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Fifteenth Edition
ANTHROPOLOGY
THE HUMAN CHALLENGE
W I L L I A M A . H AV I L A N D
Professor Emeritus, University of Vermont
HARALD E. L . PRINS
Kansas State University
DA NA WA L R AT H
University of Vermont
BUNNY MCBRIDE
Kansas State University
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Anthropology: The Human Challenge, © 2017, 2014 Cengage Learning
Fifteenth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may
William A. Haviland, Harald E. L. Prins, be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as permitted by
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DEDICATION
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Putting the World
in Perspective
iv
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Putting the World in Perspective v
square kilometers), whereas Europe is shown as equal in The Robinson Projection, which was adopted by
size to South America, which actually has nearly twice the National Geographic Society in 1988 to replace the
the landmass of Europe. Van der Grinten, is one of the best compromises to
A map developed in 1805 by Karl B. Mollweide date between the distortions of size and shape. Al-
was one of the earlier equal-area projections of the world. though an improvement over the Van der Grinten,
Equal-area projections portray landmasses in correct the Robinson Projection still depicts lands in the
relative size, but, as a result, distort the shape of con- northern latitudes as proportionally larger at the same
tinents more than other projections. They most often time that it depicts lands in the lower latitudes (repre-
compress and warp lands in the higher latitudes and senting most Third World nations) as proportionally
vertically stretch landmasses close to the equator. smaller. Like European maps before it, the Robinson
Other equal-area projections include the Lambert Projection places Europe at the center of the map with
Cylindrical Equal-Area Projection (1772), the Hammer the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas to the left, em-
Equal-Area Projection (1892), and the Eckert Equal-Area phasizing the cultural connection between Europe
Projection (1906). and North America, while neglecting the geographic
The Van der Grinten Projection (1904) was a com- closeness of northwestern North America to north-
promise aimed at minimizing both the distortions of eastern Asia.
size in the Mercator and the distortion of shape in The following pages show four maps that each con-
equal-area maps such as the Mollweide. Although an vey quite different cultural messages. Included among
improvement, the lands of the northern hemisphere them is the Gall-Peters Projection, an equal-area map
are still emphasized at the expense of the southern. For that has been adopted as the official map of UNESCO
example, in the Van der Grinten, the Commonwealth (the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
of Independent States (the former Soviet Union) and Cultural Organization), and a map made in Japan,
