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COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR
INDUSTRY, ELECTRONICS,
AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Research and Applications
COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR
INDUSTRY, ELECTRONICS,
AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Research and Applications

Edited by
Omari V. Mukbaniani
Devrim Balköse
Heru Susanto
A. K. Haghi
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: Composite materials for industry, electronics, and the environment : research and applications /
   edited by Omari V. Mukbaniani, Devrim Balköse, Heru Susanto, A.K. Haghi.
Names: Mukbaniani, O. V. (Omar V.), editor. | Balköse, Devrim, editor. | Susanto, Heru, 1965- editor. |
   Haghi, A. K., editor.
Description: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190072474 | Canadiana (ebook) 20190072520 | ISBN 9781771887403
   (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429457937 (eBook)
Subjects: LCSH: Composite materials.
Classification: LCC TA418.9.C6 C66 2019 | DDC 620.1/18—dc23

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Mukbaniani, O. V. (Omar V.), editor.

Title: Composite materials for industry, electronics, and the environment : research and applications /
   [edited by] Omari V. Mukbaniani, Devrim Balköse, Heru Susanto, A.K. Haghi.
Description: Toronto ; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, [2019] | Series: Innovations in agricultural
   and biological engineering | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019007653 (print) | LCCN 2019009260 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429457937 (ebook) |
   ISBN 9781771887403 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Composite materials.
Classification: LCC TA418.9.C6 (ebook) | LCC TA418.9.C6 C5735 2019 (print) | DDC 620.1/18--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019007653

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ABOUT THE EDITORS

Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc

Omari Vasilii Mukbaniani, DSc, is Professor and Chair of the Macromo-
lecular Chemistry Department of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Tbilisi, Georgia. He is also the Director of the Institute of Macromolecular
Chemistry at Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. He is a member of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Georgia. For several years he was a
member of advisory board and editorial board of the Journal Proceedings
of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (Chemical Series) and contrib-
uting editor of the journals Polymer News, Polymers Research Journal, and
Chemistry and Chemical Technology. His research interests include polymer
chemistry, polymeric materials, and chemistry of organosilicon compounds,
as well as methods of precision synthesis to build block and the develop-
ment of graft and comb-type structure. He also researches the mechanisms
of reactions leading to these polymers and the synthesis of various types of
functionalized silicon polymers, copolymers, and block copolymers.

Devrim Balköse, PhD

Devrim Balköse, PhD, is currently a retired faculty member in the
Chemical Engineering Department at Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir,
Turkey. She graduated from the Middle East Technical University in
Ankara, Turkey, with a degree in chemical engineering. She received her
MS and PhD degrees from Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, in 1974 and
1977, respectively. She became Associate Professor in macromolecular
chemistry in 1983 and Professor in process and reactor engineering in
1990. She worked as a research assistant, assistant professor, associate
professor, and professor between 1970 and 2000 at Ege University. She
was the Head of Chemical Engineering Department at Izmir Institute of
Technology, Izmir, Turkey, between 2000 and 2009. She is now a retired
faculty member in the same department. Her research interests are in
polymer reaction engineering, polymer foams and films, adsorbent devel-
opment, and moisture sorption. Her research projects are on nanosized
zinc borate production, ZnO polymer composites, zinc borate lubricants,
antistatic additives, and metal soaps.
vi About the Editors

Heru Susanto, PhD

Heru Susanto, PhD, is currently Head of the Information Department and
researcher at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Computational Science &
IT Governance Research Group. At present, he is also an Honorary Professor
and Visiting Scholar at the Department of Information Management, College
of Management, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan. Dr. Susanto has
worked as an IT professional in several roles, including Web Division
Head of IT Strategic Management at Indomobil Group Corporation and
Prince Muqrin Chair for Information Security Technologies at King Saud
University. His research interests are in the areas of information security,
IT governance, computational sciences, business process re-engineering,
and e-marketing. Dr. Susanto received a BSc in Computer Science from
Bogor Agricultural University, an MBA in Marketing Management from the
School of Business and Management Indonesia, and an MSc in Information
Systems from King Saud University, and a PhD in Information Security
System from the University of Brunei and King Saud University.

A. K. Haghi, PhD
A. K. Haghi, PhD, is the author and editor of 165 books, as well as over
1000 published papers in various journals and conference proceedings.
Dr. Haghi has received several grants, consulted for a number of major
corporations, and is a frequent speaker to national and international
audiences. Since 1983, he served as professor at several universities. He is
currently Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoinformatics
and Chemical Engineering and Polymers Research Journal and on the
editorial boards of many international journals. He is also a member of
the Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures
(CRDCSC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He holds a BSc in urban and
environmental engineering from the University of North Carolina (USA),
an MSc in mechanical engineering from North Carolina A&T State
University (USA), a DEA in applied mechanics, acoustics and materials
from the Université de Technologie de Compiègne (France), and a PhD in
engineering sciences from Université de Franche-Comté (France).
CONTENTS

Contributors.......................................................................................................... ix

Abbreviations...................................................................................................... xiii

Preface............................................................................................................... xvii

SECTION I: Advanced Composites Systems....................................... 1

1. Graphene-Based Fibers and Their Application in
Advanced Composites System.................................................................... 3
Raghvendra Kumar Mishra

2. Epoxy Composites Filled with Gypsum (Alabaster G-5):

Possible Ways for Strengthening, Stabilization, and Structuration...... 25
D. L. Starokadomsky and A. A. Ishenko

3. Structure and Properties of Polymer Composites Based on

Statistical Ethylene–Propylene Copolymer and Mineral Fillers........... 45
N. T. Kahramanov, N. B. Arzumanova, I. V. Bayramova, and J. N. Gahramanly

4. Mechanical and Vibrational Analysis of Microtubule

Using Molecular Dynamic Simulations.................................................... 57
M. Ghamami, M. H. Jafarabadi, and H. Nahvi

5. Statically Dissipating and Luminescent Zinc Oxide/Linear

Low-Density Polyethylene Composites.................................................... 87
Filiz Özmıhçı Ömürlü and Devrim Balköse

SECTION II: Electronic and Ionic Composites................................119

6. Materials for Organic Transistor Applications..................................... 121
Andreea Irina Barzic and Razvan Florin Barzic

7. Organic Electronics: For a Better Tomorrow....................................... 153

Ajith James Jose, Greta Mary Thomas, S. Parvathy, and Ann Treessa Wilson

8. Basic Principle of Fluorescence and Design of Sensors for Ions.......... 171

Ashish Kumar and Swapan Dey
viii Contents

9. Superconductivity and Quantum Computing Via

Magnetic Molecules................................................................................. 201
Francisco Torrens and Gloria Castellano

SECTION III: Prospects and Challenges of Composites.................211

10. Novel Separation Processes, Water Science, and Composite
Membranes: A Far-Reaching Review and a Vision for the Future..... 213
Sukanchan Palit

11. Genetic Algorithm, Fluidization Engineering, and the

Futuristic Vision of Composites and Chemical Engineering............... 235
Sukanchan Palit

12. Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques and Its Applications

in Chemical Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, and the
Vast Domain of Composite Science........................................................ 259
Sukanchan Palit

13. Evolutionary Computation, Multiobjective Optimization,

Simulated Annealing, and Composites and Polymer Science:
A Short and Far-Reaching Review......................................................... 287
Sukanchan Palit

SECTION IV: Biobased Composites................................................. 317

14. Passive Aerated Composting of Leaves and Predigested
Office Papers............................................................................................. 319
A. Y. Zahrim, S. Sariah, R. Mariani, I. Azreen, Y. Zulkiflee, and A. S. Fazlin

15. Taking into Account the Features of the Within-Field Variability

of Composite Soil Fertility in Precision Agrotechnologies................... 339
Rafail A. Afanas'ev, Genrietta E. Merzlaya, and Michail O. Smirnov

