Textbook 2Nd International Conference On Mechanical Manufacturing and Process Plant Engineering 1St Edition Mokhtar Awang Eds Ebook All Chapter PDF

2nd International Conference on
Mechanical Manufacturing and Process

Plant Engineering 1st Edition Mokhtar
Awang (Eds.)
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/2nd-international-conference-on-mechanical-manufac
turing-and-process-plant-engineering-1st-edition-mokhtar-awang-eds/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
The Advances in Joining Technology Mokhtar Awang
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-advances-in-joining-
technology-mokhtar-awang/
Advances in Manufacturing, Production Management and

Process Control: Proceedings of the AHFE 2019
International Conference on Human Aspects of Advanced
Manufacturing, and the AHFE International Conference on
Advanced Production Management and Process Con Waldemar
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-manufacturing-
production-management-and-process-control-proceedings-of-the-
Karwowski
ahfe-2019-international-conference-on-human-aspects-of-advanced-
manufacturing-and-the-ahfe-international-confe/
Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Advanced

Manufacturing Engineering and Technologies NEWTECH 2017
1st Edition Vidosav Majstorovic
https://textbookfull.com/product/proceedings-of-5th-
international-conference-on-advanced-manufacturing-engineering-
and-technologies-newtech-2017-1st-edition-vidosav-majstorovic/
Automotive, mechanical and electrical engineering :

proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on
Automotive Engineering, Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering (AEMEE 2016), Hong Kong, China, 9-11
December 2016 1st Edition Liu
https://textbookfull.com/product/automotive-mechanical-and-
electrical-engineering-proceedings-of-the-2016-international-
conference-on-automotive-engineering-mechanical-and-electrical-
Process Systems Engineering for Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing 1st Edition Ravendra Singh
https://textbookfull.com/product/process-systems-engineering-for-
pharmaceutical-manufacturing-1st-edition-ravendra-singh/
Advances in Manufacturing II Volume 4 Mechanical

Engineering Bartosz Gapi■ski
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-manufacturing-ii-
volume-4-mechanical-engineering-bartosz-gapinski/
New Advances in Mechanisms, Mechanical Transmissions

and Robotics: Proceedings of The Joint International
Conference of the XII International Conference on
Mechanisms and Mechanical Transmissions (MTM) and the
XXIII International Conference on Robotics (R 1st
https://textbookfull.com/product/new-advances-in-mechanisms-
mechanical-transmissions-and-robotics-proceedings-of-the-joint-
Edition Burkhard Corves
international-conference-of-the-xii-international-conference-on-
mechanisms-and-mechanical-transmissions-mtm/
Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Materials and

Mechanics: Selected contributions from the 7th
International Conference on Advances in Mechanical
Engineering and Mechanics, ICAMEM 2019, December 16-18,
2019, Hammamet, Tunisia Mohamed Kharrat
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-mechanical-
engineering-materials-and-mechanics-selected-contributions-from-
the-7th-international-conference-on-advances-in-mechanical-
engineering-and-mechanics-icamem-2019-december-16/
Basic Mechanical Engineering 2nd Edition Pravin Kumar
https://textbookfull.com/product/basic-mechanical-
engineering-2nd-edition-pravin-kumar/
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
M. Awang Editor
2nd International
Conference on
Mechanical,
Manufacturing
and Process Plant
Engineering
About this Series
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-

ments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNME. Also considered for publication are monographs, contributed volumes
and lecture notes of exceptionally high quality and interest. Volumes published in
LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new challenges of mechanical
engineering. Topics in the series include:
• Engineering Design
• Machinery and Machine Elements
• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis
• Automotive Engineering
• Engine Technology
• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics
• Nanotechnology and Microengineering
• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics
• MEMS
• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• Dynamical Systems, Control
• Fluid Mechanics
• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
• Manufacturing
• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement
• Materials Engineering
• Tribology and Surface Technology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

M. Awang
Editor
2nd International Conference

on Mechanical,
Manufacturing and Process
Plant Engineering
123
Editor
M. Awang
Mechanical Engineering Department
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Seri Iskandar
Malaysia
ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

ISBN 978-981-10-4231-7 ISBN 978-981-10-4232-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4232-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935838
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Contents
A Review of Friction Stir Welding Pin Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

S. Emamian, M. Awang, F. Yusof, P. Hussain, M. Mehrpouya,
S. Kakooei, M. Moayedfar and Adeel Zafar
Friction Stir Welding of Polymers: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Adeel Zafar, M. Awang and Sajjad Raza Khan
Variation of Tool Offsets and Its Influence on Mechanical Properties
of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy 6061
and S235JR Mild Steel by Conventional Belting Milling Machine . . . . . 37
W.M. Syafiq, M. Afendi, R. Daud, M.N. Mazlee and N.A. Jaafar
Fracture Behavior of Intermetallic Compound (IMC)
of Solder Joints Based on Finite Elements’ Simulation Result . . . . . . . . . 49
E.P. Ooi, R. Daud, N.A.M. Amin, F. Mat, M.H. Sulaiman,
M.S. Abdul Majid, M. Afendi and A.K. Ariffin
Effect of Isothermal Aging on Mechanical Properties
of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder Alloy with Porous Cu
Interlayer Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
N.H. Jamadon, N.D. Ahmad, F. Yusof, T. Ariga,
Y. Miyashita and M.H.A. Shukor
On Amorphous Phase Formation in Dissimilar Friction
Stir Welding of Aluminum to Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
S.A. Hussein, A.S.M. Tahir and M. Awang
Influence of Loading Rate on Deformation Behaviour
and Sealing Performance of Spiral Wound Gasket
in Flange Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
N. Rino Nelson, N. Siva Prasad and A.S. Sekhar
v
vi Contents
Effect of Bevel Angles on Tensile Strength

of SS304 Steel Weld Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
S.R. Pedapati, A.B. Sidiq, M. Awang, F.M. Hashim and S. Jebaraj
Developing a Finite Element Model for Thermal Analysis
of Friction Stir Welding by Calculating Temperature
Dependent Friction Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
B. Meyghani, M. Awang, S. Emamian and Nor M. Khalid
A Review of Friction Stir Welding Pin
Profile
S. Emamian, M. Awang, F. Yusof, P. Hussain, M. Mehrpouya,

S. Kakooei, M. Moayedfar and Adeel Zafar
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process where the
joint occurs below the melting point of the base metal. Recently, not only soft
materials but also high melting materials have been given an attention in FSW
research activities. There are many studies on high melting materials such as steel,
titanium, and inconel. There are different parameters which contribute to the joint
quality. Many researchers have studied on the traverse and rotational speeds as the
main process parameters in order to obtain optimum weld quality. Tool geometry is
another important parameter that has an influence on the weld quality. This paper
aims to review the development of various pin profiles and its effects to the
microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld joint. Based on the published
papers, square pin profile produced sound joints. However, in other studies threaded
cylinder or threaded taper provides better joints. Above all, there is an equal result
among all studies in which threaded shapes are most effective on tool performance.
Keywords FSW Pin profile Tool geometry FSW parameters
1 Introduction
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process that was invented and
patented by The Welding Institute (TWI) UK [1]. This invention is a big success
for joining aluminum alloys as well as low melting temperature materials [2].
S. Emamian (&) M. Awang P. Hussain S. Kakooei M. Moayedfar A. Zafar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
e-mail: sattar.emamian@gmail.com
F. Yusof
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
M. Mehrpouya
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 1

M. Awang (ed.), 2nd International Conference on Mechanical, Manufacturing
and Process Plant Engineering, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4232-4_1
2 S. Emamian et al.
Fig. 1 Schematic of Friction Stir Welding [4]
Recently, FSW has been proven as an alternative joining technique for high melting
materials such as steels, titanium, and so on. Figure 1 illustrates the schematic of
FSW process. The applications of FSW can be found in marine, aerospace, auto-
motive, rail and construction industries. Nowadays FSW is gradually being intro-
duced to oil and gas industries such as offshore structure [3].
In FSW, the parameters that influence the quality of weld joint can be catego-
rized into primary and secondary parameters. The primary parameters are traverse
speed, rotational speed, and tool geometry. Meanwhile the secondary parameters
are thickness of the workpiece, workpiece material, welding tool material, and pin
profile.
In the last decade many researches have been done on various FSW parameters.
Among them, there are some studies that concentrated on pin profiles. In order to
obtain the best and optimum pin profiles, the geometry of pin will be evaluated with
other parameters such as rotation and traverse speeds, and force.
Elangovan et al. [5–8] had many researches on pin profiles on aluminum alloys.
They investigated the influence of pin profile and rotational speed, traversing speed,
shoulder diameter, and axial force on the formation of friction stir processing zone.
Furthermore, there are many other researchers who investigated the influence of pin
profiles on microstructural and mechanical properties of the weld joint [9].
A Review of Friction Stir Welding Pin Profile 3
However, there are many challenging issues to optimize the welding process for
joining hard materials. One of the issues is the appropriate tool pin profile design.
Tool geometry has an effect on weld joint for improving its properties and
quality [10]. FSW tool has two main functions during the welding process. The tool
shoulder rubs the workpiece and generates the heat and tool pin stirs the material
[11]. In FSW, the tool materials also play very important role during the welding
process for preventing the wear problem. The suitable tool material for welding a
high melting workpiece should possess wear resistance with high strength as well as
high toughness [12]. In addition, proper tool design reduces the force needed to
push the tool along the weld line.
Based on the literatures, the popularity to study the pin profile is increased.
However, there is little effort that focuses on FSW pin profiles. Therefore, this paper
aims to review various pin profiles used in experimental, simulation and opti-
mization works.
2 Experimental Studies on FSW Pin Profiles
Since the invention of FSW, there were many researches focused on developing the
FSW process. Primarily, they considered low melting materials for base material
such as Al, Mg, Zn. However, due to improvement of tool materials, the welding
technique is also favorable for high melting materials such as Ti, Ni, and steel [2].
There are several studies concentrated on pin profile. Elangovan and
Balasubramanian [5] investigated different pin profiles and their relation with
rotational speeds. They selected straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded
cylindrical, triangular and square as the pin profiles. According to their results,
square pin profile produced defect free joints regardless of rotational speeds. In
addition, the result from 15 weld joints showed that the square pin profile with
1600 rpm rotational speed has superior tensile properties.
In another research, Elangovan and Balasubramanian [7] investigated the rela-
tionship between different pin profiles and tool shoulder diameter of AA6061
aluminum alloy welded joints. From their study, square pin profile with 18 mm
shoulder diameter showed the higher tensile properties. They also investigated the
effect of traveling speed for different pin profiles on the AA2219 weld strength.
From their studies, square pin profiles showed defect free at the weld cross section.
Moreover, of the three traveling speeds, 0.76 mm/s indicated better tensile prop-
erties regardless of tool pin profiles [6].
In another research Elangovan and Balasubramanian investigated the relation of
different pin profiles with axial force. They fabricated the joints with three axial
forces and five different pin profiles on AA6061 workpiece. They found that square
pin profile with 7 kN showed superior tensile properties [8]. Figure 2 shows the
schematic of the pin profile that was used in their studies.
In summary, it can be concluded that different FSW parameters has a significant
effect on mechanical properties of the weldment.
4 S. Emamian et al.
Fig. 2 FSW pin profiles. a Straight cylindrical. b Threaded cylindrical. c Tapered cylindrical.
d Square. e Triangular [8]
Fig. 3 FSW pin profiles. a Threaded and tapered with three spiral flutes. b Threaded and tapered
with triangle
Some experimental studies are carried out on different rotational speeds,

