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INFORMATION SECURITY
Security+ Guide to Network

Security Fundamentals
Sixth Edition
Mark Ciampa
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
CompTIA Security+ SY0-501 Exam Objectives
Security+ Exam Domain/Objectives Chapter Bloom’s Taxonomy

1.0: Threats, Attacks, and Vulnerabilities
1.1 G
iven a scenario, analyze indicators of compromise and determine the type of 2 Analyze
malware.
1.2 C
ompare and contrast types of attacks. 2 Understand
3 Analyze
5 Understand
8 Apply/Understand
11 Create
15 Apply
1.3 E
xplain threat actor types and attributes. 1 Analyze/Apply
1.4 E
xplain penetration testing concepts. 13 Apply
1.5 E
xplain vulnerability scanning concepts. 13 Apply
1.6 E
xplain the impact associated with types of vulnerabilities. 1 Understand
3 Understand
4 Understand
5 Understand
9 Understand
10 Understand
2.0: Technologies and Tools
2.1 Install and configure network components, both hardware- and software-based, 4 Apply
to support organizational security. 6 Analyze
7 Apply
8 Analyze/Evaluate
2.2 G
iven a scenario, use appropriate software tools to assess the security posture of 8 Evaluate
an organization. 13 Analyze/Evaluate
14 Evaluate
2.3 G
iven a scenario, troubleshoot common security issues. 15 Analyze
2.4 G
iven a scenario, analyze and interpret output from security technologies. 6 Analyze
7 Analyze
9 Analyze
2.5 G
iven a scenario, deploy mobile devices securely. 8 Apply/Evaluate
10 Analyze/Create
11 Analyze
2.6 G
iven a scenario, implement secure protocols. 4 Apply
5 Analyze
3.0: Architecture and Design
3.1 E
xplain use cases and purpose for frameworks, best practices and secure 1 Analyze
configuration guides. 15 Understand
3.2 Given a scenario, implement secure network architecture concepts. 6 Analyze
7 Apply
8 Apply/Evaluate
13 Apply
INFORMATION SECURITY
Sixth Edition
CompTIA ®
SECURITY+ GUIDE TO
NETWORK SECURITY
FUNDAMENTALS
Mark Ciampa, Ph.D.
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Security+ Guide to Network © 2018, 2015 Cengage Learning
Security Fundamentals, Sixth Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copy-
Mark Ciampa
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2017
Brief Contents
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................xv
PART 1
SECURITY AND ITS THREATS��1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Security��3
CHAPTER 2
Malware and Social Engineering Attacks�� 51
PART 2
CRYPTOGRAPHY�� 97
CHAPTER 3
Basic Cryptography�� 99
CHAPTER 4
Advanced Cryptography and PKI�� 145
PART 3
NETWORK ATTACKS AND DEFENSES�� 189
CHAPTER 5
Networking and Server Attacks�� 191
CHAPTER 6
Network Security Devices, Design, and Technology�� 233
CHAPTER 7
Administering a Secure Network�� 281
CHAPTER 8
Wireless Network Security�� 321
PART 4
DEVICE SECURITY�� 371
CHAPTER 9
Client and Application Security�� 373
iii
iv Brief Contents
CHAPTER 10
Mobile and Embedded Device Security��421
PART 5
IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT��469
CHAPTER 11
Authentication and Account Management��471
CHAPTER 12
Access Management��521
PART 6
RISK MANAGEMENT��563
CHAPTER 13
Vulnerability Assessment and Data Security��565
CHAPTER 14
Business Continuity��607
CHAPTER 15
Risk Mitigation��651
APPENDIX A
CompTIA SY0-501 Certification Exam Objectives��691
GLOSSARY�� 713
INDEX��741
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................xv
PART 1
SECURITY AND ITS THREATS��1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Security............................................................3
Challenges of Securing Information................................................................... 8
Today’s Security Attacks.....................................................................................8
Reasons for Successful Attacks.........................................................................12
Difficulties in Defending Against Attacks........................................................ 14
What Is Information Security?........................................................................... 17
Understanding Security.....................................................................................18
Defining Information Security..........................................................................18
Information Security Terminology...................................................................21
Understanding the Importance of Information Security................................. 24
Who Are the Threat Actors?............................................................................... 28
Script Kiddies.................................................................................................... 29
Hactivists.......................................................................................................... 29
Nation State Actors...........................................................................................30
Insiders.............................................................................................................30
Other Threat Actors...........................................................................................31
Defending Against Attacks................................................................................ 32
Fundamental Security Principles..................................................................... 32
Frameworks and Reference Architectures....................................................... 35
Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 35
Key Terms ............................................................................................................ 37
Review Questions............................................................................................... 37
Case Projects....................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER 2
Malware and Social Engineering Attacks..............................51
Attacks Using Malware....................................................................................... 53
Circulation........................................................................................................ 55
Infection............................................................................................................ 61
vi Table of Contents
Concealment..................................................................................................... 65
Payload Capabilities..........................................................................................66
Social Engineering Attacks................................................................................. 73
Psychological Approaches................................................................................ 74
Physical Procedures..........................................................................................80
Chapter Summary............................................................................................... 82
Key Terms ............................................................................................................ 84
Review Questions ............................................................................................... 84
Case Projects....................................................................................................... 92
PART 2
CRYPTOGRAPHY��97
CHAPTER 3
Basic Cryptography..................................................................99
Defining Cryptography..................................................................................... 101
What Is Cryptography?....................................................................................101
Cryptography and Security............................................................................. 105
Cryptography Constraints................................................................................107
Cryptographic Algorithms................................................................................ 108
Hash Algorithms..............................................................................................110
Symmetric Cryptographic Algorithms............................................................ 113
Asymmetric Cryptographic Algorithms�� 116
Cryptographic Attacks...................................................................................... 123
Algorithm Attacks............................................................................................ 123
Collision Attacks.............................................................................................. 125
Using Cryptography.......................................................................................... 126
Encryption through Software.......................................................................... 127
Hardware Encryption......................................................................................128
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 130
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 132
Review Questions............................................................................................. 133
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 142
CHAPTER 4
Advanced Cryptography and PKI.........................................145
Implementing Cryptography........................................................................... 147
Key Strength.....................................................................................................147
Secret Algorithms............................................................................................148
Table of Contents vii
Block Cipher Modes of Operation.................................................................. 149

Crypto Service Providers................................................................................ 150
Algorithm Input Values................................................................................... 151
Digital Certificates............................................................................................ 152
Defining Digital Certificates............................................................................. 152
Managing Digital Certificates..........................................................................154
Types of Digital Certificates.............................................................................158
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)........................................................................ 165
What Is Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)?........................................................ 166
Trust Models................................................................................................... 166
Managing PKI...................................................................................................168
Key Management............................................................................................. 171
Cryptographic Transport Protocols................................................................ 174
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)............................................................................... 174
Transport Layer Security (TLS)........................................................................ 175
Secure Shell (SSH)............................................................................................176
Hypertext Transport Protocol Secure (HTTPS)................................................176
Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME)............................. 177
Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)................................................... 177
IP Security (IPsec)............................................................................................ 177
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 179
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 181
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 187
PART 3
NETWORK ATTACKS AND DEFENSES��189
CHAPTER 5
Networking and Server Attacks...........................................191
Networking-Based Attacks.............................................................................. 193
Interception.....................................................................................................194
Poisoning........................................................................................................ 196
Server Attacks................................................................................................... 201
Denial of Service (DoS)....................................................................................201
Web Server Application Attacks..................................................................... 203
Hijacking.........................................................................................................209
Overflow Attacks............................................................................................. 213
Advertising Attacks.......................................................................................... 215
Browser Vulnerabilities...................................................................................218
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 222
viii Table of Contents
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 223

Case Projects..................................................................................................... 229
CHAPTER 6
Network Security Devices, Design, and Technology..........233
Security Through Network Devices................................................................ 235
Standard Network Devices............................................................................. 236
Network Security Hardware........................................................................... 246
Security Through Network Architecture........................................................ 260
Security Zones................................................................................................260
Network Segregation...................................................................................... 263
Security Through Network Technologies....................................................... 265
Network Access Control (NAC)....................................................................... 265
Data Loss Prevention (DLP)............................................................................ 267
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 269
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 271
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 279
CHAPTER 7
Administering a Secure Network.........................................281
Secure Network Protocols............................................................................... 283
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)............................................ 285
Domain Name System (DNS)......................................................................... 286
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)............................................................................ 288
Secure Email Protocols...................................................................................290
Using Secure Network Protocols.....................................................................291
Placement of Security Devices and Technologies......................................... 292
Analyzing Security Data................................................................................... 295
Data from Security Devices............................................................................ 296
Data from Security Software.......................................................................... 297
Data from Security Tools................................................................................ 298
Issues in Analyzing Security Data.................................................................. 298
Managing and Securing Network Platforms................................................. 300
Virtualization..................................................................................................300
Cloud Computing............................................................................................ 304
Software Defined Network (SDN)...................................................................306
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 309
Table of Contents ix
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 310

