Chemical Engineering of Polymers:

Production of Functional and Flexible

Materials 1st Edition Omari V.
Mukbaniani
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/chemical-engineering-of-polymers-production-of-funct
ional-and-flexible-materials-1st-edition-omari-v-mukbaniani/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Science and Technology of Polymers and Advanced

Materials Applied Research Methods 1st Edition Omari V.
Mukbaniani (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/science-and-technology-of-
polymers-and-advanced-materials-applied-research-methods-1st-
edition-omari-v-mukbaniani-editor/

Composite Materials for Industry, Electronics, and the

Environment: Research and Applications 1st Edition
Omari V Mukbaniani

https://textbookfull.com/product/composite-materials-for-
industry-electronics-and-the-environment-research-and-
applications-1st-edition-omari-v-mukbaniani/

Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Fourth

Edition: Volume 3A: Chemical and Biochemical Reactors
and Reaction Engineering R. Ravi

https://textbookfull.com/product/coulson-and-richardsons-
chemical-engineering-fourth-edition-volume-3a-chemical-and-
biochemical-reactors-and-reaction-engineering-r-ravi/

Nanostructured, Functional, and Flexible Materials for

Energy Conversion and Storage Systems 1st Edition
Alagarsamy Pandikumar

https://textbookfull.com/product/nanostructured-functional-and-
flexible-materials-for-energy-conversion-and-storage-systems-1st-
edition-alagarsamy-pandikumar/
Computational and experimental analysis of functional
materials 1st Edition Reshetnyak

https://textbookfull.com/product/computational-and-experimental-
analysis-of-functional-materials-1st-edition-reshetnyak/

Composite Materials Engineering Modeling and Technology

1st Edition Alexander V. Vakhrushev (Editor)

https://textbookfull.com/product/composite-materials-engineering-
modeling-and-technology-1st-edition-alexander-v-vakhrushev-
editor/

Production Management of Chemical Industries 1st

Edition Kiran R. Golwalkar (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/production-management-of-
chemical-industries-1st-edition-kiran-r-golwalkar-auth/

Conformations-Connecting the Chemical Structures and

Material Behaviors of Polymers 1st Edition Alan E.
Tonelli (Author)

https://textbookfull.com/product/conformations-connecting-the-
chemical-structures-and-material-behaviors-of-polymers-1st-
edition-alan-e-tonelli-author/

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics 1st Edition

V. Babu

https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-engineering-
thermodynamics-1st-edition-v-babu/
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
OF POLYMERS
Production of
Functional and Flexible Materials
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
OF POLYMERS
Production of
Functional and Flexible Materials

Edited by
Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc
Marc J. M. Abadie, DSc
Tamara N. Tatrishvili, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Waretown, NJ 08758
Canada USA
© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-445-7 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-36598-5 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re-
cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher
or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors
as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowl-
edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017952488
Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation
and identification without intent to infringe.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

International Caucasian Symposium on Polymers and Advanced Materials (4th : 2015 : Batumi,
Georgia) Chemical engineering of polymers : production of functional and flexible materials
/ edited by Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc, Marc J. M. Abadie, DSc, Tamara N. Tatrishvili, PhD.
Papers presented at the 4th International Caucasian Symposium on Polymers and Advanced
Materials held at Batumi Black sea beach, Georgia July 1-4, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-445-7 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-36598-5 (PDF)
1. Polymers--Congresses. 2. Chemical engineering--Congresses.
I. Mukbaniani, Omari V., editor II. Abadie, Marc J. M., editor III. Tatrishvili, Tamara N, editor
IV. Title.
TP1081.I58 2017 668.9 C2017-905795-2 C2017-905796-0

CIP data on file with US Library of C

​ o​ ngress

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
CONTENTS

List of Contributors..........................................................................................ix
List of Abbreviations..................................................................................... xvii
About the Editors........................................................................................... xxi
Preface.........................................................................................................xxiii

PART I: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION........................................................1

1. Copolymerization of Aniline P-Phenylenediamine in an Acetic
Acid Medium...................................................................................................3
A. H. Durgaryan, NA. Durgaryan, R. H. Arakelyan,
and N. A. Miraqyan
2. Free-Radical Frontal Polymerization of Acrylamide in the
Presence of Nano and Micro Additives.......................................................15
A. O. Tonoyan and S. P. Davtyan
3. Influence of Ph on the Structuring of Zetag 9014® Type of
Cationic Polymers.........................................................................................23
E. Alvarenga, L. Hayrapetyan, S. Hayrapetyan, G. Pirumyan,
E. Govasmark, and B. Salbu
4. Aromatic Azides and Pentazenes in Multistep Radical
Polymerization...............................................................................................41
V. G. Syromyatnikov, D. G. Vyshnevsky, and A. Yu. Kolendo
5. Synthesis and Adsorption Properties of 4-Aminostyrene and
Methacrylic Acid Copolymer, Immobilized in Situ on
Silica Surface.................................................................................................49
E. Yanovska, L. Vretik, D. Sternik, O. Kychkiruk, O. Nikolaeva,
and M. Melnyk
6. Synthesis of Polyarylates Containing Ether Bonds in
Macromolecules.............................................................................................61
G. Papava, N. Dokhturishvili, N. Gelashvili , M. Gurgenishvili,
K. Papava, I. Chitrekashvili, and Z. Tabukashvili
vi Contents

