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ENGINEERED CARBON
NANOTUBES AND
NANOFIBROUS MATERIALS
Integrating Theory and Technique
AAP Research Notes on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
ENGINEERED CARBON
NANOTUBES AND
NANOFIBROUS MATERIALS
Edited by
A. K. Haghi
Praveen K. M.
Sabu Thomas
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
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© 2019 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-704-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-351-04812-5 (eBook)
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Engineered carbon nanotubes and nanofibrous materials : integrating theory and technique / edited by
A.K. Haghi, Praveen K.M., Sabu Thomas.
(AAP research notes on nanoscience & nanotechnology book series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-704-5 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-351-04812-5 (PDF)
1. Carbon nanotubes--Industrial applications. 2. Nanofibers--Industrial applications.
I. Haghi, A. K., editor II. K. M., Praveen, editor III. Thomas, Sabu, editor
IV. Series: AAP research notes on nanoscience & nanotechnology book series
TA455.C3E54 2018 620.1’93 C2018-904594-9 C2018-904595-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Haghi, A. K., editor.

Title: Engineered carbon nanotubes and nanofibrous materials : integrating theory and technique /
editors, A. K. Haghi, Praveen K. M., Sabu Thomas.
Description: Toronto ; New Jersey : Apple Academic Press, 2019. | Series: AAP research notes on
nanoscience and nanotechnology | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018037189 (print) | LCCN 2018037824 (ebook) | ISBN 9781351048125 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781771887045 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Nanocomposites (Materials) | Nanostructured materials. | Nanofibers. |
Carbon nanotubes.
Classification: LCC TA418.9.N35 (ebook) | LCC TA418.9.N35 E537 2019 (print) | DDC 620.1/93--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018037189
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ABOUT THE AAP RESEARCH
NOTES ON NANOSCIENCE &
NANOTECHNOLOGY BOOK SERIES:
AAP Research Notes on Nanoscience & Nanotechnology reports on research
development in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology for academic
institutes and industrial sectors interested in advanced research.
Editor-in-Chief: A. K. Haghi, PhD
Associate Member of University of Ottawa, Canada;
Member of Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences
and Cultures. Email: akhaghi@yahoo.com
Editorial Board:
Georges Geuskens, PhD
Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemistry and Polymers,
Universite de Libre de Brussel, Belgium
Vladimir I. Kodolov, DSc

Professor and Head, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology,
M. I. Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia
Victor Manuel de Matos Lobo, PhD

Professor, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
Richard A. Pethrick, PhD, DSc

Research Professor and Professor Emeritus, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
Mathew Sebastian, MD
Senior Consultant Surgeon, Elisabethinen Hospital, Klagenfurt, Austria;
Austrian Association for Ayurveda
Charles Wilkie, PhD

Professor, Polymer and Organic Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin, USA
BOOKS IN THE AAP RESEARCH
NOTES ON NANOSCIENCE &
NANOTECHNOLOGY BOOK SERIES:
• Nanostructure, Nanosystems and Nanostructured Materials:
Theory, Production, and Development
Editors: P. M. Sivakumar, PhD, Vladimir I. Kodolov, DSc,
Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc, A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Nanostructures, Nanomaterials, and Nanotechnologies to Nanoindustry

Editors: Vladimir I. Kodolov, DSc, Gennady E. Zaikov, DSc,
and A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Foundations of Nanotechnology: Volume 1: Pore Size in Carbon-Based

Nano-Adsorbents
A. K. Haghi, PhD, Sabu Thomas, PhD, and Moein MehdiPour MirMahaleh
• Foundations of Nanotechnology: Volume 2: Nanoelements Formation

and Interaction
Sabu Thomas, PhD, Saeedeh Rafiei, Shima Maghsoodlou, and Arezo Afzali
• Foundations of Nanotechnology: Volume 3: Mechanics of Carbon

Nanotubes
Saeedeh Rafiei
• Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibrous Material:

Editors: A. K. Haghi, PhD, Praveen K. M., and Sabu Thomas, PhD
• Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles: Current and Potential

Applications
Editors: Alexander V. Vakhrushev, DSc, V. I. Kodolov, DSc,
A. K. Haghi, PhD, and Suresh C. Ameta, PhD
• Advances in Nanotechnology and the Environmental Sciences:

Applications, Innovations, and Visions for the Future
Editors: Alexander V. Vakhrushev, DSc, Suresh C. Ameta, PhD,
Heru Susanto, PhD, and A. K. Haghi, PhD
• Chemical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: New Materials and