Case Projects..................................................................................................... 318
CHAPTER 8
Wireless Network Security...................................................321
Wireless Attacks................................................................................................ 324
Bluetooth Attacks........................................................................................... 324
Near Field Communication (NFC) Attacks......................................................327
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Attacks.............................................. 330
Wireless Local Area Network Attacks..............................................................332
Vulnerabilities of IEEE Wireless Security........................................................ 341
Wired Equivalent Privacy............................................................................... 342
Wi-Fi Protected Setup..................................................................................... 343
MAC Address Filtering.................................................................................... 344
SSID Broadcasting........................................................................................... 345
Wireless Security Solutions............................................................................. 346
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)........................................................................ 347
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2).................................................................... 349
Additional Wireless Security Protections........................................................352
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 356
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 359
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 368
PART 4
DEVICE SECURITY��371
CHAPTER 9
Client and Application Security............................................373
Client Security................................................................................................... 375
Hardware System Security..............................................................................375
Securing the Operating System Software....................................................... 379
Peripheral Device Security.............................................................................. 388
Physical Security............................................................................................... 392
External Perimeter Defenses.......................................................................... 393
Internal Physical Access Security................................................................... 395
Computer Hardware Security........................................................................ 400
Application Security.......................................................................................... 401
Application Development Concepts............................................................... 402
x Table of Contents
Secure Coding Techniques..............................................................................404

Code Testing.................................................................................................... 405
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 406
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 409
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 417
CHAPTER 10
Mobile and Embedded Device Security...............................421
Mobile Device Types and Deployment........................................................... 423
Types of Mobile Devices................................................................................. 424
Mobile Device Risks.......................................................................................... 432
Mobile Device Vulnerabilities........................................................................ 432
Connection Vulnerabilities............................................................................. 436
Accessing Untrusted Content......................................................................... 436
Deployment Model Risks................................................................................ 438
Securing Mobile Devices.................................................................................. 439
Device Configuration...................................................................................... 439
Mobile Management Tools.............................................................................446
Mobile Device App Security........................................................................... 448
Embedded Systems and the Internet of Things............................................ 449
Embedded Systems........................................................................................449
Internet of Things............................................................................................451
Security Implications...................................................................................... 452
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 455
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 457
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 465
PART 5
IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT��469
CHAPTER 11
Authentication and Account Management........................471
Authentication Credentials............................................................................. 473
What You Know: Passwords........................................................................... 475
What You Have: Tokens, Cards, and Cell Phones........................................... 489
What You Are: Biometrics.............................................................................. 492
What You Do: Behavioral Biometrics............................................................. 498
Table of Contents xi
Where You Are: Geolocation.......................................................................... 499

Single Sign-on.................................................................................................... 500
Account Management...................................................................................... 502
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 505
Key Terms........................................................................................................... 506
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 517
CHAPTER 12
Access Management..............................................................521
What Is Access Control?................................................................................... 523
Access Control Terminology........................................................................... 524
Access Control Models.....................................................................................527
Managing Access Through Account Management....................................... 533
Account Setup..................................................................................................533
Account Auditing............................................................................................ 539
Best Practices for Access Control.................................................................... 540
Separation of Duties....................................................................................... 540
Job Rotation.................................................................................................... 540
Mandatory Vacations......................................................................................541
Clean Desk Policy.............................................................................................541
Implementing Access Control......................................................................... 542
Access Control Lists (ACLs)............................................................................. 542
Group-Based Access Control.......................................................................... 543
Identity and Access Services........................................................................... 544
RADIUS............................................................................................................ 545
Kerberos.......................................................................................................... 547
Terminal Access Control Access Control System+ (TACACS+)....................... 548
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)............................................... 549
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)................................................ 550
Authentication Framework Protocols............................................................. 551
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 552
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 554
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 561
xii Table of Contents
PART 6
RISK MANAGEMENT��563
CHAPTER 13
Vulnerability Assessment and Data Security.....................565
Assessing the Security Posture....................................................................... 567
What Is Vulnerability Assessment?................................................................ 567
Vulnerability Assessment Tools......................................................................573
Vulnerability Scanning..................................................................................... 584
Penetration Testing.......................................................................................... 586
Practicing Data Privacy and Security.............................................................. 588
What Is Privacy?.............................................................................................. 589
Risks Associated with Private Data................................................................590
Maintaining Data Privacy and Security.......................................................... 592
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 596
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 598
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 604
CHAPTER 14
Business Continuity��607
What Is Business Continuity?.......................................................................... 609
Business Continuity Planning (BCP)..............................................................609
Business Impact Analysis (BIA)....................................................................... 611
Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP)..........................................................................612
Fault Tolerance Through Redundancy........................................................... 615
Servers............................................................................................................ 616
Storage.............................................................................................................617
Networks..........................................................................................................621
Power.............................................................................................................. 622
Recovery Sites................................................................................................. 622
Data................................................................................................................. 623
Environmental Controls................................................................................... 628
Fire Suppression............................................................................................. 628
Electromagnetic Disruption Protection...........................................................631
HVAC................................................................................................................631
Incident Response............................................................................................ 633
What Is Forensics?.......................................................................................... 633
Table of Contents xiii
Incident Response Plan.................................................................................. 633

Forensics Procedures...................................................................................... 634
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 640
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 642
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 649
CHAPTER 15
Risk Mitigation.......................................................................651
Managing Risk................................................................................................... 653
Threat Assessment......................................................................................... 654
Risk Assessment............................................................................................. 656
Strategies for Reducing Risk............................................................................ 664
Using Control Types....................................................................................... 664
Distributing Allocation...................................................................................666
Implementing Technology.............................................................................666
Practices for Reducing Risk............................................................................. 668
Security Policies..............................................................................................669
Awareness and Training................................................................................. 675
Agreements..................................................................................................... 677
Personnel Management.................................................................................. 679
Troubleshooting Common Security Issues.................................................... 679
Chapter Summary............................................................................................. 680
Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 682
Case Projects..................................................................................................... 688
APPENDIX A
CompTIA SY0-501 Certification Exam Objectives��691
GLOSSARY�� 713
INDEX�� 741
INTRODUCTION
The number one concern of computer professionals today continues to
be information security, and with good reason. Consider the evidence:
over 1.5 billion Yahoo user accounts were compromised in just two
separate attacks.1 A ransom of $1 million dollars was paid to unlock
files that had been encrypted by ransomware.2 A global payment sys-
tem used to transfer money between countries was compromised by
attackers who stole $81 billion from the central bank of Bangladesh.3 It
is estimated that global spending on products and services to prevent
these attacks will exceed $1 trillion cumulatively between 2017 and
2021. But despite the huge sum spent on protection, cybercrime will
still cost businesses over $6 trillion by 2021.4
As attacks continue to escalate, the need for trained security per-
sonnel also increases. It is estimated that there are currently over
1.5 million unfilled security jobs worldwide and this will grow by 20
percent to 1.8 million by the year 2022.5 According to the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) “Occupational Outlook Handbook,” the job out-
look for information security analysts through 2024 is expected to grow
by 18 percent, faster than the average growth rate.6
To verify security competency, most organizations use the Comput-
ing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) Security+ certification,
a vendor-neutral credential. Security+ is one of the most widely recog-
nized security certifications and has become the security foundation
for today’s IT professionals. It is internationally recognized as validat-
ing a foundation level of security skills and knowledge. A successful
Security+ candidate has the knowledge and skills required to identify
threats, attacks and vulnerabilities; use security technologies and tools;
understand security architecture and design; perform identity and access
management; know about risk management; and use cryptography.
Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Sixth Edition is
designed to equip learners with the knowledge and skills needed to
be information security professionals. Yet it is more than an “exam
prep” book. While teaching the fundamentals of information security
by using the CompTIA Security+ exam objectives as its framework, it
takes a comprehensive view of security by examining in-depth the
attacks against networks and computer systems and the necessary
defense mechanisms. Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamen-
tals, Sixth Edition is a valuable tool for those who want to learn about
security and who desire to enter the field of information security. It
also provides the foundation that will help prepare for the CompTIA
Security+ certification exam.
xv
xvi Introduction
Intended Audience
This book is designed to meet the needs of students and professionals who want to
master basic information security. A fundamental knowledge of computers and net-
works is all that is required to use this book. Those seeking to pass the CompTIA Secu-
rity+ certification exam will find the text’s approach and content especially helpful; all
Security+ SY0-501 exam objectives are covered in the text (see Appendix A). Security+
Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Sixth Edition covers all aspects of network and
computer security while satisfying the Security+ objectives.
The book’s pedagogical features are designed to provide a truly interactive learning
experience to help prepare you for the challenges of network and computer security.
In addition to the information presented in the text, each chapter includes Hands-On
Projects that guide you through implementing practical hardware, software, network,
and Internet security configurations step by step. Each chapter also contains case stud-
ies that place you in the role of problem solver, requiring you to apply concepts pre-
sented in the chapter to achieve successful solutions.
Chapter Descriptions
Here is a summary of the topics covered in each chapter of this book:
Chapter 1, “Introduction to Security,” introduces the network security fundamen-
tals that form the basis of the Security+ certification. It begins by examining the cur-
rent challenges in computer security and why security is so difficult to achieve. It then
defines information security in detail and explores why it is important. Finally, the
chapter looks at the fundamental attacks, including who is responsible for them, and
defenses.
Chapter 2, “Malware and Social Engineering Attacks,” examines attacks that use
different types of malware, such as viruses, worms, Trojans, and botnets. It also looks
at the different types of social engineering attacks.
Chapter 3, “Basic Cryptography,” explores how encryption can be used to protect
data. It covers what cryptography is and how it can be used for protection, and then
examines how to protect data using three common types of encryption algorithms:
hashing, symmetric encryption, and asymmetric encryption. It also covers how to use
cryptography on files and disks to keep data secure.
Chapter 4, “Advanced Cryptography and PKI,” examines how to implement cryp-
tography and use digital certificates. It also looks at public key infrastructure and key
management. This chapter covers different transport cryptographic algorithms to see
how cryptography is used on data that is being transported.
Chapter 5, “Networking and Server Attacks,” explores the different attacks that
are directed at enterprises. It includes networking-based attacks as well as server
attacks.
Introduction xvii
Chapter 6, “Network Security Devices, Design, and Technology,” examines how

