1. This is the term used for substance which takes up
The prefix in sodium bicarbonate and sodium biphosphate
moisture or water but does not dissolve in it
A. Deliquescent
B. Efflorescent
C. Hygroscopic
D. A dehydrating agent
Both hygroscopic and deliquescent substances
absorb moisture from the atmosphere. This ability varies
greatly for different substances, those that do not dissolve
are hygroscopic and those that take up sufficient water to
form a liquid are deliquescent
Efflorescence is the loss of water molecules from a
crystalline substance. It is the reverse of hydration.
Crystalline hydrates vary greatly in their ability to effloresce
2. A 10 volume hydrogen peroxide is equivalent to _______%
hydrogen peroxide
A. 9%
B. 3%
C. 20%
D. 30%
The electrolysis of a concentrated solution of either
sulfuric acid or ammonium sulfate produces hydrogen
peroxide. Volume strength or the volume of oxygen gas
release from one volume of solution is used to express the
concentration of hydrogen peroxide. A 10 volume peroxide
corresponds to 3% hydrogen peroxide. The volume
specification is based on the number of mL of oxygen
measured at standard temperature and pressure, liberated
by 1 mL of peroxide solution when decomposed. Thus, one
mL of 3% solution liberates 10 mL of oxygen. Hydrogen
Peroxide Topical Solution USP, is the 3% solution. It is a mild,
fast acting oxidizing germicide which will destroy most
pathogenic bacteria
3. Which of the following is not used for iron deficiency
anemia?
A Reduced iron
B. Ferric chloride
C. Ferrous fumarate
D. Ferrous sulfate
Iron deficiency anemia is anemia characterized by a
deficiency of haemoglobin. The two most common causes of
such anemia are nutritional and chronic blood loss. It can be
treated using iron and iron compounds like ferrous fumarate
and ferrous gluconate
Ferric chloride is not used for this condition but it is
used externally for the astringent and styptic effect of the
ferric ion
4.
indicate they are
A. Neutral salts
B. Basic salts
C. Acid salts
D. Two compounds
The prefix “bi” in sodium bicarbonate indicates that
it is an acid salt, meaning that it contains hydrogen which
may be replaces by a metal or react with a base. This process
of naming is not correct, since the prefix “bi” only signifies
that all of the available hydrogen has not been replaced but
does not indicate how many hydrogens are present. The
proper way of naming acid salts is to name the metallic
cation first and then name the hydrogen just before the
anion. Therefore, the proper name of sodium bicarbonate is
sodium hydrogen carbonate
Basic salts are indicated by the prefix “sub”
5. This is the principal extracellular cation
A. Potassium
B. Calcium
C. Magnesium
D. Sodium
The important role of sodium ion in the body is the
production of osmotic effects. It is the principal cation of the
extracellular fluid. Excessive vomiting, diarrhea or
perspiration are conditions which may lead to disturbances in
normal sodium content. These disturbances may lead to well
defined clinical symptoms
Potassium ion is the predominant cation in the
intracellular fluid. Deficiency of this ion can result in muscle
weakness
6. Which of the following is not a constituent of Ringer’s
solution?
A. NaCl
B. KCl
C. CaCl2
D. Ca gluconate
Ringer’s solution is an isotonic solution of three
chlorides. It is composed of sodium chloride of water (8.6g),
potassium chloride (0.30g), and calcium chloride (0.33g).
prepared in one liter of water for injection. As a fluid and
electrolyte replenisher, it is theoretically superior to NaCl
injection but in actual practice, the addition of potassium and
calcium increase only slightly the therapeutic value of an
isotonic NaCl solution. Ringer’s injection finds use as prime
pumps for cardiopulmonary bypass in heart surgery. It may
be applied topically for the purpose of irrigation
7. This inert gas is advocated to have general anesthetic
properties
A. Helium
B. Neon
C. Argon
D. Krypton
Krypton, together with xenon (also an inert gas), has
been studied for their anesthetic properties. Both gases
possess fairly high oil-water solubility ratios which may
partially account for their effectiveness. However, the
scarcity of these elements in nature imposes several
limitations on such use
Helium is used to prepare synthetic airs because of
its low density and low solubility in blood. A gaseous mixture
of helium and 20% oxygen is known as artificial air. It is used
to alleviate respiration difficulties. Ordinary air cannot be
used since rapid decompression causes bubbles of gaseous
nitrogen to form in the blood
Neon is used in preparing neon lights for advertising
purposes
Argon is used as an inert atmosphere for industrial
processes in which nitrogen, the usual inert atmosphere,
reacts with the materials present
8. This is another name for ferric ferrocyanide
A. Thenard’s blue
B. Prussian blue
C. Turnbull’s blue
D. Vanishing blue
Prussian blue is an intense blue colored precipitate
formed by the reaction of ferric ion and potassium
ferrocyanide. Therefore, Prussian blue is ferric ferrocyanide
Thenard’s blue is cobalt metaaluminate
Turnbull’s blue is ferrous ferricyanide, a dark blue
precipitate formed by the reaction of the ferrous ion with
potassium ferricyanide
9. Epsom salt is
A. Cathartic
B. Anticonvulsant
C. Antidote to barium poisoning
D. AOTA
Epsom salt is another name for magnesium sulfate.
It is used as:
A.) ANTICONVULSANT - primarily via the intravenous and
intramuscular route because of the depressant property of
magnesium
B.) CATHARTIC – it is classified as a saline cathartic and its
action depends on the osmotic withdrawal of water from the
tissues by a hypertonic solution
C. ANTIDOTE – for barium, barbiturate and other types of
poisoning. It is classified as a chemical antidote because it
makes the poison harmless by altering it chemically
10. ___________ is known as 16 degrees ammonia
A. Ammonium bicarbonate
B. Strong ammonia solution
C. Househould ammonia
D. Ammonia water
Ammonia is a volatile base and any excess of it can
be detected by its odor and it is removed readily by heat.
Household ammonia contains 10% NH3 and is known as 16
degrees ammonia (degrees Baume, a concentration term)
Ammonium carbonate, also known as sal volatile,
yields 30-34% of NH3
Strong ammonia solution contains 27.0 – 31.0%
(w/w) of NH3
11. This buffer system has been modified to include sodium
chloride to make it isotonic with physiological fluid
A. Sorensen Phosphate Buffer
B. Gifford’s Buffer
C. Atkins and Pantin Buffer
D. Feldman’s Buffer
The Sorensen Phosphate Buffer covers a range of
pH 5.8 to 8 and has the greatest buffer capacity at pH 6.7. It is
composed of sodium acid phosphate and disodium
phosphate in purified water with the addition of sodium
chloride to render the solution isotonic. It is a valuable buffer
system for ophthalmic drugs, as the ions present are
normally found in the eye and the pH range includes the
isohydric point of tears
Gifford’s buffer is composed of boric acid and
sodium carbonate with potassium chloride in purified water
Atkin’s and Pantin buffer contains boric acid and
sodium carbonate with sodium chloride in purified water
Feldmans’ buffer is composed of boric acid and
sodium borate with sodium chloride in purified water
Atkin’s and Pantin and Feldman’s buffer, although
contains NaCl are not rendered isotonic
12. The presence in solution of calcium and magnesium
_________causes temporary hardness of water
A. Hydroxide
B. Chloride
C. Bicarbonate
D. Sulfate
Naturally occurring waters contain dissolved
minerals indigenous to the region. These are commonly
dilute solutions of Ca, Mg, Fe+3, Na and K ions and HCO3,
SO4 and Cl as counterions. Temporary hardness of water is
caused by the dissolved HCO3 while sulfate and chloride
constitute permanent hardness
