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Raymond Charles Rauscher
Salim Momtaz
Cities in
Global
Transition
Creating Sustainable Communities
in Australia
Cities in Global Transition
Raymond Charles Rauscher • Salim Momtaz
Cities in Global Transition

Creating Sustainable Communities
in Australia
Raymond Charles Rauscher Salim Momtaz
School of Environmental & Life Sciences School of Environmental & Life Science
University of Newcastle University of Newcastle
East Gosford, NSW, Australia Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
ISBN 978-3-319-39864-8 ISBN 978-3-319-39865-5 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39865-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952547
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
There are many people who contribute to
making cities work, and this book is
dedicated to a few of those people, as noted
below. Cities change constantly, and into the
2000s, most cities are feeling the effects of
global factors. One major factor is
population movements between countries,
usually from one city to another. Recent civil
unrest in a clutch of nations has seen mass
international migration of cultural groups
across the globe (many group members
becoming refugees). As this book focuses on
Australia and its planning of cities, most
chapters have been dedicated to an
Australian(s) who made a contribution to a
subject or locality the chapter addresses. A
biographical note for each identity appears
within that chapter, with a list of those
individuals hereunder:
Chapter 1: Cadigal and Wangal Aboriginal
Peoples
Chapter 2: Urban Planning – Denis Winston
Chapter 3: Marrickville – Mary Reibey
Chapter 4: Ashfield – Pamela Travers
Chapter 5: Leichhardt – Nick Origlass
Chapter 6: Burwood – Sir Charles Lloyd
Jones
Chapter 7: Strathfield – Miriam Hyde
Chapter 8: Canada Bay – Edith Walker
Chapter 9: Sydney Inner West – Maybanke
Anderson, Augustus Alt, Henry Parkes,
William Arnott, Eleanor Dark, and Thomas
Walker
Chapter 10: Parramatta – Dowell Philip
O’Reilly
Chapter 11: Auburn – Jack Lang
Chapter 12: Holroyd – Betty Cuthbert
Chapter 13: Greater Parramatta – John
William Lewin, David Lennox, and Allan
Cunningham
Chapter 14: Hurstville – Hugh Patrick and
Jack Lindwall
Chapter 15: Kogarah – Myles Dunphy and
Eddie Charlton
Chapter 16: Rockdale – Norm Provan and
Fleur Mellor
Chapter 17: St. George – Miles Franklyn,
Sumner Locke, Christina Stead, and
H.V. Evatt
Book Abstract
This book examines the planning of cities in global transition (e.g., population move-
ments), looking at how sustainable urban planning (SUP) practices can be applied to
plans and development within these cities. Australia’s Greater Sydney is taken as a
case example, with focus on municipalities and districts (groups of municipalities).
The subjects of global transition and SUP are introduced in Chap. 1. How Greater
Sydney approaches planning is outlined in Chap. 2. Here, three case study districts
are selected for critiquing the extent SUP is being applied. The districts, beyond the
city of Sydney, are Sydney Inner West, Greater Parramatta, and St. George. A meth-
odology to assess SUP practices within each of the municipalities (twelve in all)
within the three districts is then outlined. Three key SUP principles are selected from
international protocols (i.e., United Nations) to apply to the municipalities and dis-
tricts. These principles are central to all chapters and include (1) developing sustain-
able urban centers, (2) developing sustainable transport, and (3) protecting the
natural environment.
In determining how each municipality is applying SUP practices, the first ques-
tion is as follows: what is the pattern of development and population change (e.g.,
global population movements) the municipality is experiencing? In addressing this,
four phases of municipal development are examined (early, traditional, new, and
future). From here, key plans of the municipal council are critiqued to determine the
extent of SUP practices being applied. The next question is as follows: what is the
impact of Greater Sydney planning and development on the municipality (including
recent proposals for council amalgamations)? Examples of state plans are critiqued
and an overall conclusion is reached on whether each municipality is meeting (and
can meet in the future) the challenges of planning and development with SUP
practices.
Moving from municipal- to district-level planning and development, the first
question is as follows: what is the extent the state is applying SUP practices?
Examples of state plans and developments for each district are critiqued under the
vii
viii Book Abstract
adopted three SUP principles. From these critiques, overall conclusions are reached
on the extent of SUP practices being addressed by the state within each district. The
final chapter (Chap. 18) reviews all conclusions (Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, and 17) with a focus on directions for planning and developing a
sustainable Greater Sydney. The final question in this chapter is as follows: how can
cities anywhere in the world apply SUP practices in planning and development, in
particular to address factors of global transition impacting on those cities?
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge first of all the contributions of residents, administrators, and

decision-makers (past and present) of the Greater Sydney (i.e., within municipali-
ties and districts that the book focuses on). These districts (and municipalities
within) are Sydney Inner West (Marrickville, Ashfield, Leichhardt, Burwood,
Strathfield, and Canada Bay), Greater Parramatta (Parramatta, Auburn, and
Holroyd), and St. George (Hurstville, Kogarah, and Rockdale). It is the citizens of
those areas of Greater Sydney who often initiate planning ideas and follow through
the governance levels to gain results. We thank the New South Wales (NSW) state
government and various institutions associated with the planning and development
of these municipalities and districts.
Secondly, specific individuals and organizations (and their members) we wish to
thank for assistance rendered (either directly or indirectly) include (a–z) Abnett
(Bob), town planner, Queensland; Australian Institute of Architects (NSW);
Australian Institute of Planning (NSW); Cook and Archies Cafe, Surry Hills; Fenner
(Rolfe), town planner (Australian Local Govt. Assoc., Canberra); Ferrandiz (Susan),
historian (past Slippery Rock University, USA); Gallery Cafe, Surry Hills (Mark
and Pearl Williams); Henry George Society, Redfern (special acknowledgment to
the late Henry George, NYC, USA); (late) Iceton (Dr. Ned) (Social Developers
Network (SDN) (Australia); McKay (Darren), lecturer at Newcastle University; and
Sydney University, School of Architecture and Planning.
Thirdly, on the book advancement side (a–z), thanks go to Habitat Association
for Arts and Environment (HAAE) Inc. for offering technical advice, in particular
to Margaret O’Toole, art director of HAAE, who assisted with proofreading the
book and offering artistic advice. Other directors of HAAE to thank include John
Christoforou, Ruth Dickson, David Holland, Megan Hitchens, Diane Rauscher, and
public officer Kevin Armstrong. Thanks also go to IT support from Kevin and Anna
Rochford, with photos review by Brooklyn Rochford and Hugo Wheelahan. In
addition, we thank the University of Newcastle School of Environment and Life
Sciences (SELS), in particular for secretarial assistance at the Ourimbah Campus
from Pam, Nicole, and Fiona.
ix
x Acknowledgments
Fourthly, thanks go to book supporters (a–z): Martin (Joyce, Richard, Richie,