to protect networks through standard network devices and network security hard-
ware. It also covers implementing security through network architectures and network
technologies.
Chapter 7, “Administering a Secure Network,” looks at the techniques for admin-
istering a network. This includes understanding common network protocols and the
proper placement of security devices and technologies. It also looks at analyzing secu-
rity data and securing network platforms such as virtualization, cloud computing, and
software defined networks.
Chapter 8, “Wireless Network Security,” investigates the attacks on wireless
devices that are common today and explores different wireless security mechanisms
that have proven to be vulnerable. It also covers several secure wireless protections.
Chapter 9, “Client and Application Security,” examines securing the client
through hardware and peripherals through hardware and the operating system. It also
looks at physical security to create external perimeter defenses and internal physical
access security. This chapter also covers application security vulnerabilities and the
development of secure apps.
Chapter 10, “Mobile and Embedded Device Security,” looks at the different types
of mobile devices and the risks associated with these devices. It also explores how to
secure these devices and the applications running on them. Finally, it examines how
embedded systems and the Internet of Things devices can be secured.
Chapter 11, “Authentication and Account Management,” looks at authentication
and the secure management of user accounts to enforce authentication. It covers the
different types of authentication credentials that can be used to verify a user’s identity
and how a single sign-on might be used. It also examines the techniques and technol-
ogy used to manage user accounts in a secure fashion.
Chapter 12, “Access Management,” introduces the principles and practices of
access control by examining access control terminology, the standard control mod-
els, and managing access through account management. It also covers best practices,
implementing access control, and identity and access services.
Chapter 13, “Vulnerability Assessment and Data Security,” explains what vulner-
ability assessment is and examines the tools and techniques associated with it. It also
explores the differences between vulnerability scanning and penetration testing. The
chapter concludes with an examination of data privacy.
Chapter 14, “Business Continuity,” covers the importance of keeping business
processes and communications operating normally in the face of threats and disrup-
tions. It explores business continuity, fault tolerance, environmental controls, and inci-
dent response.
Chapter 15, “Risk Mitigation,” looks at how organizations can establish and main-
tain security in the face of risk. It defines risk and the strategies to control it. This chap-
ter also covers practices for reducing risk and troubleshooting common security issues.
xviii Introduction
Appendix A, “CompTIA SY0-501 Certification Examination Objectives,” provides

a complete listing of the latest CompTIA Security+ certification exam objectives and
shows the chapters and headings in the book that cover material associated with each
objective, as well as the Bloom’s Taxonomy level of that coverage.
Features
To aid you in fully understanding computer and network security, this book includes
many features designed to enhance your learning experience.
• Maps to CompTIA Objectives. The material in this text covers all the CompTIA
Security+ SY0-501 exam objectives.
• Chapter Objectives. Each chapter begins with a detailed list of the concepts to be
mastered in that chapter. This list provides you with both a quick reference to the
chapter’s contents and a useful study aid.
• Today’s Attacks and Defenses. Each chapter opens with a vignette of an actual
security attack or defense mechanism that helps to introduce the material covered
in that chapter.
• Illustrations and Tables. Numerous illustrations of security vulnerabilities,
attacks, and defenses help you visualize security elements, theories, and concepts.
In addition, the many tables provide details and comparisons of practical and
theoretical information.
• Chapter Summaries. Each chapter’s text is followed by a summary of the concepts
introduced in that chapter. These summaries provide a helpful way to review the
ideas covered in each chapter.
• Key Terms. All the terms in each chapter that were introduced with bold text are
gathered in a Key Terms list, providing additional review and highlighting key con-
cepts. Key Term definitions are included in the Glossary at the end of the text.
• Review Questions. The end-of-chapter assessment begins with a set of review
questions that reinforce the ideas introduced in each chapter. These questions help
you evaluate and apply the material you have learned. Answering these questions
will ensure that you have mastered the important concepts and provide valuable
practice for taking CompTIA’s Security+ exam.
• Hands-On Projects. Although it is important to understand the theory behind
network security, nothing can improve on real-world experience. To this end,
each chapter provides several Hands-On Projects aimed at providing you with
practical security software and hardware implementation experience. These proj-
ects use the Windows 10 operating system, as well as software downloaded from
the Internet.
• Case Projects. Located at the end of each chapter are several Case Projects. In these
extensive exercises, you implement the skills and knowledge gained in the chapter
through real design and implementation scenarios.
Introduction xix
New to This Edition

• Maps fully to the latest CompTIA Security+ exam SY0-501
• Completely revised and updated with expanded coverage on attacks and defenses
• New chapter units: Security and Its Threats, Cryptography, Network Attacks and
Defenses, Device Security, Identity and Access Management, and Risk Management
• Earlier coverage of cryptography and advanced cryptography
• All new “Today’s Attacks and Defenses” opener in each chapter
• New and updated Hands-On Projects in each chapter covering some of the latest
security software
• More Case Projects in each chapter
• Expanded Information Security Community Site activity in each chapter allows
learners to interact with other learners and security professionals from around the
world
• All SY0-501 exam topics fully defined
• Linking of each exam sub-domain to Bloom’s Taxonomy (see Appendix A)
Text and Graphic Conventions

Wherever appropriate, additional information and exercises have been added to this
book to help you better understand the topic at hand. Icons throughout the text alert
you to additional materials. The following icons are0 used in this textbook:
Note
The Note icon draws your attention to additional helpful material
related to the subject being described.
Tips based on the author’s experience provide extra informa-

Tip
tion about how to attack a problem or what to do in real-world
situations.
The Caution icons warn you about potential mistakes or prob-

Caution
lems, and explain how to avoid them.
Hands-On Projects help you understand the theory behind network

Hands-On Projects
security with activities using the latest security software and hardware.
The Case Projects icon marks Case Projects, which are scenario-
Case Projects
based assignments. In these extensive case examples, you are
asked to implement independently what you have learned.
ertification icons indicate CompTIA Security+ objectives covered

C
Certification
under major chapter headings.
xx Introduction
Instructor’s Materials
Everything you need for your course in one place. This collection of book-specific
lecture and class tools is available online. Please visit login.cengage.com and log in to
access instructor-specific resources on the Instructor Companion Site, which includes
the Instructor’s Manual, Solutions Manual, test creation tools, PowerPoint Presenta-
tions, Syllabus, and figure files.
• Electronic Instructor’s Manual. The Instructor’s Manual that accompanies this
textbook includes the following items: additional instructional material to assist in
class preparation, including suggestions for lecture topics.
• Solutions Manual. The instructor’s resources include solutions to all end-of-
chapter material, including review questions and case projects.
• Cengage Testing Powered by Cognero. This flexible, online system allows you to
do the following:
• Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage solutions.
• Create multiple test versions in an instant.
• Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want.
• PowerPoint Presentations. This book comes with a set of Microsoft PowerPoint
slides for each chapter. These slides are meant to be used as a teaching aid for
classroom presentations, to be made available to students on the network for
chapter review, or to be printed for classroom distribution. Instructors are also at
liberty to add their own slides for other topics introduced.
• Figure Files. All the figures and tables in the book are reproduced. Similar to Power-
Point presentations, these are included as a teaching aid for classroom presentation,
to make available to students for review, or to be printed for classroom distribution.
Total Solutions For Security