Canada are shown at more than twice their relative size. showing us how the world looks from the other side.
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
The Robinson Projection
The map below is based on the Robinson Projection, less than most other projections. Still, it places Europe at
which is used today by the National Geographic Society the center of the map. This particular view of the world
and Rand McNally. Although the Robinson Projection has been used to identify the location of many of the
distorts the relative size of landmasses, it does so much cultures discussed in this text.
INUIT
INUPIA
INUPIAT
ESKIMO NETSILIK
TSILIK INUIT
INUI
YUPIK
ESKIMO TLINGIT
SCOT
SCOT
INUIT TORY
RY
NASKAPI
SKAPI (INNU) ISLANDER DUTCH
TCH
BELLA COOLA
CREE SWISS
KW
KWAKIU TL ABENAKI MONTAGNAIS (INNU)
MONTA
OJIBWA
OJIBWA
BLACKFEE
BLA CKFEET
CKFEE T MALISEET
MALISEE
CROW
OW IROQUOIS CR
ARAPAHO
ARAPAH MI’KMAQ
MI’KM FRENCH
N. P
PAIU
AIUTE LAKOTA
LAKOTA
OTA MESKW
MESKWAKI
AKI PENOBSCOT
PENOBSCO
SHOSH
SH OSHONE
ONE BASQUE
POMO OMAHA PEQUOT
PEQUO
CHEYENNE AMISH
MORMON UTE COMANCHE
S. PAIU
PAIUTE ORTHODOX JEWISH
HOPI NAVA
AVAJO
JO
CHEROKEE
CHEROKEE
PUEBLO PUEBLO MEXICAN
ZUNI APACHE
APA
YAQUI
QUI
GOMERAN
HAITIAN
HUICHOL AZTEC
MAYA
AYA PUERTO
TO RICAN
HAWAIIAN
AW
AWAIIAN JAMAICAN
AMAICAN TUAREG
ZAPOTEC
ZAPOTEC FUL
CARIBBEAN
YORUBA
MENDE ULE FON
BAULE BENIN
IBIB
IGBO
SHUAR KPELLE
YĄNOMAMI EGBU
GA
YAKO
CANELA ASHANTI
MUNDURUCU
SHERENTE
CINT
CINTA-LARGA
MEKRANOTI
TI KA
KAY
YAPO
YAPO
KAYAPO
AY
AYAPO
SAMOAN PITCAIRN
PITCAIRN KUIKURO
QUECHUA JU/’H
ISLANDER NAMBIKW
NAMBIKWARA
TAHI
TAHITIAN
RAPANUI
RAPANUI AYMARA
AYMARA BUS
AYOREO
AYOREO
BUSHMAN
GUARANI
MAPUCHE
YAGHAN
vi
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SÁMI
NENETS
YUPIK
KHANTY ESKIMO
RUSSIAN TUV
TUVAN
S
SLOVAKIAN
SLOVAKIAN
VAKIAN
MONGOLIAN
OAT
OAT SERB CHECHEN
BOSNIAN UYGHUR
ARMENIAN
TURK UZBEK
TAJIK
TAJIK
KURD
JAPANESE
JAPANESE
PANESE
SYRIAN KUCHI KOHIS
OHISTANI
T
TANI
BAKHTIARI NYINBA
NYINB TIBETAN
HAN CHINESE
PASH
PASHTUN
AWLAD 'ALI
AWLAD
BEDO
OUIN
BAHRAINI
MOSUO TAIWANESE
TAIW
AIWANESE
KAREN
TRUK
UK
SHAIVITE
SHAIVI
LANI
NUER TIGREAN HANUNÓO
HANUNÓO
NAYAR ANDAMAN
AMAN
DINKA AFAR
AFAR SOMALI
KOTA AND VEDDA
AZANDE ACHOLI KURUMBA PINGELAP ISLANDER
BIO ACEH W
WAPE
TURKANA MALDIVIAN TODA AND
BADAGA PAUKU ENGA
KAPA
KA PA
MBUTII NANDI
KIKUYU MINANGKABAU
MINANGKAB TSEMBAGA
TSEMB
HUTU MAASAI
MA
GUSII BUGIS SOLOMON ISLANDER
ISLANDE
TUTSI TIRIKI
HADZA ARAPESH
BALINESE
TROBRIANDER
OBRIANDER
DOBU
HOANSI
ANSI
SHMAN
SWAZI
SW
ABORIGINAL
ZULU
BASUTO
MAORI
MAORI
TASMANIAN
TASMANIAN
vii
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The Gall-Peters Projection
The map below is based on the Gall-Peters Projection, by a ratio of 2 to 1), the Gall-Peters Projection does
which has been adopted as the official map of show all continents according to their correct relative
UNESCO. Although it distorts the shape of continents size. Though Europe is still at the center, it is not shown
(countries near the equator are vertically elongated as larger and more extensive than the Third World.