16. Chemistry of Medicinal Plants, Foods, and Natural Products

and Their Composites.............................................................................. 357
Laura María Solis-Salas, Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar-González,
Crystel Aleyvick Sierra Rivera, Anna Iliná, and Sonia Yesenia Silva Belmares

Index.................................................................................................................. 383
CONTRIBUTORS

Rafail A. Afanas’ev
Pryanishnikov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry, d. 31A,
Pryanishnikova St., Moscow 127550, Russia
Cristóbal Noé Aguilar-González
Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila,
Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Col. República Oriente, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

N. B. Arzumanova
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Sumgait,
Azerbaijan Republic

I. Azreen
Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Devrim Balköse
Department of Chemical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey

Andreea Irina Barzic

“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley,
700487 Iasi, Romania

Razvan Florin Barzic

Faculty of Mechanics, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron,
700050 Iasi, Romania

I. V. Bayramova
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Sumgait,
Azerbaijan Republic

Gloria Castellano
Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y Matemáticas, Facultad de Veterinaria y Ciencias
Experimentales, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Guillem de Castro-94,
E-46001 València, Spain

Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc

Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila,
Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Col. República Oriente, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
Swapan Dey
Department of Applied Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004,
Jharkhand, India

A. S. Fazlin
Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS,
88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

J. N. Gahramanly
Azerbaijan State University of Oil and Industry, Baku, Azerbaijan Republic
x Contributors

M. Ghamami
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Anna Iliná
Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila,
Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Col. República Oriente, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
A. A. Ishenko
Cathedra of Machines for Metallurgy, Mariupol Priazovski State Technology University,
Mariupol 87500, Ukraine

M. H. Jafarabadi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Ajith James Jose

Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry,
Kerala 686101, India

N. T. Kahramanov
Institute of Polymer Materials of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Sumgait,
Azerbaijan Republic

Ashish Kumar
Department of Applied Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004,
Jharkhand, India
R. Mariani
Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Genrietta E. Merzlaya
Pryanishnikov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry, d. 31A,
Pryanishnikova St., Moscow 127550, Russia

Raghvendra Kumar Mishra

Director, BSM Solar and Environmental Solution, A-348, Awas Vikas Colony, Sitapur,
Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India

H. Nahvi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Filiz Özmıhçı Ömürlü

Natural Anne Ekolojik Ürünler Çiğli İzmir, Turkey

Sukanchan Palit
Assistant Professor (Senior Scale), Department of Chemical Engineering,
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres, P.O. Bidholi via Premnagar,
Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
43, Judges Bagan, P.O. Haridevpur, Kolkata 700082, India

S. Parvathy
Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry,
Kerala 686101, India

S. Sariah
Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Contributors xi

Crystel Aleyvick Sierra Rivera

Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila,
Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Col. República Oriente, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico

Sonia Yesenia Silva Belmares

Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila,
Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Col. República Oriente, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
Michail O. Smirnov
Pryanishnikov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry, d. 31A,
Pryanishnikova St., Moscow 127550, Russia

Laura María Solis-Salas

Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila,
Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Col. República Oriente, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
D. L. Starokadomsky
Polymer Composite Laboratory, Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine,
Kiev 03164, Ukraine
Greta Mary Thomas
Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry,
Kerala 686101, India

Francisco Torrens
Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d’Instituts de Paterna,
P.O. Box 22085, E-46071 València, Spain

Ann Treessa Wilson

Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College, Changanacherry,
Kerala 686101, India

A. Y. Zahrim
Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Y. Zulkiflee
Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
ABBREVIATIONS

2D two dimensional
3D three dimensional
Alq3 tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum
AMP antimicrobial peptide
AMPTES aminopropyltriethoxysilane
anPOME anaerobically digested palm oil mill effluent
AOP advanced oxidation process
AP aspartyl protease
a-Si:H hydrogenated amorphous silicon
BCS Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer
CES central experiment station
CFD computational fluid dynamics
co-PMSQ copolymethylsilsesquoxane
CVD chemical vapor deposition
DOS 4-dimethylamino-4′-(1-oxobutyl)-stilbene
DPPC dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidylcholine
D-PVA dichromated polyvinyl alcohol
EMO evolutionary multiobjective optimization
FCC fluidized catalytic cracking
FCCU fluidized catalytic cracking unit
FET field-effect transistor
FFB fresh fruit bunches
FMRP fragile X mental retardation protein
FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
FTIR Fourier-transform infrared
GA genetic algorithm
GI germination index
GO graphene oxide
GPS global positioning receivers
GROMACS Groningen machine for chemical simulations
GTR general theory of relativity
HDPE high-density polyethylene
HEP high-energy physics
xiv Abbreviations

HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital

ICT intramolecular charge transfer
IGBT insulated-gate bipolar transistor
Ion/Ioff on/off current ratio
IR infrared
ISC intersystem crossing
ITO indium tin oxide
LCR inductance–capacitance–resistance
LDPE low-density polyethylene
LE low-energy
LED light-emitting diode
LINCS linear constraint solver
LLDPE linear low-density polyethylene
LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
MEP 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate
MIM metal–insulator–metal
MLCT metal-to-ligand charge transfer
MOSA multiobjective optimization algorithm
MOSFET metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor
MT microtubule
mZnO micron-sized ZnO
NIR near-infrared
NOM natural organic matter
NP nanoparticle
NPB 1,4-bis(1-naphthylphenylamino)biphenyl
nZnO nano-sized ZnO
OFET organic field-effect transistor
OLED organic light-emitting diode
OM organic matter
OTFT organic thin-film transistor
PA photopatternable acryl
PANI polyaniline
PANI-CSA polyaniline doped with camphorsulfonic acid
PARARI Pryanishnikov All-Russian Agrochemistry Research
Institute
PBD 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole
PE polyethylene
PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
Abbreviations xv

PEDOT:PSS poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)
PEN polyethylene naphthalate
PET photo-induced electron transfer
PET polyethylene therephthalate
PL photoluminescence
PMMA poly(methylmethacrylate)
PMSQ polymethylsilsesquioxane
PMSQ-CN co-PMSQ containing cyano group
POME palm oil mill effluent
PSS styrene sulfonic acid
PTMA (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinyloxy-4-yl) methacrylate
PVA polyvinyl alcohol
RBCG resudue-based coarse graining
Rc contact resistance
RFID radio-frequency identification
Rsheet sheet resistance
SBCG shape-based coarse graining
SC superconductivity
SSL solid-state lighting
Ss-th subthreshold slope
sZnO submicron-sized ZnO
TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl
TFT thin-field transistor
TOC total organic carbon
TPBI 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidizol-2-yl)benzene
TPD N,N′-biphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,
1- biphenyl-4,4-diamine
UHMWPE ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
UV ultraviolet
UV–VIS ultraviolet–visible
Von turn-on voltage
Vth threshold voltage
XRD X-ray diffraction
PREFACE