To access additional course materials, please visit www.cengagebrain.com. At the
cengagebrain.com home page, search for the ISBN of your title (from the back cover of
your book) using the search box at the top of the page. This will take you to the product
page where these resources can be found.
MindTap
MindTap for Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Sixth Edition is a per-
sonalized, fully online digital learning platform of content, assignments, and services
that engages students and encourages them to think critically, while allowing you to
easily set your course through simple customization options.
MindTap is designed to help students master the skills they need in today’s workforce.
Research shows employers need critical thinkers, troubleshooters, and creative problem solv-
ers to stay relevant in our fast paced, technology-driven world. MindTap helps you achieve
this with assignments and activities that provide hands-on practice, real-life relevance, and
certification test prep. Students are guided through assignments that help them master basic
knowledge and understanding before moving on to more challenging problems.
Introduction xxi
The live virtual machine labs provide real-life application and practice as well
as more advanced learning. Students work in a live environment via the Cloud with
real servers and networks that they can explore. The IQ certification test preparation
engine allows students to quiz themselves on specific exam domains, and the pre- and
post-course assessments measure exactly how much they have learned. Readings, lab
simulations, capstone projects, and videos support the lecture, while “In the News”
assignments encourage students to stay current.
MindTap is designed around learning objectives and provides the analytics and
reporting to easily see where the class stands in terms of progress, engagement, and
completion rates.
Students can access eBook content in the MindTap Reader, which offers
highlighting, note-taking, search and audio, as well as mobile access. Learn more
at www.cengage.com/mindtap/.
Instant Access Code: (ISBN: 9781337289306)
Printed Access Code: (ISBN: 9781337289313)
Lab Manual
Hands-on learning is necessary to master the security skills needed for both Comp-
TIA’s Security+ Exam and for a career in network security. Security+ Guide to Network
Security Fundamentals Lab Manual, 6th Edition contains hands-on exercises that use
fundamental networking security concepts as they are applied in the real world. Each
chapter offers review questions to reinforce your mastery of network security topics
and to sharpen your critical thinking and problem-solving skills. (ISBN: 9781337288798)
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Bloom’s Taxonomy is an industry-standard classification system used to help iden-
tify the level of ability that learners need to demonstrate proficiency. It is often used
to classify educational learning objectives into different levels of complexity. Bloom’s
Taxonomy reflects the “cognitive process dimension.” This represents a continuum of
increasing cognitive complexity, from remember (lowest level) to create (highest level).
There are six categories in Bloom’s Taxonomy as seen in Figure A.
In all instances, the level of coverage the domains in Security+ Guide to Network
Security Fundamentals, Sixth Edition meets or exceeds the Bloom’s Taxonomy level
indicated by CompTIA for that objective. See Appendix A for more detail.
Information Security Community Site

Stay secure with the Information Security Community Site. Connect with students, profes-
sors, and professionals from around the world, and stay on top of this ever-changing field.
Visit http://community.cengage.com/Infosec2/ to:
• Download resources such as instructional videos and labs.
• Ask authors, professors, and students the questions that are on your mind in the
Discussion Forums.
• See up-to-date news, videos, and articles.
xxii Introduction
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Produce new or original work

create Design, assemble, construct, conjecture, develop, formulate, author, investigate
Justify a stand or decision

evaluate appraise, argue, defend, judge, select, support, value, critique, weigh
Draw connections among ideas

differentiate, organize, relate, compare, contrast, distinguish,
analyze examine, experiment, question, test
Use information in new situations

apply execute, implement, solve, use, demonstrate, interpret,
operate, schedule, sketch
Explain ideas or concepts

understand classify, describe, discuss, explain, identify, locate,
recognize, report, select, translate
remember Recall facts and basic concepts

define, duplicate, list, memorize, repeat, state
Figure A Bloom’s taxonomy

• Read regular blogs from author Mark Ciampa.
• Listen to podcasts on the latest Information Security topics.
• Review textbook updates and errata.
Each chapter’s Case Projects include information on a current security topic and
ask the learner to post reactions and comments to the Information Security Com-
munity Site. This allows users from around the world to interact and learn from other
users as well as security professionals and researchers.
What’s New With Comptia Security+ Certification

The CompTIA Security+ SY0-501 exam was updated in October 2017. Several significant
changes have been made to the exam objectives. The exam objectives have been sig-
nificantly expanded to more accurately reflect current security issues and knowledge
requirements. These exam objectives place importance on knowing “how to” rather
than just knowing or recognizing security concepts.
Here are the domains covered on the new Security+ exam:
Domain % of Examination
1.0 Threats, Attacks & Vulnerabilities 21%
2.0 Technologies & Tools 22%
3.0 Architecture & Design 15%
4.0 Identity & Access Management 16%
5.0 Risk Management 14%
6.0 Cryptography & PKI 12%
Total 100%
Introduction xxiii
xxiv Introduction
About The Author

Dr. Mark Ciampa is an Associate Professor of Information Systems in the Gordon Ford Col-
lege of Business at Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Prior to this,
he was an Associate Professor and served as the Director of Academic Computing at Vol-
unteer State Community College in Gallatin, Tennessee for 20 years. Mark has worked in
the IT industry as a computer consultant for businesses, government agencies, and educa-
tional institutions. He has published over 20 articles in peer-reviewed journals and is also
the author of 25 technology textbooks, including Security+ Guide to Network Security Fun-
damentals 6e, CWNA Guide to Wireless LANs 3e, Guide to Wireless Communications, Security
Awareness: Applying Practical Security in Your World 5e, and Networking BASICS. Dr. Ciampa
holds a PhD in technology management with a specialization in digital communication
systems from Indiana State University and has certifications in Security+ and HIT.
Acknowledgments
A large team of dedicated professionals all contributed to the creation of this book. I am
honored to be part of such an outstanding group of professionals. First, thanks go to
Product Manager Kristin McNary for giving me the opportunity to work on this project
and for providing her continual support, and to Associate Product Manager Amy Savino
for answering all my questions. Also thanks to Senior Content Developer Michelle Ruelos
Cannistraci who was very supportive, to Senior Content Product Manager Brooke Green-
house who helped keep this fast-moving project on track, and to Dr. Andy Hurd who
performed the technical reviews. To everyone on the team I extend my sincere thanks.
Special recognition again goes to the very best developmental editor, Deb
Kaufmann, who is a true professional in every sense of the word. She made many
helpful suggestions, found all my errors, watched every small detail, and even took on
additional responsibilities so that this project could accelerate to be completed even
before its deadlines. Without question, Deb is simply the very best there is.
And finally, I want to thank my wonderful wife, Susan. Her love, interest, support,
and patience gave me what I needed to complete this project. I could not have written
this book without her.
Dedication
To Braden, Mia, Abby, Gabe, Cora, and Will.
To The User
This book should be read in sequence, from beginning to end. Each chapter builds on
those that precede it to provide a solid understanding of networking security funda-
mentals. The book may also be used to prepare for CompTIA’s Security+ certification
exam. Appendix A pinpoints the chapters and sections in which specific Security+
exam objectives are covered.
Hardware and Software Requirements
Following are the hardware and software requirements needed to perform the end-of-
chapter Hands-On
Copyright Projects.
2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Introduction xxv
• Microsoft Windows 10
• An Internet connection and web browser
• Microsoft Office
Free Downloadable Software Requirements