and Ray), Rauscher (Barbara, Kim, Philip, and Artie Jr.), Rauscher (Grace (late)
and Henry (late)), Riccio (Gracie (late), Frankie (late), and Joseph (late)), and
Wheelahan (Maree and Michael).
Fifthly, we wish the mayors and staff of all the municipalities (as studied) the
continued success in leading their councils into still further achievements in sustain-
able urban planning (SUP) practices (especially in the face of global transition fac-
tors). We wish success to the following at NSW government level: State Premier
Mike Baird, parliamentary members, and the Greater Sydney Commission. May
they meet success in applying the principles of sustainability for Greater Sydney
(and regions adjacent and beyond Greater Sydney covering NSW). We hope this
book makes a contribution toward SUP practices beyond NSW to the wider Australia
and within other countries.
Contents
Part I Global Urban Transition and Sustainable Urban Planning

1 Planning for Sustainable Cities.............................................................. 3
1.1 Cities in Global Transition ............................................................ 4
1.1.1 Population Growth .......................................................... 6
1.2 Social, Cultural and Economic Factors ......................................... 7
1.3 Environmental and Human Resources .......................................... 8
1.4 Urban Planning .............................................................................. 9
1.5 Sustainable Urban Planning (SUP) ............................................... 9
1.6 Sustainable Cities and Sustainable City Districts ......................... 12
1.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 14
References ................................................................................................. 15
2 Planning Greater Sydney and Sydney Districts ................................... 17
2.1 Greater Sydney Planning ............................................................... 18
2.2 Municipal and District Planning ................................................... 24
2.3 Selecting Case Study Sydney Districts ......................................... 25
2.4 Local Government Reform and Amalgamations ........................... 27
2.5 Summary ....................................................................................... 34
2.6 Addendum 2.1 ............................................................................... 35
References ................................................................................................. 36
Part II Planning Sydney Inner West District

3 Planning Marrickville, Greater Sydney ................................................ 39
3.1 Background and Population Change ............................................. 40
3.2 Phases of Development ................................................................. 42
3.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 45
3.3 Marrickville and Sustainable Urban Planning............................... 45
3.3.1 Climate Change Action ................................................... 46
3.3.2 Biodiversity Protection .................................................... 48
xi
xii Contents
3.3.3 Local Environment Plan

and Development Control Plan ....................................... 48
3.3.4 Local Action 21 Plan ....................................................... 48
3.3.5 Marrickville State of Environment Report ...................... 48
3.3.6 Oil Depletion and Transport ............................................ 49
3.3.7 Water Sensitive Community ............................................ 49
3.3.8 Conclusion on Council Planning and SUP Practices ...... 50
3.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Marrickville ................................... 50
3.4.1 Conclusion on Marrickville
and Greater Sydney Planning .......................................... 52
3.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Marrickville .............................. 53
3.5.1 Conclusion on Amalgamations........................................ 54
3.6 Overall Conclusions ...................................................................... 54
3.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 55
References ................................................................................................. 56
4 Planning Ashfield, Greater Sydney ....................................................... 57
4.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 63
4.3 Ashfield and Sustainable Urban Planning ..................................... 63
4.3.1 Biodiversity ..................................................................... 64
4.3.2 Catchment Planning ........................................................ 64
4.3.3 Ecological Footprint Measurements ................................ 65
4.3.4 Ashfield Local Environment Plan ................................... 65
4.3.5 State of the Environment (SoE) ....................................... 65
4.3.6 Sustainability Planning .................................................... 65
4.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Ashfield .......................................... 66
4.4.1 Conclusion on Ashfield and Greater Sydney Planning ... 68
4.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Ashfield ..................................... 68
4.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 70
References ................................................................................................. 72
5 Planning Leichhardt, Greater Sydney .................................................. 73
5.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 79
5.3 Leichhardt and Sustainable Urban Planning ................................. 79
5.3.1 Biodiversity Protection .................................................... 80
5.3.2 Climate Change Protection.............................................. 80
5.3.3 Energy Planning .............................................................. 81
5.3.4 Leichhardt Environment Plan .......................................... 82
5.3.5 Environmental Sustainability Plan .................................. 82
Contents xiii
5.3.6 Leichhardt 2025 + Strategic Plan .................................... 82