7. Synthesis of Polyarylates on the Base of Nucleus Bisphenols

in High Boiling Solvents ..............................................................................73
G. Papava, N. Maisuradze, E. Gavashelidze, Sh. Papava,
M. Gurgenishvili, I. Chitrekashvili, and V. Sherozia

PART II: COMPOSITES AND NANOPARTICLES.........................................85

8. Structure and Properties of the Polystyrene/Fullerene
Composite Films............................................................................................87
O. Alekseeva, N. Bagrovskaya, and A. Noskov
9. Composites on the Basis of Sawdust with Some Organic
and Inorganic Binders................................................................................103
O. Mukbaniani, J. Aneli, G. Buzaladze, E. Markarashvili,
and T. Tatrishvili
10. Aging Process of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized In Situ
in Aqueous Solutions of Polyacrylamides................................................. 119
Nataliya Kutsevol, Vasyl Chumachenko, Yuliia Harahuts, and
Andriy Marinin
11. Microscale Temperature Visualization in Silver
Nanoparticle Doped Polymer Nanocomposite..........................................129
N. Ponjavidze and G. Petriashvili
12. Polyaniline-Co3O4 Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Structural,
Morphological, Optical and Electrical Properties...................................139
Z. Hesari and B. Shirkavand Hadavand
13. Strategy for Nanohybridized Synthesis of MAMBOX Systems.............147
M. Donadze and T. Agladze
14. New Composite Polymer Electrolyte Based on PVDF
with the Addition of TiO2............................................................................165
G. S. Askarova, K. A. Ablayeva, A. P. Kurbatov, and Ye. S. Sivokhina
15. Dextran-Polyacrylamide as Nanocarrier for Targeted Delivery
of Anticancer Drugs into Tumor Cells.......................................................183
P. Telegeeva, N. Kutsevol, S. Filipchenko, and G. Telegeev
16. Investigation Photothermal and Photooptical Energy Conversions
in Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Doped Nanocomposites
for the Modeling of Cancer Cells Visualization and
Photothermal Cancer Therapy..................................................................195
K. Chubinidze and M. Chubinidze
Contents vii

17. Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Polyurethane

Composites Containing Polyaniline–CuO Nanocomposites....................207
Z. Hesari and B. Shirkavand Hadavand

PART III: MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES.................................................213

18. Fundamentals and Challenges in Curing Process....................................215
Marc J. M. Abadie
19. New Polymer Metal Complexes Based β-Diketone and
Lanthanides for OLEDs.............................................................................231
I. Savchenko, A. Berezhnytska, and Ya. Fedorov
20. Intergel Systems: Highly Effective Instruments for Rare
Earth Elements Extraction from Industrial Solutions............................267
T. K. Jumadilov, Zh. A. Abilov, and R. G. Kondaurov
21. Investigation of a Complex Formation Process of Copper
with Fulvic Acids.........................................................................................281
T. Makharadze, G. Supatashvili, and G. Makharadze
22. HgBa2Ca2Cu3Oy Superconductor Prepared by Vapor
Diffusion Process.........................................................................................287
T. Lobzhanidze, I. Metskhvarishvili, G. Dgebuadze, B. Bendeliani,
M. Metskhvarishvili, and V. Gabunia
23. Study of Temperature Dependence of Specific Resistance of Nickel-
Tungsten Coating on Copper ....................................................................295
T. Marsagishvili, G. Mamniashvili, G. Tatishvili, N. Ananiashvili, M.
Gachechiladze, and J. Metreveli
24. Topology of Formation of Latexes in Heterogeneous Static
Monomer-Water Systems ..........................................................................301
A. A. Hovhannisyan, M. Khaddazh, N. G. Grigoryan, G. K. Grigoryan,
and O. A. Zhuravleva
25. Synthesis and Research of Some Phtalocyaninic Dyes with
Cu, Zn for Testing in the Systems of Solar Cells Type ............................309
S. Robu, G. Dragalina, A. Popusoi, N. Nasedkina, A. Covali,
and T. Potlog
26. Polymeric Recording Media Based on Carbazole Containing
Copolymers and Benzoxyphthalocyanines of Transition Metals ...........319
S. Robu, M. Abadie, I. Andries, A. Chirita, N. Nasedchina, A. Ivancic,
and O. Corsac
viii Contents