A composite is a combination of two or more chemically distinct and

insoluble phases. The properties and performance of composites are far
superior than those of the constituents.
Globally, composite technology and its applications have made
tremendous progress during the last two decades.
Composites are one of the most widely used materials in industry,
agriculture, engineering, and environment because of their adaptability
to different situations and the relative ease of combination with other
materials to serve specific purposes and exhibit desirable properties.
Moreover, the increasing demand for greener and biodegradable
materials leading to the satisfaction of society requires a push toward the
advancement of composite materials science.
The potential and application of high-performance composites has
revolutionized engineering technology. In general, the research projects on
production of composites and laminates are mostly based on the following
premises: they are value-added products and they are cost-effective
compared to traditional materials.
This book is divided into four sections.
Advanced composite systems are presented in Section 1.
Graphene-based fibers and their application in advanced composites
system are discussed in Chapter 1.
Chapter 2 is concerned with the modification of epoxy resin Epoxy-
520 with commercial gypsum G-5. Particles of gypsum were incorporated
(10–75 wt%) into an epoxy-dian resin Epoxy-520. In Chapter 3, the influ-
ence of the multifunctional organic structurants and mineral fillers on the
structural features and physicomechanical properties of polymer compos-
ites based on statistical ethylene–propylene copolymer is reviewed. In
Chapter 4, microtubule polymers are studied as an alternative composites
as a key engineering material. Chapter 5 includes the use of zinc oxide
powder to improve the electrical conductivity and mechanical property of
the polyethylene matrix composites.
In Section 2, different types of electronic and ionic composites are
presented and discussed in detail. In this section, materials for organic
xviii Preface

transistor applications, along with organic electronics, are reviewed in

Chapters 6 and 7.
The basic principle of the fluorescence emission process and designing
of chemosensors are described in the next chapter. The last chapter pres-
ents superconductivity and quantum computing via magnetic molecules.
In Section 3, prospects and challenges of composites are reviewed and
presented in detail.
In the last section of this book, different types of biobased composites
and research opportunities are presented and introduced.
 SECTION I
Advanced Composites Systems
CHAPTER 1

GRAPHENE-BASED FIBERS AND

THEIR APPLICATION IN ADVANCED
COMPOSITES SYSTEM
RAGHVENDRA KUMAR MISHRA*
BSM Solar and Environmental Solution, A-348, Awas Vikas Colony,
Sitapur, Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India
*
E-mail: raghvendramishra4489@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The accelerated development in our culture is directly connected with

improvement in technology and also currently particularly with nanosci-
ence as well as nanotechnologies. Nowadays, it is not possible to think
about advancement without innovative materials; it has been observed that
the world without varieties of useful gadgets, for example, mobile phones,
foldable notebooks, electric cars, biosensors, airplanes, as well as various
additional discoveries render our life with comfort and also convenience.
Notably, a number of crucial developments for brand new prototypes and
application of graphene have been shared recently, which is linked with
energy storage, photovoltaic, theoretical knowledge of graphene, and
synthesis of graphene and its derivatives’ application in tissue engineering,
bioimaging, drug delivery, and device designs. In this chapter, authors
attempt to collocate the state-of-the-art development in the direction of new
viewpoint the graphene and its nanofibers, applications of newly produced
nanofibers based on graphene and its derivatives in the real worlds.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The materials are a key factor to the technological innovation which makes
our everyday life pleasant as well as fantastic practicality, for example, a
4 Composite Materials for Industry, Electronics, and the Environment

variety of household products and also electronic gadgets such as mobile

phones, laptops, excellent sensing gadgets, and so on.1,2 The development
of unique materials usually arrives with the most exciting and worthwhile
era of scientific study in both theoretical as well as experimental aspects.
Considering the cutting-edge material, it generally comes along with
several tricky possibilities to reexamine old issues, along with problems
are drawn that is one of the most desirable things to the scientific society.3
Carbon is one of the most interesting components in the world. In addition
to its characteristics, it consistently had a matter of intense awareness as
well as vital investigation.4–6 Several allotropic types of carbon are popular
including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and so on. Nanoribbon
is the key allotropes of the nanocarbon fraternity. Among these types of
nanocarbon materials (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes graphene, as well as
graphene nanoribbon), graphene is considered the most recently found
member of the carbon family.7 Therefore graphene is the newest allotrope
of carbon found by Sir Andre Geim and coworkers. It is an entirely two-
dimensional (2D) single layer, only one atom thick graphitic material, that
is exceptionally strong as well as an outstanding conductor of electricity
and heat. Due to these kinds of remarkable features such as electronic,
thermal and magnetic features, and 2D structure, graphene has participated
to necessary scientific studies in basic chemistry, physics, and materials
science in addition to condensed matter physics.8,9 Graphene pertains to a
single-atom-layered aromatic carbon material; nevertheless, it is generally
tricky to prevent double or even few layers throughout the synthesis. On
account of the outstanding features, several researchers addressed graphene
as a sensational form of carbon.10 In this manner, graphene has emerged
in form of a new expectation for the whole scientific society. It possesses
extremely high inherent carrier mobility (200,000 cm2/V–1 s–1) and also
displays the thermal conductivity many times higher than that of cupper.
Moreover, it has the huge surface area which is possibly greater than
single-walled carbon nanotube (2630 m2 g–1) and outstanding thermal and
mechanical elastic properties.11,12 The initial study into creating graphene
and derivatives has primarily concentrated on oxidation of graphite. For
instance, the most well-known method to create graphene in scalable quan-
tity is the Hummers method which entails an oxidation–reduction process,
in which the oxidation creates graphene oxide (GO) from graphite and
consequently the reduction transforms the GO to graphene in the existence
of a reluctant, for example, hydrazine or sodium borohydride.13,14 In spite
of this, currently, several strategies are being formulated for immediate as
Graphene-Based Fibers and Their Application 5

well as indirect manufacturing of graphene and its derivatives. It is vital

to point out that use of functionalized as well as customized graphene is
significantly higher than the pure graphene.15 Figure 1.1 shows the scheme
of the modified graphene over pristine graphene (pure graphene).

FIGURE 1.1 Schematic representation of the pristine graphene and modified graphene.

The real-time use of graphene and its derivatives has undoubtedly

faced challenges such as scalable synthesis, storage, as well as appropriate
processing. Consequently, desirable customization is extremely required
on the surface of graphene.16 Within this range, a number of groundbreaking
efforts have been discussed which are primarily related to the inclusion of
various functional moieties on the graphene surface. Among the variety
of modification methods, stabilization and modification of graphene have
drawn substantial attention.17 Nevertheless, several of the commonly
used modifications experience certain severe drawbacks. For example,
several reduction techniques have been applied to complete the reduction
of graphene from GO extracted functional active groups, although, it is
not able to extract oxygen-containing moieties –OH, –COOH, and epoxy
groups.18,19 Thus, the reduction method provides O–H functional groups
on graphene sheets that have a tendency to summate irreversibly. The
irreversible accretion of graphene by means of π–π restacking will signifi-
cantly encumber its production, storage, as well as distort its features.20 As
a result, stabilization as well as functionalization of graphene by means of
modification of the material are required in order to prevent the unwanted
aggregation.21 The aim of this chapter is to summarize the synthesis, prop-
erties, and application of graphene and its nanofibers.

1.2 PREPARATION OF GRAPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVE

Several steps have been developed for the manufacturing of graphene.