5.3.7 Leichhardt Local Environmental Plan ............................. 83
5.3.8 State of Environment Report ........................................... 83
5.3.9 Sustainable Neighbourhoods ........................................... 83
5.3.10 Transport.......................................................................... 83
5.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Leichhardt ...................................... 84
5.4.1 Conclusion on Leichhardt
5.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Leichhardt ................................. 88
5.6.1 Summary ......................................................................... 90
5.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 92
References ................................................................................................. 93
6 Planning Burwood, Greater Sydney...................................................... 95
6.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 101
6.3 Burwood and Sustainable Urban Planning.................................... 101
6.3.1 Burwood 2030 ................................................................. 102
6.3.2 Community Strategic Plan............................................... 102
6.3.3 Green Action Plan 2012 and Sustainability
Action Plan (SAP) ........................................................... 102
6.3.4 Local Environmental Plan (LEP) .................................... 103
6.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Burwood ........................................ 104
6.4.1 Conclusion on Burwood and Greater Sydney Planning .. 106
6.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Burwood ................................... 106
6.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 108
References ................................................................................................. 109
7 Planning Strathfield, Greater Sydney ................................................... 111
7.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 115
7.3 Strathfield and Sustainable Urban Planning .................................. 117
7.3.1 Strathfield 2025 ............................................................... 117
7.3.2 Strathfield Local Environment Plan ................................ 118
7.3.3 Strathfield State of Environment Report ......................... 119
7.3.4 Climate Protection ........................................................... 119
xiv Contents
7.3.5 Strathfield Town Centre Upgrade .................................... 119

7.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Strathfield ...................................... 122
7.4.1 Protecting the Natural Environment ................................ 123
7.4.2 Conclusion on Strathfield
7.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Strathfield.................................. 124
7.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 126
References ................................................................................................. 127
8 Planning Canada Bay, Greater Sydney ................................................ 129
8.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 133
8.3 Canada Bay and Sustainable Urban Planning ............................... 134
8.3.1 Canada Bay LEP and Development Control Plan ........... 135
8.3.2 Environmental Sustainability Strategy ............................ 135
8.3.3 FuturesPlan20 .................................................................. 135
8.3.4 State of Environment (SoE)............................................. 136
8.3.5 Sustaining Our Environment Program ............................ 136
8.3.6 Rhodes Peninsula Planning ............................................. 137
8.3.7 Homebush Bay Bridge .................................................... 139
8.3.8 Wentworth Point Planning............................................... 139
8.3.9 Renewable Energy Policies ............................................. 140
8.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Canada Bay.................................... 141
8.4.1 Conclusion on Canada Bay
8.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Canada Bay ............................... 143
8.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 145
References ................................................................................................. 146
9 Planning Sydney Inner West District, Greater Sydney ....................... 147
9.1 Background to Sydney Inner West ................................................ 149
9.2 Developing Sustainable Urban Centers ......................................... 152
9.2.1 Bays Precinct Renewal .................................................... 152
9.2.2 Burwood District Center ................................................. 156
9.2.3 Rhodes Urban Center ...................................................... 156
Contents xv
9.3 Developing Sustainable Transport................................................. 159

9.3.1 Light Rail......................................................................... 160
9.3.2 Parramatta Rd and WestConnex ...................................... 163
9.4 Protecting the Natural Environment .............................................. 167
9.4.1 Cooks River ..................................................................... 168
9.4.2 Inner West GreenWay ...................................................... 170
9.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Inner West District .................... 172
9.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 175
References ................................................................................................. 176
Part III Planning Greater Parramatta District

10 Planning in Greater Sydney – Parramatta City Case Study .............. 179
10.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 186
10.3 Parramatta and Sustainable Urban Planning ................................. 186
10.3.1 Parramatta Local Environment Plan ................................ 187
10.3.2 Parramatta 2038 – Community Strategic Plan ................ 187
10.3.3 Transport Planning .......................................................... 188
10.3.4 Design Parramatta ........................................................... 188
10.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Parramatta ...................................... 190
10.4.1 Conclusion on Greater Sydney
Planning and Parramatta .................................................. 194
10.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Parramatta ................................. 195
10.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 197
References ................................................................................................. 198
11 Planning Auburn, Greater Sydney ........................................................ 199
11.2.1 Conclusion ....................................................................... 206
11.3 Auburn and Sustainable Urban Planning ...................................... 206
11.3.1 Auburn Local Environment Plan ..................................... 207
11.3.2 Auburn Town Center Strategy Plan 2031 ........................ 207
11.3.3 Auburn Town Centre Heritage Review............................ 208
11.3.4 Sustainable Development ................................................ 208
11.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Auburn ........................................... 209
11.4.1 Conclusion on Auburn and Greater Sydney Planning ..... 212
xvi Contents
11.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Auburn ...................................... 213

11.5.1 Conclusion on Amalgamations
and Auburn City Council ................................................. 214
11.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 215
References ................................................................................................. 216
12 Planning in Greater Sydney – Holroyd City Case Study .................... 217
12.2.1 Conclusion on Development Phases
and Population Change.................................................... 223
12.3 Holroyd and Sustainable Urban Planning ..................................... 223
12.3.1 Holroyd Local Environment Plan .................................... 224
12.4 Greater Sydney Planning and Holroyd .......................................... 225
12.4.1 Conclusion on Holroyd and Greater Sydney Planning ... 226
12.5 Amalgamation of Councils and Holroyd....................................... 227
and Holroyd City Council ............................................... 228
12.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 229
References ................................................................................................. 230
13 Planning Greater Parramatta District – Greater Sydney ................... 231
13.1 Background to Greater Parramatta ................................................ 232
13.2.1 Parramatta District Center ............................................... 236
13.2.2 Olympic Park Growth Center .......................................... 238
13.3.1 Long Term Transport Plans ............................................. 240
13.3.2 Developing Light Rail ..................................................... 242
13.3.3 Parramatta Rd Corridor ................................................... 244
13.3.4 WestConnex..................................................................... 246
13.4.1 Parramatta River .............................................................. 247
13.4.2 Parramatta Greenway ...................................................... 248
13.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Greater Parramatta District ....... 251
13.6.1 Overall Conclusion .......................................................... 254
13.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 254
References ................................................................................................. 255
Contents xvii
Part IV Planning in St George District