Free, downloadable software is required for the Hands-On Projects in the following
chapters.
Chapter 1:
• Microsoft Safety Scanner
• Oracle VirtualBox
Chapter 2:
• Irongeek Thumbscrew
• Refog Keylogger
Chapter 3:
• OpenPuff Steganography
• HashCalc
• Jetico BestCrypt
Chapter 4:
• Comodo Secure Email Certificate
Chapter 5:
• Qualys Browser Check
• GRC Securable
Chapter 6:
• GlassWire
• K9 Web Protection
Chapter 7:
• VMware vCenter Converter
• VMware Workstation Player
Chapter 8:
• Xirrus Wi-Fi Inspector
• Vistumbler
Chapter 9:
• EICAR AntiVirus Test File
Chapter 10:
• Prey Project
• Bluestacks
• Andy Android emulator
• Lookout Security & Antivirus
xxvi Introduction
Chapter 11:
• Hashcat
• HashcatGUI
• BioID Facial Recognition Authenticator
• GreyC-Keystroke
• KeePass
Chapter 13:
• Flexera Personal Software Inspector
• Macrium Reflect
• Nmap
Chapter 14:
• Directory Snoop
• Nmap
Chapter 15:
• Browzar
• UNetbootin
• Linux Mint
References
1. Newman, Lilly, “Hack brief: Hackers breach a billion Yahoo accounts,” Wired, Dec. 14, 2016,
retrieved Jul. 3, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2016/12/yahoo-hack-billion-users/.
2. Chang, Ziv, Sison, Gilbert, Jocson, Jeanne, “Erebus resurfaces as Linux ransomware,”
TrendLabs Security Intelligence Blog, Jun. 19, 2017, retrieved Jul. 3, 2017, http://blog.trendmicro
.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/erebus-resurfaces-as-linux-ransomware/.
3. Corkery, Michael, and Goldstein, Matthew, “North Korea said to be target of inquiry over
$81 million cyberheist,” New York Times, Mar. 22, 2017, retrieved Jul. 3, 2017, https://www.
nytimes.com/2017/03/22/business/dealbook/north-korea-said-to-be-target-of-inquiry
-over-81-million-cyberheist.html.
4. “Cybersecurity market report,” Cybersecurity Ventures, Q2 2017, retrieved Jul. 3, 2017,
http://cybersecurityventures.com/cybersecurity-market-report/.
5. Nash, Kim, “Firms vie in hiring of cyber experts,” Wall Street Journal, May 15, 2017,
retrieved Jul. 10, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/for-many-companies-a-
good-cyber-chief-is-hard-to-find-1494849600.
6. “Information security analysts: Occupational outlook handbook,” Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Dec. 17, 2015, retrieved Jul. 3, 2017, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information
-technology/information-security-analysts.htm.
PART I
SECURITY AND ITS THREATS

Chapter 1 Introduction to Security
Chapter 2 Malware and Social Engineering Attacks
The security of the data and information contained on computers and digital devices
today is threatened more than ever before, and the attacks are escalating every day.
The chapters in this part introduce security and outline many of these threats. The
chapters in later parts will give you the understanding and tools you need to defend
against these attacks.
1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Andes the petroleum is of high grade. Samples of oil from Espejos
Spring, 12 leagues from Santa Cruz, indicate the quality expected
north to the Madre de Dios. This has 78 per cent kerosene, 17
lubricating oil, and 4 per cent coke. From indications it is believed
that gushers would come by boring to proper depth. It is said that
deposits of good quality are indicated at Calacoto on the Arica
Railway, a continuation of the Titicaca fields of Peru. These are
obviously much more accessible but less assured.
Mining properties of various kinds may be acquired and worked to
good advantage, some with a moderate outlay of capital; with larger
returns, naturally, from greater expenditure for the best equipment
and more extensive properties. There is work for centuries.
Industries
Other than mining industries are slightly developed, being local in

character for lack of proper transportation. There is therefore
opportunity for their introduction, the needs meanwhile being
supplied by importation.
Weaving. The weaving industry is one for which the natives are
peculiarly adapted; the Indians and the mestizos now produce with
crude equipment goods of excellent quality for strength and often for
color. In certain Provinces good strong cotton cloth is made which,
used for sheeting, clothing, etc., lasts indefinitely. The natives make
also heavy woolen stuff from llama wool, and fine soft material from
vicuña, alpaca, and silk. But not half enough is woven to supply the
demand, so that much coarse cotton cloth and a woolen called
bayeta are imported for the use of the Indians, as well as fine goods
for the white population. The llamas, estimated as numbering
500,000, are worth from $4 to $10 each; the alpacas, about half as
many, are valued at $50-75 each. There are also 500,000 goats.
Rugs and skins are exported in small quantities, the animals from
which these are taken growing rarer and liable to become extinct.
Rugs of vicuña skin have at least doubled in price since 1906 (their
export is forbidden), as is the case also with the chinchilla. Of the
latter there are two varieties, the blue and the white. They are hunted
by the Indians as are also the vicuñas. The former are now crossed
with the viscacha, a rodent resembling a hare, the resulting animal
being capable of domestication. Though the skins are inferior to
genuine chinchilla they serve the purpose.
It would be a most valuable enterprise if the vicuña could be
domesticated. At present the animals are wild like the guanaco, but
the breeding of herds ought to be possible if the greatest care were
exercised. The vicuña wool is probably the finest existing, and if the
animals could be saved from destruction and their numbers
increased, a highly profitable business would result. These animals,
like the guanacos, wander in small groups in remote places at high
altitudes, 14,000 to 16,000 feet, often difficult of access among the
mountains. These with the llamas and alpacas are ruminants, the
two latter domesticated and living in large herds.
The alpaca wool is much superior to that of the llama and better
than that of the sheep; if the animals were rationally bred on a large
scale the business should be extremely profitable. The animal has
shorter legs than the llama which it resembles; it is never used as a
burden bearer. The alpaca flourishes on the Titicaca Plateau and in
higher, cold and solitary mountain sections, among seed bearing
grasses where snow falls instead of rain. It requires better forage
than the llama. Pure water is an absolute essential. Their long
fleece, sheared once in two years, is always in great demand; a
fleece weighs 10-15 pounds. The alpacas, numbering probably
200,000, are tended by Indians whose patient endurance qualify
them in a measure, but who need instruction to supervise them with
more intelligent care. There are vast lands suitable for their breeding
and culture, and regions where sheep, donkeys, goats, and cattle
may be raised. None of these industries is practised except in a
small way, though land, suitable fodder, and climate are all of the
best.
Stock raising is carried on to a limited extent only, though
conditions for raising horned cattle are said to be ideal on the llanos
of the southeast, where vast natural prairies alternate with forests,
and many wild cattle exist. The large possibilities of this region will
undoubtedly be utilized before many years. Difficulty in reaching
markets is the great present drawback, but Argentine capitalists
have looked over the eastern lowlands and may find early means for
their exploitation. On the higher lands also are sections where the
business may be carried on to advantage. As at present only
ordinary stock is raised with no care in breeding, merely to supply
local needs for meat, there is need of imported cattle and better
methods, as is the case with sheep. Figures given for cattle are
800,000 head, of sheep 1¹⁄₂ million. Many more of the latter should
be raised in some sections of the plateau region. Mutton is more of a
staple food, largely used, dried and salted, by the Indians. Thus
prepared it is called chalona; dried-beef is called charque. The
cultivation of Siberian grasses on the plateau is suggested. Few
hogs are raised, although many districts are well adapted to them.
Agriculture
In agriculture Bolivia has enormous possibilities, but at present

small production. About 5,000,000 acres are under cultivation. With
the varying altitude and climate the vegetable products are similar to
those of the preceding countries, many of these spontaneous, a few
cultivated. The latter are almost solely for internal consumption. On
the plateau grow barley, quinua, and potatoes, the last, when frozen
called chuño, are the basis of the Indians’ diet; barley is much used
for fodder; quinua, a very nutritious millet, easy to cultivate and
hardy, in the form of meal among the plateau Indians takes the place
of wheat and corn, which do not grow at this altitude. In the valleys
below there is plenty of corn, from which is made the Indians’
favorite drink, chicha, though they will readily drink plain alcohol of
poor quality when they can get it. Wheat and rice are raised in
eastern Cochabamba, admirable coffee in the yungas, cacao, and
coca; none in sufficient quantity to supply the home market except
coca. Some coffee is exported but more is imported from Brazil and
Peru. All needful supplies could be provided in one or another part of
the country if population and means of transport existed.
Other Products. Cacao is less cultivated than coffee, though
raised in two departments. Trees are growing untended in the Rio
Madidi and Madre de Dios sections. Sugar cane is cultivated in
Santa Cruz and elsewhere, but most of it is used for making
aguardiente, and molasses or other syrup. More than 200,000
gallons of alcohol come annually from Santa Cruz. Rice also is
grown in this Department giving two harvests a year. It might be
cultivated in other sections. Tobacco of excellent quality thrives in
many places, but not enough is raised for home consumption.
Viticulture is slightly practised with primitive methods. Fruits of many
varieties as in Peru are raised, including especially fine oranges.
Various vegetables are grown but in these lines the development is
slight and poor.
Coca alone is exported among agricultural products, chiefly to
Chile and Argentina. Cultivated also in Cochabamba and Santa
Cruz, the chief centre is in the yungas of La Paz. The leaf is richer in
alkaloid than the Peruvian, as I myself noted, but as yet it has not
been so much exported to Europe on account of its higher price. The
plantations are in terraces on the mountain slopes between 5000
and 7000 feet altitude. In the yungas the bushes are usually three or
four feet high, but may grow to seven or eight. A small crop may be
gathered 18 months after planting, but only in four or five years are
they in full leaf. Three times a year the leaves are gathered, and with
good care the plantations will last half a century. The leaves are
picked by hand, dried, and stored in a dry place, later packed in
bales and pressed. Properly used the chewing of coca in the
highlands may be a blessing. Carried to the excess usual among the
Indians it is a curse, as it is where here used in drinks sold at the
soda counter, creating a habit as vicious as that of alcohol or opium.
For the cultivation of cotton on the lowlands there is much suitable
soil and climate.
Forestry
Of forestal products Bolivia contains all those found in the other