traversing speeds in order to evaluate the relationship between pin profiles and FSW
parameters. Patil and Soman [13] conducted an investigation on the influence of
welding speed and the pin profiles of AA6082-O welded joint. They utilized
tri-flutes and taper screw thread as the pin profiles with constant rotational speed of
1200 rpm and various welding speeds from 60 to 85 mm/min. The results indicated
that pin profiles have significant role on mechanical properties and microstructure
of the weld. Moreover, joints with tapered screw have higher tensile strength at a
welding speed of 70 mm/min. It seems that the higher strength is because of the
treaded type pin profile.
Xu et al. [14] used two different pin profiles to investigate the effect of rotational
and traveling speeds on strength and ductility of 2219-T62 welded joint. Figure 3,
shows the pin profiles that were used in the study. They concluded that,
welding process parameters and pin profiles have a significant effect on strength and
ductility. Furthermore, they found that the threaded and tapered with three spiral flutes
showed higher mechanical properties result as compared to the other pin profile.
Ravindra and Surjya [15] studied the effect of pin profiles and the process
parameters on the defect of AA5083 weld joint. Five different tool pin profiles
(straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, triangular, square and cone) have been
used to fabricate the joints at three different rotational speeds of 900, 1400 and
1800 rpm under a constant traverse speed of 16 mm/min. They found that the
cylindrical profile produced defect free joints regardless of welding speeds.
Moreover, cylindrical pin profile with high rotation speed produced defect free
joints. However, the square and cylindrical profiles give better joints at 1400 rpm.
On the other hand, at the low rotational speed of 900 rpm, triangular shapes pro-
duced sound welds. From the 15 joints that has been performed, they found that
cylindrical pin profile at a rotational speed of 1400 rpm produced the best joint with
highest tensile strength.
Salari et al. [16] studied the tool geometry and rotational speed on defect gen-
eration. In their work, they studied AA5456 aluminum alloy for the lap joints with
two different thicknesses, 5 and 2.5 mm. In their study, they used 600 and 800 rpm
for the rotational speeds with four different pin profiles (conical threaded, cylin-
drical–conical thread, stepped conical thread, and Neutral Flared Triflute).
Schematic of pin profiles are illustrated in Fig. 4. The results showed significant
influence of tool geometry on material flow as well as the mechanical properties.
Furthermore, highest joint performance is achieved with the stepped conical
threaded and highest tensile properties is obtained at rotational speed of 600 rpm
irrespective of pin profiles.
Motalleb-Nejad et al. [17] studied the effect of pin profile on microstructure
and mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy. Three pin profiles which
are cylindrical, screw threaded cylindrical, and tapered were used in the study.
The joints are welded at different traverse and rotational speeds. From the results
they found that taper and screw threaded cylindrical produce defect free joints.
Fig. 4 Schematic of pin profiles. a Conical threaded. b Cylindrical-Conical threaded. c Stepped

conical thread. d Neutral flared triflute
6 S. Emamian et al.
Moreover, they observed that rotational speed have higher effect on microstructure
and mechanical properties. In addition, lower mechanical properties could be in the
result of higher rotational speed and lower traveling speed. Consequently, the best
mechanical properties were obtained with taper pin profile at x# ¼ 6300 where, x is
2
rotation speed and # is the traverse speed.

Some other scholars tried to evaluate the effect of tool shapes with different
welding speeds on mechanical properties. For instance, Trimble et al. [18] utilized
the cylindrical, square and triflute for the FSW of 4.8 mm thick AA2024-T3 plates.
The result showed that the triflute pin was the most effective shape for welding at
high speeds. Figure 5 illustrates the schematic of three FSW pin profiles.
Trimble and his colleagues [19] in another study investigated the influence of pin
profile on the microstructure and hardness of AA2024-T3 friction stir welded. They
recommended to use pin profiles with flat surface or flutes over the tapered cylinder.
Meanwhile, Ilangovan et al. [20] investigated the effect of pin profile on mechanical
properties of dissimilar AA6061-AA5086 joints. In the study, of the three different
pin profiles, threaded and tapered cylindrical produced defect free joints with the
similar tensile properties. However, the threaded cylindrical is preferred due to its
better joints shape. Figure 6 shows the schematic of the tool used in their study.
Fig. 5 FSW tools. a Cylindrical. b Triflute. c Square [18]

Fig. 6 FSW tools. a Cylindrical. b Threaded cylindrical. c Tapered [20]
Krasnowski et al. [21] investigated the influence of the pin profile on

microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al6082 joint. They concluded that
the shape of the FSW tool pin influences the mechanical properties.
Due to the significant effect of tool geometry on the material flow, fundamental
correlation between material flow and microstructure of joints varies with each tool
[11]. Nadikudi et al. [22] studied the formability of welds with different pin profiles.
They found that square profile produced better formability properties as compared
to other profiles. In addition, the weld microstructure made with a square profile had
a fine grains with a uniformly distributed grains.
Some of the studies claim that rotational speed has not significant effect in the
hardness profile of FSW welds. However, they mentioned that the rotational speed
is influential on soften the material in the joints [23]. In addition, the above studies
concluded that rotational and traversing speeds are effective on quality of the weld
joints. Increasing the rotational speed and reducing the traversing speed will
increase the temperature during FSW [24–26]. It is obvious that changing the
geometry of the pin profile will influence on heat generation. Therefore, in order to
obtain a defect free weld, the FSW speeds (rotational and traverse) and pin profiles
must be chosen carefully.
Emamikhah et al. [27] considered the effect of pin profiles on FSW of high-zinc
brass (CuZn40). They utilized chamfered taper, single-threaded taper, three-flute,
threaded cylinder, threaded taper, spline, and hexahedron as the different pin pro-
files. Moreover, the rotation and traverse speeds were constant during the study.
With embedding the thermocouples, heat generation is measured. The results
revealed that threaded cylindrical pin profile have higher heat in advancing side,
however, threaded taper have higher temperature and hardness on the retreating
side. Consequently, higher heat will improve the material stirring below the
shoulder and increase the mechanical properties. Nonetheless, the lower tempera-
ture was generated by the hexahedron profile. As mentioned earlier, the geometry of
the pin can effect on the heat generation. Amount of friction between the tool and
8 S. Emamian et al.
workpiece during stirring process may produce temperature. Therefore, the higher
interaction, the higher temperature.
Some other studies considered the other parameters of FSW as compared to pin
profiles. For instance, Mohanty et al. [28] examined the role of pin profile of FSW
on aluminum and compared it with tool shoulder. They used chromium steel
straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical and trapezoidal for the experiment at
1400 rpm for rotation, 160 mm/min for welding speed and 3.5 kN for axial force.
From the 27 joints experiment, they observed that straight cylindrical with 5 mm
diameter have higher tensile strength.
Reza and Reynolds [29] studied the role of threaded pin on material flow and
weldability of AA7050 and AA6061. They observed that using thread forms are
very useful on tool performance and also reduces the force on tool.
Venkata Rao et al. [30] studied the microstructure and corrosion of AA 2219
Al-Cu alloy during FSW to evaluate the effect of pin profile. They pick out conical
and triangular shapes for the experiment. From the results of electron backscattered
diffraction and differential scanning calorimetric they found that corrosion resis-
tance of triangular profile is better than conical. The results showed that heat
generation is higher for triangular profile. With regards to the heat generation, the
relative size of pin and shoulder is important in FSW process.
Venkata Rao et al. [31] studied the effect of pin profiles on microstructure of
AA2219 alloy. They found the significant role of pin profiles in the microstructure
of workpiece. The results showed that hexagonal tool produced higher temperature
and uniform structure as compared to square, triangle, pentagon, and conical tool
pin profiles.
In many experimental studies that the square pin profile is involved in, the
sounds welds with higher mechanical properties produced by square shapes. On the
other hand, threaded cylinder and threaded taper produced better joints in compare
with other shapes. Once comparing different profiles in various studies, it can be
summarized that threaded shapes are very influential on tool performance.
According to aforementioned, some parameters such as workpiece material and
thickness, rotation and traverse speeds have influence on joining quality. Therefore
in order to select the optimum pin profiles, it depends on many parameters.
3 Simulation on FSW Pin Profiles
Not only the experimental works, but some researches also focused on simulation
study. They tried to model different pin profiles and investigate the parameters such
as heat generation, stress distribution, and effect of FSW parameters on mechanical
properties and thermal characteristics. To model FSW process, a coupled thermo
plastic behavior will be assumed in order to obtain the stress, strain as well as
temperature distributions [32, 33]. There are many engineering software available
to model FSW process. However, Kheireddine et al. [34] mentioned that for
thermo-mechanical models, DEFORM-3D and ABAQUS software are appropriate