However, each and every established strategy has its advantages and
6 Composite Materials for Industry, Electronics, and the Environment

weaknesses. Among the range of methods, chemical exfoliation is the most

typical as well as wieldy employed method; however, it is cumbersome,
timeconsuming, and also includes utilization of very dangerous chemicals
which additionally produce serious environmental difficulties.22 Also,
the structural defects are always established in the graphene sheet, which
are straightly related to the specific features of this wonderful material.
For the micromechanical cleavage (tape method introduced by Geim and
coworker), in this instance, the quality of graphene is superb; nonetheless,
the output is inadequate as well as highly time consuming.23 Likewise,
chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is truly one of the better techniques for
ultrapure graphene synthesis. CVD technique for graphene manufacturing
is costly as well as involves advanced equipment, so it is not extensively
appropriate.24 The electrochemical expansion method of graphene
synthesis is cost effective, environmentally friendly, time effective, and
possibly beneficial for the bulk manufacturing of graphene. Because of
the experimental simplicity as well as simple filtration, this process of
graphene synthesis has broadly been recognized in scientific society.25,26
Lastly, Tour and coworkers have superbly opened up carbon nanotubes to
create nanoribbons. However, the obstacle still remains with a high-yield
technique which can exfoliate graphite effectively into solution-dispersible
graphene sheets without having considerable chemical side effects as well
as structural deterioration of the graphene sheets.27,28 Thus, currently, the
greatest issue for the scientists is to create a facile way for the generation
of pure and single-layer graphene at commercial scale.29 A summary of
graphene synthesis methods is presented in Figure 1.2. Various functional
derivatives of graphene are available based on the requirements in substan-
tial scale by a variety of chemical reagents, which probably consists of an
oxidation–reduction phenomenon.30 The oxidation procedure of graphite
sheets may help the exfoliation of GO sheets from the massive graphitic
layers and the reduction method recovers the conductivity of GO by rees-
tablishing its in-sheet conjugated arrangement. However, in several modi-
fications of graphene sheets restoration of conductivity is impossible.31–33

1.3 CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVE

New technology or breakthrough of any innovative material, a chemical

element, or a sophisticated molecular system involves a number of instru-
mental methods for its detection and filtration in order to balance its basic
Graphene-Based Fibers and Their Application 7

Methods of graphene synthesis.

FIGURE 1.2
8 Composite Materials for Industry, Electronics, and the Environment

features.6,34–36 Among the several methodologies to characterize basic

characteristics of samples (atoms, molecules, or even complex matters),
spectroscopic approaches are the front line choice for the objective.37,38 We
learn about the building of atoms and molecules because of spectroscopy,
which is based on interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Various zones of the electromagnetic spectrum offer unique details due to
such interactions. Therefore, spectroscopy is the study of the interaction
between matter and radiated energy.39,40 In addition, it was found via the
analysis of visible light dispersed based on its wavelength through a prism.
These days, the idea is extended tremendously to consist of any specific
interaction with radiative energy in form of a function of its wavelength
or frequency.41,42 The spectroscopy techniques based on the quantum
mechanics as well as Max Planck’s justification of blackbody radiation,
Albert Einstein’s clarification of the photoelectric effect, and Niels Bohr’s
interpretation of atomic structure as well as spectra.43,44 Spectroscopy is
employed in physical and analytical chemistry due to the fact that atoms
as well as molecules possess specific spectra. Because of this, these
types of spectra are employed to identify, distinguish, as well as quantify
details about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy can be utilized in
astronomy and remote sensing. Among the distinct spectroscopic tech-
niques, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry is one of the
most important instruments for organic chemists and also this approach
has been widely employed by material chemists for recognition as well
as characterization of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene,
and their derivatives.45,46 Chemical composition of carbon has constantly
attracted enormous consideration of entire scientific society and in this
manner graphene is fabulous. Graphene and related nanomaterials are
synthesized via a range of techniques on the basis of practical application
and it also consists of different types of functional activity groups together
with structural units in order that after the finishing of synthesis FTIR
spectrometry performs incredibly vital role in stabilizing features as well
as recognition of these materials; due to the fact FTIR provides direct and
extremely genuine details about which kinds of bonds, functional group,
and structural units is found in sample.47,48 On the basis of this theory,
different kinds of bonds, also various functional groups, absorb infrared
(IR) radiation of distinctive wavelengths. Thus, FTIR spectroscopy is a
superb technique for the recognition of functional groups and it is usually
employed to verify the purity of well-prepared samples.49 Furthermore, it
can be employed in the form of a primary indicator of functional groups
Graphene-Based Fibers and Their Application 9

which are present in an unidentified sample. A number of excellent articles

have been published on different aspects of graphene and characterization
of nanomaterials including graphene and graphene derivatives.9,50 Figure
1.3 shows the structures of GO and graphene with IR active functional
groups and double bonds highlighted by circles (left to right).

FIGURE 1.3 Structures of graphene oxide and graphene with IR active functional groups.

1.4 GRAPHENE AND ITS DERIVATIVE-BASED FIBERS

Graphene is a 2D crystalline layer with a monolayer of carbon atoms

densely packed in an sp2-bonded honeycomb lattice, and is viewed as
an individual layer of the graphitic film in graphite. Graphene possesses
outstanding mechanical, electrical, thermal, as well as optical properties,
and translating these types of features to its constructed macrostructures
is an essential concern for endorsing its application in sensible uses.9,51,52
Graphene-based three-dimensional (3D) aerogels, 2D graphene-based
membranes, and one-dimensional graphene-based fibers are being
produced. As well as, graphene-based membranes maintain the present
world ranking for the lightest material, with a density of 0.16 mg cm−3, and
have shown high-quality ability in the elimination of spilt oils.15 Graphene-
based membranes are generally created by infiltration or even CVD; in
addition, it has a variety of applications in the vast field of energy storage.
Wherein, one-dimensional graphene-based fibers have shown signifi-
cantly better mechanical as well as electrical features in comparison with
graphene-based 3D aerogels and also 2D graphene-based membranes.53,54
One-dimensional graphene-based fibers are versatile as well as wearable.
10 Composite Materials for Industry, Electronics, and the Environment

Certain possible applications of one-dimensional graphene-based fibers

have already been mentioned, such as conducting wires, fiber-shaped
energy-storage gadgets, and worthwhile actuators.17,55–57 In recent
times, substantial endeavors have been generated on the marketing of
one-dimensional graphene-based fiber from laboratory investigation to
commercial applications. In the present section, we impart a state of the
art on one-dimensional graphene-based fiber including their fabrication
methods and the characteristics of fiber building blocks.58,59

1.4.1 FABRICATION METHODS OF GRAPHENE-BASED FIBERS

The leading methods of producing graphene-based fibers are influenced

by those used to create traditional artificial fibers, which primarily consist
of melt spinning as well as solution spinning.60 Graphene has high-
temperature stability; melting temperature of graphene is undoubtedly
4900 K that is actually greater than those of fullerene (4000 K) and also
CNTs (4800 K).61 Producing graphene fibers from graphene constructing
blocks is a procedure of consistently aligning graphene sheets in a uniaxial
direction along which the asymmetrical benefits of graphene are translated
into macroscopic features.62 Due to the unmeltable character of graphene,
it is unfeasible to process graphene into nice fibers by the melt spinning
procedures for polymeric nylon; melt spinning is actually not a choice
for producing graphene-based fibers, although solution spinning is the
suitable method. Hence, the generation of graphene-based fibers should
apply the procedure of solution setup.63 To manufacture graphene-based
fibers in a constant fashion and to accomplish adequately top quality of
the fiber is the primary consideration to enhance the capabilities as well
as overall performance of fibers.64 Consequently, there are certain require-
ments that should be satisfied including high-quantity manufacturing
of solution-processable graphene, dispersibility of perfect graphene in
typical solvents, consistent alignment of graphene, and the connection
among graphene building blocks to maximize the performances.19