AUSTR
GREENLAND GERMANY
ICELAND DENMARK
UNITED NORWAY
NORWA
WAY
STATES
TA
TATES NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
CANADA
IRELAND
FRANCE
SWITZERLAND
IT
AL
Y
SP
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL
UNITED ST
STA
ATES
ATES SLOVEN
TUNISIA
O
CC
RO
MO
ALGERIA
BAHAMAS
MEXICO
WESTERN
SAHARA
A
NI
HAITI
ITA
CUBA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
REPUBLIC
UR
MA
JAMAICA MALI
BELIZE NIGER
GUA
GUATEMALA HONDURAS SENEGAL
EL SAL
SALV
VADOR
VADOR NICARAGUA GAMBIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
A
GUINEA
RI
COSTA RICA
COST
GE
NI
P
PANAMA VENEZUELA FRENCH GUIANA SIERRA LEONE
LIBERIA
COLOMBIA
COLOMBI CÔTE D’IVOIRE
BURKINA FFASO
GUY
GUYANA GHANA
SURINAM TOGO
BENIN
ECUADOR
EQUATORIAL
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
BRAZIL
PERU
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
PARAGUA
ARAGUAY
CHILE
ARGENTINA
URUGUA
URUGUAY
ANT
ANTARCTICA
viii
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RIA CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CZECHOSLOV
EN
ED
SW FINLAND
RUSSIA
ESTONIA AZERBAIJAN
LA
LATVIA
LITHUANIA ARMENIA
POLAND BELARUS GEORGIA
KAZAKHST
KAZAKHSTAN
ROMANIA
UKRAINE KYRGYZST
KYRGYZSTAN
HUNGARY
HUNGAR MOLDOVA
MOLDOV
TAJIKISTAN
TAJIKIST
AJIKISTAN MONGOLIA
SERBIA UZ NORTH
BULGARIA BE KOREA
MONTENEGRO KI
ST
TU AN
MACEDONIA SOUTH
RK
NIA ALBANIA ME KOREA
GREECE TURKEY NI
ST PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC
AN
BOSNIA-
HERZEGOVINA SYRIA OF CHINA
CROATIA
CROATIA AFGHAN-
LEBANON IRAN ISTAN JAPAN
JAP
IRAQ
ISRAEL
BHUT
BHUTAN
AN
BAHRAIN I ST NEP
NEPAL
JORDAN K
PA
LIBY
LIBYA KUW
KUWAIT
EGYPT
MY
MYANMAR
INDIA
QATAR TAIWAN
TAIW
AIWAN
SAUDI OMAN
ARABIA
UNITED
ARAB BANGLA- LAOS
R EMIRA
EMIRATES DESH
CHAD
SUDAN N
ME THAILAND
YE
VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
DJIBOUTI CAMBODIA
SOUTH ETHIOPIA
CENTRAL SUDAN BRUNEI
AFRICAN
REPUBLIC MALA
MALAYSIA
SRI LANKA
LIA
MA
CAMEROON P
PAPUA
SO
SINGAPORE NEW
UGANDA GUINEA
GABON
CONGO INDONESIA
INDONESI
KENY
KENYA
RW
RWANDA
BURUNDI
DEMOCRA
DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
T
CONGO
MALA
MALAWI
ANGOLA
ZAMBIA
MADAGASCAR
NAMIBIA
ZIMBABWE
BOTS-
W
WANA
AUSTRALIA
MOZAMBIQUE
SW
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SOUTH
AFRICA
NEW ZEALAND
ANT
ANTARCTICA
ix
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Japanese Map
Not all maps place Europe at the center of the world, world, this map has the virtue of showing the geographic
as this Japanese map illustrates. Besides reflecting the proximity of North America to Asia, a fact easily
importance the Japanese attach to themselves in the overlooked when maps place Europe at their center.
