Kricker
(NTU), Priya Kshirsagar (UC Davis), Alice Kwon (CUNY), Tung Le (Monash),
Oliver Leigh (British Columbia), Danilo Lewanski (Amsterdam), Joan Eliza-
beth Licata (ANU), Beibei Liu (UC Davis), Feng Luo (Rutgers), Joseph Lynch
(Melbourne), Alessandro Malusa (Aarhus), Clément Maria (Queensland), Daniel
Mathews (Monash), Sergei Matveev (Chelyabinsk), Todor Milanov Kavli (IPMU),
Scott Morrison (ANU), Motohico Mulase (UC Davis), Paul Norbury (Melbourne),
Nicolas Orantin (EPFL), Erik William Pettersson (RMIT), Aleksandr Popolitov
(Amsterdam), Jessica Purcell (Monash), Robert Quigley-McBride, Hyam Rubin-
stein (Melbourne), Axel Saenz Rodriguez (Virginia), Sjabbo Schaveling, Henry
Segerman (Oklahoma), Georgy Shabat (Independent), Rafael Marian Siejakowski
(NTU Singapore), Ruifang Song (UC Davis), Piotr Sulkowski (Warsaw & Caltech),
Dominic James Tate (Sydney), Stephan Tillmann (Sydney), Roland van der Veen
(Leiden), Paul Wedrich (Imperial), Katrin Wendland (Friburg), Campbell Wheeler
(Melbourne), Adam Wood (Melbourne), Tianyu Yang (Melbourne)
Contents

PART I REFEREED ARTICLES

Higher Structures in Geometry and Physics

Homotopical Properties of the Simplicial Maurer–Cartan Functor.. . . . . . . 3

Christopher L. Rogers
Fibrations in 1-Category Theory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Clark Barwick and Jay Shah
The Smooth Hom-Stack of an Orbifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
David Michael Roberts and Raymond F. Vozzo
Complicial Sets, an Overture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Emily Riehl
A Non-crossing Word Cooperad for Free Homotopy Probability
Theory .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Gabriel C. Drummond-Cole

Winter of Disconnectedness

Endomorphisms of Lie Groups over Local Fields . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Helge Glöckner

Approximation and Optimisation

Compact Convex Sets with Prescribed Facial Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Vera Roshchina, Tian Sang, and David Yost
Chebyshev Multivariate Polynomial Approximation: Alternance
Interpretation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Nadezda Sukhorukova, Julien Ugon, and David Yost

xxvii
xxviii Contents

Refining C* Algebraic Invariants for Dynamics Using

KK-Theory

Spectral Triples on ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Magnus Goffeng and Bram Mesland
Application of Semifinite Index Theory to Weak Topological Phases . . . . . . 203
Chris Bourne and Hermann Schulz-Baldes
Filtered K-Theory for Graph Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Søren Eilers, Gunnar Restorff, Efren Ruiz, and Adam P.W. Sørensen
Gysin Exact Sequences for Quantum Weighted Lens Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Francesca Arici
A Signed Version of Putnam’s Homology Theory: Lefschetz
and Zeta Functions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Robin J. Deeley

Interactions Between Topological Recursion,

Modularity, Quantum Invariants and Low-dimensional
Topology

A Simple Model of 4d-TQFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Rinat Kashaev
Morse Structures on Partial Open Books with Extendable
Monodromy .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Joan E. Licata and Daniel V. Mathews
Counting Belyi Pairs over Finite Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
George Shabat
Unravelling the Dodecahedral Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Jonathan Spreer and Stephan Tillmann

PART II OTHER CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES

Higher Structures in Geometry and Physics

Lecture Notes on Infinity-Properads .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

Philip Hackney and Marcy Robertson
Lectures on Feynman Categories .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Ralph M. Kaufmann
Contents xxix

Moduli Spaces of (Bi)algebra Structures in Topology and Geometry .. . . . . 439

Sinan Yalin
Embedding Calculus and the Little Discs Operads . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Victor Turchin