13. This ray has no mass and no charge but of very high
energy and excellent penetrating power
A. Alpha
B. Beta
C. Gamma
D. X-ray
Gamma rays are the most penetrating of all types of
radiation and can pass easily through more than 25cm of
tissue or several cm of lead. Gamma radiation is
electromagnetic, whereas alpha and beta radiation are
particulate
The alpha particle is identical with helium nucleus.
These particles consist of two protons and two neutrons
Beta radiation is of two types because here are two
kinds of electron, the negative electron or negatron and the
positive electron or positron
X-ray is also electromagnetic like gamma rays and
only differs in wavelength
14. This is the agent of choice in roentgenographic studies of
the GI tract
A. Sodium phosphate
B. Barium sulfate
C. Sodium iodide
D. Ferrous citrate
Barium sulfate suspension is the agent of choice in
roentgenographic studies of the GI tract because it has the
ability to make the intestinal tract opaque so that it may be
photographed. As the amount required is large, 60 to 250g
and as soluble salts of barium are extremely poisonous, it is
highly important to be sure that the sulfate dispensed is of
USP quality. A side effect observed in the use of barium
sulfate is constipation
15. This group of element occur in all forms of matter
A. Halogens
B. Alkali metals
C. Alkaline earth metals
D. Coinage metals
The word halogen means “sea salt producer.” The
elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine belong to
this group and are called sea salt producers because the
sodium slat of their respective hydro-acids are very similar to
ordinary sea-salt. Fluorine (pale yellow) and chlorine
(greenish yellow) both exist as a gas, bromine is a dark,
reddish brown liquid and iodine (grayish black) is solid
B,C and D. All the elements in group IA (alkali
metals), group IIA (alkaline earth metals) and group IB
(coinage metals) exist in the solid state
16. These are the neutral building units of mater
A. Atoms and ions
B. Molecules and ions
C. Protons and electrons
D. Atoms and molecules
The atoms were believed to be minute, indivisible
particles of which all materials were made. It is neutral
because the positive change of the proton neutralizes the
negative charge of the electron. A molecule is the smallest
possible quantity of a substance and is composed of two or
more atoms and therefore, it is also neutral
Ions, protons and electrons cannot be considered
neutral because of the charge they have
17. What do you call the energy required to remove and form
a neutral atom?
A. Electron affinity
B. Kinetic energy
C. Ionization potential
D. Electrical energy
The ionization potential is a measure of the energy
required to remove an electron by overcoming the attractive
force of the nucleus. It is related to atomic size. Because the
removal of one electron effectively increases the nuclear
charge by one unit, the second ionization potential is about
double that of the first
The energy change associated with the process in
which an electron is added to a gaseous atom in its ground
state is the first electron affinity. Second and higher electron
affinities pertain to processes in which electrons are added to
negative ions
18. Term used for atoms of the same element having the
same atomic number but different mass numbers
A. Isomers
B. Isotopes
C. Isobars
D. Isotones
Isotopes are nuclides of the same element and
therefore have the same chemical properties, but differ in
mass. They may also differ in stability.
NOTE: MASS NUMBER – number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus
ATOMIC NUMBER – Number of protons in the nucleus
Isomers are substances having the same molecular
formula but differ in the way the constituent atoms are
arranged into a molecule
Isobars are nuclides having the same mass
Isotones are nuclides which possess the same
number of neutrons
19. Principle which states that it is impossible to accurately
determine simultaneously the position and motion of an
electron
A. Pauli’s exclusion principle
B. Aufbau principle
C. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
D. NOTA
Werner Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle states
that it is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact
position and the exact momentum of the body as small as
the electron. The more precisely we try to determine one of
these values, the more uncertain we are of the other
Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two
electrons in the same atom may have the identical sets of all
four quantum numbers. Even if two electrons have the same
values for n,1 and m, they will differ in their spin values
The Aufbau principle (aufbau means building up in
German) was suggested by Wolfgang Pauli and in this
manner, we go from element to element until we derive the
electronic configuration of the atom that we desire
20. A solution in which there is in equilibrium between the
dissolved and undissolved solute
A. Unsaturated solution
B. Saturated solution
C. Supersaturated solution
D. Concentrated solution
A saturated solution is one which has dissolved all of
the solute it is capable of holding at given temperature, this
being 25C, unless otherwise specified
An unsaturated solution has a lower concentration
of solute than a saturated solution
A supersaturated solution is one in which the
concentration of solute is higher than that of a saturated
solution
Solutions containing relatively high concentrations
of solute are called concentrated solutions
21. This solution is used for application to wounds
A. Modified Dakin’s solution
B. Dakin’s solution
C. Labarraque’s solution
D. Chlorinated lime
The other name for diluted sodium hypochlorite
solution is Modified Dakin’s Solution. It is prepared from
sodium hypochlorite solution by dilution with distilled water.
It must be set at a pH of 8.3 or less, that is why sodium
bicarbonate is added in sufficient excess to prevent the
solution from bringing about the red color of
phenolphthalein
Dakin’s solution is another name for sodium
hypochlorite solution. It contains about 4.0 to 6.0% (w/w) of
NaOCl. It is used as a disinfectant, deodorant and bleaching
agent
Labarraque’s solution is NaOCl diluted with an equal
volume of water. It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching
agent
22. This is referred as the hypothetical alkali metal
A. Nitrogen
B. Sulfur
C. Iodine
D. Ammonium ion
The ammonium ion is often referred to as the
hypothetical alkali metal since it displays many of the
properties of the alkali metal ions. Its salts show striking
resemblances to potassium and rubidium salts, with which
they are commonly isomorphous. The relationship extends
to solubilities, as evidenced by the general water solubility of
ammonium salts of organic and inorganic acids but the low
water solubility of such salts as the bitartrate, chloroplatinate
and perchlorate
23. This metal is used in the surgical repair of bones, muscles
and tissues
A. Titanium
B. Vanadium
C. Tantalum
D. Molybdenum
Metallic tantalum is used in the recent years in the
surgical repair of large abdominal hernias. It is used by
implanting a fine tantalum mesh in the wound and then
suturing the mesh in place with a tantalum wire. The
strength of the repair is not due so much to the mesh as it is
the fibrous tissue that building up through and around it
forming a strong abdominal wall. Tantalum screen is also
used in the repair of nasal deformities
24. Which of the following is not an aluminum silicate? cupric salts exhibit a green or brown color but these colors
A. Talc may be ascribed to the presence of undissociated molecules
B. Pumice since the solution will turn blue on dilution
C. Kaolin Nickel ion in solution is colored green
D. Bentonite Ferric ion in solution is colored yellow or brown