to use.
Buffa et al. [35] used finite element model (FEM) to investigate the cylindrical
and conical shapes with different angles. Thermo-mechanically coupled analysis
has been performed to predict the process parameters. They observed that
increasing the pin angle will enlarge the heat affected zone and thermal mechanical
zone due to bigger weld nugget. In addition, plastic deformation would be
increased. Due to helical movement of conical profile, material flow will also be
increased.
Jaimin and Patil [36] investigated the mechanical properties and thermal analysis
by modelling the different pin profiles for FSW on AA6061. Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) has been used in order to modelling. The simulation was carried out
at constant rotational speed of 600 rpm with different pin profiles; conical,
hexagonal, trapezoidal, cylindrical flutes. They found that hexagonal pin profile
provides sound material flow among other profiles.
Vinayak et al. [37] investigated the effects of pin profiles on temperature, stir
zone and weld power requirements using FEM. According to the results, square pin
profile use less power in compare with triangular, cylindrical, rectangular, pen-
tagonal, and hexagonal. Furthermore, frustum pin type produces better results as
compared to straight type.
Marzbanrad et al. [9] has considered the influence of pin profiles on mechanical
properties and thermal characteristics of AA5083. They investigated the cylindrical
and square shapes for the simulation and experiment procedure. A numerical model
was developed for investigating the effect of tool pin profiles on material flow,
thermal and strain distributions based on thermo-mechanically coupled
rigid-viscoplastic 3D FEM. 1120 rpm used for rotational speed, 30 mm/min for
traverse speed, and tilting angle of 2° carried out for experiment procedure. Optical
microscopy was employed to characterize the microstructures features of the weld
and tensile test was performed in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the
joints. From the results they found that square profile produced the higher ultimate
strength in compare with cylindrical tool profile and also the grain structure was
finer.
Hao and his colleagues [38] investigated the effect of pin profiles on thermal and
material flow by numerical modeling. Their simulation is based on computational
fluid dynamics to analyze the thermo-physical in FSW. They found that triflat tool
produced larger deformation area than conical tool. Moreover, the heat generation
of both has not significance differences. However, stir action of triflat is stronger
than conical.
Godakh and his colleagues [39] proposed a numerical model for heat generation
of different pin profiles. Figure 7 shows the different pin profiles that they used in
their work.
They found that square pin profile generated higher temperature, and hexagonal
produced lower temperature. Furthermore, their numerical model showed that
increasing the rotational speed in constant traversing speed produce higher heat
input and vice versa.
10 S. Emamian et al.
Fig. 7 a Triangular pin. b Square pin. c Pentagonal pin. d Hexagonal pin [39]
In the most researches for obtaining the better shapes due to the heat generation
and mechanical properties, the finite element analysis is performed. In numerical
simulation, three parts of the process are investigated which have their own solving
method. Work piece is solved in Eulerian framework, pin is solved in Lagrangian
framework, but the stir zone would be solved in Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian
(ALE) method [40].
The workpiece is meshed using eight node coupled temperature displacement,
brick elements (C3D8RT). The mesh is graded in a way such that there is a higher
mesh density around the tool plunge area. This improves the accuracy of the
solution around the tool without tremendously increasing the computational time.
The graded meshes are obtained by partitioning the workpiece into smaller cells.
Adaptive mesh boundary type lagrangian applied to reduce distortion.
4 Optimization on FSW Pin Profiles
Amongst the experiments, some researchers tried to optimize the FSW parameters.
They claimed that it is possible to predict the optimum parameters during FSW
process [41–43].
Kalaiselvan and Murugan [41] considered the influence of FSW parameters on
tensile strength. They developed a mathematical model to predict the ultimate
tensile strength (UTS) of FSW on Al-B4C composites. The results indicated that the
joint fabricated using rotational speed of 1000 rpm, welding speed of 1.3 mm/s,
axial force of 10 kN, and the reinforcement of 12% showed higher tensile strength
compared with other joints.
Ashok and Murugan [42] investigated rotational speed, welding speed, tool pin
profile and percentage of reinforcement which are affected on mechanical properties
of friction stir welded Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC) joints. They devel-
oped the regression model to predict the UTS and percent elongation (PE) of FSW
on AA6061/AlNp composite joints. They found that the parameters independently
influenced the UTS and PE of FSW joint.
Jagadeesh et al. [43] investigated the tensile test and hardness properties of
the twenty-seven joints on Al6061 workpiece of 6.35 mm thick. Moreover,
they selected two models (ANOVA, Artificial Neural Network) to predict the
tensile strength of friction stir welded AA6061. From the ANOVA results, they
concluded that tool rotational speed and axial force are the influential parameters on
the mechanical properties. They observed that increasing the parameters such as
tool rotational speed, welding speed, and axial force, tensile strength would be
increased respectively. Their research also indicates that the weld samples prepared
at 2000 rpm, 72 mm/min, 2.5 kN for rotational speed, traveling speed and axial
force, respectively with square pin profile, have highest tensile strength around
169.48 MPa.
Most of the previous investigations on optimization of FSW focused on primary
parameters such as rotational speed and welding speed with respect to mechanical
properties.
Rambabu et al. [44] developed the mathematical model to predict the corrosion
resistance of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminum alloy. Their results revealed
that the shape of pin has a significant effect on the joint structure and the corrosion
properties. Furthermore, the optimized values matches the experimentally deter-
mined values.
Optimization of FSW pin profile is accurate with the conforming tests.
Regression model and also artificial neural network utilized to predict the tensile
strength and evaluate the different parameters. Again from the mechanical and
predictive models found that square pin profile produce higher tensile strength in a
specified parameters.
5 Conclusion
The most recent research reveals that FSW pin profile have significant effect on
material flow and mechanical properties. In addition, the geometry of profiles is
effective on heat generation. Some scholars are convinced that there are direct
relations between heat generation and hardness, higher temperature, will produce
higher hardness. Moreover, some researches claim that other main FSW parameters
such as rotational speed have a higher influence on microstructure and mechanical
properties. But the role of tool geometry and pin profile is inevitable.
It can also be concluded that among all shapes that are considered, some of them
are not compared with each other and they provide defect free welds separately. In
the most researches, square pin profile produce sound joints. However, in other
studies threaded cylinder or threaded taper provides proper joints. Above all, there
is an equal result among all studies in which threaded shapes are most effective on
tool performance.
The effect of different pin profiles on mechanical properties is illustrated in
Appendix 1.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,

Malaysia for the financial support under I-Gen grant (0153DA-135).
12
Appendix 1: A Summary of Experimental Study on Different Pin Profiles
Material Plate Pin profile Rotational Traverse Tensile Hardness Weld joint References
thickness speed speed strength (Hv) appearance
(mm) (rpm) (mm/min) (MPa)
AA2219 6 Square 1500 45.6 240 88 Good Elangovan and
Balasubramanian
[5]
” ” Square 1600 ” – 105 ” ”
” ” Square 1700 ” – 83 ” ”
” ” Cylindrical 1600 ” 100 82 Poor ”
” ” Conical 1600 ” 120 95 No defect ”
” ” Threaded 1500 ” 155 – Good ”
Cylindrical
” ” Threaded 1600 ” 220 – ” ”
Cylindrical
” ” Triangular 1600 ” 215 – ” ”
” ” Triangular 1700 ” 150 – ” ”
AA2219 6 Threaded 1600 45.6 220 – Good Elangovan and
Cylindrical Balasubramanian
[6]
” ” Square ” 22.2 160 96 ” ”
” ” ” ” 45.6 240 105 ” ”
” ” ” ” 75 180 98 ” ”
” ” Triangular ” 45.6 225 – ” ”
AA6082-O 5 Tri-flute 1200 60 76.67 – – Patil and Soman
[13]
(continued)
S. Emamian et al.
(continued)
” ” ” ” 70 66.33 – – ”
” ” ” ” 85 56.67 – – ”
AA6082-O 5 Taper Screw 1200 60 103.33 – – ”
” ” ” 70 120 – – ”
” ” ” ” 75 67 – – ”
2219-T62 Al 12 Threaded and 300–500 60–100 305 105 Fine grain size Xu et al. [14]
alloy tapered with three
spiral flutes
” ” Threaded and ” ” 300 93 – ”
A Review of Friction Stir Welding Pin Profile
tapered with triangle

AA5083 2.5 Taper Cylindrical 900 16 103 – – Ravindra and
Surjya [15]
” ” ” 1400 ” 122 – – ”
” ” ” 1800 ” 116 – – ”
” ” Triangular 900 ” 140 – – ”
” ” ” 1400 ” 136 – – ”
” ” ” 1800 ” 123 – – ”
” ” Conical 900 ” 126 – – ”
” ” ” 1400 ” 138 – – ”
” ” ” 1800 ” 114 – – ”
” ” Square 900 ” 137 – Good ”
” ” ” 1400 ” 143 – ” ”
” ” ” 1800 ” 122 – – ”
(continued)
13
(continued)
14
” ” Cylindrical 900 ” 132 – – ”
” ” ” 1400 ” 147 – No defect ”
” ” ” 1800 ” 140 – – ”
Az31B 3 Cylindrical 630 63 204 70 – Motalleb-Nejad
Magnesium et al. [17]
alloy
” ” ” 800 80 192 68 – ”
” ” ” 1000 100 162 60 – ”
” ” Conical 630 63 253 80 – ”
” ” ” 800 80 243 77 – ”
” ” ” 1000 100 223 73 – ”
” ” Threaded 630 63 242 77 – ”
Cylindrical
” ” ” 800 80 234 73 – ”
” ” ” 1000 100 212 69 – ”
AA2024-T3 4.8 Triflute 450 180 91 134 – Trimble et al. [18]
” ” Square ” ” 90 131 – ”
” Cylindrical ” ” 68 123 – ”
AA6061 and 6 Straight Cylindrical 1100 22 126 – Defect at the Ilangovan et al.
AA5086 mid thickness [20]
region
” ” Threaded ” ” 169 – Defect Free ”
Cylindrical
(continued)
S. Emamian et al.
(continued)
” ” Tapered Cylindrical ” ” 163 – Defect Free ”
AA6082-T6 8 Threaded 710 900 242.1 – – Krasnowski et al.
Cylindrical [21]
” ” Triflute 710 900 244 – – ”
” ” Cylindrical 710 900 218.4 – – ”
” 10 Threaded ” ” 233.7 – – ”
Cylindrical
” ” Triflute ” ” 230.9 – – ”
” ” Cylindrical ” ” 215.4 – – ”
A Review of Friction Stir Welding Pin Profile
AA6061-T6 – Straight Cylindrical 900 24 175 – – Nadikudi et al.

and [22]
AA2014-T6
” – Taper Cylindrical ” ” 167 – – ”
” – Stepped Cylindrical ” ” 168 – – ”
” – Square ” ” 183 – – ”
” – Straight hexagon ” ” 172 – – ”
High-Zinc 3 Threaded 450 16 – 64.20 – Emamikhah et al.
brass Cylindrical [27]
” ” Threaded taper ” ” – 50.96 – ”
” ” Spline ” ” – 50.84 – ”
” Hexahedron ” ” – 50.49 – ”
15
References
1. Thomas W et al (1991) International patent no. 1991, PCT/GB92/02203, GB Patent