1.4.1.1 WET SPINNING METHODS FOR GRAPHENE-BASED FIBERS

The experiment pointed out the following fundamental procedures

in accumulating wet-spun graphene fibers: first step—extruding into
coagulation baths with the uniaxial flow; secondly, phase transition by
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 “Oh, I’ll have a fellow to steady the canoe. A fellow hasn’t got any
control unless he has some weight forward, you know.”
“N—no, I suppose not.”
“A bag of sand is good enough, only there’s no life to a bag of
sand. I like to have a pair of eyes looking at me. A girl’s the best
thing really, only they don’t fit into a race. I can pick out any fellow I
want. Some like more weight than others; it’s just a matter of choice,
there’s no rule. I thought of having Pee-wee for my mascot; he yells
and creates a breeze and that’s good, you know.”
“Did you promise him.”
“Oh no, it’s early yet.”
A pause followed. Billy seemed to wrestle with himself. Then he
spoke.
“Would you be willing to let me do that?”
“Sure—guess so. Only maybe the kid would be disappointed.”
“If you will, I’d like to.”
“It’s only the kid—” Bennett mused doubtfully.
“I asked you first, didn’t I?”
“All right, it’s a go,” said Bennett.
“Thanks,” said Billy Simpson.
When Bennett got to thinking it over afterward he thought it rather
strange that this new scout, who had taken Pee-wee’s place in the
Raven Patrol, had not seemed disposed to yield this other little post
of honor (if indeed it was that) to the redoubtable mascot. That would
have been more scoutlike. It put Billy in a rather unpleasant light,
that ignoring of Pee-wee, and thinking only of himself. It seemed just
a little cold and selfish.
It was the fate of Billy Simpson, not only to have his light hidden
under a bushel, but to be misunderstood as well. But how could
anyone understand him when he hardly understood himself?...
 CHAPTER XXV—BIG BUSINESS
The expeditionary forces were early in starting. The advance
guard, consisting of a few stragglers, set off on the trail around the
lake, bent on mischief. They intended to amuse themselves with
jollying Pee-wee and making fun of whatever childish claptrap he
had contrived.
His famous observation tower near Storehouse Cabin had blown
down before he had the chance to take any observations from it. His
patented springboard had sprung into the lake and floated away. So
the scouts did not think seriously about his bridge. That, too, would
collapse if indeed there was one in existence.
But they reckoned without rue, these scouts. When they reached
the neighborhood of the cove they became aware that operations in
that sequestered spot had been going on on a stupendous scale. At
the farthest outpost from headquarters they came face to face with a
sign which read:
THIS TRAIL FOR THREE DESSERTS
FOLLOW ARROW
A few yards farther along they came upon another sign on which
was a detailed mathematical appeal.
THE NEW WAY
One month scouts .... 90 helpings
Two month scouts .... 180 ”
THE OLD WAY
One month scouts .... 30 helpings
Two month scouts .... 60 ”
A NICKEL TRIPLES YOUR HELPINGS
Still again they came to another one, calculated to stagger them
by sheer weight.
 TONS OF PIE FOR A NICKEL!
MOUNTAINS OF ICE CREAM FOR A NICKEL!
And then they came in sight of the cove. There behind the grocery
box sat Willie Rivers ready for the mad rush for tickets. Howard
Delekson, armed with an enormous stick and looking very much
afraid, was strutting around the float to keep off trespassers. And
Scout Harris stood upon the rescued keg amid a very carnival of
signs, some tempting, others threatening, shouting at the top of his
voice.
He had seen barkers displaying dollar bills held between their
fingers and spreading out like fans to catch the public eye, and an
“inspiration” had seized him to use a large piece of raisin cake as a
kind of flaunting bait. To make this the more piquant, he took a large
bite occasionally, for advertising purposes only.
“Here’s where you buy your tickets!” he screamed, taking a huge
bite. “It costs you only a nickel—five cents! Remember scout
regulation seven! It means you! It means everybody all the time, no
matter what. Trespassers will be persecuted. No trespassing—
absolutely, positively. Anybody that trespasses on this private
property without paying five cents gets his name sent to Tom Slade.
To-day is ice cream day, don’t delay! Five cents to cross this float!
This is the path to three desserts as long as you stay! Follow the
black line! Get your foot off this float—go on! Your nickel is safe, the
cooking shack is in back of us—”
“I don’t see it,” called a voice.
“I mean financially about food,” Pee-wee shouted. “Tickets
honored at messboards or your money back! Hey, Howard, rap any
scout in the shins that sets foot on this float. The cost of desserts
has come down! The problem has been solved by engineering skill.
We may go away from here any time. Now’s your chance!”
There was no doubt about the bridge. If the desserts were as
substantial as the bridge there would be no cause of complaint. And
there were two things (both printed in black) which the scouts of
camp respected. One was regulation seven, the other was
Chocolate Drop. Chocolate Drop was absolutely solvent. The
cooking shack was as good as the Bank of England.
 “Your nickel is safe!” shouted Pee-wee. “Right this way! There’s
where you buy your tickets—get your foot off this float, you North
Carolina scout. Hit him a crack with the stick! Stand back! Private
property! There’s only one way around! The cooking shack is with
us! Maybe the price will go up to-morrow! Maybe it will go up in five
minutes!”
This last thundered warning brought the hesitating misers to their
senses, and financial transactions started on an unprecedented
scale. The surging, clamoring throng in the Stock Exchange was
nothing to it.
“Hurry up, lend us a nickel.”
“Lend me one too, will you?”
“Do you think I’m a millionaire.”
“Hey, lend us a nickel, will you?”
“Positively no trust!” screamed Pee-wee, anticipating a demand
for credit.
Scouts fortunate enough to have loose change with them were
already across the float, hurrying helter-skelter to the promised land.
One or two did a thriving business in small loans, accepting
promissory notes of pie or pudding as security. Those who could not
borrow gazed wistfully at the passing show, under the stern and
watchful eye of Howard Delekson.
“Hey, give us a bite, Pee-wee?” the financially embarrassed
shouted.
“Buy your tickets!” shouted Pee-wee, disdaining to answer.
As the scouts, singly, in pairs, and in small groups, passed across
the float, the merry jingle of money sounded in the tin-box behind the
ticket office, and mingled harmoniously with the other sounds of
hustling prosperity. As the scouts reached the opposite shore of the
cove they hiked away through the woods, talking, laughing, jesting,
till the woods echoed with their voices. Some arrived in canoes to
see the fun, but these were refused tickets, because they had not
hiked around. Pee-wee’s operations were conducted strictly on the
square.
It was to the credit of all, particularly the loiterers who had no
funds, that no one forced a crossing to the happy domain beyond. It
is true that some, in their eagerness, advanced far enough to be
reminded of a scout’s honor by a vigorous rap in the shins. But no
one sneaked across.
The news of this colossal enterprise spread like wildfire, and now
scouts came in droves and stood in line to purchase tickets. Dorry
Benton took a snapshot of the scene, but alas, it could not reproduce
Scout Harris’s voice.
“As long as you stay!” he shouted, waving his small remaining
fragment of cake and looking scornfully upon the loiterers; “even if
you stay till Thanksgiving. Then you’ll get three anyway, and three
more makes six! The chance of a life time! Watch them cross! O-o-o-
h! Watch them cross! They can’t wait! It’s only half an hour to
dinnertime! A nickel well spent! Cross the eats bridge while it’s still
here. O-o-o-h! Use the Hop-toad dessert multiplying system! The
cooking shack is back of us with all its vast resources—push that
feller back, hurry up! Only a few more tickets left. We start on
another cruise to-night! O-o-o-o-h! Here’s where you get your
tickets!”
By noontime the crowd began thinning out and business slowed
down. Pee-wee gazed anxiously across the lake at the signal poles
but no sign of weakening was there at Cooking Shack. No signal to
withdraw the offer was to be seen.