sections of the Amazon basin, varieties of timber, medicinal plants,
etc.; but none at present is of commercial value for export except
quinine, manufactured from cinchona bark, and rubber.
Rubber. The rubber industry of Bolivia is second to that of
minerals. In amount of this export the country is believed to be
second in South America to Brazil, though little has been touched of
the vast territory capable of its production. Sir Martin Conway
estimated the rubber trees of the Beni district as 50,000,000. There
are four zones of rubber producing country, one in the extreme north
near the Acre Territory of Brazil, with outlet from the port and custom
house of Cobija; second, the greater part of Colonias exporting
through the national custom house of Villa Bella, by Villa Rica at the
confluence of the Abuna and the Madeira, or by lesser ports; third,
the Department of La Paz, the rubber going out by Lake Titicaca and
Mollendo; fourth, Beni, Santa Cruz, and Cochabamba, the rubber
from the north going out by Guajará Merím or Villa Bella, that farther
south by Puerto Suarez on the Paraguay or by Yacuiba, and from
the west by Oruro and Antofagasta. The rubber of the region is
chiefly that called fine Pará, most of it exported through that port and
being of the best quality. The latex of the hevea is the source;
sernamby is second quality made of the residue of the finer quality
mixed with bark. The caucho from the castilloa elastica is little
exploited on account of few laborers and expensive transport. With
the opening of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway in 1912 better facilities
were secured, this railway having been built a distance of 207 miles
along the Brazilian shore to avoid the bad rapids on the two rivers.
The flooding of the market with Malay and Ceylon rubber seriously
affected Bolivian production and export, but these have recently
increased. With the forming of plantations in this section, a work
which an American company has undertaken, the rubber should be
better able to compete with that of Ceylon, as its superior quality is
known. The fact that the Bolivian export tax is lower than that of
Brazil gives the former an advantage.
In the Department of Cochabamba are great quantities of
maniçoba trees producing rubber known as ceará, of good quality
but not the best. It might be cultivated in hilly regions and on banks
of streams of the Yungas and other valleys in the Department of La
Paz. The lot of the seringueiros, the rubber workers, is bad; it may
and must be bettered if the industry is to continue. The establishing
of plantations will be a great improvement, but some amenities of life
might be made available even in the ordinary forest.
Investments
From the description of Bolivia, it is apparent that mining presents

the most attractive field for the large capitalist. Mining experts with
less money may be tempted to investigate gold prospects or to
search for rich veins of other metals, later organizing companies for
their development or selling at a handsome profit their acquired
claims, as some persons have done hitherto. However sales are not
always easily made. Petroleum is numbered among the mining
possibilities, although the most favorably located fields may be
preempted already, chiefly by American Companies, the Braden and
the Richmond Levering, in spite of the difficulties of access and
development. The petroleum procured would find its market in
Bolivia and in the neighboring countries of the East and West Coasts
where it is greatly needed. The oil with a paraffin base is of high
grade running to 45.8 Baumé.
Stock raising of various kinds would be profitable in certain
localities, and some forms of agriculture and small industries.
Railway construction, the development of electric power, the
installation of sanitary and other public works will afford many
openings for engineers.
CHAPTER XXVIII
CHILE: AREA, HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, POPULATION, ETC.
The country of Chile, the seventh in size of the South American

Republics, is frequently ranked with the two largest, Brazil and
Argentina, owing to the enterprise of its inhabitants: a natural result
of their location in the temperate zone, from 17° 57′ to 55° 59′ South
Latitude; increased perhaps by their long struggle with the
Araucanian Indians.
Area, Population, Boundary
Area. Chile, with an extent of 290,000 square miles, is ribbon like

in shape, having a length of nearly 2700 miles, a trifle more than
Argentina; in a direct line 2140 miles, with a width of 70-248, miles
averaging about 85.
Population. The country with approximately 4,000,000 inhabitants
is fifth in this respect.
Boundary. The boundary of Chile is simple. At the north is Peru,
on the east are Bolivia and Argentina, at the south and west the
Pacific Ocean.
History
The bold Spanish invaders of Peru might reasonably have been

contented for a time with the conquest of that vast territory. But
Diego de Almagro, incited by the grant of 200 leagues south of those
bestowed upon Pizarro, and enticed by the tales of a region richer
still in gold and silver, set forth to gain possession of the allotted
lands, not long after the founding of Lima in 1535. Over the great
Bolivian Plateau and a high mountain pass into Chile, Almagro
marched with his followers, only to return disappointed after enduring
untold hardships and suffering.
A few years later a second expedition was undertaken by Pedro
de Valdivia, this one along the shore. From Arica proceeding by sea,
having landed at the mouth of the Rio Maipo, in February, 1541,
Valdivia founded the city of Santiago. Still unsatisfied he continued
south, in spite of much opposition, making settlements at
Concepción, Imperial, Villa Rica, and Valdivia; but in 1553 he was
himself slain by the warlike Araucanians, who long disputed with the
invaders the occupation of their country. For 250 years the contest
continued intermittently, with some diminution and amalgamation of
the Indians, till the Chilians rose against Spain, when a more friendly
feeling was established.
The Chilians, who convoked a national congress in 1810, regard
this event as the inauguration of their independence; though not until
1818 was it secured with the aid of San Martín and his army from
Argentina. Chile subsequently experienced many internal difficulties,
but after 1861 the Government became more liberal, and since that
period, except for the revolution against Balmaceda in 1890, the
country has been free from serious internal strife.
Government
The government is that of a centralized republic with the usual

three branches. The President, elected for a term of five years and
not eligible at once for a second term, appoints the Intendentes and
Gobernadores who respectively administer the 23 Provinces, and
their subdivisions, the 82 Departments. There is one Territory,
Magallanes, which includes the southern mainland and the coastal
islands. The police force is national in organization. In the Provinces
no legislative bodies exist save municipal councils with certain local
duties. The franchise is so restricted (the voters must have property
and be able to read and write) that as 25 per cent of the population is
illiterate and most of the laboring class landless, the Government is
said to be practically in the hands of a few leading families.
Senators, 37 in number, must have an income of $2000 and
Deputies, 118, one of $500. The President must not leave the
country while in office.
Chile has 23 Provinces, all but five of which border on the Pacific,
and one Territory. Beginning at the north the names of the Provinces
follow with their approximate areas and population, and with the
names and population of their capitals:
Provinces Area, in Population Capitals Population
square
miles
Tacna 9,000 40,000 Tacna 8,000
Tarapacá 17,000 134,000 Iquique 45,000
Antofagasta 46,500 220,000 Antofagasta 66,000
Atacama 31,000 67,000 Copiapó 13,000
Coquimbo 14,000 191,000 La Serena 16,000
Aconcagua 5,400 140,000 San Felipe 12,000
Valparaiso 1,775 347,000 Valparaiso 212,000
Santiago 5,900 627,000 Santiago 450,000
O’Higgins 2,168 125,000 Rancagua 13,000
Colchagua 3,900 163,000 San 10,000
Fernando
Curicó 3,045 115,000 Curicó 23,000
Talca 3,900 135,000 Talca 42,000
Maule 2,800 125,000 Cauquenes 12,000
Linares 4,000 120,000 Linares 3,000
Nuble 3,500 199,000 Chillán 40,000
Concepción 3,300 271,000 Concepción 72,700
Arauco 2,200 74,000 Arauco 3,500
Bio-Bio 5,400 106,000 Los 14,000
Angeles
Malleco 3,300 136,000 Angol 10,000
Cautín 6,400 175,000 Temuco 31,000
Valdivia 9,000 187,000 Valdivia 26,000
Llanquihue 35,000 150,000 Puerto 8,000
Montt
Chiloé 7,000 100,000 Ancud 4,000
Territory
Magallanes 65,000 32,000 Punta 20,000
Arenas
Population
The population of Chile is little if any below 4,000,000, which gives

it an average of 12 or more to the square mile, the highest rate of all
the North and West Coast countries. There is considerable variation
in the different Provinces, but less than in the other Republics, if the
Territory is omitted. The most thickly inhabited region is from
Valparaiso south to Valdivia; the Province of Santiago having the
largest population and that of Valparaiso the densest. As to the
character of the population it is estimated that 40 per cent are of
white extraction, with at least 50-60 per cent mestizos; probably
50,000 Indians, including possibly 5000 in the far south, uncivilized
and dying out. The educated class as in other countries forms a
small minority of the inhabitants, but in recent years greater attention
has been paid to the diffusion of knowledge among the common
people.
Education
The middle and upper classes pay much attention to education. In