Talc is not an aluminum silicate but chemically is a

hydrated magnesium silicate with the formula of 3 MgO.4 27. Term often referred to the first group of cations
SiO2.H2O, it is used as a dusting powder and as a filtering aid A. Insoluble chloride group
and distributing medium B. Soluble chloride group
Pumice, kaolin and bentonite are all aluminum C. Soluble sulfide group
silicates. Bentonite is used as a stabilizere for emulsions, as a D. Insoluble sulfide group
detergent in cleaners, as a clarifying agents, as absorbent for
coloring matter and as a suspending agent. The members of the first group of cations, more
Pumice is used as a distributing agent and is popularly known as the insoluble chloride group are lead (II),
sometimes used in dental preparations mercury (I) and silver (I). These ions form a white precipitate
Kaolin is used externally as a dusting powder, an with dilute (2M) HCl. The precipitate formed is usually
absorbent for ulcers and moist infections and as a carrier of insoluble in dilute acids. Lead chloride, however, is slightly
heat for cataplasms soluble in water and therefore lead is never completely
precipitated when adding dilute HCl to a sample. The rest of
the lead ions are quantitatively precipitated with hydrogen
25. Pentavalent antimony in the presence of HCl gives violet sulfide in acidic medium together with the cations of the
precipitate with this pink dye second group
A. Rhodamine B
B. p-nitrobenzene azoresorcinol
C. Aluminon reagent 28. This is used to differentiate iodides from chlorides and
D. Dimethyglyoxime bromides
A.Silver nitrate TS
Rhodamine B or tetraethyl rhodamine is a pink dye B. Potassium permanganate
used for the identification of antimony.Quinquevalent C. Sulfuric acid
antimony gives a violet or blue coloration with this dye. D. Chlorine water
Tervalent antimony does not respond to this test and should
be oxidized with potassium or sodium nitrite in the presence Chlorine water is used to differentiate between
of strong hydrochloric acid. The color change is bright red to iodides, bromides and chlorides. The results in the test are
blue summarized in the table below:
p-nitrobenzene azoresorcinol is used to detect
magnesium ions in strongly alkaline solution with the Chlorides Bromides Iodides
production of a blue precipitate Dropwise No visible Orange red Brown
Aluminon reagent produces a red lake with addition of results
aluminum salts chlorine
Dimethylglyoxime is used to detect nickel ions in an water
ammoniacal solution of nickel salt wherein a bright red,
+ CS2, Reddish Violet
insoluble crystalline precipitate is produced. This test can be
CHCl3 or brown solution
used to differentiate nickel fro cobalt since cobalt does not
CCl4 solution
react with dimethylglyoxime
+Chlorine Yellow, Colorless
water colorless or
pale yellow
26. The color of copper ion in solution is
A. Blue Silver nitrate is also used in testing for the presence
B. Green
of the three ions. However, the reactions are not that
C. Yellow
different from each other and therefore, cannot be used for
D. NOTA differentiating the three. The reactions are as follows
The presence of the blue cupric ion in an aqueous
solution of cupric salt products its blue color. Solutions of
 Chlorides Bromides Iodides In semi-micro analysis, the separation of a
+Silver White, curdy Pale yellow Yellow, precipitate from a supernatant liquid is carried out with the
nitrate curdy curdy aid of centrifuge. The advantage of semi-micro analysis are:
solution 1. speed
+ Dilute Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble 2. the precipitate is concentrated into a small volume so that
HNO3 small precipitates are observed readily and their relative
+KCN Soluble Soluble Soluble magnitudes estimated
+ Na2S2O3 Soluble Soluble Soluble 3. the washing of the precipitate can be carried out rapidly
and efficiently
4. concentrated acid, bases and other corrosive liquids can be
manipulated easily
29. Which of the following is not used to test for the presence
of cyanide?
A. Prussian blue test
32. This is used to differentiate cobalt salts from nickel salts
B. Ferric thiocyanate test
A. Alpha-nitroso-beta-naphthol
C. Mercurous nitrate TS
B. Potassium chromate
D. Silver chloride TS
C. Dimethylglyoxime
D. Ammonium hydroxide
Silver nitrate, instead of silver chloride, is used to
test the presence of cyanide, wherein a white precipitate of
Alpha-nitroso-beta-naphthol can be used to
silver cyanide is formed
differentiate nickel from cobalt. The results are as follows:
Prussian blue test = cyanide (rendered strongly
NICKEL COBALT
alkaline with NaOH solution) + iron (II) sulfate 
hexacyanoferrate II + HCl  clear solution + FeCl3 solution  Alpha-nitroso- Reddish brown Brown precipitate
Prussian blue precipitate beta-naphthol precipitate
Ferric thiocyanate test = cyanide + ferric thiocyanate + HCl Insoluble Soluble
 blood red coloration
Mercurous nitrate test = cyanide + mercurous nitrate
 gray precipitate of metallic mercury 33. Evolves as a gas with a fruity odor when treated with
concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol
A. Acetates
30. This is used to differentiate between carbonates and B. Tartrates
bicarbonates C. Borates
A. Phenolphthalein solution D. Silicates
B. Acid solution
C. Alkali solution Ethyl acetate is formed when acetate is treated with
D. AOTA ethanol and concentrated sulfuric acid. It is recognized by its
The sodium bicarbonate phenolphthalein test used pleasant, fruity odor. On cooling and dilution with water on a
to differentiate bicarbonates and carbonates depends upon clock glass, the fragrant odor will be more easily detected
the fact that phenolphthalein is turned pink by soluble A white curdy precipitate of silver tartrate is formed
carbonate and colorless by soluble hydrogen carbonates. when tartrates are treated with silver nitrate. The precipitate
Hence, if the carbon dioxide liberated by dilute acids from is soluble in dilute ammonia solution and on warming the
carbonates with phenolphthalein solution colored pink by ammoniacal solution, metallic silver is precipitated, which
sodium bicarbonate solution, it may be identified with the can be deposited in the form of a mirror
decolorization which takes place Borates form a green-bordered flame with
methanol and orange color with turmeric, turning to olive
green upon the addition of sodium hydroxide
31. In semi-micro procedures, the process of filtration is
replaces by the use of
A. Vacuum filtration 34. Blood red colorization with ammonium thiocyanate but a
B. Glass Buchner funnel blue precipitate with hexacyanoferrate II
C. Centrifuge A. Ferric ion
D. AOTA B. Ferrous ion
C. Magnesium ion
D. Cobalt ion
 Ferrous and ferric ions have different reactions both 37. Which of the following is not a therapeutic agent?
with ammonium thiocyanate and hexacyanoferrate II A. Oxygen
FERROUS FERRIC B. Helium
Ammonium No coloration Deep red C. Carbon dioxide
thiocyanate coloration D. Hydrogen
Hexacyanoferrate White (in the Intense blue E. Nitrous oxide
II absence of air), precipitate
pale blue Hydrogen is not used therapeutically. However, it
(ordinary can be used in the Haber’s process for nitrogen fixation, for
atmospheric inflating balloons, for the production of high temperature
conditions when burned with oxygen and for the hydrogenation of oils
Magnesium gives a blue lake with potassium used for edible and other purposes
hydroxide and p-nitrite-benzene-azo-resorcinol Oxygen is used in pathological conditions
Sulfide evolves gas with foul odor which blackens accompanied by cyanosis and dyspnea
lead acetate paper Helium is used as artificial air together with 20%
oxygen
Carbon dioxide is used as a respiratory stimulant
Nitrous oxide is a general anesthetic
35. Yellow precipitate with silver nitrate soluble in nitric acid
and a yellow precipitate with ammonium molybdate soluble
in 10% ammonium oxalate
A. Phosphates 38. This metal is a component of haemoglobin
B. Arsenates A. Sodium
C. Arsenites B. Potassium
D. Carbonates C. Calcium
D. Iron
The yellow precipitate is identified as normal silver E. Cobalt
orthophosphate
Arsenates form chocolate brown precipitate Chelates contain metals and some of these are:
identified as silver arsenate soluble in nitric acid and a yellow  Iron in haemoglobin
precipitate with ammonium molybdate  Zinc in insulin
Arsenites form a yellow precipitate of silver arsenite  Cobalt in vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin
soluble both in nitric acid and ammonia  Magnesium in chlorophyll

36. This is not a pharmaceutically important alkali metal 39. Zinc oxide is used pharmaceutically as
A. Lithium A. Ophthalmic solution
B. Sodium B. Cleansing solution
C. Potassium C. Antacid
D. Rubidium D. Astringent and protectant