Winter of Disconnectedness

Groups of Automorphisms and Almost Automorphisms of Trees:

Subgroups and Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Adrien Le Boudec
Normal Subgroup Structure of Totally Disconnected Locally
Compact Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Colin D. Reid
Automorphism Groups of Combinatorial Structures .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Anne Thomas
A Survey of Elementary Totally Disconnected Locally Compact
Groups .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Phillip Wesolek
The Scale, Tidy Subgroups and Flat Groups.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
George Willis

Interactions Between Topological Recursion,

Modularity, Quantum Invariants and Low-dimensional
Topology

Introduction to Quantum Invariants of Knots .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

Roland van der Veen
 Part I
Refereed Articles
Homotopical Properties of the Simplicial
Maurer–Cartan Functor

Christopher L. Rogers

Abstract We consider the category whose objects are filtered, or complete, L1 -

algebras and whose morphisms are 1-morphisms which respect the filtrations. We
then discuss the homotopical properties of the Getzler–Hinich simplicial Maurer–
Cartan functor which associates to each filtered L1 -algebra a Kan simplicial set,
or 1-groupoid. In previous work with V. Dolgushev, we showed that this functor
sends weak equivalences of filtered L1 -algebras to weak homotopy equivalences
of simplicial sets. Here we sketch a proof of the fact that this functor also sends
fibrations to Kan fibrations. To the best of our knowledge, only special cases of
this result have previously appeared in the literature. As an application, we show
how these facts concerning the simplicial Maurer–Cartan functor provide a simple
1-categorical formulation of the Homotopy Transfer Theorem.

1 Introduction

Over the last few years, there has been increasing interest in the homotopy theory
of filtered, or complete, L1 -algebras1 and the role these objects play in deformation
theory [10, 12], rational homotopy theory [3, 4, 13], and the homotopy theory of
homotopy algebras [6, 8, 9]. One important tool used in these applications is the
simplicial Maurer–Cartan functor MC ./ which produces from any filtered L1 -
algebra a Kan simplicial set, or 1-groupoid. This construction, first appearing
in the work of Hinich [12] and Getzler [10], can (roughly) be thought of as a
“non-abelian analog” of the Dold–Kan functor from chain complexes to simplicial

1
Throughout this paper, all algebraic structures have underlying Z graded k-vector spaces with
char k D 0.
C.L. Rogers ()
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street,
Reno, NV 89557-0084, USA
e-mail: chrisrogers@unr.edu; chris.rogers.math@gmail.com

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 3

D.R. Wood et al. (eds.), 2016 MATRIX Annals, MATRIX Book Series 1,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72299-3_1
4 C.L. Rogers

vector spaces. In deformation theory, these 1-groupoids give higher analogs of the
Deligne groupoid. In rational homotopy theory, this functor generalizes the Sullivan
realization functor, and has been used to study rational models of mapping spaces.
A convenient presentation of the homotopy theory of filtered L1 -algebras has
yet to appear in the literature. But based on applications, there are good candidates
for what the weak equivalences and fibrations should be between such objects. One
would also hope that the simplicial Maurer–Cartan functor sends these morphisms to
weak homotopy equivalences and Kan fibrations, respectively. For various special
cases, which are recalled in Sect. 3, it is known that this is indeed true. In joint
work with Dolgushev [5], we showed that, in general, MC ./ maps any weak
equivalence of filtered L1 -algebras to a weak equivalence of Kan complexes. This
can be thought of as the natural L1 generalization of the Goldman–Millson theorem
in deformation theory.
The purpose of this note is to sketch a proof of the analogous result for
fibrations (Theorem 2 in Sect. 3 below): The simplicial Maurer–Cartan functor
maps any fibration between any filtered L1 -algebras to a fibration between their
corresponding Kan complexes. Our proof is not a simple generalization of the
special cases already found in the literature, nor does it follow directly from general
abstract homotopy theory. It requires some technical calculations involving Maurer–
Cartan elements, similar to those found in our previous work [5].
As an application, we show in Sect. 4 that “1-categorical” analogs of the
existence and uniqueness statements that comprise the Homotopy Transfer Theorem
[1, 2, 14, 15] follow as a corollary of our Theorem 2. In more detail, suppose we
are given a cochain complex A, a homotopy algebra B of some particular type (e.g.,
an A1 , L1 , or C1 -algebra) and a quasi-isomorphism of complexes W A ! B.
Then, using the simplicial Maurer–Cartan functor, we can naturally produce an
1-groupoid F whose objects correspond to solutions to the “homotopy transfer
problem”. By a solution, we mean a pair consisting of a homotopy algebra structure