27. Buckminsterfullerene-Pyrrolidines as Promising Antioxidants in

Polymer Materials ......................................................................................329
Eldar B. Zeynalov and Matanat Ya. Magerramova
28. Design and Photocatalytic Properties of
Semiconductor/Dye//Polymer Thin Film Photocatalysts ........................345
O. Linnik, O. Nadtoka, N. Chorna, N. Smirnova,
and V. Syromyatnikov
29. Graded Zone Stretching of the Linear Polymers ....................................361
L. Nadareishvili, N. Topuridze, L. Sharashidze, and I. Pavlenishvili
30. Possibilities of Current Carrying Superconducting
Polymer-Ceramic Nanocomposites Obtainment .....................................371
S. P. Davtyan and A. O. Tonoyan

PART IV: GREEN CHEMISTRY AND RECYCLING...................................385

31. The Influence of Rubber Recyclate Morphology on the
Properties of Rubber-Asphalt Composite ................................................387
M. Sienkiewicz, H. Janik, K. Borzedowska, and Sz. Konkel
32. Degradation of Modified TPS in the Natural and
Industrial Compost.....................................................................................397
H. Janik, M. Sienkiewicz, M. Wawrowska, K. Wiecierzycka,
and A. Przybytek
33. Renewable Resources for Polyurethanes and Polyurethane
Composites: A Review ................................................................................407
J. T. Haponiuk, A. Hejna, Ł. Piszczyk, J. Datta, and K. Formela
34. Modification of Polyethylene Films via Photochemical Reaction ..........433
V. Smokal, O. Krupka, A. Kolendo, and V. Syromyatnikov
Index..............................................................................................................443
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Marc J. M. Abadie
Institute Charles Gerhardt of Montpellier – Agreggates, Interfaces and Materials for Energy (ICGM –
AIME, UMR CNRS 5253), University Montpellier, Place Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5,
France, E-mail: abadie@univ-montp2.fr & marc@ntu.edu.sg

Zh. A. Abilov
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi ave,
71, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan

K. A. Ablayeva
Center of Physical and Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Tole bi Str. 96a, 050012, Almaty,
Kazakhstan

T. Agladze
Georgian Technical University, Kostava Str., 77, 0175, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: tamazagladze@emd.ge

O. Alekseeva
G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya str., 1,
Ivanovo, 153045, Russia, E-mail: avn@isc-ras.ru

E. Alvarenga
NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Pb 115, N-1431, Ås, Norway, E-mail:
Emilio.Alvarenga@nibio.no

N. Ananiashvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Rafiel Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Electrochemistry. Mindeli str., 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia

I. Andries
Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str., MD-2009, Chisinau, Moldova

R. H. Arakelyan
Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, Yerevan, 375025, Republic of Armenia

G. S. Askarova
Center of Physical and Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Tole bi Str. 96a, 050012, Almaty,
Kazakhstan

N. Bagrovskaya
G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya str., 1,
Ivanovo, 153045, Russia

B. Bendeliani
Ilia Vekua Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology, Laboratory of Cryogenic Technique and
Technologies, Mindeli Str. 7, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
A. Berezhnytska
V. I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine

A. Chirita
Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str., MD-2009, Chisinau, Moldova
x List of Contributors

I. Chitrekashvili
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane. Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

N. Chorna
Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, General Naumov str,
17, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine
K. Chubinidze
Tbilisi State University, 1 Ilia Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia, E-mail:
chubinidzeketino@yahoo.com

Vasyl Chumachenko
Problem Research Laboratory, National University of Food Technology, 68, Volodymyrska Street
01601, Kyiv, Ukraine

O. Corsac
Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str., MD-2009, Chisinau, Moldova

A. Covali
Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str., MD 2009,
Chisinau, Moldova

J. Datta
Polymer Technology Department, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela
Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

S. P. Davtyan
Armenian National Polytechnic University 105, Teryana Str., 105 375009 Yerevan, Armenia

G. Dgebuadze
Ilia Vekua Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology, Laboratory of Cryogenic Technique and
Technologies, Mindeli Str. 7, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

N. Dokhturishvili
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane. Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

M. Donadze
Georgian Technical University, Kostava Str., 77, 0175, Tbilisi, Georgia

G. Dragalina
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology

A. H. Durgaryan
Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, Yerevan, 375025, Republic of Armenia, E-mail:
durnar63@yahoo.com

N. A. Durgaryan
Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, Yerevan, 375025, Republic of Armenia

Ya. Fedorov
V. I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine

S. Filipchenko
Taras Shevchenko National University, Faculty of Chemistry, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 0160, Ukraine

K. Formela
Polymer Technology Department, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela
Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
List of Contributors xi