14 Planning Hurstville, Greater Sydney .................................................... 259
14.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 265
14.4 Hurstville and Sustainable Urban Planning................................... 265
14.5 Greater Sydney Planning and Hurstville ....................................... 268
14.5.1 Conclusion on Hurstville
14.6 Amalgamation of Councils and Hurstville .................................... 270
and Hurstville City Council............................................. 272
14.8 Summary ....................................................................................... 272
References ................................................................................................. 273
15 Planning Kogarah, Greater Sydney ...................................................... 275
15.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 281
15.4 Kogarah and Sustainable Urban Planning ..................................... 281
15.5 Greater Sydney Planning and Kogarah ......................................... 282
15.5.1 Conclusion on Greater Sydney Planning and Kogarah ... 284
15.6 Amalgamations of Councils and Kogarah ..................................... 284
15.6.1 Conclusion on Amalgamations and Kogarah .................. 285
15.8 Summary ....................................................................................... 286
References ................................................................................................. 286
16 Planning Rockdale, Greater Sydney ..................................................... 287
16.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 293
16.4 Rockdale and Sustainable Urban Planning ................................... 293
16.5 Greater Sydney Planning and Rockdale ........................................ 295
16.5.1 Conclusion on Rockdale and Greater Sydney Planning .. 297
16.6 Amalgamations of Councils and Rockdale ................................... 297
and Rockdale City Council ............................................. 298
16.8 Summary ....................................................................................... 298
References ................................................................................................. 299
xviii Contents
17 Planning Greater Sydney Districts – St George Case Study............... 301

17.1 Background to St George District ................................................. 302
17.2.1 Hurstville Center ............................................................. 305
17.2.2 Kogarah Center ................................................................ 307
17.2.3 Rockdale Center .............................................................. 310
17.2.4 Wolli Creek Center .......................................................... 311
17.3.1 Light Rail......................................................................... 315
17.3.2 Bus Corridors .................................................................. 315
17.3.3 WestConnex..................................................................... 317
17.4.1 Georges River .................................................................. 318
17.4.2 Botany Bay ...................................................................... 321
17.4.3 Wolli Creek Regional Park .............................................. 324
17.5 Amalgamations of Councils and St George District ..................... 326
17.7 Summary ....................................................................................... 328
References ................................................................................................. 328
Part V Conclusions on Planning Sustainable Cities

18 Directions for Planning Sustainable Cities ........................................... 331
18.1 Planning Greater Sydney to Date .................................................. 331
18.2 Directions for Planning a Sustainable Greater Sydney ................. 333
18.2.1 District Planning Groups ................................................. 333
18.2.2 District Planning Boards ................................................. 334
18.2.3 District Planning Committees
(Under Regional Organizations of Councils) .................. 335
18.2.4 District Planning Advisory Bodies .................................. 336
18.2.5 District Planning Units (Under State) ............................. 337
18.2.6 No Change to Councils Planning .................................... 338
18.3 Directions for Creating Sustainable Cities Anywhere ................... 340
18.4 Summary ....................................................................................... 343
References ................................................................................................. 343
Appendix 1: Cultural Diversity Poems Titles – Districts

of Sydney Inner West, Greater Parramatta, and St George ....................... 345
Appendix 2: Sustainable Urban Planning Web Sites
(Updated to Book Printing Date, Please Inform
Authors of Any Change Via Email) ............................................................... 347
Glossary ........................................................................................................... 351
Index ................................................................................................................. 355

Author Biographies
Raymond Charles Rauscher is a conjoint lecturer at

the University of Newcastle, Australia, and a director of
Habitat Association for Arts and Environment Inc.
Delving into the subject of sustainable urban planning
(SUP), Ray completed a PhD (2009) at the University
of Newcastle. Ray has at various times lived and worked
within the three Greater Sydney districts that the book
focuses on – Sydney Inner West, Greater Parramatta,
and St. George. Being born in Brooklyn, New York City
(1943), he graduated from the City College of New York
(Bachelor of Engineering, Civil, 1966). Later, he com-
pleted a master’s degree (commencing) at the University
of Michigan (research submission on Detroit entitled A Solution to the Urban
Crisis: Proposal for the Creation of Region Serving New Cities (unpublished 1969)).
A masters of town and country planning was completed at Sydney University (1971)
with the thesis Community Response to a Redevelopment Proposal (University of
Sydney Library Microfilm Dept.). The thesis covered planning conflicts in
Erskineville and Newtown (Sydney) and measures to resolve these. Wanting to
research further, Ray published (co-author Salim Momtaz) Sustainable Communities:
A Framework for Planning (Springer 2014). Continuing to study urban change, he
published (co-author Salim Momtaz) Brooklyn’s Bushwick: Urban Renewal in
New York, USA (Springer 2014). Ray then brought together long-term research
(1970–2013) of the city of Sydney inner city areas, resulting in the publication (co-
author Salim Momtaz) Sustainable Neighbourhoods in Australia: City of Sydney
Urban Planning (Springer 2015). Preparing for this book (Cities in Global
Transition) meant numerous field trips into the Greater Sydney districts, as he wit-
nessed municipal and state efforts to adopt SUP practices in the face of global tran-
sition (e.g., population movements and settlement changes). On a community note,
since 1973, Ray has been a member of the Australian-based Social Developers
Network (SDN) (http://www.ned.org.au/sdn/sdnblurb.htm). The network com-
menced at the time of (late) PM Gough Whitlam (1972–1975) and (late) Tom Uren
xix
xx Author Biographies
(minister for planning and regional development under the PM). Both of these
renowned Australians introduced environmental and social bases to urban planning
(Ray worked in a federal program at the time). A number of those Whitlam govern-
ment planning initiatives have proven pivotal to development of all three districts
that the book addresses. Contact for Ray Rauscher: ray.r@idl.net.au
Salim Momtaz is an associate professor at the University