on A, and a lift of  to a 1-quasi-isomorphism of homotopy algebras A  ! B.
The fact that MC ./ preserves both weak equivalences and fibrations allows us
to conclude that: (1) The 1-groupoid F is non-empty, and (2) it is contractible.
In other words, a homotopy equivalent transferred structure always exists, and this
structure is unique in the strongest possible sense.

2 Preliminaries

2.1 Filtered L1 -Algebras

In order to match conventions in our previous work [5], we define an L1 -algebra

to be a cochain complex .L; @/ for which the reduced cocommutative coalgebra
S.L/ is equipped with a degree 1 coderivation Q such that Q.x/ D @x for all x 2
L and Q2 D 0. This structure is equivalent to specifying a sequence of degree 1
Homotopical Properties of the Simplicial Maurer–Cartan Functor 5

multi-brackets

f ; ; : : : ; gm W Sm .L/ ! L m  2 (1)

satisfying compatibility conditions with the differential @ and higher-order Jacobi-

like identities. (See Eq. 2.5 in [5].) More precisely, if prL W S.L/ ! L denotes the
usual projection, then

fx1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xm gm D prL Q.x1 x2 : : : xm / ; 8xj 2 L :

This definition of L1 -algebra is a “shifted version” of the original definition of L1 -

algebra. A shifted L1 -structure on L is equivalent to a traditional L1 -structure on
sL, the suspension of L.
A morphism (or 1-morphism) ˚ from an L1 -algebra .L; Q/ to an L1 -algebra
Q Q/
.L; Q is a dg coalgebra morphism
   
Q Q
˚W S.L/; Q ! S.L/; Q : (2)

Such a morphism ˚ is uniquely determined by its composition with the projection

Q
to L:

˚ 0 WD prLQ ˚:

Every such dg coalgebra morphism induces a map of cochain complexes, e.g., the
linear term of ˚:

 WD prLQ ˚jL W .L; @/ ! .L; Q

Q @/; (3)

and we say ˚ is strict iff it consists only of a linear term, i.e.

˚ 0 .x/ D .x/ ˚ 0 .x1 ; : : : ; xm / D 0 8m  2 (4)

A morphism ˚W .L; Q/ ! .L; Q Q/

Q of L1 -algebras is an 1-quasi-isomorphism
Q Q
iff W .L; @/ ! .L; @/ is a quasi-isomorphism of cochain complexes.
We say an L1 -algebra .L; Q/ is a filtered L1 -algebra iff the underlying cochain
complex .L; @/ is equipped with a complete descending filtration,

L D F1 L  F2 L  F3 L    (5)

L D lim L=Fk L ; (6)


k
Another random document with
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February 4, 1899.
First outbreak of hostilities between the American and
Filipino forces at Manila.

February 6, 1899.
Ratification by the United States Senate of the Treaty of
Peace with Spain.
Death of General Count Georg Leo von Caprivi, formerly
chancellor of the German empire.
Death of Irving Browne, American legal writer.

February 10, 1899.

Coup d'état of Señor Cuestas, declaring himself Provisional
President of Uruguay.

February 11, 1899.

Occupation of the City of Iloilo, in the Philippine Islands,
by the American forces.