All of the choices are members of Group IA or the
alkali metals. Rubidium and its salts are very seldom used in
medicine. If it is used, the action is that of the anion
produced by the dissociation of the rubidium salt. Cesium is
also an alkali metal which has no commercial importance. It
is never used in medicine
Lithium is used as a depressant and as a diuretic
Sodium is very important because of the osmotic
effects it is capable of producing
Potassium is also used as a diuretic. It is also
important for cell growth and function
Zinc oxide can be used as a mild antiseptic and as an
astringent. It is employed in the treatment of eczema,
impetigo, ringworm, varicose ulcers, pruritus and psoriasis. It
is available in the form of zinc oxide ointment or dusting
powder
40. This compound is used to adjust tonicity of ophthalmic
solutions although it is toxic by ingestion or absorption
A. Sodium chloride
B. Calcium chloride
C. Sodium bicarbonate
D. Boric acid
E. Magnesium sulfate
 Boric acid has non-irritating properties, a property
which make its solutions suitable for application to such
delicate structures as the cornea of the eye. A 2.2% solution
of boric acid is isotonic with lacrimal fluid. However, it is very
poisonous. It is not absorbed significantly from damaged
skin. Serious poisoning can result from oral ingestion of as
little as 5 grams. Nausea, vomiting, headache, diarrhea,
abdominal pain and visual disturbance are some fo the
symptoms of boric acid poisoning. The kidney may also be
damaged and death may result
41. The non-toxic salt of barium
A. Chloride
B. Sulfide
C. Sulfate
D. Carbonate
Barium is very toxic ion as compared to the other
alkaline earth metals, calcium and strontium. The ion
produces a local irritation. However, barium sulfate is the
only barium salt which can be used in medicine because it is
non-toxic. This is because of the relatively high atomic
weight of barium and because of the insolubility of barium
sulfate with dilute acids and alkalies
42. All sodium salts of the following ions are used in the
treatment of metabolic acidosis except
A. Bicarbonate
B. Lactate
C. Acetate
D. Phosphate
E. Citrate
Sodium phosphate is used as a saline laxative. It can
also be used as an anti-hypercalcemic when in th form of an
oral solution. However, its major use is for diagnostic
procedures such as proctoscopy, coloscopy or barium enema
Sodium bicarbonate is administered parenterally
and orally to combat systemic acidosis. Sodium acetate,
lactate and citrate are claimed to be more effective because
the organic portion of the molecule is oxidized in the tissues
to yield essentially sodium bicarbonate
Sodium lactate is also used for the correction of
systemic acidosis because the lactate ion is generally rapidly
metabolized in the body
Sodium acetate when given parenterally is also used
to treat metabolic acidosis because the acetate ion is
metabolized rapidly and completely in the body, consequent
admininistration is equivalent to giving sodium bicarbonate
Sodium citrate is used a systemic and urinary
alkalinizer
43. This is the active component of Lugol’s solution
A. Fluorine
B. Chlorine
C. Bromine
D. Iodine
E. Potassium
Lugol’s solution (Strong Iodine Solution) is a
solution of iodine and potassium iodide, and it is the only
official preparation containing elemental iodine. It was
introduced to medicine over a century ago by the French
physician Lugol. It is used as a source of iodine for internal
use
44. This method is used in preparing ammonia
A. Contact process
B. Haber’s process
C. Solvay’s process
D. Fothergell’s process
Haber’s process or some modification of it is used
almost exclusively in the production of ammonia. Hydrogen
and nitrogen are mixed in proportions of 1 to 3 and the
mixture is passed through a promoted iron catalyst at a
temperature of 400 to 550 degrees Celsius, they then untie to
form ammonia. The volume of gases are adjusted so as to
five a ratio of 1 of nitrogen and 3 of hydrogen
45. The indicator used for the USP limit test for arsenic is
A. Eriochrome black
B. Ag diethyldithiocarbamate
C. Silver sulfadiazine
C. Methyl orange
The arsenic limit test is a procedure designed to
determine the presence of trace amounts of arsenic. It is
performed in this manner. The arsenic in the substance is
converted to arsine and then passed through a solution of Ag
diethyldithiocarbamate. The red color produces is then
compared, either visually or spectrophotometrically, to the
color containing an amount or arsenic equivalent to the limit
given in the individual monograph
46. Prolonged use of silver nitrate may lead to this
undesirable discoloration of the skin
A. Argyria
B. Silverism
C. Wilson’s disease
D. Hydrargyrism
Argyria is cause by prolonged used of silver
preparations like silver nitrate and is probably caused by the
deposition of free silver in the skin. This condition is
irremediable although it has been claimed that injection of
6% Na2S2O3 and 1% potassium ferricyanide subcutaneously
will remove the color. However, this treatment requires