V. Gabunia
Ilia Vekua Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology, Laboratory of Cryogenic Technique and
Technologies, Mindeli str, 7, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

M. Gachechiladze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Rafiel Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Electrochemistry. Mindeli str, 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
E. Gavashelidze
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane, Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

N. Gelashvili
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane. Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

E. Govasmark
Energy Recovery Agency of Oslo County, PO-BOX 54 Mortensrud, NO-1215, Oslo, Norway, E-mail:
Espen.Govasmark@ege.oslo.kommune.no
G. K. Grigoryan
The Scientific Technological Centre of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry NAS RA, Institute of
Organic Chemistry, 26, Azatutyan STR, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
N. G. Grigoryan
The Scientific Technological Centre of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry NAS RA, Institute of
Organic Chemistry 26, Azatutyan STR, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia

M. Gurgenishvili
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane, Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: marina.gurgenishvili@yahoo.com

B. Shirkavand Hadavand
Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, E-mail:
zeinab.hesari@yahoo.com

J. T. Haponiuk
Polymer Technology Department, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela
Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland, E-mail: jozef.haponiuk@pg.gda.pl

Yuliia Harahuts
Taras Shevchenko National University, Faculty of Chemistry, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 0160, Ukraine

L. Hayrapetyan
Yerevan State University, A. Manookyan St. 1, 0025, Armenia, E-mail: Scirec@mail.ru

S. Hayrapetyan
Yerevan State University, A. Manookyan St. 1, 0025, Armenia, E-mail: Scirec@mail.ru

A. Hejna
Polymer Technology Department, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela
Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

Z. Hesari
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science and Research of Tehran Branch Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran, E-mail: zeinab.hesari@yahoo.com

A. A. Hovhannisyan
The Scientific Technological Centre of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry NAS RA, Institute of
Organic Chemistry 26, Azatutyan STR, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia, E-mail: hovarnos@gmail.com
xii List of Contributors

A. Ivancic
Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str., MD-2009, Chisinau, Moldova

T. K. Jumadilov
JSC, “Institue of Chemical Sciences after A.B. Bekturov”, Sh. Valikhanov st. 106, Almaty, Republic of
Kazakhstan, E-mail: jumadilov@mail.ru

M. Khaddazh
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Scientific-Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, Miklukho-
Maklaya 10/2, 117198, Moscow, Russia
A. Kolendo
Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University, Volodymyrska Str. 60, 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine

A. Yu. Kolendo
Department of Macromolecular Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60
Volodymyrska Street, 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine

R. G. Kondaurov
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi ave.
71, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
O. Krupka
Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University, Volodymyrska Str. 60, 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine

A. P. Kurbatov
Center of Physical and Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Tole bi Str. 96a, 050012, Almaty,
Kazakhstan

N. Kutsevol
Taras Shevchenko National University, Faculty of Chemistry, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 0160,
Ukraine
Nataliya Kutsevol
Taras Shevchenko National University, Faculty of Chemistry, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 0160,
Ukraine, Email: kutsevol@ukr.net

O. Kychkiruk
Department of Sciences, Ivan Franko Zhytomyr State University, 40 Velyka Berdychivska Str., 10008
Zhytomyr, Ukraine

O. Linnik
Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, General Naumov Str.
17, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine, E-mail: okslinnik@yahoo.co.uk

T. Lobzhanidze
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Department of Chemistry, I. Chavchavadze Ave, 1, 0179
Tbilisi, Georgia

Matanat Ya. Magerramova

Nagiyev Institute of Catalysis & Inorganic Chemistry, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences,
H. Javid Ave., 113, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijan

N. Maisuradze
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane, Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

G. Makharadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Chavchavadze Avenue 1, Tbilisi 0128, Georgia
List of Contributors xiii

T. Makharadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Chavchavadze Avenue 1, Tbilisi, 0128, Georgia

G. Mamniashvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Tamarashvili str, 6,
0162, Tbilisi, Georgia

Andriy Marinin
Problem Research Laboratory, National University of Food Technology, 68, Volodymyrska Street
01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
T. Marsagishvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Rafiel Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Electrochemistry. Mindeli str, 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia, E-mail: tamazmarsagishvili@gmail.com
M. Melnyk
Chemistry Faculty, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 12 L. Tolstogo Str., 01033 Kyiv,
Ukraine

J. Metreveli
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Rafiel Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Electrochemistry. Mindeli str., 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia

I. Metskhvarishvili
Ilia Vekua Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology, Laboratory of Cryogenic Technique and
Technologies, Mindeli Str. 7, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia

M. Metskhvarishvili
Georgian Technical University, Department of Engineering Physics, Kostava Str. 77, 0175 Tbilisi,
Georgia
N. A. Miraqyan
Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, Yerevan, 375025, Republic of Armenia