February 12, 1899.

Sale of the Caroline and the Marianne or Ladrone Islands
(excepting Guam) by Spain to Germany.

February 15, 1899.

Promulgation of a Russian imperial ukase which seriously
impairs the constitutional independence of Finland.
Death of Henry Jones ("Cavendish").

February 16, 1899.

Sudden death of François Felix Faure,
President of the French Republic.

February 18, 1899.

Election of Emile Loubet to the
presidency of the French Republic.

February 20, 1899.

 Adjournment of the Joint High Commission appointed to settle
questions in dispute between the United States and Canada.

February 23, 1899.

Funeral of the late President Faure, at Paris;
attempted revolutionary rising by the
"League of Patriots," and others.

February 24, 1899.

Death of Émile Welti, formerly President
of the Swiss Confederation.

February 25, 1899.

Death of Paul Julius de Reuter, Baron, founder of a telegraph
company and news agency.

{713}

February 28, 1899.

Defeat and resignation of the Spanish Ministry of Señor
Sagasta, on the question of the signing of the treaty of
Peace with the United States;
formation of the Ministry of Señor Silvela.
Death of Mrs. Emma Waller, English actress.

March, 1899.
Withdrawal of foreign legation guards from Peking.

March 1, 1899.
Formation of the Visayan Military District in the Philippines
under General Marcus P. Miller.
Death of Lord Herschell, English jurist.

March 3, 1899.
Creation of commission to examine and report on all possible
routes for an inter-oceanic canal, under the control and
ownership of the United States.
March 6, 1899.
Death of Princess Kaiulani, of Hawaii.

March 10, 1899.

Death of Sir Douglas Galton, British sanitary scientist.

March 11, 1899.

The signing of the treaty of peace with the United States
by the Queen of Spain, on her own responsibility.

March 13, 1899.

Death of Mr Julius Vogel,
British colonial statesman and author.

March 14, 1899.

Death of Emile Erckmann, French novelist.

March 18, 1899.

Modification of the plan of the Bureau of the American
Republics, at a conference of the representatives of
the American nations.

March 21, 1899.

Completed settlement of boundaries between English and
French claims in West Africa and the Western Sudan.

April 2, 1899.
Death of Baroness Hirsch.

April 11, 1899.

Death of Sir Monier Monier-Williams,
English philologist and Oriental scholar.

April 15, 1899.

Death of Ely Thayer, active organizer of "the Kansas crusade."
April 28, 1899.
Agreement between Great Britain and Russia concerning their
railway interests in China.

May 1, 1899.
Death of Professor Karl Christian Ludwig Büchner,
German physiologist and philosopher.

May 8, 1899.
General George W. Davis appointed Military
Governor of Porto Rico.

May 11, 1899.

Papal proclamation of the "Jubilee of the Holy Year 1900."

May 13, 1899.

Advice from the Netherlands government to President Kruger,
of the South African Republic, that he pursue a conciliatory
course towards Great Britain.

May 15, 1899.

Death of Francisque Sarcey, French essayist.

May 18, 1899.

Meeting and organization of the International Peace Conference
at The Hague.
Order by the Tzar of Russia looking to the abolition of
transportation to Siberia.

May 19, 1899.

Spanish garrison at Jolo, in the Sulu Archipelago,
replaced by American troops.

May 25, 1899.

Death of Emilio Castelar, Spanish orator and statesman.
Death of Rosa Bonheur, French artist.
May 27, 1899.
Death of Dr. Alphonse Charpentier, French physician.

May 29, 1899.

Order by President McKinley seriously modifying the
civil service rules.

May 31, 1899.

Conference at Bloemfontein between President Kruger of the
South African Republic and the British High Commissioner,
Sir Alfred Milner.

June, 1899.
International Convention respecting the liquor traffic in
Africa concluded at Brussels.

June 2, 1899.
Confession of Commandant Esterhazy, a refugee in England,
that he wrote the "bordereau" ascribed to Captain Dreyfus.