2. Sulaiman S, Emamian S, Sheikholeslam MN, Mehrpouya M (2013) Review of the effects of
friction stir welding speed on stainless steel type 304L. Int J Mater Mech Manuf 1(1):85–87
3. Thompson B (2013) Friction stir welding of 25-mm Thick Steel (cited 2015 23/01/2015).
Available from. http://ewi.org/friction-stir-welding-of-25-mm-thick-steel-2/
4. Threadgill PL, Leonard AJ, Shercliff HR, Withers PJ (2009) Friction stir welding of
aluminium alloys (cited 2014). Available from http://www.twi-global.com/technical-
knowledge/published-papers/friction-stir-welding-of-aluminium-alloys/
5. Elangovan K, Balasubramanian V (2007) Influences of pin profile and rotational speed of the
tool on the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA2219 aluminium alloy. Mater Sci
Eng A 459(1–2):7–18
6. Elangovana K, Balasubramanian V (2008) Influences of tool pin profile and welding speed on
the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA2219 aluminium alloy. Mater Process
Technol 200(1–3):163–175
7. Elangovan K, Balasubramanian V (2008) Influences of tool pin profile and tool shoulder
diameter on the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA6061 aluminium alloy. Mater
Des 29(2):362–373
8. Elangovan K, Balasubramanian V, Valliappan M (2008) Influences of tool pin profile and
axial force on the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA6061 aluminium alloy. Int J
Adv Manuf Technol 38:285–295
9. Marzbanrad J, Akbari M, Asadi P, Safaee S (2014) Characterization of the influence of tool
pin profile on microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir welding. Metall Mater
Trans B 45B:1887–1894
10. Rai R et al (2011) Review: friction stir welding tools. Sci Technol Weld Joining 16(4):
325–342
11. Mishraa RS, Ma ZY (2005) Friction stir welding and processing. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 50
(1):1–78
12. Meilinger Á, Török I (2013) The importance of friction stir welding tool. Prod Process Syst 6
(1):25–34
13. Patil HS, Soman SN (2010) Experimental study on the effect of welding speed and tool pin
profiles on AA6082-O aluminium friction stir welded butt joints. Int J Eng Sci Technol 2(5):
268–275
14. Xu W, Liu J, Zhu H, Fu L (2013) Influence of welding parameters and tool pin profile on
microstructure and mechanical properties along the thickness in a friction stir welded
aluminum alloy. Mater Des 47:599–606
15. Thube RS, Pal SK (2014) Influences of tool pin profile and welding parameters on friction stir
weld formation and joint efficiency of AA5083 joints produced by friction stir welding. Int J
Innovative Res Adv Eng 1(4):1–8
16. Salari E, Jahazi M, Khodabandeh A, Ghasemi-Nanesa H (2014) Influence of tool geometry
and rotational speed on mechanical properties and defect formation in friction stir lap welded
5456 aluminum alloy sheets. Mater Des 58:381–389
17. Motalleb-nejad P, Heidarzadeh TS, Darzi K, Ashjari M (2014) Effect of tool pin profile on
microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AZ31B magnesium alloy.
Mater Des 59:221–226
18. Trimble D, O’Donnell GE, Monaghan J (2015) Characterisation of tool shape and rotational
speed for increased speed during friction stir welding of AA2024-T3. J Manuf Process
17:141–150
19. Trimble D et al (2015) Friction stir welding of AA2024-T3 plate–the influence of different pin
types
20. Ilangovan M, Rajendra Boopathy S, Balasubramanian V (2015) Effect of tool pin profile on
microstructure and tensile properties of friction stir welded dissimilar AA 6061–AA 5086
aluminium alloy joints. Defence Technol 11(2):174–184
21. Krasnowski K, Hamilton C, Dymek S (2015) Influence of the tool shape and weld
configuration on microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al 6082 alloy FSW joints.
Arch Civ Mech Eng 15(1):133–141
22. Nadikudi BKB et al (2015) Formability analysis of dissimilar tailor welded blanks welded
with different tool pin profiles. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 25(6):1787–1793
23. Sato YS, Urata M, Kokawa H (2002) Parameters controlling microstructure and hardness
during friction-stir welding of precipitation-hardenable aluminum alloy 6063. Metall Mater
Trans A 33A:625–635
24. Muhsin JJ, Tolephih MH, Muhammed AM (2012) Effect of friction stir welding parameters
(rotation and transverse) speed on the transient temperature distribution in friction stir welding
of AA 7020-T53. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 7(4):436–446
25. Mironov S, Inagaki K, Sato YS, Kokawa H (2015) effect of welding temperature on
microstructure of friction-stir welded aluminum alloy 1050. Metall Mater Trans A 46A:
783–790
26. Manvatkar V et al (2015) Cooling rates and peak temperatures during friction stir welding of a
high-carbon steel. Scripta Mater 94:36–39
27. Emamikhah A, Abbasi A, Atefat A (2014) Effect of tool pin profile on friction stir butt
welding of high-zinc brass (CuZn40). Int J Adv Manuf Technol 71:81–90
28. Mohanty HK, Mahapatra MM, Kumar P, Biswas P, Mandal NR (2012) Effect of tool shoulder
and pin probe profiles on friction stirred aluminum welds—a comparative study. J Mar Sci
Appl 11(2):200–207
29. Reza-E-Rabby M, Reynolds AP (2014) Effect of tool pin thread forms on friction stir
weldability of different aluminum alloys. Procedia Eng 90:637–642
30. Venkata Rao C, Madhusudhan Reddy G, Srinivasa Rao K (2015) Microstructure and pitting
corrosion resistance of AA2219 Al–Cu alloy friction stir welds—effect of tool profile.
Defence Technol 11:123–131
31. Venkata Rao C, Madhusudhan Reddy G, Srinivasa Rao K (2015) Influence of tool pin profile
on microstructure and corrosion behaviour of AA2219 Al-Cu alloy friction stir weld nuggets.
Defence Technol 11:123–131
32. Awang M, Mucino VH, Feng Z, David SA (2005) Thermo-mechanical modeling of friction
stir spot welding (FSSW) process: use of an explicit adaptive meshing scheme. SAE
Technical paper, 2006, 2005(1), p 1251
33. Song M, Kovacevic R (2003) Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving
coordinate system and its validation. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 43:605–615
34. Kheireddine AH, Khalil AA, Ammouri AH, Kridli GT, Hamade RF (2013) An experimen-
tally validated thermo-mechanical finite element model for friction stir welding in carbon
steels. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 7(4):309–312
35. Buffa G, Hua J, Shivpuri R, Fratini L (2006) Design of the friction stir welding tool using the
continuum based FEM model. Mater Sci Eng A 419:381–388
36. Patel JB, Patil HS (2014) Simulation of peak temperature & flow stress during FSW of
aluminium alloy AA6061 for various tool pin profiles. Int J Mater Sci Eng 2(1):67–71
37. Malika V, Sanjeev NK, Suresh Hebbarb H, Kailasa SV (2014) Investigations on the effect of
various tool pin profiles in friction stir welding using finite element simulations. Procedia Eng
97:1060–1068
38. Su H et al (2015) Numerical modeling for the effect of pin profiles on thermal and material
flow characteristics in friction stir welding. Mater Des 77:114–125
39. Gadakh VS, Kumar A, Patil GJ (2015) Analytical modeling of the friction stir welding
process using different pin profiles. Weld J 94(4):115S–124S
40. Chiumenti M, Cervera M, de Saracibar CA, Dialami N (2013) Numerical modeling of friction
stir welding processes. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 254:353–369
41. Kalaiselvan K, Murugan N (2013) Role of friction stir welding parameters on tensile strength
of AA6061−B4C composite joints. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 23:616–624
42. Ashok Kumar B, Murugan N (2014) Optimization of friction stir welding process parameters
to maximize tensile strength of stir cast AA6061-T6/AlNp composite. Mater Des 57:383–393
43. Jagadeesh Chandra Prasad P, Hema P, Ravindranath K (2014) Optimization of process
parameters for friction stir welding of aluminum alloy AA6061 using square pin profile. Int J
Mech Eng Robot Res 3(2)
44. Rambabu G et al (2015) Optimization of friction stir welding parameters for improved
corrosion resistance of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints. Defence Technol 11:330–337
Friction Stir Welding of Polymers:
An Overview
Adeel Zafar, M. Awang and Sajjad Raza Khan
Abstract Friction stir welding, a solid state joining process is an already proven
technique for the welding of metals. Lately, it has been employed on polymers,
which also have shown efficacious joining results. Due to recent consideration of this
process on polymers, a limited body of literature on friction stir welding of polymers
exists. This paper presents an overview of the state-of-the-art of the process on
similar and dissimilar polymers. The process parameters which are significant for
weld strength and various approaches to maximize it, such as external heat induc-
tion, tool modification, and material flow are central to this discussion. Finally, the
conclusions drawn with future recommendations are reflected as well.
1 Introduction
Considering the light weight property of polymeric materials, their use has grown
widely in various industries, mainly in electronics, automotive, aerospace, and
packaging [1]. Due to the dissimilarity in materials and complexity of joining parts,
the increased use of any material at the same time increases the importance of the
joining process. Several joining techniques for similar and dissimilar polymeric
materials are employed in many industries. The invention of modern welding
processes such as friction welding, resistance, ultrasonic, laser, induction, and
microwave welding has widely replaced conventional joining processes (adhesive
and mechanical fastening) [2]. However, these modern processes require high initial
investment which limits their scope of application. Better mechanical properties
A. Zafar M. Awang (&) S.R. Khan

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
e-mail: mokhtar_awang@utp.edu.my
A. Zafar
e-mail: adeel_ze@ymail.com
S.R. Khan
e-mail: sajjadrkhan@yahoo.com
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 19

M. Awang (ed.), 2nd International Conference on Mechanical, Manufacturing
and Process Plant Engineering, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4232-4_2
20 A. Zafar et al.
Fig. 1 A schematic representation of a FSW and b FSSpW process [1]
with low investment cost have been obtained by friction stir welding (FSW) and
friction stir spot welding (FSSpW). FSSpW is the variant of FSW by the elimi-
nation of transverse part and involves plunging and retraction at one spot.
A schematic view of both processes is shown in Fig. 1. These friction based pro-
cesses have many other advantages such as solid state welding, flexibility, and
insignificant heat-affected zone (HAZ) in polymers [3].
Among three kinds of polymeric materials; thermoplastics, thermosets, and
elastomers, only thermoplastics are the weldable polymers. It is due to their ability
to be reshaped after heating below their degradation temperature. Examples of such
polymeric materials include Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polystyrene (PS),
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),
low-density and high-density polyethylene (PE). Others are Polypropylene (PP),
Poly tetra fluoro ethylene (PTFE), nylon-6 (PA 6), and polycarbonate (PC) [4]. Due
to different rheological properties of theses polymers particularly melt viscosity,
their flow behavior is also different. This difference leads to the diversity of process
parameters as well as pin profile in FSW process.
The joining mechanism in welding of polymers is based on molecular diffusion
and chain entanglement which starts at the molten stage of the polymer. After
cooling and solidification of the weld, residual stresses due to squeeze flow will
Friction Stir Welding of Polymers: An Overview 21
remain in the weld [5]. Grewell [5] has mentioned that a high squeeze flow rate will
lead to a certain molecular alignment direction which ultimately influences the weld
quality and may result in a weak weld. Moreover, the degree of welding also
depends on the kind of polymer used, its properties, and the joining parameters.
The present review focuses on using the FSW and FSSpW to join similar and
dissimilar polymers. Firstly, it describes the problems and challenges surmounted to
friction stir weld the polymeric materials. This is followed by a detailed description
of progress so far achieved on the FSW of polymers. Finally, conclusions are made
with a particular view on future research challenges and directions.
2 Friction Stir Weldability of Polymers
FSW of polymers is critical due to different physical and rheological differences