L. Nadareishvili
Georgian Technical University, V. Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics, 5 S. Euli, St, 0186 Tbilisi,
Georgia

O. Nadtoka
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, Volodymyrska Str., 60,
01033 Kyiv, Ukraine

N. Nasedkina
Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str., MD 2009,
Chisinau, Moldova

O. Nikolaeva
Chemistry Faculty, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 12 L. Tolstogo Str., 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine

A. Noskov
G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str., 1,
Ivanovo, 153045, Russia

G. Papava
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane, Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

K. Papava
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane. Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
xiv List of Contributors

Sh. Papava
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane, Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

I. Pavlenishvili
Georgian Technical University, V. Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics, 5 S. Euli, St, 0186 Tbilisi,
Georgia
G. Petriashvili
Georgian Technical University, 68 Merab Kostava Street, Tbilisi, Georgia Tbilisi, 0175, Georgia

G. Pirumyan
Yerevan State University, A. Manookyan St. 1, 0025, Armenia, E-mail: Scirec@mail.ru

Ł. Piszczyk
Polymer Technology Department, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela
Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland

N. Ponjavidze
Tbilisi State University, 1 Ilia Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia

T. Potlog
Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str., MD 2009,
Chisinau, Moldova

S. Robu
Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici str, MD-2009, Chisinau, Moldova, E-mail: s.v.robu@mail.ru

B. Salbu
Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Department of Env. Sci., PO-Box 5003, No. 1432,
Ås, Norway, E-mail: Brit.Salbu@nmbu.no

I. Savchenko
Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Department of Chemistry, Kyiv, Ukraine, E-mail:
iras@univ.kiev.ua

L. Sharashidze
Georgian Technical University, V. Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics, 5 S. Euli St, 0186 Tbilisi,
Georgia

V. Sherozia
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane, Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia

Ye. S. Sivokhina
Center of Physical and Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Tole bi Str. 96a, 050012, Almaty,
Kazakhstan

N. Smirnova
Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, General Naumov str,
17, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine

V. Smokal
Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University, Volodymyrska Str., 60, 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine, E-mail:
vitaliismokal@gmail.com

D. Sternik
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, pl. Maria Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland

G. Supatashvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Chavchavadze Avenue 1, Tbilisi, 0128, Georgia
List of Contributors xv

V. G. Syromyatnikov
Department of Macromolecular Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60
Volodymyrska Street, 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine, E-mail: svg@univ.kiev.ua

Z. Tabukashvili
Petre Melikishvili Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of Ivane. Javakhishvili Tbilisi, State
University, I. Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
G. Tatishvili
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Rafiel Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and
Electrochemistry. Mindeli str, 11, 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia

G. Telegeev
Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of Natl. Acad. of Sci. of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnogo str.150,
Kyiv 03680, Ukraine, E-mail: gtelegeev@ukr.net

P. Telegeeva
Taras Shevchenko National University, Faculty of Chemistry, 60 Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv 0160,
Ukraine
A. Przybytek
Polymer Technology Department, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gabriela
Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80–233 Gdansk, Poland
A. O. Tonoyan
Armenian National Polytechnic University, 105 Teryana Str., 375009 Yerevan, Armenia, E-mail:
atonoyan@mail.ru

N. Topuridze
Georgian Technical University, V. Chavchanidze Institute of Cybernetics, 5 S. Euli, St, 0186 Tbilisi,
Georgia

L. Vretik
Chemistry Faculty, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 12 L. Tolstogo Str., 01033 Kyiv,
Ukraine, E-mail: lvretik@gmail.com

D. G. Vyshnevsky
Department of Macromolecular Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60
Volodymyrska Street, 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine

E. Yanovska
Chemistry Faculty, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, 12 L. Tolstogo Str., 01033 Kyiv,
Ukraine

Eldar B. Zeynalov
Nagiyev Institute of Catalysis & Inorganic Chemistry, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, H.
Javid Ave., 113, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijan, E-mail: zeynalov 2000@yahoo.com

O. A. Zhuravleva
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Scientific-Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, Miklukho-
Maklaya 10/2, 117198, Moscow, Russia
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AAM acrylamide
AIBN azoisobutyronitrile
AY acridine yellow
BHT 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl
BPO benzoyl peroxide
CB conduction band
CD charge density
CPE composite polymer electrolyte
CPO cumyl peroxide
DCPC dicyclohexylperoxide carbonate
DLS dynamic light scattering
DMF dimethylformamide
DSA differential scanning analyzer
DSC differential scanning calorimetry
DSC dye-sensitised solar cells
DTA differential thermal analysis
EAS electronic absorption spectra
EOS epoxidized soybean oil
EP emulsion polymerization
EPC epoxypropyl carbazole
ES emeraldine salt
FAME fatty acids methyl esters
FFA free fatty acids
FTIR Fourier transform infrared
FTU turbidity
GA arabic gum
GZSD graded zone stretching device
HAuCl4 thetrachloroauric acid
HCl hydrochloric acid
HCOOH formic acid
HDODA hexandiol diacrylate
HNO3 nitric acid
HNPs hybrid nanoparticles
xviii List of Abbreviations

HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital

ITO indium-tin oxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
LAAP liquid acetylacetone peroxide
LCHP liquid cyclo hexanone peroxide
LDPE low density polyethylene
LKP liquid ketone peroxide
LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
MEKP methy ethyl kentone peroxide
MHM multifunctional hybrid materials
MRO maintenace, repairing and overhall
MW molecular weight
NH4 ammonium per-sulphate
NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone
NPs nanoparticles
OA surfactant
OC octene
OEDMA g,b-dimethacrylate
OH hydroxyl
OLEDs organic light emitting diodes
OMA octylmethacrylate
PAA polyacrylamide
PANi polyaniline
PDS peroxydisulphate
PDT photodynamic therapy
PE polyethylene
PEPC poliepoxipropil carbazole
PL photoluminescence
PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
PMP polymer-monomer particles
PPDA phenylenediamine
PS polystyrene
PSD particle size distribution
PTP photothermoplastic
PU polyurethane
PUF polyurethane foam
PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
List of Abbreviations xix

QELS quasy elastic light scattering

RAF rigid amorphous fraction
SAPF solid amorphous polymer fraction
SC superconducting
SEM scanning electron microscope
SPE solid polymer electrolyte
TAP technical advisory panel
TBO-Pc-Zn tetrabenzoxyphthalocyanine zinc
TEM transmission electron microscopy
TG thermogravimetric
TGA thermal gravimetric analysis
TMS tetramethylsilane
TNF trinitrofluorenone
TPS thermoplastic starch
UP unsaturated polyester
UPR unsaturated polyeter
USA sigma aldrich
VB valence band
VC vinylcarbazole
VER vinyl ester resins
WPC wood polymer composites
XRD x-ray diffraction
ABOUT THE EDITORS

Omari V. Mukbaniani, DSc

Full Professor, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry;
Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry; Director, Institute of
Macromolecular Chemistry and Polymeric Materials, Tbilisi, Georgia

Omari Vasilii Mukbaniani, DSc, is Professor and Head of the Macromolecular

Chemistry Department of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi,
Georgia. He is also the Director of the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
and Polymeric Materials. He is a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of the Georgian Republic. For several years he was a member of the advisory
board of the Journal Proceedings of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
(Chemical Series) and contributing editor of the journals Polymer News
and the Polymers Research Journal. He is member of editorial board of
the Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Technology. His research interests
include polymer chemistry, polymeric materials, and chemistry of organo-
silicon compounds. He is an author more than 420 publication, 13 books,
four monographs, and 10 inventions. He created in 2007 the “International
Caucasian Symposium on Polymers and Advanced Materials,” ICSP, which
takes place every other two years in Georgia. The last symposium, ICSP 5,
was held in July 2017 in Tbilisi, Georgia.

Marc J. M. Abadie, DSc

Emeritus Professor, Institute Charles Gerhardt of Montpelier—Aggregates,
Interfaces & Materials for Energy (ICGM-AIME, UMR CNRS 5253),
University Montpelier, France

Professor Marc J. M. Abadie is Emeritus Professor at the University

Montpellier, Institute Charles Gerhardt of Montpelier, Aggregates, Interfaces
and Materials Energy (ICGM-AIME, UMR CNRS 5253), France. He was
head of the Laboratory of Polymer Science and Advanced Organic Materials
xxii About the Editors

– LEMP/MAO. He is currently “Michael Fam” Visiting Professor at the

School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University NTU, Singapore. His present activity concerns high performance
polymers for PEMFCs, composites and nanocomposites, UV/EB coatings,
and biomaterials. He has published 11 books and 11 patents. He has advised
nearly 95 MS and 52 PhD students with whom he has published over 402
papers. He has more than 40 years of experience in polymer science with 10
years in the industry (IBM, USA – MOD, UK & SNPA/Total, France). He
created in the 1980s the “International Symposium on Polyimides and High
Temperature Polymers,” a.k.a. STEPI, which takes place every other three
years in Montpellier, France. A recent symposium, STEPI 10, look place in
June 5–8, 2016.