Chocolate Drop stood the run, the greatest run on any cooking
shack in financial history. He smilingly made each scout sign his
name on his ticket and drop it in a bread-pan. He stood ready to pay
in full, remarking only, “What dat kid up to next! Lordy, Lordy! He use
up ebry last bit of flour I got! I done got not—one—last—cranberry—
left! Lordy, he do hab some inspirize! He cer’n’ly do, dat kid!”
The boisterous procession had entirely ceased when Brent
Gaylong came ambling around, bought a ticket in the most solemn
manner, and went his way. He did not much care for desserts, but he
wished to pay his tribute to Pee-wee, whom he greatly admired.
In a little while the sound of the dinner-horn sounded faintly across
the water and the hero who had made the camp safe for three
desserts, was reminded that his own stock of provisions was running
low. Business was at a standstill now, and as the adventurers sat on
the float counting their gains, they were conscious of an inner
craving which their depleted commissary could not supply. Some of
their provisions had been lost in the sanguinary battle of the burs,
while other edibles had been freely used for advertising purposes.
It now appeared that what remained was the subject of attack by
an army of ants which decorated the food like ornamental cloves on
a ham. It seemed likely that the enterprise was all over. And since
the ants were likewise all over, the speculators considered what they
had better do.
They had begun as poor boys; they were now worth two dollars
each. Their operation on that foreign shore had been perfectly
legitimate; just as legitimate as Uncle Sam’s enterprise in Panama,
where the precedent of charging tolls was established. But the ants
were hurrying back and forth across cake and bread and had even
penetrated to the fastness of the sugar can. They lurked among the
corn flakes. And the edible territory not thus conquered was wet.
“I tell you what let’s do,” said Pee-wee; “there are two things we
can do. We can hike down to Catskill and buy ice cream and candy
and go to the movies. I know a trail that goes into the Catskill road
from here. Or we can drift across the lake and get there for dinner.”
“I say let’s go down to Catskill,” said Willie Rivers.
“I say let’s drift across,” said Howard Delekson.
“I’ve got an inspiration!” shouted Pee-wee. “Let’s hike down to
Catskill and buy a lot of stuff—jaw breakers, those are my favorite
things because they last longer and you get four for a cent. And we’ll
have some sodas, too. Come ahead, get your staff and push out
from shore.”
He wet his finger and held it up to determine the direction of the
breeze. The side of his finger that felt the first chill settled this matter
definitely. Never in all Pee-wee’s life had it settled it correctly, but that
made not the slightest difference to him. His faith was boundless.
“It’s blowing over toward the camp,” he said; “it’s due east. We’ll
drift over in about five minutes. Come ahead, push. Push as hard as
you can.”
 CHAPTER XXVI—MAROONED
“All the things you said made me hungry,” Willie Rivers shyly
confessed. “The way you talked made me hungry.”
“Me too,” said Howard.
The gallant bark Hop-toad was now clear of the shore and sailing
majestically.
“It’s going in a direction south by south!” shouted Pee-wee,
frantically holding up his finger, as if to reprove the deceiving breeze.
“I can tell because it’s going the other way from the way I thought it
would go.”
“Won’t we get any dinner?” Willie asked.
“How am I to blame if the breeze doesn’t do like it says it’s going
to do?” Pee-wee demanded. “If we held a rag up somebody might
think it was a flag of truce.”
“We’re not having a war, are we?” Howard ventured to ask.
Pee-wee was too busy poling the float to answer. His scout staff
touched bottom, and as the float moved the water became shallower,
until soon there was a scraping sound beneath them and the float
refused to be pushed any farther. Not only that, it refused to be
pushed in any direction whatsoever. It did consent to turn a little like
a merry-go-round, but thought better of it presently and became as
motionless as a stubborn mule.
“It’s grounded,” Pee-wee said; “come on, push hard; push with all
your might.”
The united strength of the three adventurers failed to budge the
lumbering float. It sat securely on the gravelly bottom and all the
king’s horses and all the king’s men couldn’t start it moving again.
“We’re marooned!” Pee-wee shouted. “That means kind of like
being on a desert island only there isn’t any island; it’s a desert float,
but it’s just as good. We’re on a reef; you can tell a reef by closing
your eyes and opening them all of a sudden and looking very sudden
at the water. It’ll seem kind of gray, like, where the reef is.”
Both of the younger scouts squinted their eyes, in accordance
with this valuable bit of nautical lore, but saw nothing. Pee-wee had
tried it on every lake and river he had ever seen but never had it
revealed anything under the water. It was his choicest bit of scout
knowledge with one exception. That was his device for getting a light
without matches, only he had to light a match in order to see to work
it.
The spot where they were now marooned was a shallow area of
the lake near the scene of their sensational adventures. But a few
yards of unfathomable depth (six feet deep at least) lay between
them and the shore. As for the camp shore, that seemed miles upon
miles away, but they could see the sportive smoke circling above the
cooking shack, and they gazed wistfully at it, as they thought of the
hot stew and boiled potatoes which were being served at the
messboards.
In their minds’ eyes, they saw mounds of ice cream standing in
saucers, surrounded by little lakes of melted cream. And on each
luscious island a cherry, marooned. Not only one helping did their
fancy picture forth, but three helpings.
That Pee-wee himself should have sung of these delights (or
rather shouted) and that now they should escape him! That he
should bellow forth the joys of ice cream and cake and then not have
any!
“Let’s send them a signal that we’re starving,” Willie suggested.
“There are four crackers in that box, let’s eat them,” said Pee-wee.
“I guess they’re having roast beef,” said Howard; “they have it on
Wednesdays.”
“I saw Chocolate Drop killing some chickens,” said Willie. “I like
the part with the wishbone best.”
“I like roast beef because it’s got all brown gravy over it,” Howard
observed; “I like dumplings, too.”
“Do you like apple dumplings?” Willie asked.
“Yes, but I like cottage pudding better. I like corn fritters, too.”
“Will you shut up!” screamed Pee-wee.
 “Can’t we even talk about it?”
“No, you can’t talk about it,” Pee-wee said, pouring the last
remaining crumbs out of a biscuit box into his hand and lapping them
up with his tongue.
“I guess they’re just about starting with dessert now; hey?” said
Willie.
“I can kind of smell cooking; anyway I think I can,” said Howard.
“We’ve got six dollars anyway,” said Willie.
“We’re foiled!” Pee-wee shouted. “What good is six dollars? We
promised we wouldn’t go in the water and we can’t get to camp. I
know a way to cook moss if you’re starving, only I haven’t got any
moss and if I did have, I haven’t got any matches.”
“I can see all those signs about desserts and things; look over
there toward the cove,” said Willie. “Don’t you know you said the way
to see was by taking off your jacket and holding up your sleeve so as
to kind of make a telescope out of it—don’t you remember? Do you
think we’ll be peruned long?”
“Now you’re talking about prunes!” Pee-wee fairly yelled in
despair.
“Don’t you like prunes?” Willie asked innocently.
 CHAPTER XXVII—RETURN OF THE PRODIGAL
We will not describe the sufferings of the marooned Hop-toads.
Under direction of Scout Harris they tried several of the most
approved expedients for preserving life in such perilous
predicaments as theirs.
Pee-wee knew of a way, highly popular in the days of the
explorers, of extracting nourishment from shoe leather by soaking it
in water. But the life-giving soup thus produced was not palatable.
These things are matters of taste, and this did not taste good.
“I know a way, a scout way, to make fishes come to you by
focussing the sun with your watch crystal,” said Pee-wee; “and I can
light a piece of paper that way, too. That’s the way pioneers do when
they haven’t any fishing tackle, only they use quartz crystal or maybe
a locket with their mother’s picture in it; you can use anything that