Modern Techniques
Editors: Francisco Torrens, PhD, A. K. Haghi, PhD,
and Tanmoy Chakraborty, PhD
CONTENTS
About the Editors �� ix

Contributors ......................................................................................... xi
Preface �� xiii
List of Abbreviations ��xv
1. Carbon Nanotubes and Its Applications in Diverse
Areas of Science and Engineering: A Critical Overview ......... 1
Sukanchan Palit
2. Engineered Nanomaterials, Nanomaterials, and
Carbon Nanotubes: A Vision for the Future ........................... 29
Sukanchan Palit
3. Surface Characteristics of Ionic Liquid-modified
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-based Styrene-
Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites: Contact Angle Studies ... 55
Jiji Abraham, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Soney C. George,
and Sabu Thomas
4. Progress on Carbon Nanotube Pull-Out Simulation
with Particular Application on Polymer Matrix via
Finite Element Model Method ................................................. 73
M. Esmaeili, R. Ansari, and A. K. Haghi
5. Environmental Engineering Applications of Carbon
Nanotubes: A Critical Overview and a Vision for the
Future ....................................................................................... 101
Sukanchan Palit
6. Advances in Carbon Nanotube-based Conducting
Polymer Composites ............................................................... 127
Sajid Iqbal, Rangnath Ravi, Anujit Ghosal,
Jaydeep Bhattacharya, and Sharif Ahmad
viii Contents
7. Carbon Nanotubes-based Adsorbent: An Efficient

Water Purification Technology .............................................. 143
Rangnath Ravi, Sajid Iqbal, Anujit Ghosal, and Sharif Ahmad
8. Polylactic Acid/Carbon Nanotubes-based
Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications ...................... 167
Fahmina Zafar, Eram Sharmin, Hina Zafar, and Nahid Nishat
9. 3D Image Processing in Structural Characterization
of Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes .............................. 187
Bentolhoda Hadavi Moghadam, Shohreh Kasaei, and A. K. Haghi
Index ................................................................................................. 243

ABOUT THE EDITORS
A. K. Haghi, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Engineering Sciences,
Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Chemoinformatics and
Chemical Engineering and Polymers Research Journal;
Member, Canadian Research and Development Center of Sciences and
Cultures (CRDCSC), Montreal
A. K. Haghi, PhD, is the author and editor of 165 books as well as 1000
published papers in various journals and conference proceedings. Dr. Haghi
has received several grants, consulted for a number of major corporations,
and is a frequent speaker to national and international audiences. Since
1983, he served as professor at several universities. He is currently Editor-
in-Chief of the International Journal of Chemoinformatics and Chemical
Engineering and Polymers Research Journal and on the editorial boards of
many international journals. He is also a member of the Canadian Research
and Development Center of Sciences and Cultures (CRDCSC), Montreal,
Quebec, Canada. He holds a BSc in urban and environmental engineering
from the University of North Carolina (USA), an MSc in mechanical
engineering from North Carolina A&T State University (USA), a DEA
in applied mechanics, acoustics, and materials from the Université de
Technologie de Compiègne (France), and a PhD in engineering sciences
from Université de Franche-Comté (France).
Praveen K. M.
University of South Brittany (Université de Bretagne Sud)—Laboratory
IRDL PTR1, Research Center “Christiaan Huygens,” Lorient, France
Praveen K. M. is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at
SAINTGITS College of Engineering, India. He is currently pursuing a PhD
in Engineering Sciences at the University of South Brittany (Université
de Bretagne Sud)—Laboratory IRDL PTR1, Research Center “Christiaan
Huygens,” in Lorient, France, in the area of coir-based polypropylene
x About the Editors
microcomposites and nanocomposites. He has published an international

article in Applied Surface Science (Elsevier) and has also presented poster
and conference papers at national and international conferences. He also
has worked with the Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Mahatma
Gandhi University, India; and the Technical University in Liberec, Czech
Republic. His current research interests include plasma modification of
polymers, polymer composites for neutron shielding applications, and
nanocellulose.
Sabu Thomas, PhD