GREENLAND
NORWAY
WA
WAY
ICELAND GERMANY
DENMARK
EN
NETHERLANDS
ED
ND
SW
BELGIUM RUSSIA
LA
FIN
ESTONIA
UNITED LA
LATVIA
KINGDOM
LITHUANIA ARMENIA
IRELAND POLAND BELARUS GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN
HUNGARY
HUNGAR KAZAKHST
KAZAKHSTAN
CZECHOSLOV
CZECHOSLOVAKIA ROMANIA
AUSTRIA UKRAINE KYRGYZST
KYRGYZSTAN
SWITZERLAND MOLDOVA
MOLDOV
MONGOLIA
FRANCE SERBIA TAJIKISTAN
TAJIKIST
AJIKISTAN NORTH
UZ
ITA
BULGARIA BE KOREA
LY
KI
SP
SPAIN TU ST
PORTUGAL
TUGAL SLOVENIA MACEDONIA
MACEDONI RK AN SOUTH
ME
CROATIA
CROATIA GREECE TURKEY NIS KOREA
TAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ALBANIA SYRIA OF CHINA
TUNISIA MONTENEGRO LEBANON IRAN AFGHAN-
ISRAEL IRAQ ISTAN JAP
JAPAN
MOROCCO NEP BHUTAN
NEPAL
KUW
KUWAIT AN BHUT
BAHRAIN ST
ALGERIA JORDAN KI
LIBY
LIBYA EGYPT PA MY
MYANMAR
WESTERN SAUDI
SAHARA INDIA TAIWAN
TAIW
AIWAN
ARABIA
QATAR UNITED
AN
MAURITANIA
MAURIT SUDAN ARAB
M
CHAD EMIRA
EMIRATES
SENEGAL EN DESH LAOS PHILIPPINES
GAMBIA CENTRAL YEM
GUINEA- AFRICAN DJIBOUTI THAILAND
NIGERIA REPUBLIC SOMALIA
BISSAU SOUTH ETHIOPIA CAMBODIA
CAMBODI BRUNEI
GUINEA SUDAN MALA
MALAYSIA
SIERRA LEONE SRI LANKA P
PAPUA
DEMOCRATIC
DEMOCRATIC NEW
LIBERIA UGANDA SINGAPORE
REPUBLIC OF KENYA
KENYA GUINEA
CÔTE D’IVOIRE CONGO INDONESIA
INDONESI A
BURKINA FFASO RW
RWANDA
GHANA TANZANIA
TANZANIA
BURUNDI
TOGO CONGO
MALAWI
MALA
BENIN
CAMEROON ANGOLA ZAMBIA
EQUATORIAL
EQUATORIAL MADAGASCAR
GUINEA NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE
GABON
AUSTRALIA
BOTSW
BOTSWANA MOZAMBIQUE
SWAZILAND
SWAZILAND
SOUTH
AFRICA LESOTHO
ANTARCTICA
ANTARCTICA
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GREENLAND
UNITED
STATES
TA
TATES
CANADA
UNITED ST
STA
ATES
ATES
BAHAMAS
MEXICO HAITI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
REPUBLI
CUBA
JAMAICA
BELIZE NICARAGUA
GUA
GUATEMALA
EL SAL
SALV
VADOR
VADOR VENEZUELA FRENCH GUIANA
HONDURAS
COSTA
COSTA RICA COLOMBIA
COLOMBI
PANAMA
PANAMA
GUY
GUYANA
ECUADOR SURINAM
BRAZIL
PERU
BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
PARAGUA
ARAGUAY
CHILE
ARGENTINA URUGUA
URUGUAY
NEW ZEALAND
ANTARCTICA
ANTARCTICA
xi
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The Turnabout Map
The way maps may reflect (and influence) our thinking is things upside-down may cause us to rethink the way North
exemplified by the Turnabout Map, which places the South Americans regard themselves in relation to the people of
Pole at the top and the North Pole at the bottom. Words Central America.