injecting small amounts of the solution in the affected area
frequently
Wilson’s disease is poisoning with continued use of
copper
Hydrargyrism is for mercury
47. Term used for water that is fir for drinking
A. Pure water
B. Potable water
C. Spring water
D. Distilled water
Potable water is water that is fit to drink. Potable
water can be obtained by the removal of insoluble matter
through appropriate coagulating settling and filtering
process, destruction of pathogenic microorganisms by
aeration, and filtration through charcoal. Activated charcoal
may also be used to remove some harmful trace impurities.
Fluoridation is accomplished by adding sodium fluorosilicate.
“Softening” of water is done by the partial removal of
dissolved salts by precipitation as carbonates and hydroxide,
by adding lime or ammonia
48. A radioactive metal
A. Selenium
B. Manganese
C. Uranium
D. Iron
Klaproth, in 1979, discovered uranium and named it
in honor of the planet Uranus. Becquerel discovered in 1891
that is radioactive when he observed that uranium salts
affected a photographic plate just like x-rays. The most
recent use of uranium metal is in the production of
radioactive isotopes in atomic pile. Other radioisotopes
include thorium, radium and radon
49. This vitamin increased the absorption of iron in the
stomach
A. A
B. C
C. D
D. E
Vitamin C or ascorbic acid may increase the
absorption of iron both by reducing the less well absorbed
ferric ion to the better absorbed ferrous ion or maintaining
the ferrous state and by forming an absorbable complex with
iron. Therefore, ascorbic acid occasionally helps promote the
anti-anemic action of iron
50. Considered to be the most important plasma buffer
A. HPO4
B. H2PO4
C. HCO3
D. H2CO3
The most important plasma buffer involves an
equilibrium between NaHCO3 and carbonic acid. At a given
pH, the ratio of the concentration of the two substances is
constant. If an excess acid is liberated in the body, it is
neutralized by some of the NaHCO3, the excess carbonic acid
decomposes into H2O and CO2 and the latter is excreted by
the lungs until the normal ration is achieved. If an excess of
alkali arises in the body, it combines with carbonic acid to
form HCO3 and more carbonic acid is formed from CO2 and
H2O to restore balance
51. Radioisotopes can be produced from the following
except:
A. Nuclear pile
B. Cyclotron
C. X-ray machine
D. Radioisotope cow
Radioisotopes may be produced by placing a
suitable material in a nuclear reactor where it is bombarded
by neutrons
Cyclotron is a particle accelerator which depends
upon the interaction of magnetic and/or electrostatic fields
with the charge of the particle undergoing acceleration. The
particles are accelerated to a high velocity and representing
enormous energies, causing them to strike a target
containing the atoms to be bombarded
Radioisotope generator or radioisotope cow is an
ion-exchange column containing resin or alumina upon which
has been absorbed a long lived parent nuclide. This uses the
phenomenon of sequential decay
52. Deuterium oxide is also known as
A. Natural water
B. Potable water
C. Heavy water
D. USP water
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium
oxide (D2O) is known as heavy water because its molecular
weight is greater than that of water, giving the rise to
different physical properties (boiling point = 101.4 degrees
Celsius, sp.gr. =1.10). It is used as a moderator in nuclear
reactors and as a solvent in nuclear magnetic resonance 56. Metal which reacts with water to evolve hydrogen
studies. It cannot be used for drinking purposes A. Calcium
B. Aluminum
C. Sodium
53. This compound is used for carbon dioxide absorber D. Mercury
A. Ammonium carbonate
B. Potassium iodide Sodium belongs to the fifth group of cations
C. Barium hydroxide lime (together with magnesium, potassium and ammonium ions).
D. Plaster of Paris In this group, both sodium and potassium reacts violently
with water, evolving hydrogen
Carbon dioxide absorbers are used when a patient Calcium decomposes water forming calcium
rebreathes air and dangerous levels of carbon dioxide builds hydroxide and hydrogen
up. Barium hydroxide Lime USP is used as a carbon dioxide Dilute HCl dissolves aluminum readily, with the
absorber. The particles formed must be large enough to evolution of hydrogen
allow free passage of air, but small enough to give a large
surface area for absorption. The particles must be hard to
prevent dust formation with handling. A colored indicator is 57. The anti-flatulent simethicone is composed of
included in the preparation to indicate when the carbon A. Phosphorus
dioxide capacity is depleted B. Boron
C. Tin
D. Silicon
54. Water that is used for extemporaneous compounding is
A. Water USP Simethicone is a compound of silicon and is
B. Purified Water USP chemically a polymeric dimethylsiloxane. It is used as an anti-
C. Water for Injection USP flatulent in gastric bleeding and in post operative gaseous
D. Bacteriostatic Water for Injection distention in the GI tract