Tamara N. Tatrishvili, PhD

Senior Specialist, Unite of Academic Process Management
(Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences), Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University; Senior Researcher, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
and Polymeric Materials, Georgia

Tamara Tatrishvili, PhD, is Senior Specialist at the Unite of Academic

Process Management (Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences) at Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University as well as Senior Researcher of the
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry and Polymeric Materials in Tbilisi,
Georgia.
PREFACE

Increasing interest in lightweight and high performance materials is leading

to significant research activity in the area of polymers and composites. One
recent focus is to develop multifunctional materials that have more than one
property tailored as per the design requirements in addition to achieving low
density.
The possibility of simultaneously tailoring several desired properties is
attractive but very challenging, and it requires significant advancements in
the science and technology of high performance functional polymers and
composites.
The structures and functions of these advanced polymer and composite
systems are evaluated with respect to improved or novel performance, and
the potential implications of those developments for the future of polymer-
based composites and multifunctional materials are discussed.
The ensemble selected papers presented at the 4th International Caucasian
Symposium on Polymers and Advanced Materials are collected, as original
unpublished research, in this book. ICSP1AM-4 took place in Batumi Black
sea beach, Georgia July 1–4, 2015. This book focuses exclusively on the
latest research related to polymer and composite materials, especially new
trends in frontal polymerization and copolymerization synthesis, function-
alization of polymers, physical properties and hybrid systems. A large part
is devoted to composites and nanocomposites; their mechanical impact on
their properties are evaluated and discussed. Applications in medicine as
drug-release for cancer treatment or as development of green materials and
as renewable resources with a particular emphasis on the research of the
authors’ group(s) are presented. Coating and curing processes are also cov-
ered in this book in order to have a better control and understanding of the
crosslinking reactions.
The progress captured in the current set of articles shows promise for
developing materials that seem capable of moving this field from laboratory-
scale prototypes to actual industrial applications.
This book serves as a valuable and informative reference for scientists,
engineers, medical technologists and practioners engaged in the teaching,
research, development and use of functional polymers and composites.
xxiv Preface

Professor, Dr. of Science, Omari Mukbaniani

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences,
Department of Chemistry, Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry,
Director of the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry
and Polymeric Materials

Dr. Marc J. M. Abadie, P. Eng.

Professor Emeritus, Doctor Honoris Causa
Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier – Agrégats, Interfaces et
Matériaux pour l’Energie (IGCM AIME UMR CNRS 5253)
STEPI General Chairman, Expert près la Cour d’Appel
“Michael Fam” Visiting Professor @ NTU/MSE, Singapore

Dr. Tamar Tatrishvili

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Senior Specialist of the Unite of Academic Process Management
(Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences),
Senior Researcher of the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry and
Polymeric Materials
 PART I

SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION

CHAPTER 1

COPOLYMERIZATION OF ANILINE
WITH P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE IN
AN ACETIC ACID MEDIUM
A. H. DURGARYAN, N. A. DURGARYAN, R. H. ARAKELYAN,
and N. A. MIRAQYAN
Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian 1, Yerevan, 375025,
Republic of Armenia, E-mail: durnar63@yahoo.com

CONTENTS

Abstract..........................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................4
1.2 Experimental Part..................................................................................5
1.3 Results and Discussion.........................................................................8
Acknowledgments........................................................................................12
Keywords.....................................................................................................12
References....................................................................................................12

ABSTRACT

The oxidative copolymerization of aniline with p-phenylenediamine in an

acetic acid medium has been investigated for the first time. It has been deter-
mined that as a result of copolymerization; a polymer having a structure
analogous to the polyaniline called emeraldine is formed. The obtained copo-
lymer doped with 3N hydrochloric acid has an electrical conductivity five
times higher than that of polyaniline prepared by the usual method. Aniline
4 Chemical Engineering of Polymers

polymerization proceeds more slowly at 273 K under the same copolymer-

ization conditions and the obtained polymer has low conductivity. However,
in a mixture of acetic acid-methanol, the reaction proceeds faster and the
obtained polymer has conductivity almost equal to that of emeraldine. It has
been observed that the conductivity of polymers doped with formic acid is
lower than that of polymers obtained by doping with hydrochloric acid by 2
orders of magnitude.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Among the electro active polymers, the emeraldine form of polyaniline

(PANI) attracts intense interest [1, 2]. PANI occupies a particular place
among the electro active conjugated polymers owing to its environmental
stability, easy and cheap method of preparation and its unique properties.
It is extensively used in various fields of technology [3–14]. To improve
the properties of PANI, studies of aniline copolymerization with different
monomers have been conducted [12–19]; however, the conductivity of the
obtained copolymers is inferior to that of PANI in spite of high solubility.
According to the literature data, copolymer Ι[20] is formed during the
copolymerization of p-phenylenediamine (PPDA) with aniline.