and phrases such as “on top,” “over,” and “above” tend © 1982 by Jesse Levine Turnabout Map™—Dist. by Laguna Sales, Inc.,
to be equated by some people with superiority. Turning 7040 Via Valverde, San Jose, CA 95135
xii
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Brief Contents
xiii
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Features Contents
xiv
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Features Contents xv
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Contents
Chapter Checklist 24
Questions for Reflection 25
Digging into Anthropology 25
Chapter 2
Biology, Genetics,
and Evolution 27
Evolution and Creation Stories 27
The Classification of Living Things 28
xvi
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Contents xvii
Primates as Models for Human Evolution 81 Anthropology Applied : The Atari Burial Grounds 126
Primate Social Organization 83
Chapter Checklist 130
Home Range 84
Questions for Reflection 131
Social Hierarchy 84
Digging into Anthropology 131
Individual Interaction and Bonding 87
Sexual Behavior 88
Reproduction and Care of Young 91 Chapter 6
Communication and Learning 92
Use of Objects as Tools 97 From First Primates
Hunting 98 to First Bipeds 133
The Question of Culture 99
Anthropologists of Note: Jane Goodall (b. 1934), Primate Origins 133
Kinji Imanishi (1902–1992) 86 Oligocene Anthropoids 135
New World Monkeys 136
Biocultural Connection: Humans and Bonobos:
Miocene Apes and Human Origins 136
A Bicultural Conversation 94
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xviii Contents
Chapter 7
Origins of the Genus Homo 167
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Contents xix
The Multiregional Hypothesis 200 The Neolithic and Human Biology 243
The Recent African Origins Hypothesis 201 The Neolithic and the Idea of Progress 245
Reconciling the Evidence 202 Biocultural Connection: Dogs Get Right to the
The Genetic Evidence 204 Point 236
The Anatomical Evidence 204
Anthropology Applied: Pre-Columbian Fish Farming
The Cultural Evidence 205
in the Amazon 244
Coexistence and Cultural Continuity 206
Race and Human Evolution 207 Chapter Checklist 247
Upper Paleolithic Technology 208 Questions for Reflection 248
Upper Paleolithic Art 210 Digging into Anthropology 248
Music 210
Cave or Rock Art 212
Ornamental Art 216 Chapter 10
Gender and Art 216
Other Aspects of Upper Paleolithic Culture 216
The Emergence of Cities
The Spread of Upper Paleolithic Peoples 217 and States 251
The Sahul 218
The Americas 221 Defining Civilization 252
Major Paleolithic Trends 222 Tikal: A Case Study 254
Surveying and Excavating the Site 254
Anthropologists of Note: Berhane Asfaw (b. 1953),
Evidence from the Excavation 255
Svante Pääbo (b. 1955) 203
Cities and Cultural Change 257
Original Study: Paleolithic Paint Job 214 Agricultural Innovation 257
Biocultural Connection: Paleolithic Prescriptions for Diversification of Labor 257
Diseases of Today 223 Central Government 259
Social Stratification 262
Chapter Checklist 224 The Making of States 263
Questions for Reflection 225 Ecological Theories 266
Digging into Anthropology 225 Action Theory 267
Civilization and Its Discontents 267
Social Stratification and Disease 269
Chapter 9 Colonialism and Disease 269
The Neolithic Revolution: Anthropology and Cities of the Future 270
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xx Contents
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Contents xxi
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xxii Contents
Chapter 17
Patterns of Subsistence 417
Adaptation 417
Adaptation, Environment, and Ecosystem 418
Case Study: The Tsembaga 418
Adaptation and Culture Areas 418 Chapter 18
Modes of Subsistence 420 Economic Systems 441
Food-Foraging Societies 420
Characteristics of Food-Foraging Societies 420 Economic Anthropology 441
How Technology Impacts Cultural Adaptations Case Study: The Yam Complex
among Foragers 424 in Trobriand Culture 441
Food-Producing Societies 424 Production and Its Resources 443
Producing Food in Gardens: Horticulture 425 Land and Water Resources 443
Producing Food on Farms: Agriculture 427 Technology Resources 444
Mixed Farming: Crop Growing and Animal Labor Resources and Patterns 444
Breeding 429 Distribution and Exchange 449
Herding Grazing Animals: Pastoralism 429 Reciprocity 449
Case Study: Bakhtiari Herders 430 Redistribution 452
Intensive Agriculture: Urbanization and Market Exchange and the Marketplace 454
Peasantry 431 Money as a Means of Exchange 455
Industrial Food Production 432 Local Economies and Global Capitalism 455
Adaptation in Cultural Evolution 433 Informal Economy and the Escape from State
Types of Cultural Evolution 435 Bureaucracy 459
Case Study: The Environmental Collapse of Anthropology Applied: Global Ecotourism and Local
Easter Island 436 Indigenous Culture in Bolivia 448
Population Growth and the Limits of Progress 437
Biocultural Connection: Cacao: The Love Bean in the
Biocultural Connection: Surviving in the Andes: Aymara Money Tree 456
Adaptation to High Altitude 419
Anthropologist of Note: Rosita Worl 458
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti
Kayapo 426 Chapter Checklist 461
Questions for Reflection 462
Anthropology Applied: Agricultural Development and the
Digging into Anthropology 462
Anthropologist 428
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Contents xxiii
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
xxiv Contents
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Contents xxv
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Preface
For the last edition of this textbook, we did some se- important insights about human biology, behavior,
rious housecleaning—sorting through the contents and beliefs.