Santiago there are two universities, the larger the University of Chile,
open also to women, and the Catholic University, each with various
departments; a National Institute or high school, a School of Mines, a
Normal School, a School of Arts and Trades. In La Serena and
Copiapó at the north are other Mining Schools, and in cities at the
south Schools of Agriculture; also Normal Schools. An Industrial
College is to be opened in Valparaiso. All towns have elementary
schools; in all State schools including universities education is free,
and in primary grades from 1921 compulsory. There are various
private schools, in Santiago a large and excellent one for boys
(managed for years by American Methodists), where the sons of
many prominent families have been educated, as in La Paz, Bolivia.
Press, Religion, etc.
Press. The Press is free, influential, and of high character, the

Mercurio of Valparaiso and Santiago having a world wide reputation,
and ranking with the best of any country. There are about 700
newspapers and journals.
Religion. The Roman Catholic religion is recognized as that of the
State, but freedom is permitted to others. The women generally are
very devout, though as in the other countries the men of the
governing classes are inclined to agnosticism.
Telegraph. Chile possesses 30,000 miles of telegraph lines and
46,000 of telephone. There are 32 wireless stations at intervals from
Arica down to Punta Arenas, with one on Juan Fernandez Island.
Money. A gold peso (there are no such coins) may be regarded as
worth 36 cents, but the paper money which is in general use
fluctuates in value, a peso varying from 14 to 25 cents, usually 18-
22. There are silver coins of 10, 20, 40 centavos, and copper of
smaller value.
The Metric System of weights and measures is obligatory, all
others being excluded by law.
CHAPTER XXIX
CHILE: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The country of Chile has an extraordinary shape, very long and

narrow. Unlike the other Republics of the West Coast, Chile has no
trans-Andine region, as the watershed of the Andes constitutes the
eastern boundary line. Thus confined between the sea and the
mountain tops, while the coast line of the country is nearly 2700
miles, as far as from Labrador to Guiana, the width is scanty, mostly
varying from 100 to 225 miles, though at one point in the south the
western boundary of Argentina is but 26 miles from the Pacific
Ocean.
Although so narrow for most of the distance, Chile has three
sections longitudinally: a very narrow coastal strip, a plateau, or a
central valley, and the mountain region. Its remarkable length from
18° S. Lat., several degrees in the torrid zone, to 56°, well towards
the Antarctic Circle, gives it a wide range in climate arising from the
latitude, as well as the variation from the altitude which it shares with
the countries previously mentioned. From north to south also, the
Republic has three zones: the hot arid land at the north, 18°-32°,
followed by the temperate agricultural section in the centre to 42°,
and the cool, rainy, forested lands at the south; sometimes four
sections are spoken of, in which case the first is regarded as two,
dividing at 27° into the nitrate section north and a mineral, south. Of
these two the former has a plateau section between the Andes and
the sea, the latter some transverse ridges. The country has 25 per
cent in woods and forests, 7¹⁄₂ per cent in pastures, 5 irrigable land
and 12¹⁄₂ per cent arable.
As already noted, the Pacific Coast south of Ecuador is a
practically rainless desert for a distance of 1600 miles along the
shore of Peru and Chile, about as far as Coquimbo. Here begins the
agricultural centre of Chile, including the rich longitudinal valley (with
soil 330 feet deep), in which the capital, Santiago, is situated; the
valley extends from the Aconcagua River to the Gulf of Ancud, 620
miles. Many populous towns and ports are in this section, among
them Valparaiso. The forest country farther south is but sparsely
settled.
Mountains. The Cordillera of the Andes, which extends
throughout the entire length of the country, and is continued at the
north by the Cordillera of Peru, is recognized from its geological
formation as belonging to a recent epoch. It contains many
volcanoes, mostly extinct or inactive except in the south. Aconcagua,
of volcanic origin, the highest peak of the Andes and of all America
so far as is yet known, is a little north of the centre. Its summit is just
over the border in Argentina, as the watershed forming the boundary
here runs west of the line of greatest altitude. The height of
Aconcagua is variously stated, but 22,817 feet has perhaps the best
authority. Other lofty peaks are near, Mercedario and Tupungato,
each over 22,000 feet. There are 24 passes across the range at a
height of 10,000 feet more or less. Farther south the mountains
diminish rapidly in height with few summits above 10,000 feet. The
range ends in Tierra del Fuego with Mt. Sarmiento, 7000 feet.
A cordillera of the coast, geologically older, is much lower,
disappearing altogether at the north. In general quite steep towards
the sea, it slopes gradually towards the central valley or plateau.
This range continues at the south in islands, which in great numbers
fringe the coast. Here the shore is much indented with straits and
bays, resembling the fjords of Norway. Nearly all of the narrowing
point of the continent, the entire Strait of Magellan, and most of
Tierra del Fuego belong to Chile.
Rivers
The rivers of the country are numerous except in the north, where
but two reach the ocean. Farther south to 35° they are torrential in
character, but important both for irrigation and as a potential source
of hydro-electric power; their descent from so great a height
indicating large future possibilities. Beyond 35° a number of streams
are navigable for some distance for boats of light draught, 500 miles
in all, the Bio-Bio for 100 miles, the Maule for 75. South of these
rivers are many picturesque and important lakes close to the
Cordillera where they serve as great reservoirs for the excessive
precipitation of rain and snow on the west side of the mountains. The
largest are Lakes Rauco and Llanquihue, with estimated areas
respectively of 200 and 250 square miles. Lake Todos los Santos, 40
square miles, described as of marvelous beauty, is northeast of
Puerto Montt among the Andean foothills, at a height of 500 feet.
The seaboard at the north, with few indentations, has in
consequence poor harbors, where landing in small boats may
occasionally be dangerous or impossible. In the far south are
sheltered harbors, but few cities requiring them.
Climate
The climate of the country naturally is extremely varied. In the

northern section the immediate coast like that of Peru is preserved
from intense heat by the Antarctic current. A little way back on the
arid plateau the temperature is excessive by day but cool at night.
Going south from the arid section the rainfall gradually increases
until in the far south there is too much. The central regions have a
fair supply with an excellent climate, mean annual temperatures of
50°-60°. Farther south with rain 150-170 days in the year, in some
places 80-100 inches, the climate is less agreeable. The winds are
generally west, either a little north or south. While the mean
temperatures are fairly low, the extremes are much less than at the
same latitudes in most parts of North America or on the East Coast
of Argentina. Even at the farthest south, at Punta Arenas, the most
southern city of the globe, the weather is never so cold as often in
the usual winters of New York or Boston. Until recently suitable
sanitation has been lacking in many cities and the death rate has
been high. Now the authorities are alive to these matters and with
the installation of proper sewerage, already accomplished in
Santiago and in progress in other cities, the death rate is lower. In no
cities from Guayaquil south need any tourist be apprehensive of
danger.
CHAPTER XXX
CHILE: CAPITAL, INDIVIDUAL PROVINCES, CITIES
Capital
Santiago, the capital, with 450,000 inhabitants, is the fourth in

population of the cities of South America, the first three being
Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. The city is finely
located in the fertile Central Valley, on the Mapocho River. Important
as the Government and social centre, it has much commercial
activity. A little off the direct Trans-Andine line between Valparaiso
and Buenos Aires, it is equally a terminus, as special cars run to
each city from Los Andes where they connect with the narrower
mountain railway. Santiago is the centre of the north and south
railway systems which traverse the country almost from end to end.
A lack of first class hotels has been partially remedied by the
construction of a large one on modern lines, but it may be said that
in all of the capital cities and chief ports of the West Coast additional
accommodations of a higher class are desirable. In Santiago
important improvements recently accomplished include the
installment of a sewerage system and the repavement of the
principal streets. Electric lights have long been enjoyed and an
excellent system of electric cars, one feature of which New York
might imitate to advantage, the numbering of the cars to indicate the
various routes. Santiago in addition to its delightful location may well
boast of its fine buildings, especially its Capitol, the handsome opera
house, and many fine residences; still more of its parks, the far
famed Santa Lucía, Parque Cousiño, and the Quinta Normal; also of
the Palace of Fine Arts, and the Cemetery, especially beautiful in
rose time. Most of the streets are narrow, but there is one splendid
broad avenue, the Alameda or Avenida de Delicias with a central
parkway ornamented with statuary.
CHILE, ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY, URUGUAY
Provinces
A brief review of the Provinces follows, beginning at the north.