shines.”
Pee-wee’s canteen, his aluminum saucepan, his watch and his
star scout badge, were used to deflect a tempting spot of brightness
into the water, but the only thing that ventured near it was an
inquiring pollywog, which whisked away again disgusted with the
ruse. Nevertheless, the Hoptoad Patrol seemed greatly edified at this
wisdom of scout lore.
“Wait a minute,” said Pee-wee, excitedly, “there’s oil in bone and
oil is nourishing because don’t you know cod liver oil? Scouts in the
Great North Woods get oil out of deer’s horns; you don’t ever need
to starve if you’re a scout. Let’s take the buttons off our shirts and
pound them up and we’ll get some oil. You have to mix water with it.”
A dozen or more buttons were contributed to this culinary
enterprise and the result was a gritty concoction not unlike silver
polish. Pee-wee pretended to eat this with a relish but the others
rebelled. The very mention of cod liver oil had been sufficient for
Willie Rivers.
 “Don’t you know oil of wintergreen?” Pee-wee said
contemptuously. “Sailors can live on the oil from turtles’ shells.”
“Why don’t they eat the turtles?” Howard asked innocently.
“Because maybe they already ate them!” Pee-wee shouted at him.
“Maybe they were in the last pangs of hunger. That shows how much
you know about scouting.”
“Do you have to be hungry to know about scouting?” Howard
summoned the courage to inquire.
“You have to be resourceful,” Pee-wee said. “Now I can see which
way the breeze is blowing, because look at the smoke over the
cooking shack; it’s blowing away from the lake. That means it’s going
to rain to-night, and to-morrow there’ll be more water in the lake and
we’ll float away.”
“Won’t we have any dinner till then?” Willie asked.
“Sure we will,” Pee-wee answered, “because Nature is full of food
only you have to know how to get it. You can’t starve because
Nature is abundant.”
“How soon will it be abundant?” Howard asked.
It was not abundant throughout that afternoon at all events, and
three more desperately hungry scouts were never seen disporting
amid Nature’s bounty. It was just short of suppertime, in fact, when
they were discovered and the nature of their predicament suspected.
Then a couple of scouts rowed out and brought them to camp.
Pee-wee carried the tin box containing his share of the profits
accruing from their adventurous voyage and this jingling receptacle
of treasure, together with his somewhat rakish aspect, gave him not
a little the appearance of a pirate of old. A flippant crowd awaited the
rescued mariners at the shore.
“What are you going to do now, Kid? Settle down and live a
respectable life?” one asked.
“Are you going to bury your treasure? Up behind the woodshed is
a good place. Three paces from the trunk of the big elm tree—”
“We’re going to eat,” said Pee-wee.
“You arrived by boat I believe?” a scout asked. “That’s too bad.
Otherwise you might have had three desserts at dinner. We expect
to have three at supper. Ain’t we got fun? You just ought to see us.
It’s really well worth seeing. We charge nothing—absolutely,
positively. We’ll expect you to supper then?”
“Oh do come; don’t miss it,” chimed in another.
“Hey Delicatessen,” a scout shouted at Howard; “you’ve got to go
home, your mother sent for you. How do you like a life on the ocean
wave, Willie Rivers? Going to settle down and reform now?”
“I’m going to eat first,” said Willie Rivers.
 CHAPTER XXVIII—BRENT AND PEE-WEE
The unexpected return of the Hop-toad Patrol and its almost
immediate dissolution had some very far-reaching consequences at
Temple Camp.
Howard Delekson had to go home and Willie Rivers’ parents
stopped at camp with their auto and took him for an extended tour of
the Catskills. So Pee-wee became in fact a free lance. This did not
trouble Artie Van Arlen because he knew that once back in
Bridgeboro Pee-wee would start a new patrol of permanent
residents, and probably make a success of it. It would be a joke
patrol, but that would be better than a lifeless patrol of which there
are many. You can’t keep a good scout down.
But there was one at Temple Camp whose amusement at Pee-
wee turned to sympathy as he saw the sturdy little scout going about
by himself, always busy, yet sometimes lingering wistfully around the
Ravens’ cabin. This quiet, keen observer was Brent Gaylong.
Pee-wee was so much a camp institution, and had been so
thoroughly a raven of the Ravens that it seemed grotesque to
observe him now, emerging from the wreck of his own disbanded
enterprise without any troop home. He seemed to be flopping around
like a fish out of water. Probably he was in need of no sympathy or
assistance, being a host in himself. But the sight of him and the
thought of him impressed good old Brent so much that he stopped
the Lone Star, as Pee-wee was now called, and had a little chat with
him. It was on the veranda of the main pavilion where Brent liked to
sit tilted back with his long legs against the railing.
“Anything new?”
“Sure, everything’s new, I got a lot of new ideas. I’m going to get a
snapshot of Connie Bennett when he’s racing and I’m going to give a
print to each member of the Elks. I can get a dandy snapshot
because I’m going to sit in the canoe with him, because I did last
summer.”
“If he wins,” laughed Brent.
“Sure he’ll win, because we’ve got to keep that cup in our troop—I
mean his troop. Gee whiz, I keep forgetting. I bet they’ll be glad to
get those snapshots, hey?”
“If he wins,” laughed Brent.
“Sure he’ll win; we’ve—they’ve got to win—the Bridgeboro troop.”
“Wish you were back in it?” Brent drawled.
“Sure, now that the race is coming on. Gee whiz, I was in that
patrol since it started—I was in it before it started even, because I
was with Doc. Carson when he thought of it. We were drinking sodas
in Bennett’s—that’s in Bridgeboro—and he said the Ravens would
be a good name and I said yes, only we’d have to wear black scarfs
and I hate black but that’s not saying I don’t like licorice. Yum, yum!
Anyway, I like Billy Simpson only most of the fellows don’t, because
he doesn’t mix in with them, I guess. When he shook hands with me,
oh baby, didn’t he twist my hand! He’s awful strong in the wrist, that
feller is. Do you know how to not make a noise when you sneeze? I
can do that. That’s good when you’re stalking.”
“He shook hands with you? Talked with you?”
“Sure, he’s not mad at me.”
“You get kind of lonesome sleeping in the dormitory?”
“Gee whiz, you can’t be lonesome when you’re asleep.”
“No, that’s true. But when you’re awake.”
“Part of the time I’m eating. I bet you don’t know how to tell if it’s
going to be cold by moss.”
“No. You go up to the cabin much?”
“Sure I do, because all those fellers live in my town, don’t they? El
Sawyer lives right across the way from me. You know him, don’t
you? He’s got a birthmark on his neck but you can’t see it. It’s the
shape of Australia. That’s one place I’d like to go to—Australia. I bet
it’s nice there.”
“Ed and Grove Bronson, they’re in the Ravens, aren’t they?”
“Sure, didn’t I bring them in? I knew how to handle their mother, all
right. They’ve got an Airedale in their house.”
 “And Benton?”
“He’s in the Silver Foxes, that’s Roy Blakeley’s patrol. I can beat
him in an argument, I mean Roy. He’s a special chum of mine. My
patrol has, now you count them; Artie Van Arlen, Doc. Carson, Grove
Bronson, Ed Bronson, Punkin Odell and Wig Weigand and El
Sawyer and myself—I mean Billy Simpson.”
“And I bet you’d join again if there was a vacant place, now
wouldn’t you? I bet you’re sorry you ever left them.”
The question seemed to strike home. It subdued Pee-wee in an
instant. He was sitting on the railing and to Brent’s surprise he turned
his head and looked out across the lake.
“Am I right? Huh?”
He only nodded his head up and down and kept looking away. It
was funny how that casual question just caught him and silenced
him, as a cloth thrown over its cage will suddenly silence a singing
bird....
 CHAPTER XXIX—BRENT AND SIMPSON
Brent Gaylong understood Pee-wee, and he understood Temple
Camp. The next day, as if by accident, he fell in with Billy Simpson.
Gaylong had a kind of genius for falling in with people by accident.
Billy was scrutinizing a rock along the trail which went up through the
woods to the main road.
“Scout signs?” Brent queried.
“Looks like a turn to left sign,” said Billy, still absorbed in it; “but I
don’t see any trail to the left, do you?”
“Why don’t you get one of the fellows to help you, Simpson? I