present in each polymer. The achievement of optimum process parameters becomes
more challenging when it comes to weld polymers which have low melt viscosity
such as nylon-6. Rotational speed is the major process parameter in FSW process
which varies for each kind of material depending on their physical properties [6].
A higher rotational speed results in the degradation of the polymer, whereas lower
rotational rate gives poor mixing thus producing voids in stir zone. Therefore, the
need to investigate the optimum parameters for each polymer is vital.
On the other hand, squeeze-out of plasticized or semi-molten material is also an
important consideration to achieve maximum weld strength as it may result in flash
formation and eventually a poor surface finish [7]. An example of over plasticized
material’s squeeze out as observed in PC is shown in Fig. 2. In addition to that, an
excessive flow-out of the material may result in tunnel defect which will ultimately
reduce the weld quality. The uniform mixing of material during the stirring process
has a direct relationship with weld quality [8]. On the other hand, uniformity in
material flow or mixing depends on the geometry of pin profile [9]. Therefore,
optimum pin profile for uniform mixing should also be evaluated to widen the
scope of FSW on polymers.
Fig. 2 Expulsion of
plasticized material during Expelled
FSW of PC [10] Material
22 A. Zafar et al.
3 The Research Progress in Friction Stir Welding

of Polymers
FSW and FSSpW of polymer have continued to develop rapidly in recent years
with advances made in tool design, external heat introduction, and different sub-
merging conditions. Moreover, material flow during welding has also been studied
using marker insert technique. This review presents a comprehensive review of all
investigations made to maximize the weld strength. Table 1 is the sum of the
findings on FSW and FSSpW which was performed on different polymers.
3.1 Optimum Welding Parameters for the FSW of Polymers
The FSW require very few process parameters (rotational speed, welding speed,
tool dimension, and plunge depth) [24] and each parameter has vital roles in heat
generation and stirring. The optimization of parameters is significant to produce an
acceptable joint strength. Due to different rheological and physical differences
among polymers, they were welded at diverse FSW parameters. Besides, it was
discovered that workpiece thickness profoundly influences the welding parameters.
Also, researchers have reported different joining parameters for various levels of
thickness of the same material. For instance, Azarsa et al. [21] welded 10 mm thick
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) at 1400 RPM rotational speed and 25 mm
min−1 welding speed with the joining strength almost equal to the base material.
Bozkurt [6] welded thin (4 mm) HDPE sheet at higher rotational and welding speed
which is 3000 RPM and 115 mm min−1 respectively. Although there is a signifi-
cant difference in joining parameters of both studies, the joint strength in thin sheets
is only 10% lower when compared to thick sheets. The decrease in strength could
be due to higher rotational rate which generated high temperature i.e., 165 °C
which is higher than HDPE melting point (132 °C).
The similar difference of process parameters (rotational and welding speed) has
been found during the FSW of nylon-6; however, the difference of joint strength is
negligible at different thicknesses of the workpiece. Inaniwa et al. [11] joined the
5 mm thick nylon-6 at 440 RPM rotational speed and 40 mm min−1 welding speed
with a tool shoulder-workpiece gap of 0.1 mm. Panneerselvam et al. [7] welded
10 mm thick nylon-6 sheet at 1000 RPM rotational speed and 10 mm min−1
welding speed with a tool shoulder-workpiec gap of 0.5 mm. In a recent study,
Zafar et al. [25] further increased the nylon-6 sheet thickness to 16 mm and suc-
cessfully welded without any gap (zero plunge depth) between tool shoulder and
workpiece. However, in the study by Zafar et al. [25] the rotational speed and
welding speed was reduced to lower levels, i.e. 300 RPM and 25 mm min−1
respectively. Overall, the joint strength at any thickness remained between 30 and
40% of the base material. The difference in the welding speed in all three studies on
nylon-6 is minimal. The rotational speed difference may be attributed to the tool
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“You have certainly been misinformed,” said she; “you are
welcome to search the house, but be assured you will find no such
men here.”
“Come, come, my little fair un, that is all in my eye and Betty
Martin. Here they are, this is certain, and we are determined to make
our quarters good till we find them out;” and away they went to
search the other apartments of the house.
Meanwhile our charming little protectress, alarmed at the
threatened siege, and fearing that we would be starved into a
surrender, took the opportunity, while the gang were rummaging the
parlour and some other bedrooms, to supply our garrison with
provisions. A basket with boiled ham, a couple of capons, a
household loaf of ample dimensions, half-a-dozen of brown stout,
the family bottle of excellent stingo, and a can of water, were
expeditiously handed up the vent. This supply set our minds quite at
ease, as we knew it would enable us to stand a week’s close siege. Our
patience, however, was not put to this trial, for the gang, after a two
hours’ vigilant search, abandoned their pursuit in despair, and
departed.
We could not, of course, think of venturing up to Bristol to look
after our wages, so we employed our landlord to perform this duty.
After a good many vexatious delays, we succeeded in getting our
money, paid off all scores, and began to think how we were to
dispose of ourselves. My companion Lindsay was so deeply smitten
with the charms of one of the youthful sirens, that he found it
impossible to depart; and I had to concert all my future projects
alone, and leave him bound in Cupid’s silken chain.
My blue jacket and fringed dimity trousers, my check shirt and
scarlet vest, were at once discarded, and their places supplied by
articles of a more landward appearance. I knew that it would be
impossible to travel the country safely in seaman’s dress, so I
determined to try my fortune as a beau. The body of Bill Bobstay
incased in a ruffled shirt, silk vest, white stockings, breeches
buttoned at the knees, and a swallow-tailed coat, presented such a
curious spectacle, that he himself could scarcely help laughing at it,
and it seemed to produce the same effects on the landlord’s
daughter, as she with a witching smile chucked up my chin, until she
arranged the bights and ends of my white neckcloth, according to the
most approved form. She took as long to perform this little office as I
could have rigged in toto, and seamen are never backward in acts of
courtesy, when the ladies are concerned. Her ruby lips were all the
while within marlingspike’s length of my own, and how could I avoid
saluting them?
Thus equipped, I set out on foot for Bath, but as I had no business
to perform in that city of invalided nabobs, I immediately took coach
for London, and after travelling all night, I, on awaking from a short
nap, found myself rattling over the stones at Hyde Park corner.
My object was to procure a passage to the northward, in one of the
Leith or Berwick smacks, and I expected in eight or ten days, after an
absence of as many years, to set foot once more on my native soil. As
soon therefore as the coach stopped in Piccadilly, I alighted, and
knowing the bearing by compass of London Bridge, I, without
waiting to breakfast, winded my way through the Haymarket, past
Charing Cross, along the Strand, Fleet Street, and Ludgate Hill, till I
arrived at St Paul’s. From this point I took a fresh departure, and
holding as nearly as cross streets would admit, a south-easterly
course, gained Thames Street, and soon found myself in the vicinity
of the Tower.
Smartly as I had moved my body along, my imagination, as is
usual with me, had got a long way a-head. It had obtained a passage,
secured a fair wind, landed me on the pier of Leith, and was
arranging my introductory visit to my friends, so as to produce the
greatest sum of agreeable surprise. But there is much, says the old
proverb, between the cup and the lip. In the midst of this agreeable
reverie, as I was crossing Tower Hill, I found myself tapped on the
shoulder, and on looking round, was accosted by a man in seaman’s
dress in the words, “What ship?” I assumed an air of gravity and
surprise, and told him I apprehended he was under some mistake, as
my business did not lie among shipping. But the fellow was too well
acquainted with his business to be thus easily put off. He gave a
whistle, the sound of which still vibrates in my ear, and in a moment
I was surrounded by half-a-dozen ruffians, whom I immediately
suspected, and soon found out to be the press-gang. They dragged
me hurriedly through several lanes and alleys, amid the mingled
sympathy and execrations of a numerous crowd, which had collected
to witness my fate, and soon landed me in the rendezvous. I was
immediately ushered into the presence of the lieutenant of the gang,
who questioned me as to my name, country, profession, and what
business had led me to Tower Hill. Totally unexpecting any such
interruption, I had not thought of concocting any plausible story, and
my answers were evasive and contradictory. I did not acknowledge
having been at sea; but my hands were examined, found hard with
work, and discoloured with tar. This circumstance condemned me,
and I was remanded for further examination.
Some of the gang then offered me spirits, affected to pity me, and
pretended to comfort me under my misfortune, but like the
comforters of Job, miserable comforters were they all. The very
scoundrel who first seized me put on a sympathising look, and
observed what a pity it was to be disappointed when so near the
object of my wishes. Such sympathy from such a source was truly
provoking; but having no way of showing my resentment, I was
constrained to smother it.
In a short time I was reconducted into the presence of the
lieutenant, who told me, as I was already in his hands, and would
assuredly be kept, I might as well make a frank confession of my
circumstances. It would save time, and insure me better treatment.
What could I do? I might indeed have continued silent and sullen,
but of what service could this prove? It might, or might not, have
procured me worse treatment, but one thing I knew well, it would
not restore me to liberty. I therefore acknowledged that I had been a
voyage to the West Indies, and had come home carpenter of a ship.
His eye brightened at this intelligence.
“I am glad of this, my lad. We are very much in want of carpenters.
Step along with these lads, and they will give you a passage aboard.”
The same fellows who had first seized me led me along the way we
came, handed me into a pinnace lying at Tower Wharf, and before
mid-day I was safely handed on board the Enterprize.
What crosses and vexations, and reverses and disappointments,
are we mortals destined to meet with in life’s tempestuous voyage! At
eight in the morning I entered London a free agent, elated with joy,
and buoyed up with hope. At noon I entered a prison ship, a
miserable slave, oppressed with sorrow, and ready to despair.
Despair, did I say? No. I will have nothing to do with that disturber
of human peace. When misfortune befalls us, we are not to sit down
in despondency and sigh. Up and be doing, is the wise man’s maxim,
and it was the maxim I was resolved to observe. What befell me on
my arrival on board the Enterprize, what reception I met with, and
what mirth I excited as I was lowered into the press-room, with my
short breeches and swallow-tailed coat—what measures I exerted to
regain my liberty, and what success attended these measures—the
space at my disposal prevents me setting forth.—Paisley Magazine.
THE LAIRD OF COOL’S GHOST.
Upon the 3d day of February 1722 at seven o’clock in the evening,