Unless otherwise stated, the Provinces extend from the coast back
to the mountains, bordering at the east on Bolivia or Argentina.
Tacna, formerly a part of Peru, is still claimed by that country,
though in the possession of Chile. It is separated by the Sama River
from the Peruvian Province, Moquegua. Largely mountainous, Tacna
has many peaks above 18,000 feet; the two passes to Bolivia are
about 14,000 feet. Of 500,000 acres of possible agricultural land
about one tenth is irrigated, the rest is desert. Alfalfa is the chief
production; beans and maize are important with other vegetables
and fruit. The leading export is sulphur.
The capital, Tacna, is a pleasant town, connected by rail with the
port of Arica, though it is not on the road to La Paz. Arica, with a
better harbor than most of the others, is an important primary port
where all steamers call, as it is the terminus of the Arica-La Paz
Railway; one of the three Pacific outlets for Bolivia. New docks are to
be constructed.
Tarapacá follows on the south, this Province containing with other
minerals, extensive, hot, arid plains with nitrate fields. The sloping
coastal section has two important ports, Pisagua and Iquique,
besides smaller ones exclusively for the export of nitrates, in which
the two named are chiefly engaged.
Iquique, the capital and principal port, is of great commercial
importance for such export, and has very large imports from the fact
that these include all eatables as formerly all drinkables, even water.
Now the water comes in pipes 150 miles from the mountains. The
soil too was imported for the few plazas and gardens existing, as
nothing will grow in the native soil. It is an enterprising community
with a good proportion of pleasant British homes, clubs, theatres,
etc.
Antofagasta comes next, separated from Tarapacá by the River
Loa. On the east it has both Bolivia and a piece of northern
Argentina. The surface descends from the Andes in a series of
plateaus. Vegetation is scanty. This Province, with Atacama on the
south, shares in the activities of the nitrate industry.
The capital city, Antofagasta, is 200 miles south of Iquique, both
ports having very poor harbors, though with enormous commerce for
places of their size. Antofagasta, the terminus of a third railway from
La Paz, the second in Chile, has much Bolivian trade besides export
of nitrates, and lately from Chuquicamata of copper. The Province
contains other ports and cities of consequence, Taltal, Tocopilla,
Mejillones, etc.
Atacama on the south borders exclusively at the east on
Argentina, which from here down forms the eastern boundary of
Chile. The surface of the Province is uneven, with mountains,
plateaus, and ravines; in the valleys of Huasco and Copiapó there is
some agriculture. Minerals, as gold, silver, and copper receive
attention.
Copiapó, the capital, is an important railway junction.
Coquimbo, following, is a narrower Province, the mountains and
the Argentine boundary coming nearer the shore. There are many
lofty peaks at the east; and between spurs running down to the coast
are fertile, well watered valleys, as we now come to the central
section where with a mild climate there is moderate rainfall. Cereals,
fruit, wine, and livestock are exported.
La Serena, the capital, is a pretty town, which has tramway
connection with Coquimbo, a first class port, and a busy city.
Aconcagua is next, with the great peak of that name in the range
at the east. Some 15 miles south of the peak is the Uspallata Pass,
for many years the main commercial highway between Chile and
Argentina. By this Pass came Almagro, and later a division of the
army of San Martín; another division by the pass of Los Patos, a little
lower and farther north, by which cattle are often driven into Chile.
The Province is chiefly agricultural and pastoral, with crops of
cereals, fruits, hemp, and tobacco. The finest wine is produced;
there are large herds of cattle; and copper has some exploitation.
Valparaiso, one of the two Provinces bordering on Aconcagua at
the south, is next to the smallest in the Republic, and the first coming
from the north which does not extend across the country. With
Aconcagua on the north it has Santiago on the east and south. The
surface is mountainous with extensive valleys, the Coast Range here
reaching a height of 7000 feet. Several rivers and a number of bays
are among its favorable features. With a mild climate and sufficient
rain agriculture is the principal industry aside from the commercial
interests of the chief port of the West Coast, Valparaiso.
Santiago, south of Aconcagua and east of Valparaiso, extends
from Argentina on the east, south of Valparaiso to the sea, and has
the two Provinces of O’Higgins and Colchagua on the south. The
Central Valley, which occupies a great part of its area, is here a
broad plain, part of which is well watered and fertile but with some
sections arid; the foothills and valleys are well wooded. The Central
Valley slopes towards the west, having an altitude of nearly 3000
feet at the foot of the Andes, and about 1000 feet near the hills of the
Coast Range. The highest point of the Andes, here south of Mt.
Aconcagua, is less than 20,000 feet while the Coast Range
approaches 8000. Cereals, vegetables, fruit, and wine are the chief
products. Among other towns in the Province is the port of San
Antonio.
O’Higgins, a very small Province, occupies what may be called a
jog at the southeast corner of Santiago, which is therefore on the
west and north, while Argentina is east and Colchagua south.
Although a rugged district, irrigation is developed and large crops of
cereals and fruit are grown. Rich in mineral deposits, copper alone is
exploited.
Colchagua, south of Santiago and O’Higgins, extends across the
country from the sea to the mountains, which have three easy
passes into Argentina. The plains of the Central Valley have a rich
soil and good rainfall, but as the summers are dry, as in Santiago,
irrigation is needful. Crops of wheat, beans, alfalfa, etc., are
important, and also the cattle industry.
Curicó follows across the south with similar features and
productions.
Talca is next, also extending from the coast to Argentina. With a
temperate climate, there are greater extremes of heat and cold on
the plain. Besides the agricultural and cattle industries, the dense
forests here afford opportunity for exploitation. Two Provinces are on
the south.
Linares, the more eastern, has Argentina on the east, Nuble
south, and Maule west. With considerable agricultural land, along the
lower slopes of the Andes it has dense woods.
Maule, the coast Province south of Talca, has both Linares and
Nuble on the east, and Concepción south. The valleys of the Coast
Cordillera, which are fertile, afford opportunity for increased
agriculture, but unwise deforestation has been injurious.
Nuble, again an Andean Province, between Argentina and Maule,
is south of Linares and north of Concepción. Easy passes lead into
Argentina, forests are extensive, and vines and cereals are grown on
a large scale.
Concepción, south of Maule and Nuble, extends from the Pacific
to Argentina. Mountainous at the east, it is rather arid in the centre,
but extremely fertile near the coast. The fine crops include grapes
and excellent wine. Large forests and extensive coal deposits are a
source of wealth.
Arauco and Bio-Bio are on the south; Arauco along the coast, with
important agriculture and large herds of cattle, has also extensive
forests and mineral deposits, coal mines actively worked, and gold,
both alluvial and quartz.
Bio-Bio at the east is mountainous and well watered, as is this
region in general. Cereals are largely grown and viticulture is
practised. The cattle industry is important and the forests are
exploited.

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Comptia Security Guide to Network

Security Fundamentals Mark Ciampa

Security Awareness: Applying Practical Security in Your

Guide to Computer Network Security Joseph Migga Kizza

Guide to Computer Network Security 4th Edition Joseph

Guide to Computer Network Security Fourth Edition

CompTIA Security 3rd Edition Anonymous

COMPTIA A+ Core 1 exam Tenth Edition (Author Of Comptia

Mike Meyers' CompTIA Security+ Certification Guide,

CompTIA Security+ All-in-One Exam Guide (Exam SY0-501)

Security+ Guide to Network

Security+ Exam Domain/Objectives Chapter Bloom’s Taxonomy

Mark Ciampa, Ph.D.

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Senior Product Development Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950178

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Block Cipher Modes of Operation.................................................................. 149

Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 223

Key Terms .......................................................................................................... 310

Secure Coding Techniques..............................................................................404

Where You Are: Geolocation.......................................................................... 499

Incident Response Plan.................................................................................. 633

Chapter 6, “Network Security Devices, Design, and Technology,” examines how

Appendix A, “CompTIA SY0-501 Certification Examination Objectives,” provides

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SECURITY AND ITS THREATS

Other than mining industries are slightly developed, being local in

In agriculture Bolivia has enormous possibilities, but at present

Of forestal products Bolivia contains all those found in the other

From the description of Bolivia, it is apparent that mining presents

The country of Chile, the seventh in size of the South American

Area, Population, Boundary

Area. Chile, with an extent of 290,000 square miles, is ribbon like

The bold Spanish invaders of Peru might reasonably have been

The government is that of a centralized republic with the usual

The population of Chile is little if any below 4,000,000, which gives

The middle and upper classes pay much attention to education. In

Press, Religion, etc.

Press. The Press is free, influential, and of high character, the

The country of Chile has an extraordinary shape, very long and

The climate of the country naturally is extremely varied. In the

Santiago, the capital, with 450,000 inhabitants, is the fourth in

A brief review of the Provinces follows, beginning at the north.

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