June 3, 1899.
Decision of the Court of Cassation, quashing and annulling,
in certain particulars, the judgment of condemnation
pronounced against Captain Dreyfus in 1894 and ordering a new
trial by court martial, to be held at Rennes.
Death of Johann Strauss, Austrian composer.

June 4, 1899.
Ruffianly demonstration of young French royalists against
President Loubet, at the Auteuil races; the President struck.

June 7, 1899.
Death of Augustin Daly, American theatrical manager.

June 10, 1899.

Death of John J. Lalor, American writer on
political and economic subjects.
June 12, 1899.
Resignation of the Ministry of M. Dupuy, in France;
formation of a "Government of Republican defense,"
under M. Waldeck-Rousseau.

June 15, 1899.

Meeting at Paris of the tribunal for the arbitration of the
Venezuela boundary.
Death of Representative Richard Parks Bland, of Missouri.

June 24, 1899.

Death of the Dowager Queen Kapiolani,
widow of King Kalakaua of Hawaii.

June 28-30, 1899.

Political rioting and threatened revolution at Brussels.

June 30, 1899.

Death of Mrs. E. D. E. N. Southworth, American novelist.

July 1, 1899.
Death of Charles Victor Cherbuliez, French novelist and critic.

July 6, 1899.
Death of Robert Bonner, American publisher.

July 7, 1899.
Death of George W. Julian, American anti-slavery leader.

July 10, 1899.

Death of the Grand Duke George, brother of the Tzar of Russia.

July 17, 1899.

Release of Japan from her old treaties with the Western Powers;
abolition of foreign consular courts.
July 18, 1899.
Death of Horatio Alger, American writer of stories for boys.

July 21, 1899.

Death of Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,
American apostle of atheism.

July 22, 1899.

Organization of a half military, half autonomous government
in the Philippine island of Negros.

July 25, 1899.

Election to fill municipal offices in Porto Rico, under
orders from the Military Governor.

July 26, 1899.

Amendment of its franchise law by the South African Republic.
Assassination of General Heureaux, President of the
Dominican Republic.

July 29, 1899.

Adoption and signing of the "Final Act" of the Peace
Conference at The Hague, submitting three proposed
Conventions, three Declarations, and several other
recommendations, to the governments represented in it.

July 31, 1899.

Death of Dr. Daniel Garrison Brinton, American ethnologist.

{714}

August 1, 1899.
Proposal of the British government to that of the South
African Republic, that a joint inquiry be made as to the
effect, in practical working, of the new franchise law.

August 4, 1899.
 Renewed counsel of moderation to President Kruger, from the
Netherlands government.

August 7, 1899.
Destructive cyclone in Porto Rico.
Opening of the new trial of Captain Dreyfus by court martial
at Rennes.
A terrific hurricane in the West Indies;
loss of life estimated at 5,000.

August 9, 1899.
Passage of Act creating a national Board of Education for
England and Wales.

August 11, 1899.

Death of Dr. Charles Janeway Stillé,
American author and educator.

August 12, 1899.

Arrest of Déronlède and other pestilential Frenchmen for
revolutionary conspiracy.

August 13, 1899.

Russian imperial order declaring Talienwan a free port.

August 14, 1899.

Attempt, at Rennes, to assassinate M. Labori, one of the
counsel for Captain Dreyfus.

August 16, 1899.

Death of Professor Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen,
German chemist.

August 19, 1899.

Counter proposals from the government of the South African
Republic to that of Great Britain.
August 20, 1899.
Rioting in Paris; barricading of M. Guérin and other members
of the "Anti-Semitic League" in their headquarters,
to defy arrest.

September 4, 1899.
Death of Jean Ristics, Servian statesman.

September 6, 1899.
Proposal by the government of the United States of an
"open-door" commercial policy in China.

September 8, 1899.
Authorized publication at Berlin of a repeated declaration
that the German government had never maintained, either
directly or indirectly, any relations with Captain Dreyfus.