“clear down to the bottom to determine what should If most students start out with only a vague sense
be kept and what should be tossed to make room for of what anthropology is, they often have even less
new material that warrants a place in a limited space.” clearly defined (and potentially problematic) views
Our efforts resulted in a book more thoroughly revised concerning the position of their own species and cul-cul
than any new edition since Bill Haviland took on coau- tures within the larger world. A second task for this
thors at the turn of the century. For the current edition text, then, is to encourage students to appreciate the
of Anthropology: The Human Challenge—the fifteenth— richness and complexity of human diversity. Along
we continued our paring down efforts, reducing the with this goal is the aim of helping them to understand
overall narrative by 10 percent in order to give more why there are so many differences and similarities in
space to stimulating visuals and other pedagogical en- the human condition, past and present.
hancements. Once again, our own ongoing research fu- Debates regarding globalization and notions
eled our efforts, as did vital feedback from students and of progress; the “naturalness” of the mother, father,
anthropology professors who have used and reviewed child(ren) nuclear family; new genetic technologies;
previous editions. Once again, we scrutinized the ar- and how gender roles relate to biological variation
chetypal examples of our discipline and weighed them all benefit greatly from the distinct insights gained
against the latest innovative research methodologies, through anthropology’s wide-ranging, holistic perspec-
archaeological discoveries, genetic and other biological tive. This aspect of the discipline is one of the most
findings, linguistic insights, ethnographic descriptions, valuable gifts we can pass on to those who take our
theoretical revelations, and significant examples of ap- classes. If we as teachers (and textbook authors) do our
plied anthropology. jobs well, students will gain a wider and more open-
minded outlook on the world and a critical but con-
structive perspective on human origins and on their
own biology and culture today. To borrow a favorite
Our Mission line from the famous poet T. S. Eliot, “The end of all
our exploring will be to arrive where we started and
Most students enter an introductory anthropology know the place for the first time” (“Little Gidding,”
class intrigued by the general subject but with little Four Quartets).
more than a vague sense of what it is all about. Thus, We have written this text, in large part, to help
the first and most obvious task of our text is to provide students make sense of our increasingly complex
a thorough introduction to the discipline—its founda- world and to navigate through its interrelated bio-
tions as a domain of knowledge and its major insights logical and cultural networks with knowledge, empa-
into the rich diversity of humans as a culture-making thy, and skill, whatever professional path they take.
species. Recognizing the wide spectrum of students en- We see the book as a guide for people entering the
rolled in entry-level anthropology courses, we cover often-bewildering maze of global crossroads in the
the fundamentals of the discipline in an engaging, 21st century.
illustrative fashion—providing a broad platform on
which teachers can expand the exploration of concepts
and topics in ways that are meaningful to them and to
their particular group of students.