Purified Water is Water obtained by distillation, ion

exchange treatment, reverse osmosis or any other suitable 58. This is used to decolorize permanganate solutions
process; contains no added substance A. Hydrochloric acid
Water for injection is water purified by distillation or B. Borate
by reverse osmosis. It contains no added substance. C. Oxalic acid
Bactetriostatic Water for Injection is sterile water for D. Nitric acid
injection containing one or more suitable anti-microbial
agent Solutions of potassium permanganate acidified with
sulfuric acid are decolorized by:
1. Solution of H2O2
55. Red and yellow phosphorus are 2. Sodium bisulfite TS
A. Allotropes 3. hot Oxalic acid TS
B. Racemic forms These tests are used for the identification of
C. Isomers potassium permanganate
D. Polymers Borate is used to decolorize iodine

The two allotropic forms of phosphorus are yellow

and red. Yellow Phosphorus (white phosphorus) is poisonous 59. The presence of _________is confirmed by the Brown
and has a disagreeable, ozone like odor. It causes burns that Ring Test
are severe and slow to heal. Red phosphorus is non- A. Citrate
poisonous and non-flammable in air, except at high B. Tartrate
temperature C. Acetate
D. Nitrate

The Brown Ring test for nitrates makes use of

ferrous sulfide solution and concentrated sulfuric acid. The
2
Brown Ring is due to the formation of [Fe(NO)] . On shaking
and warming the mixture, the brown color disappears, nitric
oxide is evolved and a yellow solution of iron (III) ions remains