of Newcastle, Australia. He teaches in the area of sustain-
able resource management. He received a PhD from the
University of London under a Commonwealth
Scholarship. A geographer, environmental scientist, and
social planner by training, Salim’s research interests
include environmental planning and governance, social
adaptation to climate change, social impact assessment,
community engagement, and urban governance. His
recent published books include Experiencing Climate Change in Bangladesh, Elsevier
(2016); Sustainable Neighbourhoods in Australia: City of Sydney Urban Planning,
Springer (2015); Brooklyn’s Bushwick: Urban Renewal in New York, USA, Springer
(2014); Sustainable Communities: A Framework for Planning, Springer (2014); and
Evaluating Environmental and Social Impact Assessment in Developing Countries,
Elsevier (2013). Contact for Salim Momtaz: salim.momtaz@newcastle.edu.au http://
www.newcastle.edu.au/profile/salim-momtaz
List of Abbreviations
197-a City of New York community planning charter

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
CB Community board
CCP Cities for Climate Protection
DPE Department of Planning and Environment
DCP Development Control Plan
ESD Ecologically sustainable development
GSC Greater Sydney Commission
GSR Greater Sydney Region
GUT Global urban transition
ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
LA21 Local Agenda 21
LEP Local Environment Plan
LG Local government
LGA Local government area
NGO Nongovernment organization
SIW Sydney Inner West
ST Sustainable transport
SUC Sustainable urban centers
SUP Sustainable urban planning
UN United Nations
USWIM Urban Stormwater Integrated Management
WWF World Wildlife Fund
xxi
List of Addendums
Addendum 2.1 NSW Government and Council Reports

on Local Government Reform ............................................... 35
xxiii
List of Information Boxes and Tables
Information Box 2.1 NSW Government and Council Reports

on Local Government Reform .................................. 35
Information Box 3.1 Marrickville Municipality Planning ......................... 46
Information Box 4.1 Ashfield Municipality Planning ................................ 64
Information Box 5.1 Leichhardt Municipality Planning ............................ 80
Information Box 6.1 Burwood Municipality Planning............................... 101
Information Box 7.1 Strathfield Municipality Planning ............................. 117
Information Box 8.1 Canada Bay City Planning ........................................ 135
Information Box 9.1 Sydney Inner West Transport Key Documents ......... 160
Information Box 9.2 Cooks River Waterway
and Greenway Documents ........................................ 169
Information Box 10.1 Parramatta Municipality Planning ............................ 187
Information Box 11.1 Auburn Municipality Planning ................................. 207
Information Box 12.1 Holroyd Municipality Planning ................................ 224
Information Box 13.1 Greater Parramatta Transport Key ............................ 240
Information Box 14.1 Hurstville Municipality Planning ............................. 266
Information Box 15.1 Kogarah Municipality Planning ................................ 282
Information Box 16.1 Rockdale Municipality Planning .............................. 294
xxv
List of Plates
Plate 1.1 Cadigal aboriginal peoples .......................................................... 3

Plate 1.2 Sydney as a global city in Asia Pacific Area ............................... 4
Plate 2.1 Denis Winston ............................................................................. 17
Plate 2.2 Greater Sydney and Districts ...................................................... 19
Plate 2.3 Early Sydney Suburbs ................................................................. 21
Plate 2.4 Key Greater Sydney Growth Areas ............................................. 25
Plate 2.5 City of Sydney via Inner West to Parramatta .............................. 26
Plate 2.6 Initial Local Government Review Panel Suggested
Citywide Council Mergers .......................................................... 28
Plate 2.7 Local Government Review Panel Suggested
Inner West Council Mergers ....................................................... 30
Plate 2.8 Burwood Council Proposed Council Mergers ............................ 31
Plate 3.1 Mary Reibey ................................................................................ 39
Plate 3.2 Early Marrickville. Left to right: Illawarra Rd; commercial
area; transport; Lewisham hospital; War memorial
outside council; and, tram service ............................................... 42
Plate 3.3 Traditional Marrickville. Left to right: restored cottage:
detail of dormer and chimney; early estate; streetscape;
corner commercial restoration; and, residential street ................ 43
Plate 3.4 New Marrickville. Left to right: flour mill silos conversion
to apartments; New residential apartments to ‘Silo’ site;
proposed new residential on HUB site; proposed
community area on HUB site; cooperate residential
development; and, tram service new infill residential ................. 44
Plate 3.5 Future Marrickville. Left to right: developments
and concept proposals ................................................................. 45
xxvii
xxviii List of Plates
Plate 3.6 Target sustainability @ Marrickville. Left to right: water