after I had parted with Thurston, and coming up the burial road, one
came up riding after me. Upon hearing the noise of the horse’s feet, I
took it to be Thurston; but looking back, and seeing the horse of a
gray colour, I called, “Who’s there?” The answer was, “The Laird of
Cool; be not afraid.” Looking to him with the little light the moon
afforded, I took him to be Collector Castlelaw, who had a mind to put
a trick upon me, and immediately I struck with all my force with my
cane, thinking I would leave a mark upon him that would make him
remember his presumption; but although sensible I aimed as well as
ever I did in my life, yet my cane finding no resistance, but flying out
of my hand to the distance of sixty feet, and observing it by its white
head, I dismounted and took it up, but had some difficulty in
mounting again, partly by reason of a certain sort of trembling
throughout my whole joints, something also of anger had its share in
my confusion; for though he laughed when my staff flew out of my
hand, coming up with him again (who halted all the time I was
seeking my staff), I asked him once more who he was? He answered,
“The Laird of Cool.” I inquired, first, if he was the Laird of Cool;
secondly, what brought him thither? and thirdly, what was his
business with me? He answered, “The reason that I want you is, that
I know you are disposed to do for me what none of your brethren in
Nithsdale will so much as attempt, though it serve never so good a
purpose.” I told him I would never refuse to do anything to serve a
good purpose, if I thought I was obliged to do it as my duty. He
answered, that I had undertaken what few in Nithsdale would, for he
had tried several persons on that subject, who were more obliged to
him than I was to any person living. Upon this I drew my bridle
reins, and asked in surprise, what I had undertaken? He answered,
“That on Sabbath last, I heard you condemned Mr Paton, and the
other ministers of Dumfries, for dissuading Mr Menzies from
keeping his appointment with me; and if you had been in their place,
would have persuaded the lad to do as I desired, and that you would
have gone with him yourself, if he had been afraid; and if you had
been in Mr Paton’s place, you would have delivered my commissions
yourself, as they tended to do several persons justice.” I asked him,
“Pray, Cool, who informed you that I talked at that rate?” to which he
answered, “You must know that we are acquainted with many things
that the living know nothing about; these things you did say, and
much more to that purpose, and deliver my commissions to my
loving wife.” Upon this I said, “’Tis a pity, Cool, that you who know so
many things should not know the difference between an absolute and
conditional promise; I did, indeed, at the time you mention, blame
Mr Paton, for I thought him justly blamable, in hindering the lad to
meet with you, and if I had been in his place, I would have acted
quite the reverse; but I did never say, that if you would come to
Innerwick and employ me, that I would go all the way to Dumfries on
such an errand; that is what never so much as entered into my
thoughts.” He answered, “What were your thoughts I don’t pretend
to know, but I can depend on my information these were your words.
But I see you are in some disorder; I will wait upon you when you
have more presence of mind.”
By this time we were at James Dickson’s enclosure, below the
churchyard; and when I was recollecting in my mind, if ever I had
spoken these words he alleged, he broke off from me through the
churchyard, with greater violence than any man on horseback is
capable of, with such a singing and buzzing noise, as put me in
greater disorder than I was in all the time I was with him. I came to
my house, and my wife observed more than ordinary paleness in my
countenance, and alleged that something ailed me. I called for a
dram, and told her I was a little uneasy. After I found myself a little
refreshed, I went to my closet to meditate on this most astonishing
adventure.
Upon the 5th of March 1722, being at Harehead, baptizing the
shepherd’s child, I came off about sunsetting, and near William
White’s march, the Laird of Cool came up with me as formerly; and
after his first salutation bade me not be afraid. I told him I was not in
the least afraid, in the name of God and Christ my Saviour, that he
would do me the least harm; for I knew that He in whom I trusted
was stronger than all they put together; and if any of them should
attempt to do, even to the horse that I ride upon, as you have done to
Doctor Menzies’ man, I have free access to complain to my Lord and
Master, to the lash to whose resentment you are as liable now as
before.
Cool. You need not multiply words on that head, for you are safe
with me; and safer, if safer can be, than when I was alive.
Ogil. Well then, Cool, let me have a peaceable and easy
conversation with you for the time we ride together, and give me
some information concerning the affairs of the other world, for no
man inclines to lose his time in conversing with the dead, without
hearing or learning something useful.
Cool. Well, sir, I will satisfy you as far as I think proper and
convenient. Let me know what information you want.
Ogil. May I then ask you, if you be in a state of happiness or not?
Cool. There are a great many things I can answer that the living are
ignorant of; there are a great many things that, notwithstanding the
additional knowledge I have acquired since my death, I cannot
answer; and there are a great many questions you may start, of which
the last is one that I will not answer.
Ogil. Then I know how to manage our conversation; whatever I
inquire of you, I see you can easily shift me; to that I might profit
more by conversing with myself.
Cool. You may try.
Ogil. Well, then, what sort of a body is that you appear in; and
what sort of a horse is that you ride upon, which appears to be so full
of mettle?
Cool. You may depend upon it, it is not the same body that I was
witness to your marriage in, nor in which I died, for that is in the
grave rotting; but it is such a body as serves me in a moment, for I
can fly as fleet with it as my soul can do without it; so that I can go to
Dumfries, and return again, before you can ride twice the length of
your horse; nay, if I have a mind to go to London, or Jerusalem, or to
the moon, if you please, I can perform all these journeys equally
soon, for it costs me nothing but a thought or wish: for this body is as
fleet as your thought, for in the moment of time you can turn your
thoughts on Rome, I can go there in person; and as for my horse, he
is much like myself, for he is Andrew Johnston, my tenant, who died
forty-eight hours before me.
Ogil. So it seems when Andrew Johnston inclines to ride, you must
serve him in the quality of a horse, as he does you now.
Cool. You are mistaken.
Ogil. I thought that all distinctions between mistresses and maids,
lairds and tenants, had been done away at death.
Cool. True it is, but you do not take up the matter.
Ogil. This is one of the questions you won’t answer.
Cool. You are mistaken, for the question I can answer, and after
you may understand it.
Ogil. Well then, Cool, have you never yet appeared before God, nor
received any sentence from Him as a Judge?
Cool. Never yet.
Ogil. I know you was a scholar, Cool, and ’tis generally believed
there is a private judgment, besides the general at the great day, the
former immediately after death. Upon this he interrupted me,
arguing.
Cool. No such thing, no such thing! No trial; no trial till the great
day! The heaven which good men enjoy after death consists only in
the serenity of their minds, and the satisfaction of a good conscience;
and the certain hopes they have of eternal joy, when that day shall
come. The punishment or hell of the wicked, immediately after
death, consists in the stings of an awakened conscience, and the
terrors of facing the great Judge, and the sensible apprehensions of
eternal torments ensuing! And this bears still a due proportion to the
evils they did when living. So indeed the state of some good folks
differ but little in happiness from what they enjoyed in the world,
save only that they are free from the body, and the sins and sorrows
that attended it. On the other hand, there are some who may be said
rather not to have been good, than that they are wicked; while living,
their state is not easily distinguished from that of the former; and
under that class comes a great herd of souls—a vast number of
ignorant people, who have not much minded the affairs of eternity,
but at the same time have lived in much indolence, ignorance, and
innocence.
Ogil. I thought that their rejecting the terms of salvation offered
was sufficient ground for God to punish them with eternal
displeasure; and as to their ignorance, that could never excuse them,
since they live in a place of the world where the true knowledge of
these things might have been easily attained.
Cool. They never properly rejected the terms of salvation; they
never, strictly speaking, rejected Christ; poor souls, they had as great
a liking both to Him and heaven, as their gross imaginations were
capable of. Impartial reason must make many allowances, as the
stupidity of their parents, want of education, distance from people of
good sense and knowledge, and the uninterrupted applications they
were obliged to give to their secular affairs for their daily bread, the
impious treachery of their pastors, who persuaded them, that if they
were of such a party all was well; and many other considerations
which God, who is pure and perfect reason itself, will not overlook.
These are not so much under the load of Divine displeasure, as they
are out of His grace and favour; and you know it is one thing to be
discouraged, and quite another thing to be persecuted with all the
power and rage of an incensed earthly king. I assure you, men’s faces
are not more various and different in the world, than their
circumstances are after death.
Ogil. I am loath to believe all that you have said at this time, Cool
(but I will not dispute those matters with you), because some things
you have advanced seem to contradict the Scriptures, which I shall
always look upon as the infallible truth of God. For I find, in the
parable of Dives and Lazarus, that the one was immediately after
death carried up by the angels into Abraham’s bosom, and the other
immediately thrust down to hell.
Cool. Excuse me, sir, that does not contradict one word that I have
said; but you seem not to understand the parable, whose only end is
to illustrate the truth, that a man may be very happy and flourishing
in this world, and wretched and miserable in the next; and that a
man maybe miserable in this world, and happy and glorious in the
next.
Ogil. Be it so, Cool, I shall yield that point to you, and pass to
another, which has afforded me much speculation since our last
encounter; and that is, How you came to know that I talked after the
manner that I did concerning Mr Paton, on the first Sabbath of
February last? Was you present with me, but invisible? He answered
very haughtily, No, sir, I was not present myself. I answered, I would
not have you angry, Cool. I proposed this question for my own
satisfaction; but if you don’t think proper to answer, let it pass. After
he had paused, with his eyes on the ground, for three or four minutes
of time at most, with some haste and seeming cheerfulness, he says—
Cool. Well, sir, I will satisfy you in that point. You must know that
there are sent from heaven angels to guard and comfort, and to do
other good services to good people, and even the spirits of good men
departed are employed in that errand.
Ogil. And do you not think that every man has a good angel?
Cool. No, but a great many particular men have: there are but few
houses of distinction especially, but what have at least one attending
them; and from what you have already heard of spirits, it is no
difficult matter to understand how they may be serviceable to each
particular member, though at different places at a great distance.
Many are the good offices which the good angels do to them that fear
God, though many times they are not sensible of it: and I know
assuredly, that one powerful angel, or even an active clever soul
departed, may be sufficient for some villages; but for your great
cities, such as London, Edinburgh, or the like, there is one great
angel that has the superintendence of the whole; and there are
inferior angels, or souls departed, to whose particular care such a
man, of such a particular weight or business, is committed. Now, sir,
the kingdom of Satan does ape the kingdom of Christ as much in
matters of politics as can be, well knowing that the court of wisdom
is from above; so that from thence are sent out missionaries in the
same order. But because the kingdom of Satan is much better
replenished than the other, instead of one devil there are in many
instances two or three commissioned to attend a particular family of
influence and distinction.
Ogil. I read that there are ten thousand times ten thousand of
angels that wait upon God, and sing His praise and do His will; and I
cannot understand how the good angels can be inferior in number to
the evil.
Cool. Did not I say, that whatever the number be, the spirits
departed are employed in the same business; so that as to the
number of original deities, whereof Satan is chief, I cannot
determine, but you need not doubt but there are more souls departed
in that place, which in a loose sense you call hell, by almost an
infinity, than what are gone to that place, which, in a like sense, you
call heaven, which likewise are employed in the same purpose; and I
can assure you that there is as great a difference between angels,
both good and bad, as there is among men, with respect to their
sense, knowledge, cunning, cleverness, and action; nay, which is
more, the departed souls on both sides outdo severals, from their
very first departure, of the original angels. This you will perhaps
think a paradox, but is true.
Ogil. I do not doubt it; but what is that to my question, about
which I am solicitous?
Cool. Take a little patience, sir; from what I have said you might
have understood me, if you had your thoughts about you; but I shall
explain myself to you. Both the good and the bad angels have stated
times of rendezvous, and the principal angels, who have the charge
either of towns, cities, or kingdoms, not to mention particular
persons, villages, and families, and all that is transacted in these
several parts of the country, are there made open; and at their re-
encounter on each side, every thing is told, as in your parish, in
milns, kilns, and smithies, with this difference, that many things
false are talked at the living re-encounters, but nothing but what is
exact truth is said or told among the dead; only I must observe to
you, that, as I am credibly informed, several of the inferior bad
angels, and souls of wicked men departed, have told many things
that they have done, and then when a more intelligent spirit is sent
out upon inquiry, and the report of the former seeming doubtful, he
brings in a contrary report, and makes it appear truth, the former
fares very ill: nevertheless their regard to truth prevents it; for while
they observe the truth, they do their business and keep their station,
for God is truth.
Ogil. So much truth being among the good angels, I am apt to
think that lies and falsehood will be as much in vogue among the
bad.
Cool. A gross mistake, and it is not alone the mistake which the
living folks fall under with respect to the other world; for the case
plainly is this: an ill man will not stick at a falsehood to promote his
design; as little will an evil soul departed stop at anything that can
make himself successful; but in admitting report he must tell the
truth, or woe be to him. But besides their monthly, quarterly, or
yearly meetings, or whatever they be, departed souls acquainted may
take a trip to see one another yearly, weekly, daily, or oftener, if they
please. Thus, then, I answer your question that you was so much
concerned about; for my information was from no less than three
persons, viz., Aikman, who attends Thurston’s family; James Corbet,
who waits upon Mr Paton; for at that time he was then looking after
Mrs Sarah Paton, who was at your house, and an original emissary
appointed to wait upon yours.
At this I was much surprised, and after a little thinking, I asked
him, And is their really, Cool, an emissary from hell, in whatever
sense you take it, that attends my family?
Cool. You may depend upon it.
Ogil. And what do you think is his business?
Cool. To divert you from your duty, and cause you to do as many ill
things as he can; for much depends on having the minister on their
side.
Upon this I was struck with a sort of terror, which I cannot account
for. In the meantime he said several things I did not understand. But
after coming to my former presence of mind, said—
Ogil. But, Cool, tell me, in earnest, if there be a devil that attends
my family, though invisible.
Cool. Just as sure as you are breathing; but be not so much
dejected upon this information, for I tell you likewise that there is a
good angel who attends you, who is stronger than the other.
Ogil. Are you sure of that, Cool?
Cool. Yes; there is one riding on your right hand, who might as
well have been elsewhere, for I meant you no harm.
Ogil. And how long has he been with me?
Cool. Only since we passed Brand’s Lee, but now he is gone.
Ogil. We are just upon Elenscleugh, and I desire to part with you,
though perhaps I have gained more by conversation than I could
have otherwise done in a twelvemonth. I choose rather to see you
another time, when you’re at leisure, and I wish it were at as great a
distance from Innerwick as you can.
Cool. Be it so, sir; but I hope you will be as obliging to me next re-
encounter, as I have been to you this.
Ogil. I promise you I will, as far as is consistent with my duty to
my Lord and Master Christ Jesus; and since you have obliged me so
much by information, I will answer all the questions you propose, as
far as consists with my knowledge; but I believe you want no
information from me.
Cool. I came not here to be instructed by you, but I want your help
of another kind.
Upon the 5th of April 1722, as I was returning from Old
Hamstocks, Cool came up with me on horseback at the foot of the
ruinous enclosure, before we came to Dod. I told him his last
conversation had proved so acceptable to me, that I was well pleased
to see him again; that there was a number of things that I wanted to
inform myself further of, if he would be so good as satisfy me.
Cool. Last time we met, I refused you nothing you asked; and now
I expect that you shall refuse me nothing that I shall ask.
Ogil. Nothing, sir, that is in my power, or that I can do with safety
to my reputation and character. What, then, are your demands?
Cool. All that I desire of you is, that as you promised that on a
Sabbath-day you would go to my wife, who now possesses all my
effects, and tell her the following particulars—tell her in my name to
rectify these matters:—First, That I was owing justly to Provost
Crosby £50 Scots, and three years’ interest, but on hearing of his
death, my good-brother the Laird of C—l and I forged a discharge,
narrated the bond, the sum, and other particulars, with this
honourable clause, “And at the time it had fallen by, and could not be
found;” with an obligation on the provost’s part to deliver up this
bond as soon as he could hit upon it. And this discharge was dated
three months before the provost’s death. And when his son and
successor, Andrew Crosby, wrote to me concerning this bond, I came
to him and showed him the forged discharge, which silenced him; so
that I got up my bond without more ado. And when I heard of Robert
Kennedy’s death, with the same help of C—l, I got a bill upon him for
£190, of which I got full and complete payment. C—l got the half.
When I was at Dumfries, the same day that Robert Grier died, to
whom I was owing an account of £36, C—l, my good-brother, was
then at London; and not being able of myself, being but a bad writer,
to make out a discharge of the account, which I wanted, I met
accidently with one Robert Boyd, a poor writer lad in Dumfries; I
took him to Mrs Carnock’s, and gave him a bottle of wine, and told
him I had paid Thomas Grier’s account, but had neglected to get a
discharge, and if he would help me to one I would reward him. He
flew away from me in a great passion, saying, he would rather be
hanged; but if I had a mind for these things, I had better wait till C—l
came home. This gave me great trouble, fearing what C—l and I had
done formerly was no secret. I followed Boyd to the street, and made
an apology, saying, I was jesting, commending him for his honesty,
and got his promise never to repeat what had passed. I sent for my
Cousin B—m H—rie, your good-brother, who, with no difficulty, for a
guinea and a half, undertook and performed all that I wanted; and
for a guinea more made me up a discharge for £200 Scots that I was
owing to your father-in-law and his friend Mr Muirhead, which
discharge I gave to John Ewart, when he desired the money; and he,
at my desire, produced it to you, which you sustained.
A great many of the like instances were told, of which I cannot
remember the persons, names, and things; but, says he, what vexes
me more than all these, is the injustice I did Homer Maxwell, tenant
to my Lord Nithsdale, for whom I was factor. I borrowed £2000
from him, £500 of which he borrowed from another hand: I gave
him my bond, and, for reasons I contrived, I obliged him to secrecy.
He died within the year, and left nine children, his wife being dead
before himself. I came to seal up his papers for my lord’s security; his
eldest daughter entreated me to look through them all, and to give
her an account of what was their stock and what was their debt. I
very willingly undertook it; and in going through the papers, I put
my own bond in my pocket. His circumstances proving bad, his nine
children are now starving. These things I desire you to represent to
my wife, and take her brother with you, and let them be immediately
rectified, for she has a sufficient fund to do it upon; and if it were
done, I think I would be easy, and therefore I hope you will make no
delay.
After a short pause, I answered, ’Tis a good errand, Cool, you are
sending me to do justice to the oppressed and injured; but
notwithstanding I see myself come in for £200 Scots, yet I beg a little
time to consider the matter. And since I find you are as much master
of reason now as ever, and more than ever, I will reason upon the
matter in its general view, and then with respect to the expediency of
my being the messenger; and this I will do with all manner of
frankness. From what you have said, I see clearly what your present
condition is, so that I need not ask any more questions on that head;
and you need not bid me take courage, for at this moment I am no
more afraid of you than a new-born child.
Cool. Well, say on.
Ogil. Tell me, then, since such is your ability that you can fly a
thousand miles in the twinkling of an eye, if your desire to do the
oppressed justice be as great as you pretend, what’s the reason you
don’t fly to the coffers of some rich Jew or banker, where are
thousands of gold and silver, invisibly lift, and invisibly return it to
the coffers of the injured? And since your wife has sufficient funds,
and more, why cannot you empty her purse invisibly, to make these
people amends?
Cool. Because I cannot.
Ogil. You have satisfied me entirely upon that head. But pray,
Cool, what is the reason that you cannot go to your wife yourself, and
tell her what you have a mind? I should think this a more sure way to
gain your point.
Cool. Because I will not.
Ogil. That is not an answer to me, Cool.
Cool. That is one of the questions that I told you long ago I would
not answer: but if you go as I desire, I promise to give you full
satisfaction after you have done your business. Trust me for once,
and believe me I will not disappoint you.
Upon the 10th of April 1722, coming from Old Cambus, upon the
post-road, I met with Cool on the head of the heath called the Pees.
He asked me, if I had considered the matter he had recommended? I
told him I had, and was in the same opinion I was in when we
parted; that I would not possibly undertake his commissions, unless
he could give me them in writing under his hand. I told him that the
list of his grievances were so great that I could not possibly
remember them without being put in writing; and that I wanted
nothing but reason to determine me in that, and all other affairs of
my life.
“I know,” says he, “this is a mere evasion: but tell me if the Laird of
Thurston will do it?”
“I am sure,” said I, “he will not; and if he should, I would do all
that I could to hinder him; for I think he has as little to do in these
matters as myself. But tell me, Cool, is it not as easy to write your
story as tell it, or ride on what-do-ye-call-him? for I have forgot your
horse’s name.”
Cool. No, sir, it is not; and perhaps I may convince you of the
reasonableness of it afterwards.
Ogil. I would be glad to hear a reason that is solid for not speaking
to your wife yourself; but, however, any rational creature may see
what a fool I would make of myself, if I would go to Dumfries, and
tell your wife you had appeared to me, and told so many forgeries
and villanies that you had committed, and that she behoved to make
reparation; the consequence might perhaps be, that she would scold
me; for she would be loath to part with any money she possesses, and
therefore tell me I was mad, or possibly pursue me for calumny. How
would I vindicate myself; how could I prove that you ever spoke with
me? Mr Paton and other ministers in Dumfries would tell me the
devil had spoken with me; and why should I repeat these things for
truth which he, that was a liar from the beginning, had told me? C—p
—l and B—r— H—rie would be upon me, and pursue me before the
commissary; everybody would look upon me as brain-sick or mad:
therefore, I entreat you, do not insist upon sending me so ridiculous
an errand. The reasonableness of my demands I leave to your own
consideration, as you did your former to mine. But dropping the
matter till our next interview, give me leave to enter upon some more
diverting subject. I do not know, Cool, but the information you have
given may do as much service to mankind, as the redress of all these
grievances I would amount to. Mr Ogilvie died very soon after.—Old
Chap Book.
ALLAN-A-SOP.
By Sir Walter Scott.
The MacLeans, a bold and hardy race, who, originally followers of