COPOLYMER Ι

In the formation of copolymer Ι, for 1 mole each of aniline and PPDA,

3 moles of peroxydisulfate (PDS) are required [20] because when using 1
mole of PDS for 1 mole of aniline, the calculated yield for aniline cannot be
higher than 33%, while a yield of 62% to 75% was actually obtained [20]. It
may be concluded from these data that the reaction does not proceed accord-
ing to Figure 4 given in the Ref. [20].
According to other literature data, in the case of a molar ratio of aniline/
PPDA of 50:1, the presence of PPDA greatly increases the rate of polymer-
ization and does not affect the structure and crystalline of PANI [21].
These data strengthen our opinion that the reaction mechanism differs
from that described in the literature [20], and considering the scheme for the
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 FIVE DELIGHTFUL ANTHOLOGIES
POEMS FOR TRAVELERS
Compiled by Mary R. J. DuBois. 16mo. Cloth, $1.50; leather, $2.50.
Covers France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and Greece
in some three hundred poems (nearly one-third of them by
Americans) from about one hundred and thirty poets. All but some
forty of these poems were originally written in English.

The three following books are uniform, with full gilt flexible covers
and pictured cover linings. 16mo. Each, cloth, $1.50; leather, $2.50.

THE POETIC OLD WORLD

Compiled by Miss L. H. Humphrey.
Covers Europe, including Spain, Belgium and the British Isles, in
some two hundred poems from about ninety poets. Some thirty, not
originally written in English, are given in both the original and the
best available translation.

THE OPEN ROAD

A little book for wayfarers. Compiled by E. V. Lucas.
Some 125 poems from over 60 authors, including Fitzgerald,
Shelley, Shakespeare, Kenneth Grahame, Stevenson, Whitman,
Browning, Keats, Wordsworth, Matthew Arnold, Tennyson, William
Morris, Maurice Hewlett, Isaak Walton, William Barnes, Herrick,
Dobson, Lamb, Milton, Whittier, etc., etc.
“A very charming book from cover to cover.”—Dial.

THE FRIENDLY TOWN

A little book for the urbane, compiled by E. V. Lucas.
Over 200 selections in verse and prose from 100 authors,
including: James R. Lowell, Burroughs, Herrick, Thackeray, Scott,
Vaughn, Milton, Cowley, Browning, Stevenson, Henley, Longfellow,
Keats, Swift, Meredith, Lamb, Lang, Dobson, Fitzgerald, Pepys,
Addison, Kemble, Boswell, Holmes, Walpole, and Lovelace.
“Would have delighted Charles Lamb.”—The Nation.

A BOOK OF VERSES FOR CHILDREN

Over 200 poems representing some 80 authors. Compiled by E. V.
Lucas. With decorations by F. D. Bedford. Revised edition. $2.00.
Library edition, $1.00 net.
“We know of no other anthology for children so complete
and well arranged.”—Critic.

MAY SINCLAIR’S THE HELPMATE

A story of married life. Third printing. $1.50.
“An advance upon ‘The Divine Fire.’”—London Times.
“The one novel on the divorce question.”—Boston
Transcript.
“A noteworthy book.... There are things said in these pages,
and said very plainly, which need to be said, which are rarely
enough said—almost never so well said. The book contains
unforgettable scenes, persons, phrases, and such a picture of
the hardness of a good woman as exists nowhere else in our
literature.”—New York Times Saturday Review.
“Masterly ... artistic to the core.”—Boston Advertiser.
“No criticism of trifles can leave in doubt the great
distinction of her craftsmanship. Very certainly she must have
made her reputation by this book, if it had not been already
won.”—Punch (London).

MAY SINCLAIR’S THE DIVINE FIRE

A story of a London poet. 13th printing. $1.50.
“In all our new fiction I have found nothing worthy to
compare with ‘The Divine Fire.’”—Mary Moss in The Atlantic
Monthly.
“A full-length study of the poetic temperament, framed in a
varied and curiously interesting environment, and drawn with
a firmness of hand that excites one’s admiration.... Moreover,
a real distinction of style, besides being of absorbing interest
from cover to cover.”—Dial.
“I find her book the most remarkable that I have read for
many years.”—Owen Seaman in Punch (London).

MAY SINCLAIR’S THE TYSONS

4th printing. $1.50
“Maintains a clinging grip upon the mind and senses,
compelling one to acknowledge the author’s genius.”—
Chicago Record-Herald.

MAY SINCLAIR’S SUPERSEDED

2nd printing. $1.25
 “Makes one wonder if in future years the quiet little English
woman may not be recognized as a new Jane Austen.”—New
York Sun.

MAY SINCLAIR’S AUDREY CRAVEN

2nd printing. $1.50
“It ranks high in originality, interest and power.... Audrey is a
distinct creation.”—Times Review.

⁂ If the reader will send his name and address the

publisher will send, from time to time, information regarding
their new books.

HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

publishers (x-’07) new york
 Transcriber’s Notes
A few minor punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LESS THAN
KIN ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other
medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -

Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU
AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE,
STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH
OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER
THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE
OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If

you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or
entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR
ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by
the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal
tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or
determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.