sustainability; Council’s administration building; Annette
Kellerman Aquatic Centre; and, target sustainability
program symbol .......................................................................... 47
Plate 3.7 Draft Parramatta Rd urban transformation
strategy – precinct 8 Camperdown .............................................. 52
Plate 4.1 Pamela travers ............................................................................. 57
Plate 4.2 Early Ashfield. Left to right hotel staff in Hume highway;
explorers park, Ashfield; Charlotte building (cafe now)
opposite Ashfield Stn.; atholic church presbytery;
restored cottage; and gadigal aboriginal ..................................... 60
Plate 4.3 Traditional Ashfield. Left to right streetscape; corner
restoration; federation cottage; cottage restoration; early
apartment block; and, town house............................................... 61
Plate 4.4 New Ashfield. Left to right medium density residential
complex; restored with street wall art; commercial
complex, Hume highway; new public square with
fountain; new community gardens and open space;
and, building restoration with street wall art............................... 62
Plate 4.5 Future Ashfield ............................................................................ 63
Plate 4.6 Parramatta Rd urban transformation strategy – precinct
6 Summer Hill/Lewisham ........................................................... 67
Plate 4.7 Sydney inner west councils – Marrickville, Ashfield,
and Leichhardt............................................................................. 69
Plate 5.1 Nick Origlass............................................................................... 73
Plate 5.2 Early Leichhardt Municipality. Left to right Transport along
Parramatta Rd; Industries along foreshores; Factories
at Balmain; Old Glebe Island Bridge; Early residential
buildings; and, Water main viaduct as street wall art .................. 76
Plate 5.3 Traditional Leichhardt. Left to right Streetscape; Decorative
cottages; Modest cottages; Landscaped streets; Row
housing with uniform coloured fencing;
and stand-alone terrace................................................................ 77
Plate 5.4 New Leichhardt. Left to right The Forum; Infill residential;
Factory conversion; Bus depot; Orphan School Creek
complex; Residential around square ........................................... 78
Plate 5.5 Future Leichhardt ........................................................................ 79
Plate 5.6 Cogeneration system ................................................................... 81
Plate 5.7 Parramatta Rd Transformation Project – Precinct
7 Leichhardt ................................................................................ 87
Plate 5.8 Sydney Inner West Councils – Marrickville, Ashfield,
and Leichhardt............................................................................. 89
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shaken by chance into the same box, yet scarcely are we therein settled
when we begin putting forth feelers of sympathy and recognition. There
was one young man who seemed to me a master in the art of making
desirable acquaintances for the trip. He entered upon his work ere the
Golden Gate had sunk below the horizon. He had a friendly word for all.
His approach and address were prepossessing. He spoke to me kindly. I was
miserable and flung myself upon him for sympathy. The wretch was merely
testing me as a compagnon de voyage. He found me unsuitable. He flung
me from him with easy but cold politeness, and consorted with an
“educated German gentleman.” I revenged myself by playing the same
tactics on a sea-and love-sick German carriage-maker. “An eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth,” you know.
We touched at Magdalena Bay and Punta Arenas. We expected to stay at
Punta Arenas twelve hours to discharge a quantity of flour. Four times
twelve hours we remained there. Everybody became very tired of Costa
Rica. The Costa Rican is not hurried in his movements. He took his own
time in sending the necessary lighters for that flour. A boat load went off
once in four hours. The Costa Ricans came on board, men and women,
great and small, inspected the Sacramento, enjoyed themselves, went on
shore again, lay down in the shade of their cocoanut palms, smoked their
cigarettes and slept soundly, while the restless, uneasy load of humanity on
the American steamer fretted, fumed, perspired, scolded at Costa Rican
laziness and ridiculed the Costa Rican government, which revolutionizes
once in six months, changes its flag once a year, taxes all improvements,
and acts up to the principle that government was made for the benefit of
those who govern. Many of the passengers went on shore. Some came back
laden with tropical flowers, others full of brandy. The blossoms filled the
vessel the whole night with perfume, while the brandy produced noise and
badly-sung popular melodies.
The Grinder went on shore with the rest. On returning he expressed
disgust at the Costa Ricans. He thought that “nothing could ever be made of
them.” He had no desire that the United States should ever assimilate with
any portion of the Torrid Zone. He predicted that such a fusion would prove
destructive to American energy and intelligence. We had enough southern
territory and torpor already. The man has no appreciation of the indolence
and repose of the tropics. He knows not that the most delicious of
enjoyments is the waking dream under the feathery palm, care and
restlessness flung aside, while the soul through the eye loses itself in the
blue depths above. He would doom us to an eternal rack of civilization and
Progress-work—grind, jerk, hurry, twist and strain, until our nerves, by
exhaustion unstrung and shattered, allow no repose of mind or body; and
even when we die our bones are so infected by restlessness and
goaheaditiveness that they rattle uneasily in our coffins.
Panama sums up thus: An ancient, walled, red-tiled city, full of convents
and churches; the ramparts half ruined; weeds springing atop the steeples
and belfries; a fleet of small boats in front of the city; Progress a little on
one side in the guise of the Isthmus Railroad depot, cars, engines, ferry-
boat, and red, iron lighters; a straggling guard of parti-colored, tawdry and
most slovenly-uniformed soldiers, with French muskets and sabre bayonets,
drawn up at the landing, commanded by an officer smartly dressed in blue,
gold, kepi, brass buttons and stripes, with a villainous squint eye, smoking a
cigar. About the car windows a chattering crowd of blacks, half blacks,
quarter blacks, coffee, molasses, brown, nankeen and straw colored natives,
thrusting skinny arms in at the windows, and at the end of those arms
parrots, large and small, in cages and out, monkeys, shells, oranges,
bananas, carved work, and pearls in various kinds of gold setting; all of
which were sorely tempting to some of the ladies, but ere many bargains
were concluded the train clattered off, and we were crossing the continent.
The Isthmus is a panorama of tropical jungle; it seems an excess, a
dissipation of vegetation. It is a place favorable also for the study of
external black anatomy. The natives kept undressing more and more as we
rolled on. For a mile or two after leaving Panama they did affect the shirt.
Beyond this, that garment seemed to have become unfashionable, and they
stood at their open doors with the same unclothed dignity that characterized
Adam in the Garden of Eden before his matrimonial troubles commenced.
Several young ladies in our care first looked up, then down, then across,
then sideways: then they looked very grave, and finally all looked at each
other and unanimously tittered.
Aspinwall! The cars stop; a black-and-tan battalion charge among us,
offering to carry baggage. They pursue us to the gate of the P. M. S. S.
depot; there they stop; we pass through one more cluster of orange, banana,
and cigar selling women; we push and jam into the depot, show our tickets,
and are on board the Ocean Queen. We are on the Atlantic side! It comes
over us half in awe, half in wonder, that this boat will, if she do not reach
the bottom first, carry us straight to a dock in New York. The anticipation of
years is developing into tangibility.
We cross the Caribbean. It is a stormy sea. Our second day thereon was
one of general nausea and depression. You have perhaps heard the air,
“Sister, what are the wild waves saying?” On that black Friday many of our
passengers seemed to be earnestly saying something over the Ocean
Queen’s side to the “wild, wild waves.” The Grinder went down with the
rest. I gazed triumphantly over his prostrate form laid out at full length on a
cabin settee. Seward, Bancroft, politics, metaphysics, poetry, and
philosophy were hushed at last. Both enthusiasm and patriotism find an
uneasy perch on a nauseated stomach.
But steam has not robbed navigation of all its romance. We find some