the Lords of the Isles, had assumed independence, seized upon great
part both of the Isle of Mull and the still more valuable island of
Islay, and made war on the MacDonalds with various success. There
is a story belonging to this clan, which I may tell you, as giving
another striking picture of the manners of the Hebrideans.
The chief of the clan, MacLean of Duart, in the Isle of Mull, had an
intrigue with a beautiful young woman of his own clan, who bore a
son to him. In consequence of the child’s being, by some accident,
born on a heap of straw, he received the name of Allan-a-Sop, or
Allan of the Straw, by which he was distinguished from others of his
clan. As his father and mother were not married, Allan was, of
course, a bastard, or natural son, and had no inheritance to look for,
save that which he might win for himself.
But the beauty of the boy’s mother having captivated a man of rank
in the clan, called MacLean of Torloisk, he married her, and took her
to reside with him at his castle of Torloisk, situated on the shores of
the sound, or small strait of the sea, which divides the smaller island
of Ulva from that of Mull. Allan-a-Sop paid his mother frequent visits
at her new residence, and she was naturally glad to see the poor boy,
both from affection, and on account of his personal strength and
beauty, which distinguished him above other youths of his age. But
she was obliged to confer marks of her attachment on him as
privately as she could, for Allan’s visits were by no means so
acceptable to her husband as to herself. Indeed, Torloisk liked so
little to see the lad, that he determined to put some affront on him,
which should prevent his returning to the castle for some time. An
opportunity for executing his purpose soon occurred.
The lady one morning, looking from the window, saw her son
coming wandering down the hill, and hastened to put a girdle cake
upon the fire, that he might have hot bread for breakfast. Something
called her out of the apartment after making this preparation, and
her husband, entering at the same time, saw at once what she had
been about, and determined to give the boy such a reception as
should disgust him for the future. He snatched the cake from the
girdle, thrust it into his stepson’s hands, which he forcibly closed on
the scalding bread, saying, “Here, Allan, here is a cake which your
mother has got ready for your breakfast.” Allan’s hands were severely
burnt; and, being a sharp-witted and proud boy, he resented this
mark of his step-father’s ill-will, and came not again to Torloisk.
At this time the western seas were covered with the vessels of
pirates, who, not unlike the sea-kings of Denmark at an early period,
sometimes settled and made conquests on the islands. Allan-a-Sop
was young, strong, and brave to desperation. He entered as a
mariner on board of one of these ships, and in process of time
obtained the command, first of one galley, then of a small flotilla,
with which he sailed round the seas and collected considerable
plunder, until his name became both feared and famous. At length he
proposed to himself to pay a visit to his mother, whom he had not
seen for many years; and setting sail for this purpose, he anchored
one morning in the sound of Ulva, and in front of the house of
Torloisk. His mother was dead, but his step-father, to whom he was
now as much an object of fear as he had been formerly of aversion,
hastened to the shore to receive his formidable stepson, with great
affectation of kindness and interest in his prosperity; while Allan-a-
Sop, who, though very rough and hasty, does not appear to have been
sullen or vindictive, seemed to take his kind reception in good part.
The crafty old man succeeded so well, as he thought, in securing
Allan’s friendship, and obliterating all recollections of the former
affront put on him, that he began to think it possible to employ his
stepson in executing his own private revenge upon MacQuarrie of
Ulva, with whom, as was usual between such neighbours, he had
some feud. With this purpose, he offered what he called the following
good advice to his stepson:—“My dear Allan, you have now wandered
over the seas long enough: it is time you should have some footing
upon land—a castle to protect yourself in winter, a village and cattle
for your men, and a harbour to lay up your galleys. Now, here is the
island of Ulva, near at hand, which lies ready for your occupation,
and it will cost you no trouble, save that of putting to death the
present proprietor, the Laird of MacQuarrie, a useless old carle, who
has cumbered the world long enough.”
Allan-a-Sop thanked his step-father for so happy a suggestion,
which he declared he would put in execution forthwith. Accordingly,
setting sail the next morning, he appeared before MacQuarrie’s
house an hour before noon. The old chief of Ulva was much alarmed
at the menacing apparition of so many galleys, and his anxiety was
not lessened by the news that they were commanded by the
redoubted Allan-a-Sop. Having no effectual means of resistance,
MacQuarrie, who was a man of shrewd sense, saw no alternative save
that of receiving the invaders, whatever might be their purpose, with
all outward demonstrations of joy and satisfaction; the more
especially as he recollected having taken some occasional notice of
Allan during his early youth, which he now resolved to make the
most of. Accordingly, MacQuarrie caused immediate preparations to
be made for a banquet, as splendid as circumstances admitted,
hastened down to the shore to meet the rover, and welcomed him to
Ulva with such an appearance of sincerity, that the pirate found it
impossible to pick any quarrel, which might afford a pretence for
executing the violent purpose which he had been led to meditate.
They feasted together the whole day; and, in the evening, as Allan-
a-Sop was about to retire to his ships, he thanked the laird for his
hospitality, but remarked, with a sigh, that it had cost him very dear.
“How can that be,” said MacQuarrie, “when I bestowed this
entertainment upon you in free goodwill?”
“It is true, my friend,” replied the pirate, “but then it has quite
disconcerted the purpose for which I came hither; which was to put
you to death, my good friend, and seize upon your house and island,
and so settle myself in the world. It would have been very convenient
for me, this island of Ulva; but your friendly reception has rendered
it impossible for me to execute my purpose, so that I must be a
wanderer on the seas for some time longer.”
Whatever MacQuarrie felt at learning he had been so near to
destruction, he took care to show no emotion save surprise, and
replied to his visitor: “My dear Allan, who was it that put into your
mind so unkind a purpose towards your old friend; for I am sure it
never arose from your own generous nature? It must have been old
Torloisk, who made such an indifferent husband to your mother, and
such an unfriendly step-father to you when you were a helpless boy;
but now, when he sees you a bold and powerful leader, he desires to
make a quarrel betwixt you and those who were the friends of your
youth. If you consider this matter rightly, Allan, you will see that the
estate and harbour of Torloisk lie to the full as conveniently for you
as those of Ulva, and that, if you are disposed (as is very natural) to
make a settlement by force, it is much better it should be at the
expense of the old churl, who never showed you kindness or
countenance, than at that of a friend like me, who always loved and
honoured you.”
Allan-a-Sop was struck with the justice of this reasoning; and the
old offence of his scalded fingers was suddenly recalled to his mind.
“It is very true what you say, MacQuarrie,” he replied, “and, besides,
I have not forgotten what a hot breakfast my step-father treated me
to one morning. Farewell for the present; you shall soon hear news of
me from the other side of the Sound.” Having said thus much, the
pirate got on board, and commanding his men to unmoor the galleys,
sailed back to Torloisk, and prepared to land in arms. MacLean
hastened to meet him, in expectation to hear of the death of his
enemy, MacQuarrie. But Allan greeted him in a very different
manner from what he expected.
“You hoary old traitor,” he said, “you instigated my simple good-
nature to murder a better man than yourself! But have you forgotten
how you scorched my fingers twenty years ago with a burning cake?
The day is come that that breakfast must be paid for.”
So saying, he dashed out the old man’s brains with a battle-axe,
took possession of his castle and property, and established there a
distinguished branch of the clan of MacLean.—From Tales of a
Grandfather.