60. To test for the presence of carbon dioxide the reagent

used is
A. Hydrochloric acid
B. Nitric acid
C. Barium sulfide
D. Lime water

When carbon dioxide is passed through a solution of

calcium hydroxide (lime water) or barium hydroxide (baryta
water), a white precipitate of calcium or barium carbonate is
formed. If an excess of carbon dioxide is employed, the
precipitate dissolve because of the respective hydrogen
carbonates or bicarbonates
PRACTICE SET 7. The arrangement of elements in the order of increasing
atomic weight grouping themselves in a series of seven
1. The active component of White Lotion A. Triads of Doberiner
A. Cadmium sulfide B. Periodic Table
B. Selenium sulfide C. Prauts Hypotheses
C. Lead sulfide D. AOTA
D. Zinc sulfide E. NOTA
E. Calcium sulfide
8. A silver preparation combined with protein containing 19-
2. Used as an anti-convulsant in the treatment of eclampsia 25% silver
A.MgSO4 oral solution A. Strong silver protein
B. MgSO4 topical solution B. Mild silver protein
C. MgSO4 injection C. Colloidal silver
D. NOTA D. NOTA
E. MgSO4 tablets
9. An alloy of 2 parts bismuth, one part lead and tin
3. Used in the treatment of cystitis with methenamine A. Y-alloy
A. Sodium phosphate B. Rose fusible metal
B. Sodium sulfate C. Wood’s metal
C. Sodium carbonate D. NOTA
D. Sodium biphosphate
E. Sodium bicarbonate 10. An allotropic form of phosphorus obtained by heating to
200 degrees Celsius under pressure at 1,200kg
3. Because of its adsorbent property, this is used as a A. Red P
chemical antidote B. Yellow P
A. Sodium nitrite C. Brown P
B. Cupric sulfate D. Black P
C. Activated charcoal E. NOTA
D. Silicon dioxide
E. Sodium thiosulfate 11. A mixture composed chiefly of potassium polysulfide and
potassium thiosulfate
4. Inhalation of this gas produces unintelligible speech which A. Sulfur lac
has a Donald Duck sound B. Sulfurated potash
A. Carbon dioxide C. Sublimed sulfur
B. Nitric oxide D. Washed sulfur
C. Helium
D. Argon 12. Chemical name of Goulard’s extract is
E. Hydrogen A. Lead subnitrate solution
B. Lead subacetate solution
5. Aluminum chloride is used mainly as a/an C. Lead subcarbonate solution
A. Anti-emetic D. Sugar of Lead
B. Laxative
C. Suspending agent 13. A combination of the silicates of sodium and potassium
D. Anti-perspirant with calcium with other metals
E. Urinary acidifier A. Purified siliceous earth
B. Kaolin
6. Prepared by sublimation C. Glass
A. Naphthalene D. Sodium silicate
B. Iodine
C. HgCl2 14. A test for arsenic where an electrolytic action takes place,
D. AOTA depositing arsenic on a copper plate which is colored black
E. NOTA A. Bett’s test
B. Bettedorf’s test
C. Gutzeit test
D. Reinsh test
E. NOTA
15. A mixture containing 30% ZnS and 70% BaS 23. The following are components of potassium triplex
A. Hausemonite except
B. Braunite A. Potassium acetate
C. Copperas B. Potassium carbonate
D. Lithopone C. Potassium bicarbonate
D. Potassium citrate
16. Color of silver iodie
A. Canary yellow 24. Buffers found in the cells and kidneys
B. Yellow curdy A. HCO3/H2CO3
C. White curdy B. HPO4/H2PO4
D. Yellowish white C. Plasma proteins
D. Hemoglobin
17. An old form of potassium nitrate made by fusing the salt
at low temperature and then pouring into spherical molds 25. The alkali metal which has a diuretic effect
A. Salt Prunelle A. Lithium
B. Salitre B. Sodium
C. Sal polychristicum C. Potassium
D. Potassa cum cake D. Rubidium

18. Science that deals with the methods of extracting the 26. The coinage metal which has oligodynamic action
metals from its ores A. Copper
A. Metallurgy B. Silver
B. Thermochemistry C. Gold
C. Electrochemistry D. Helium
D. Mineralogy
27. This element is used as a glucose tolerance factor
19. A red solution containing 1% of arsenic triioidide and 1% A. Chromium
of mercuric iodide tint B. Silicon
A. Fowler’s solution C. Manganese
B. Pearson’s solution D. Nitrogen
C. Donovan’s solution
D. Clemen’s solution 28. The trace element associated with vitamin E as
antioxidant
20. The following are oral iron preparations except A. Selenium
A. Fergon B. Nickel
B. Jectofer C. Silicon
C. Ferrous fumarate D. Vanadium
D. Green vitreol
29. The partner of phosphate in the bones
21. Both iron and copper ions are contained in A. Boron
_________respiratory enzyme B. Lanthanum
A. Tyrosinase C. Gallium
B. Peroxidase D. Calcium
C. Cytochrome oxidase
D. Oxidase 30. The most abundant metal which never occurs in nature
A. Aluminum
22. Magnesium antacid has this side effect B. Magnesium
A. Constipation C. Calcium
B. Laxative D. Sodium
C. Irritating effect
D. Nausea 31. An alloy of mercury is known as
A. Brass
B. Bronze
C. Steel
D. Amalgam
32.The composition of aqua regia is 40. Which of the following is not used as a scabicide?
A. 3 HCl and 1 HNO3 A. Sublimed sulfur
B. 2 HNO3 and 2 HCl B. Sulfur dioxide
C. 2 HNO3 and 2 HCl C. Precipitated sulfur
D. 1 HNO3 and 2 H2SO4 D. NOTA