mean, to show you the trails around here. Any one of them would be
glad to. Must be kind of hard, doping things out by yourself.”
“I guess that’s the way I’m made,” said Billy.
“You know, Simp—”
“That’s a good name for me, I guess.”
“Oh, I didn’t mean it that way,” said Brent, lifting himself lazily onto
a stone wall in a familiar, friendly way. His very manner of doing this
encouraged Simpson to do the same.
“You know, Simpson, you can’t expect two hundred fellows to run
after you. You’re only one; you’ve got to run after them.”
“Don’t rub it in,” said Simpson, “I know I’m not popular.”
“You were so enthusiastic that night we were out on the lake,”
Brent said kindly. “I think the trouble is you don’t mix in; you don’t let
them know what you can do.”
“Look at Everson—”
”I know, but Everson did something big; he saved a fellow’s life.
You do something big and then’ll fall all over themselves; they’ll
make a pathway to your door as old somebody-or-other said. That’s
the short, quick way. Otherwise you just have to mix in.”
 “Yes,” said Billy with a pitiful air of self disgust, “but there are
scouts here that don’t do anything so very big and they—look at
Blakeley.”
“I know, Blakeley has personality, he attracts, sort of like a
magnet.”
“So have you,” said Billy.
“Thanks,” Brent said.
“Trouble with me is I want to do something big and I don’t know
how to do it. What you said about little stuff and little scouts sticks in
my mind. I know I don’t feel at home with them. That isn’t my fault, is
it?”
“Surely not,” said Brent, thoughtfully, as if he were honestly trying
to understand this strange, unhappy fellow.
“I just can’t hand a trustee a whisk-broom and—you know what I
mean. And it’s the same with stunts. If I can’t do something big I
won’t do anything at all.”
“Well, that’s the heroic spirit, I suppose,” Brent mused, trying to
favor Billy and to see his side of the thing.
“Oh, I guess nobody understands,” Billy said, disheartened with
himself.
“You needn’t be afraid to open up with me,” said Brent in his
whimsical way. “I’m a good target; all you have to do is just shoot.
You see I haven’t got any talents and things to frighten you away
with.... What seems to be the trouble, Billy?” he shot out suddenly.
That quick, friendly candor, seeming to invite candor in return,
caught Billy Simpson the same as it had caught Pee-wee. You could
not get away from old Doctor Gaylong....
“Oh, I don’t know,” said Billy, despairingly. “I can’t understand
myself, I suppose. Maybe you’ll understand. All alone by myself I can
do things—”
“Paddle,” Brent reminded him cheerily.
“Yes, and in the presence of a great big crowd I could do
something—I wouldn’t care if a million people were watching me. If I
saw big crowds standing around and they were cheering and all that,
I’d forget myself and wouldn’t be—”
“Self-conscious? Sure, go on,” said Brent.
 “I wouldn’t be afraid then. I suppose you think I’m crazy, huh?
Afraid of a dozen or so fellows and not afraid of a thousand! I can’t
do anything unless I forget myself. Maybe you’ll say I’m just
spectacular. I guess I’m morbid. I’m all the time dreaming about
being a hero—”
“And meanwhile you don’t make friends,” Brent said kindly.
“I can’t help it, I can’t butt in, I just can’t.”
There followed a pause. Brent felt very sorry for this fellow who
could not seem to fall in line with others; who could overcome his
shyness and self-consciousness only on some occasion quite out of
his reach. Those who dream of being heroes are seldom heroes.
Billy did not seem to fit into the scout program or the scout habit. And
his undoubted talents were going to waste.
“Will Simpson,” drawled Brent, partly to cheer him and partly to
come around to the main purpose of the talk, “I’ll say this much for
you—you’re not little. You may be even too big for this crowd. Only
you’re not having much fun. Anyway, you’re no sharpen-the-pencil-
for-teacher scout. You’re no tie-my-handkerchief-in-a-knot-so-as-not-
to-forget-my-good-turn scout, that’s sure.”
“Thanks,” said Billy; “I started out that way but you set me right.”
“I’m like a guide-post,” laughed Brent; “I point the way but never
go there. I wonder whether you’d be interested in a—what you might
call a middle class good turn, Simpson? I’ve got a job lot of good
turns I’m trying to dispose of. This one isn’t very big, and it isn’t very
little. It’s a little under your size perhaps. What would you think of
letting Harris sit in the boat with Bennett in the races? It seems he
did that last summer, and he’s sort of counting on it. He has an
inspiration, it seems; you know he gets those. I guess nobody has
told him about you being promised the place. I don’t suppose you
care two straws about it.”
“If I hadn’t cared about it I wouldn’t have asked,” said Billy.
“Good,” said Brent, “then that makes the good turn all the gooder.
It sort of comes up to your size—”
“I’m not willing to do it,” Simpson broke in.
“Oh,” said Brent, rather taken aback; “all right, I just thought I’d
ask. You’re in the kid’s patrol, or rather he used to be in your patrol,
and I thought maybe you’d be interested in him. He’s kind of—kind of
an odd number just now. Poor little codger. He’s full of troop spirit
and he wants to be there when Bennett pulls in. I think Bennett will
win, don’t you?”
“He’s got a kinky side and he works too hard,” said Simpson. “He’ll
win if he doesn’t go to pieces.”
“Well then, why not let the kid act as ballast? Acting as ballast,
you wouldn’t exactly call that something big, would you? You and I
were chatting about good turns and all that sort of stuff; now here’s
one made to order for you. A middle sized one, that’s what I call it....
Not interested?”
“Nothing doing,” said Simpson.
“Well then, the kid will have to stand on shore. I only thought—
he’s sort of—sort of—out—”
“Oh yes, I know,” said Simpson. “I suppose you think it would be a
good thing for me to get out of the Raven Patrol and let him go back
in.”
“I never thought of that,” said Brent, not unkindly but with a little
suggestion of disappointment and surprise. “I’d call that something
really big. Almost too big.”
“The largest size made, huh?” said Billy. “Well, you needn’t worry,
I’m not going to do that just at present. I’m not a quitter.”
“Well, there’s no hard feeling?” Brent asked, still sorry for him. “If I
happen to have a job lot of heroic acts, vast multitude stuff, I’ll bring
them around and let you look them over. You may find something to
fit you.”
There was just the faintest note of sarcasm in this last remark,
and Billy Simpson realized that he had lost some measure of regard
from the only real friend he had in camp.
 CHAPTER XXX—THE COMING EVENT
Brent said nothing of his talk with Simpson, but in some
mysterious way these things get abroad in a large camp, and it came
to be known that Billy Simpson had refused to yield his place in the
canoe to Pee-wee. No one would have thought twice about it except
for Pee-wee’s position and the fact that he was such a universal
favorite.
That Simpson should hold Connie Bennett to a casual promise in
a matter so trifling caused the camp to look on him with a kind of
tolerant contempt. He had never been popular but now he became
unpopular. To Brent it seemed that the scout who had wanted to do
something big had done something unspeakably small. But he did
not say this. The view that most scouts took of it was that it was too
small to talk about.
Nor was there time to talk or think about it, for the big event was
now close at hand, and the three patrols of the Bridgeboro troop
united in the troop cause of keeping the Mary Temple Cup in their
own scout circle. “United we stand, divided we sprawl,” said Roy
Blakeley; “when we race and when we eat we’re all one—we’re a
league of rations.”
About the most pathetic sight at Temple Camp was Pee-wee,
aroused by this troop spirit, united with his old colleagues in the
common cause; shouting, boasting, denouncing, arguing, belittling,
extolling, predicting, like the loyal little rooter that he was.
He won the big race twenty times a day, and several times in his
dreams each night. He championed even the Silver Foxes, and the
Elks, of which Connie Bennett was leader, were the subjects of his
unstinted eulogy. There were no patrols now, just the troop, and he
was for it if not of it. He had his camera ready for a close snapshot of
Connie if chance should still smile on him and let him sit in that
canoe. He made a new pole for the troop pennant which the canoe