In doing this, we draw from the research and ideas
A Distinctive Approach
of a number of traditions of anthropological thought, Two key factors distinguish Anthropology: The Human
exposing students to a mix of theoretical perspectives Challenge from other introductory texts: our integrative
and methodologies. Such inclusiveness reflects our presentation of the discipline’s four fields and a trio of
conviction that different approaches offer distinctly unifying themes that tie the book together.
xxvi
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Preface xxvii
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
kotiinsa. Ainoastaan konttoripoika oli jäljellä. Olin tehnyt muutamia
muistiinpanoja herra Holladayn sanelun mukaan ja mennyt jälleen
pöytäni ääreen työskentelemään muistiinpanoineni, kun etummainen
ovi avattiin ja herra Holladayn tytär tuli sisään. Hän kysyi minulta,
oliko hänen isällään vieraita, ja kun minä vastasin 'ei', avasi hän
sisähuoneen oven ja meni hänen yksityiskonttoriinsa. Siellä hän
viipyi noin kymmenen minuuttia; sitten hän tuli taas ulos, meni
kiireesti ohi katsomatta minuun ja lähti, kuten otaksun, talosta. Kun
olin lopettanut muistiinpanojeni järjestämisen, lähdin herra
Holladaylta kysymään, oliko hänellä antaa vielä jotakin tehtäväkseni,
löysin hänet makaamassa työpöytänsä ääressä kumarassa, veitsi
pistettynä kaulaan ja vuotaen verta. Hain apua, mutta hän kuoli
tulematta tuntoihinsa — niin, tahtoisin sanoa, että hän varmasti oli
kuollut jo minun sisääntullessani.»
»Kyllä.»
»Niin.»
»Vai niin, te näitte hänen kasvonsa selvästi, kun hän tuli sisään?»
»Näin.»
»Mutta kun hän poistui, oli hänellä harso laskettuna alas. Oliko se
tiheä?»
»Niin.»
»Oliko se terävä?»
»Naisen luonnollisesti.»
»Ja hattu?»
»En, en mitään.»
»Ei mitään erikoista hänen olennossaan — tai ulkomuodossaan?»
Todistaja epäröi.
»Ja kun hän kysyi herra Holladayta, käytti hän sanontaa 'isäni',
kuten todistuksessanne ilmoititte.»
»Niin että jos huoneisto ei ollut hänelle tuttu, hän olisi yhtäkaikki
ymmärtänyt, mihin oli mentävä?»
»Ja tehän sanoitte myöskin, että ette olisi voinut kuulla mitään
sananvaihtoa yksityiskonttorista, jos sellaista olisi ollut?»
»Niin.»
»Täysin tarkat.»
»Oletteko koskaan näiden vuosien kuluessa tavannut jotakin —
jotakin menoerää, kirjeenvaihtoa taikka mitä muuta hyvänsä — joka
olisi johtanut teitä ajatukseen, että herra Holladayta kiristettiin tai että
hänellä olisi joskus ollut yhteyttä jonkun naisen kanssa?»
»En», vastasi todistaja. »Ei, ei! Voin vannoa, että mikään sellainen
ei ole mahdollista. Kaikella muotoa olisin saanut siitä tiedon, jos niin
olisi ollut asian laita.»
Tyttö epäröi, nähtävästi peläten, että hän voisi puhua liian paljon.
Juttu kärjistyy
»Kernaasti.»
»Haluaisin puhua neiti Holladayn kanssa muutamia minuutteja eri
huoneessa. Tahdomme luonnollisesti neuvotella
puolustautumisestamme.»
»Parasta on, että lähdette, herra Royce», sanoi hän. »Te näytätte
itsekin aivan nääntyneeltä. Ehkäpä voitte houkutelia neiti
Holladaytakin syömään jotakin. Olen varma, että hän on sen
tarpeessa.»
Silloin yhtäkkiä vaikeni minulle asia. Vain yksi peruste voi löytyä —
niin, yksi ainoa! Jos on syvät tunteet, niin voi myöskin rakastaa
kiihkeästi. Ehkäpä hän rakasti jotakuta, ehkä hän oli pitänyt hänestä
kiinni vastoin isänsä tahtoa! Tunsin hänen isänsä maineen
ankaruudestaan, kylmästä välinpitämättömyydestä tuomioissaan.
Tässä oli varmaankin selitys!
»Tietysti.»