Textbook 2Nd International Conference On Mechanical Manufacturing and Process Plant Engineering 1St Edition Mokhtar Awang Eds Ebook All Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Textbook 2Nd International Conference On Mechanical Manufacturing and Process Plant Engineering 1St Edition Mokhtar Awang Eds Ebook All Chapter PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2nd International Conference on

Mechanical Manufacturing and Process

The Advances in Joining Technology Mokhtar Awang

Advances in Manufacturing, Production Management and

Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Advanced

Automotive, mechanical and electrical engineering :

Advances in Manufacturing II Volume 4 Mechanical

New Advances in Mechanisms, Mechanical Transmissions

Advances in Mechanical Engineering, Materials and

Basic Mechanical Engineering 2nd Edition Pravin Kumar

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

2nd International Conference

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

A Review of Friction Stir Welding Pin Proﬁle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Effect of Bevel Angles on Tensile Strength

S. Emamian, M. Awang, F. Yusof, P. Hussain, M. Mehrpouya,

Keywords FSW Pin proﬁle Tool geometry FSW parameters

S. Emamian (&) M. Awang P. Hussain S. Kakooei M. Moayedfar A. Zafar

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 1

Fig. 1 Schematic of Friction Stir Welding [4]

2 Experimental Studies on FSW Pin Proﬁles

Some experimental studies are carried out on different rotational speeds,

Fig. 4 Schematic of pin proﬁles. a Conical threaded. b Cylindrical-Conical threaded. c Stepped

rotation speed and # is the traverse speed.

Fig. 5 FSW tools. a Cylindrical. b Triflute. c Square [18]

Fig. 6 FSW tools. a Cylindrical. b Threaded cylindrical. c Tapered [20]

Krasnowski et al. [21] investigated the influence of the pin proﬁle on

3 Simulation on FSW Pin Proﬁles

thermo-mechanical models, DEFORM-3D and ABAQUS software are appropriate

4 Optimization on FSW Pin Proﬁles

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,

Appendix 1: A Summary of Experimental Study on Different Pin Proﬁles

tapered with triangle

AA6061-T6 – Straight Cylindrical 900 24 175 – – Nadikudi et al.

1. Thomas W et al (1991) International patent no. 1991, PCT/GB92/02203, GB Patent

Adeel Zafar, M. Awang and Sajjad Raza Khan

A. Zafar M. Awang (&) S.R. Khan

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 19

Fig. 1 A schematic representation of a FSW and b FSSpW process [1]

2 Friction Stir Weldability of Polymers

FSW of polymers is critical due to different physical and rheological differences

3 The Research Progress in Friction Stir Welding

3.1 Optimum Welding Parameters for the FSW of Polymers

Upon the 3d day of February 1722 at seven o’clock in the evening,

By Sir Walter Scott.

The MacLeans, a bold and hardy race, who, originally followers of

You might also like