33. Dehydration and decreased renal flow are conditions of 41. The radiopharmaceutical which is used as a diagnostic aid
A. Hyperchloremia and for the determination of blood or plasma volume and
B. Hypchloremia cardiac output is
C. Hyperkalemia A. Chlormerodrin Hg 197
D. Hypokalemia B. I 131 serum albumin
C. Sodium chromate
34. Paris green is an/a D. Gold 198
A. Disinfectant
B. Dye 42. In the analysis of group 1, mercury undergoes both auto-
C. Antidote oxidation and reduction known as
D. Insecticide A. Decomposition
B. Disproportionation
35. The process of passing from solid to gaseous state C. Dissolution
directly is D. Disintegration
A. Sublimation
B. Condensation 43. The amount of the reactants converted to products in a
C. Evaporation unit of time
D. Dehydration A. Speed of reaction
B. Rheology
36. Acids are substances which have the following properties, C. Kinetics
except: D. NOTA
A. Having sour taste
B. Neutralizing bases 44. Test reagent used for the quantitative determination of
C. pH above 7 arsenic
D. Turning blue litmus paper to red A. Ammonium molybdate
B. Hydrogen sulfide
37. Radiotherapy of cancers utilizes C. Magnesia mixture
A. Alpha rays D. Potassium iodide
B. Beta rays
C. Gamma rays 45. Reagent which is used to oxidize manganous ions to the
D. X-rays purple colored permanganate ions
A. Sodium bismuthate
38. This substance in the atmosphere serves to protect us B. Solid NaF
from too much radiation from the sun C. Ammonium thiocyanate
A. Oxygen D. AOTA
B. Ozone
C. Nitrogen 46. The capacity of a reaction for doing work is
D. Argon A. Energy
B. Kinetic energy
39. Preferred over elemental iodine solution due to non- C. Free energy
irritating effects on the tissues D. Absolute energy
A. Iodine solution
B. Povidone iodine 47. A gas which is used as antioxidant
C. Iodine tincture A. Oxygen
D. NOTA B. Nitrogen
C. Helium
D. Carbon dioxide
E. Nitrous oxide
48. The use of copper sulfate ANSWER KEY
A. Fungicide
B. Expectorant 1. D 26. C
C. Diuretic 2. C 27. A
D. Analgesic 3. C 28. A
E. AOTA 4. C 29. D
5. D 30. A
49. The sulfate of this metal is a cathartic 6. D 31. D
A. Ca 7. C 32. A
B. Mg 8. B 33. A
C. Ba 9. B 34. D
D. Ra 10. D 35. A
11. B 36. C
50. A beta particle which is similar to an electron but is
12. B 37. C
positively charged
13. C 38. B
A. Negatron
14. D 39. B
B. Betatron
C. Neutron 15. D 40. B
D. Positron 16. B 41. B
17. A 42. B
18. A 43. A
19. B 44. C
20. B 45. A
21. C 46. C
22. B 47. B
23. B 48. A
24. C 49. B
25. C 50. D
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
SYNONYMS:
CHEMICAL NAME OTHER NAME
Ammoniated mercury White precipitate
Nitrous oxide Laughing gas
Solid carbon dioxide Dry ice
Potassium bitartrate Cream of tartar
Antimony potassium tartrate Tartar emetic
Cupric sulfate Bordeaux mixture
Sodium bicarbonate Baking soda
Calcium bicarbonate Precipitated chalk
Calcium sulfate Plaster of Paris
Potassium nitrate Salitre/saltpetre
Cupric hydroxide Slaked lime
Talc Soapstone
Zinc sulfate White vitriol
Ferrous sulfate Green vitriol
Copper sulfate Blue vitriol
Sulfuric acid Oil of vitriol
Sodium sulfate Glauber’s salt
Silver nitrate Lunar caustic; indelible ink
Ferric ferrocyanide Prussian blue
Potassium sodium tartrate Sal signette; Rochelle salt
Lead subacetate solution Goulard’s extract
Sodium carbonate dehydrate Trona
Cobaltous chloride Sympathetic ink
Copper aceto arsenite Paris green
Bismuth tribromophenolate Xeroform
Mercury sulfide Aethrop’s mineral
Potassium permanganate Mineal chameleon
Zinc chloride Burnet’s disinfecting liquid
Ultramarine Lapiz lazuli
Bismuth subnitrate Milk of Bismuth
Sodium nitrate Chile saltpetre
Mercuric chloride Corrosive sublimate
Mercurous chloride Calomel; sal hepatica
Magnesium citrate Lemonada purgante
Magnesium sulfate Epsom salt
Mercuric oxide Yellow precipitate
Lead chromate Bright yellow precipitate
Attapulgite Quitess
Cobalt metaaluminate Thenard’s blue
Nitric acid Aqua fortis
Mild mercurous chloride Calomel

SOME USES:

BROMIDES Depressant
FLUORIDES Anti-cariogenic
ZINC OXIDE Astringent
SULFUR Antiparasitic, anti-fungal and keratolytic
SILVER SALTS Astringent, caustic and germicidal
 FERROUS SULFATE Hematinic
SODIUM THIOSULFATE For cyanide poisoning, in photography
CALCIUM For blood coagulation
CALCIUM CARBONATE Dentrifice
TITANIUM DIOXIDE Solar ray protectant
CADMIUM AND SELENIUM SULFIDE For seborrheic dermatitis
CARBON DIOXIDE Respiratory stimulant
NITROUS OXIDE General anesthetic
MAGNESIUM CITRATE SOLUTION Laxative
POTASSIUM IODIDE Expectorant
COPPER SULFATE Fungicide
MAGNESIUM SULFATE Cathartic

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND THEIR USES

TECHNETIUM 99-M PHYTATE For liver imaging and patency studies

TECHNETIUM 99 HEPTAGLUCONATE
TECHNETIUM 99 HIDA
TECHNETIUM 99 ETIDRONATE
I 131 HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN
NaI 1125
SODIUM PHOSPHATE P32
For kidney imaging or determining renal function
For hepatobiliary studies
For bone imaging
For blood plasma volume or cardiac output
determination
For thyroid function
For localizing of ocular tumors

SOME DISTINGUISHABLE CHARACTERISTICS

FLUORINE Most electronegative element

ALUMINUM Most abundant metal
CARBON Only element that can form bonds with itself
OXYGEN Most abundant element in the universe
TALC Softest metal known
PERCHLORIC ACID Strongest acid in aqueous media
OSMIUM Heaviest metal known
GOLD Most malleable of all metals; best conductor
of electricity
NITROGEN Gas which constitutes the biggest portion of
the atmosphere
IRON Most important of all metals as a structural
material from the standpoint of engineering

FLAME TESTS

OBSERVATION CAUSED BY
Persistent golden yellow Sodium
Violet Potassium
Carmine red Lithium
Brick red Calcium
Crimson Strontium
Yellowish green Barium
Green Borates, Copper, Thallium
Blue Lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, copper
Colorless Ammonium
GROUP OF CATIONS

GROUP MEMBERS CHARACTERISTICS

NUMBER
I Pb+2, Hg2+2, Ag+1 From precipitates with diluted HCl
II Hg+2, Bi+3, Cu+2, Cd+2, Do not react with HCl, but form precipitates with
As3+ and +5, hydrogen sulfide in dilute mineral acid medium
Sb +3 and +5,
Sn +2 and +4
III Fe +2 and +3, Al, Do not react either with dilute HCl or with hydrogen
Cr+3 and +6, Ni, Co, sulfide in dilute mineral acid medium. However, they
Mn +2 and +7, Zn form precipitates with ammonium sulfide in neutral or
ammoniacal solution
IV Ba, Sr, Ca Do not react with reagents of group I, II and III. They
form precipitates with ammonium carbonate in the
presence of ammonium chloride in neutral or slightly
acidic medium
V Mg, Na, K, and NH4 Common cations which do not react with reagents of
the previous groups