poetry in smoke, smoke stacks, pipes, funnels, and paddles, as well as in the
“bellying sails” and the “white-winged messengers of commerce.” I have a
sort of worship for our ponderous walking-beam, which swings its many
tons of iron upon its axis as lightly as a lady’s parasol held ’twixt thumb and
finger. It is an embodiment of strength, grace, and faithfulness. Night and
day, mid rain and sunshine, be the sea smooth or tempestuous, still that
giant arm is at its work, not swerving the fractional part of an inch from its
appointed sphere of revolution. It is no dead metallic thing: it is a
something rejoicing in power and use. It crunches the ocean ’neath its
wheels with that pride and pleasure of power which a strong man feels
when he fights his way through some ignoble crowd. The milder powers of
upper air more feebly impel yon ship; in our hold are the powers of earth,
the gnomes and goblins, the subjects of Pluto and Vulcan, begrimed with
soot and sweat, and the elements for millions and millions of years
imprisoned in the coal are being steadily set free. Every shovelful generates
a monster born of flame. As he flies sighing and groaning through the wide-
mouthed smokestack into the upper air, he gives our hull a parting shove
forward.
A death in the steerage—a passenger taken on board sick at Aspinwall.
All day long an inanimate shape wrapped in the American flag lies near the
gangway. At four P.M. an assemblage from cabin and steerage gather with
uncovered heads. The surgeon reads the service for the dead; a plank is
lifted up; with a last shrill whirl that which was once a man is shot into the
blue waters; in an instant it is out of sight and far behind, and we retire to
our state-rooms, thinking and solemnly wondering about that body sinking,
sinking, sinking in the depths of the Caribbean; of the sea monsters that
curiously approach and examine it; of the gradual decay of the corpse’s
canvas envelope; and far into the night, as the Ocean Queen shoots ahead,
our thoughts wander back in the blackness to the buried yet unburied dead.
The Torrid Zone is no more. This morning a blast from the north sweeps
down upon us. Cold, brassy clouds are in the sky; the ocean’s blue has
turned to a dark, angry brown, flecked with white caps and swept by blasts
fresh from the home of the northern floe and iceberg. The majority of the
passengers gather about the cabin-registers, like the house-flies benumbed
by the first cold snap of autumn in our northern kitchens. Light coats,
pumps and other summer apparel have given way to heavy boots, over-
coats, fur caps and pea-jackets. A home look settles on the faces of the
North Americans. They snuff their native atmosphere: they feel its bracing
influence. But the tawny-skinned Central Americans who have gradually
accumulated on board from the Pacific ports and Aspinwall, settle
inactively into corners or remain ensconced in their berths. The air which
kindles our energies wilts theirs. The hurricane-deck is shorn of its awnings.
Only a few old “shell-back” passengers maintain their place upon it, and yet
five days ago we sat there in midsummer moonlit evenings.
We are now about one hundred miles from Cape Hatteras. Old Mr.
Poddle and his wife are travelling for pleasure. Came to California by rail,
concluded to return by the Isthmus. Ever since we started Cape Hatteras has
loomed up fearfully in their imaginations. Old Mr. Poddle looks knowingly
at passing vessels through his field-glass, but doesn’t know a fore-and-aft
schooner from a man-of-war. Mrs. Poddle once a day inquires if there’s any
danger. Mr. Poddle does not talk so much, but evidently in private meditates
largely on hurricanes, gales, cyclones, sinking and burning vessels. Last
night we came in the neighborhood of the Gulf Stream. There were flashes
of lightning, “mare’s tails” in the sky, a freshening breeze and an increasing
sea. About eleven old Mr. Poddle came on deck. Mrs. Poddle, haunted by
Hatteras, had sent him out to see if “there was any danger;” for it is evident
that Mrs. Poddle is dictatress of the domestic empire. Mr. Poddle ascended
to the hurricane-deck, looked nervously to leeward, and just then an old
passenger salt standing by, who had during the entire passage
comprehended and enjoyed the Poddletonian dreads, remarked, “This is
nothing to what we shall have by morning.” This shot sent Poddle below.
This morning at breakfast the pair looked harassed and fatigued.
The great question now agitating the mind of this floating community is,
“Shall we reach the New York pier at the foot of Canal street by Saturday
noon?” If we do, there is for us all long life, prosperity and happiness: if we
do not, it is desolation and misery. For Monday is New Year’s Day. On
Sunday we may not be able to leave the city: to be forced to stay in New
York over Sunday is a dreadful thought for solitary contemplation. We
study and turn it over in our minds for hours as we pace the deck. We live
over and over again the land-journey to our hearthstones at Boston,
Syracuse, and Cincinnati. We meet in thought our long-expectant relatives,
so that at last our air-castles become stale and monotonous, and we fear that
the reality may be robbed of half its anticipated pleasure from being so
often lived over in imagination.
Nine o’clock, Friday evening. The excitement increases. Barnegat Light
is in sight. Half the cabin passengers are up all night, indulging in
unprofitable talk and weariness, merely because we are so near home. Four
o’clock, and the faithful engine stops, the cable rattles overboard, and
everything is still. We are at anchor off Staten Island. By the first laggard
streak of winter’s dawn I am on the hurricane-deck. I am curious to see my
native North. It comes by degrees out of the cold blue fog on either side of
the bay. Miles of houses, spotted with patches of bushy-looking woodland
—bushy in appearance to a Californian, whose oaks grow large and widely
apart from each other, as in an English park. There comes a shrieking and
groaning and bellowing of steam-whistles from the monster city nine miles
away. Soon we weigh anchor and move up toward it. Tugs dart fiercely
about, or laboriously puff with heavilyladen vessels in tow. Stately ocean
steamers surge past, outward bound. We become a mere fragment of the
mass of floating life. We near the foot of Canal street. There is a great deal
of shouting and bawling and counter-shouting and counter-bawling, with
expectant faces on the wharf, and recognitions from shore to steamer and
from steamer to shore. The young woman who flirted so ardently with the
young Californian turns out to be married, and that business-looking,
middle-aged man on the pier is her husband. Well, I never! Why, you are
slow, my friend, says inward reflection. You are not versed in the customs
of the East. At last the gangway plank is flung out. We walk on shore. It is
now eighteen years since that little floating world society cemented by a
month’s association scattered forever from each other’s sight at the Canal
street pier.
THE WHITE CROSS LIBRARY
Is a MONTHLY system of publication, showing how results may be
obtained in all business and art, through the force of thought and silent
power of mind.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: $1.50 PER YEAR; SINGLE COPIES, 15
CENTS.
VOLUME I.
No. 1—You travel when you sleep.
“ 2—Where you travel when you sleep.
“ 3—The process of re-embodiment.
“ 4—Re-embodiment universal in nature.
“ 5—The art of forgetting.
“ 6—How thoughts are born.
“ 7—The law of success.
“ 8—How to keep your strength.
“ 9—Consider the lilies.
“ 10—Art of study.
“ 11—Profit and loss in associates.
“ 12—The slavery of fear.
“ 13—What are spiritual gifts.
VOLUME II.
No. 14—Some laws of health and beauty.
“ 15—Mental intemperance.
“ 16—Law of marriage.
“ 17—The God in yourself.
“ 18—Force, and how to get it.
“ 19—The doctor within.
“ 20—Co-operation of thought.
“ 21—The religion of dress.
“ 22—The necessity of riches.
“ 23—Use your riches.
“ 24—The healing and renewing force of spring.
“ 25—Positive and negative thought.
VOLUME III.
No. 26.—The practical use of reverie.
“ 27.—Your two memories.
“ 28.—Self teaching; or, the art of learning how to learn.
“ 29.—How to push your business.
“ 30.—The religion of the drama.
“ 31.—The uses of sickness.
“ 32.—Who are our relations?
“ 33.—The use of a room.
“ 34.—Man and wife.
“ 35.—Cure for alcoholic intemperance.
“ 36.—The church of silent demand.
“ 37.—The mystery of sleep, or our double existence.
“Your Forces and How to Use Them,” FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD
VOLUMES.
Each Volume containing one year’s issue of the White Cross Library. Price,
$2.00 each.
THE “SWAMP ANGEL” (by Prentice Mulford,) 1.25.
Prentice Mulford’s Story, (36 Chapters—300 pages,) 1.50.
This list embraces all numbers issued to May, 1889.
Copies of all Numbers issued can be obtained.
Address, F. J. NEEDHAM,
Publisher White Cross Library,
52 WEST 14th STREET, NEW YORK CITY, U. S. A.
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