September 9, 1899.
Verdict of "guilty" pronounced against Dreyfus by five of
the seven members of the Rennes court martial.

September 11, 1899.

Death of Cornelius Vanderbilt, millionaire.

September 12, 1899.

Impassioned protest by M. Zola against the Rennes verdict.

September 18, 1899.

Beginning of the trial, at Paris, of Déroulède and his
fellow conspirators against the Republic.

September 19, 1899.

Pardon of Captain Dreyfus by President Loubet.

September 22, 1899.

Ending of the discussion of the Uitlander franchise question
between the British and Boer governments.
 Death of Major George Edward Pond, military author.

September 25, 1899.

Death of Consul Willshire Butterfield,
American historical writer.

September 27, 1899.

The Orange Free State makes common cause with the Transvaal
against the British.
Death of General Henry Heth, Confederate officer and historian.

October, 1899.
International Commercial Congress and National Export
Exposition at Philadelphia.

October 3, 1899.
Announcement of the decision of the tribunal of arbitration
upon the question of the boundary between Venezuela and
British Guiana.
Fall of eleven columns of the great temple at Karnak, Egypt.

October 9, 1899.
Ultimatum of the South African Republic to Great Britain.

October 10, 1899.

Reply of the British government to the Boer ultimatum.
Contract of the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua declared
forfeited by the Nicaraguan government.

October 12, 1899.

First act in the British-Boer war, in South Africa;
Boer invasion of Natal and of Cape Colony.

October 13, 1899.

Death of Vice-Admiral Philip Howard Colomb, of the British navy.

October 14, 1899.

 Death of Charlotte Heine, sister of Heinrich.

October 15, 1899.

Death of Lawrence Gronlund, socialist author.

October 16, 1899.

Census of Cuba and Porto Rico, taken under the direction
of the War Department of the United States.
Death of Professor Edward Orton, American geologist.

October 20, 1899.

Battle at Talana Hill, Natal, between British and Boer forces;
mortal wounding of General Sir W. Penn Symons.
Agreement between Great Britain and the United States upon a
"modus vivendi" pending the settlement of the Alaska boundary.

October 21, 1899.

Battle at Elandslaagte, in Natal.

October 25, 1899.

Death of Grant Allen, author and naturalist.

October 27, 1899.

Death of Brigadier General Guy V. Henry, late military
governor of Porto Rico.
Death of Florence Marryat (Mrs. Francis Lean), English novelist.

October 28, 1899.

Death of John Codman Ropes, American military historian.
Death of Ottmar Mergenthaler, inventor of the linotype
printing process.

October 29, 1899.

Beginning of the siege of Ladysmith, in Natal.

November 2, 1899.
Earthquake and tidal wave in the island of Ceram, one of
 the Moluccas, overwhelming many towns.

November 3, 1899.
Death of Colonel Henry Inman,
American writer on frontier history.

November 14, 1899.

Signing of treaties between Great Britain, Germany, and
the United States, relative to the Samoan Islands.
Inauguration of Juan Isidro Jiminez, President of the
Dominican Republic.

November 16, 1899.

Death of Moritz Busch, biographer of Bismarck.

November 19, 1899.

Death of Sir John William Dawson, Canadian geologist.

November 21, 1899.

Death of Garret A. Hobart,
Vice President of the United States.

November 23, 1899.

Battle of Belmont, in the South African war.

November 24, 1899.

Death of Reverend Samuel May, American abolitionist.

November 25, 1899.

Battle at Enslin, or Graspan, in the South African war.

November 28, 1899.

Battle at Modder River, in the South African war.

November 30, 1899.

Report of Isthmian Canal Commission in favor of
the Nicaragua route.
December 6, 1899.
Appointment of General Leonard Wood to the military
command and governorship of Cuba.

{715}

December 10, 1899.

Repulse of the British by the Boers at Stormberg.