so may ghastly heaps=> so many ghastly heaps {pg 46}
Is is ornamented=> It is ornamented {pg 117}
Theyr’e no use in bizness=> They’re no use in bizness {pg 151}
envied of many=> envy of many {pg 182}
many another county=> many another counties {pg 188}
as general propector=> as general prospector {pg 200}
succedeed in getting=> succeeded in getting {pg 200}
their first instalment=> their first installment {pg 200}
an aceptance of=> an acceptance of {pg 272}
well have endeavroed=> well have endeavored {pg 289}
came on broad=> came on board {pg 290}
fleecked with white caps=> flecked with white caps {pg 296}
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Cities in Global Transition: Creating

Sustainable Communities in Australia

Smart Cities in the Mediterranean Coping with

Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering

Reflections on African Cities in Transition Selected

Geoinformatics for Sustainable Development in Asian

Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Cities Global

Sustainable Smart Cities in India Challenges and Future

Global Cities and Global Order 1st Edition Simon Curtis

Climate crisis and the democratic prospect.

Cities in Global Transition

ISBN 978-3-319-39864-8 ISBN 978-3-319-39865-5 (eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016952547

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

We acknowledge first of all the contributions of residents, administrators, and

Fourthly, thanks go to book supporters (a–z): Martin (Joyce, Richard, Richie,

Part I Global Urban Transition and Sustainable Urban Planning

Part II Planning Sydney Inner West District

3.3.3 Local Environment Plan

5.3.6 Leichhardt 2025 + Strategic Plan .................................... 82

7.3.5 Strathfield Town Centre Upgrade .................................... 119

9.3 Developing Sustainable Transport................................................. 159

Part III Planning Greater Parramatta District

11.5 Amalgamations of Councils and Auburn ...................................... 213

Part IV Planning in St George District

17 Planning Greater Sydney Districts – St George Case Study............... 301

Part V Conclusions on Planning Sustainable Cities

Appendix 1: Cultural Diversity Poems Titles – Districts

Glossary ........................................................................................................... 351

Index ................................................................................................................. 355

Raymond Charles Rauscher is a conjoint lecturer at

Salim Momtaz is an associate professor at the University

197-a City of New York community planning charter

Addendum 2.1 NSW Government and Council Reports

Information Box 2.1 NSW Government and Council Reports

Plate 1.1 Cadigal aboriginal peoples .......................................................... 3

Plate 3.6 Target sustainability @ Marrickville. Left to right: water

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

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