December 11, 1899.

Battle at Majesfontein, in the South African war.

December 12, 1899.

Inauguration of William S. Taylor, Republican, Governor of
Kentucky, his election being disputed by Democratic opponents.

December 15, 1899.

First repulse of General Buller in attempting to pass the
Tugela River, South Africa.

December 18, 1899.

Death of Major-General Henry W. Lawton, U. S. V.
Death of Bernard Quaritch, London book dealer.

December 20, 1899.

Li Hung-chang appointed Acting Viceroy at Canton.

December 22, 1899.

Death of Dwight Lyman Moody, evangelist.

December 23, 1899.

Death of Dorman B. Eaton,
leader in American civil-service reform.

December 25, 1899.

Beginning of the "Jubilee of the Holy Year 1900," proclaimed
 by Pope Leo XIII.
Death of Elliott Coues, American naturalist.

December 30, 1899.

Death of Sir James Paget, British surgeon.

December 31, 1899.

Murder of Mr. Brooks, an English missionary,
by Chinese "Boxers" in northern Shantung.

1900.

January 1, 1900.
Abolition of Roman Law and introduction of the Civil Code
throughout Germany.
Re-election of President Diaz, of Mexico, for a sixth term.

January 5, 1900.
Death of William A. Hammond, American physician.

January 10, 1900.

Landing of Field-Marshal Lord Roberts at the Cape, to take
the British command in South Africa.

January 12, 1900.

Death of Reverend Dr. James Martineau, English divine.

January 15, 1900.

Letting of contract for building the Rapid Transit Tunnel in
New York.
Death of George W. Steevens, English war correspondent.

January 17, 1900.

Beginning of the second movement of General Buller across
the Tugela River.

January 20, 1900.

 Death of John Ruskin.

January 21, 1900.

Death of Richard Doddridge Blackmore, English novelist.
Death of the Duke of Teck.

January 23, 1900.

Futile storming of the Boer fortifications on Spion Kop
by the British troops under General Buller.

January 24, 1900.

Decree by the Chinese emperor relating to the succession
to the throne.

January 27, 1900.

"Identic note" by foreign Ministers at Peking to the
Tsung-li Yamen demanding action against the "Boxers"
in Shantung and Chihli.

January 28, 1900.

Elections to the French Senate;
substantial success of the moderate Republicans.

January 29, 1900.

Withdrawal of General Buller from beyond the Tugela.

January 30, 1900.

Assassination of Senator William Goebel,
Democratic claimant of the governorship of Kentucky.

January 31, 1900.

Report of First Philippine Commission.

February 5, 1900.
Third advance of General Buller across the Tugela River.
Signing at Washington of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty between
the United States and Great Britain, to facilitate the
 construction of an inter-oceanic canal.
Death of William Henry Gilder, arctic explorer.

February 9, 1900.
Third retirement of General Buller from the north bank
of the Tugela.

February 11, 1900.

Beginning of the advance movement of Lord Roberts from the
Modder River.

February 15, 1900.

The Boer siege of Kimberley raised by General French.

February 20, 1900.

Death of William H. Beard, American animal painter.

February 21, 1900.

Agreement of Republican and Democratic leaders in Kentucky
for a settlement of the gubernatorial question in the courts.
Death of Henry Duff Traill, English man of letters.
Death of Dr. Charles Piazzi Smyth, British astronomer.
Death of Mr. Leslie E. Keeley, originator of the "gold cure"
for the liquor habit.

February 24, 1900.

Death of Richard Hovey, American poet.

February 25, 1900.

Opening of the new ship canal from the sea to Bruges.

February 27, 1900.

Surrender of General Cronje and his army to the British,
after nine days of battle, near Paardeberg.

February 27-28, 1900.

Final passage of the Tugela by General Buller, and relief
 of Ladysmith.

March 1, 1900.
Preliminary report of the United States Industrial Commission,
on "trusts and industrial combinations."

March 5, 1900.
Overtures of peace to Lord Salisbury by Presidents Kruger
and Steyn, of the South African republics.

March 9, 1900.
Death of Edward John Phelps, American diplomatist.

March 10, 1900.

Battle of Driefontein, in the Orange Free State.
Death of Johann Feder E. Hartmann, Danish composer.

March 11, 1900.

Reply of Lord Salisbury to the Boer Presidents, declining
to assent to the independence of either of the two republics.

March 12, 1900.

Occupation of Bloemfontein, capital of the Orange Free State,
by the British forces.

March 13, 1900.

Death of Père Henri Didon, French Dominican
author and preacher.

March 14, 1900.

Approval of the Financial Bill, for reforming the monetary
system of the United States.

March 18, 1900.

Death of General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart,
British military commander.
March 23, 1900.
Death of Sherman S. Rogers, American lawyer,
prominent in civil service reform.

March 25, 1900.

Rising of Ashantis and attack on the British in Kumassi.

March 26, 1900.

Death of Rabbi M. Wise, American Jewish divine.

March 27, 1900.

Death of General Pietrus Jacobus Joubert, Commandant-General
and Vice-President of the South African Republic.

March 29, 1900.

Order promulgated by the Military Governor of the Philippine
Islands providing for the election and institution of
municipal governments.
Death of Archibald Forbes, British war correspondent.

{716}

April, 1900.
Visit of Queen Victoria to Ireland.

April 1, 1900.
Death of Professor St. George Milvart,
English naturalist and scientific writer.

April 4, 1900.
Death of Ghazi Osman Nubar Pasha, Turkish general.

April 6, 1900.
Decision of the Kentucky Court of Appeals adverse to the
right of William S. Taylor to the Governor's office.

April 7, 1900.
 The Philippine Islands constituted, by order of the United
States Secretary of War, a military division, consisting
of four departments.
Appointment of the Second Philippine Commission by the
President of the United States.
Death of Frederick E. Church, American landscape painter.

April 10, 1900.

Death of Frank H. Cushing, American ethnologist.

April 12, 1900.

Act of Congress of the United States to provide revenues
and a civil government for Porto Rico.

April 14, 1900.

Opening of the Paris Exposition, with unfinished preparations.

April 17, 1900.

Cession to the United States by Samoan chiefs of the islands
in that group lying east of the 171st degree of west longitude.

April 19, 1900.

Death of Robert Alan Mowbray Stevenson, British artist.

April 21, 1900.

Meeting of the third Ecumenical Conference on Protestant
Foreign Missions, at New York.
Death of Alphonse M. Edwards, French naturalist.

April 23, 1900.

Death of George Douglas Campbell,
Duke of Argyll, Scottish author.

April 26, 1900.

Great fire in the city of Ottawa, Canada,
and the town of Hull, on the opposite shore of the river.
April 30, 1900.
Approval of an Act of the Congress of the United States
"to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii."

May 1, 1900.
Meeting, at Rock Island, Illinois, of the national convention
of the United Christian Party, to nominate candidates for
President and Vice President of the United States.
Inauguration of civil government in Porto Rico;
induction into office of Governor Charles H. Allen.
Death of Mihaly (Michael) Munkacsy, Hungarian painter.

May 10, 1900.

Meeting of the national conventions of the two wings of the
People's Party, at Cincinnati and at Sioux Falls, to nominate
candidates for President and Vice President of the United
States.

May 16, 1900.

Dissolution of the Italian Parliament by the King.

May 18, 1900.

Relief of Mafeking, after a siege of seven months by the Boers.

May 21, 1900.

Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that it
had no jurisdiction in the matter of the disputed governorship
of Kentucky.

May 23, 1900.

Passage of the Meat Inspection Bill in the German Reichstag.
Death of Jonas Gilman Clark, founder of Clark University.

May 24, 1900.

Proclamation by Lord Roberts of the annexation of the Orange
Free State to the dominions of the British Queen.