Professor of Polymer Science and Technology and Honorary
Director of the Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
Sabu Thomas, PhD, is a Professor of Polymer Science and Engineering
at the School of Chemical Sciences and Director of the International and
Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at Mahatma
Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. The research activities
of Professor Thomas include surfaces and interfaces in multiphase
polymer blend and composite systems; phase separation in polymer
blends; compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends; thermoplastic
elastomers; phase transitions in polymers; nanostructured polymer blends;
macro-, micro-, and nanocomposites; polymer rheology; recycling;
reactive extrusion; processing–morphology–property relationships in
multiphase polymer systems; double networking of elastomers; natural
fibers and green composites; rubber vulcanization; interpenetrating
polymer networks; diffusion and transport; and polymer scaffolds for
tissue engineering. He has supervised 68 PhD, 40 MPhil, and 45 Masters
theses. He has three patents to his credit. He also received the coveted
“Sukumar Maithy Award” for the best polymer researcher in the country
for the year 2008. Very recently, Professor Thomas received the MRSI
and CRSI medals for his excellent work. With over 600 publications to his
credit and over 23,683 citations, with an h-index of 75, Dr. Thomas has
been ranked fifth in India as one of the most productive scientists.
CONTRIBUTORS
Jiji Abraham
International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Mahatma Gandhi University, P.D. Hills, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
Sharif Ahmad
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025,
India. E-mail: Sharifahmad_jmi@yahoo.co.in
R. Ansari
Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Jaydeep Bhattacharya
Plant Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi 110067, India
M. Esmaeili
Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Soney C. George
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering,
Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
Anujit Ghosal
Plant Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi 110067, India. E-mail: anuj.ghosal@gmail.com
A. K. Haghi
Department of Textile Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. E-mail: akhaghi@yahoo.com
Sajid Iqbal
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia,
Nandakumar Kalarikkal
School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India
Shohreh Kasaei
Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Bentolhoda Hadavi Moghadam

Department of Textile Engineering, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Nahid Nishat
Inorganic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India
xii Contributors
Sukanchan Palit
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Post Office Bidholi via Prem Nagar, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
E-mail: sukanchan68@gmail.com; sukanchan92@gmail.com
Rangnath Ravi
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia,
Eram Sharmin
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University,
Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia
Sabu Thomas
Fahmina Zafar
Inorganic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi, India. E-mail: fahmzafar@gmail.com
Hina Zafar
Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
PREFACE
Carbon nanotubes, with their extraordinary engineering properties, have

garnered much attention in the past 10 years.
With a broad range of potential applications, the scientific community
is more motivated than ever to move beyond basic properties and explore
the real issues associated with carbon nanotube-based applications.
Carbon nanotubes represent one of the most exciting research areas in
modern science. These molecular-scale carbon tubes are the stiffest and
strongest fibers known, with remarkable engineering properties and poten-
tial applications in a wide range of fields.
This volume offers an overview of the main research groups around
the world that have been focusing their efforts on the exploitation of this
intriguing material, with the purpose of inspiring young scientists to follow
their pathway.
Presenting up-to-date literature citations that express the current state
of the science, this book fully explores the development phase of carbon
nanotube-based applications. It is a valuable resource for engineers, scien-
tists, researchers, and professionals in a wide range of disciplines whose
focus remains on the power and promise of carbon nanotubes.
The first eight chapters of this new book focuses solely on carbon
nanotubes, covering some major advances made in recent years in this
rapidly developing field.
This book:
• Examines the historical evolution of nanofabrication as well
as the trends and underlying technology
• Gives an overview of the emerging technologies and cutting-
edge research in nanofabrication
• Covers the basics of carbon nanotubes
• Includes a simplified description of different topics related to
carbon nanotubes
• Covers properties, growth, processing techniques, and indi-
vidual major application areas of carbon nanotubes
xiv Preface
• Provides comprehensive coverage with up-to-date literature

citations
• Considers the future scope of CNTs
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AFD average fiber diameter

AFM atomic force microscopy
AOP advanced oxidation processes
AR Allura Red
ARS angular-resolved scatter
BTEX benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and p-xylene
CAD computer-aided design
CGAL Computational Geometry Algorithms Library
CNM carbon nanomaterials
CNTs carbon nanotubes
CP calcium phosphate
CP conducting polymer
CR Congo red
CVD chemical vapor deposition
DC direct current
DMF N-N, dimethylformamide
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
DSC differential scanning calorimetry
DVI digital volumetric imaging
DWCNTs double-wall CNTs
EBSD 3D electron back-scatter diffraction
EPA The Environment Protection Agency
FE finite element model
FIB-SEM focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope
FULs fullerenes
GN graphene
GO graphene oxide
GSH glutathione
HA humic acid
HA-MWCNTs hydroxyapatite-multiwalled carbon nanotubes
ISS interfacial shear strength
ITO indium tin oxide
L-CNTs lignin-grafted carbon nanotubes
LA laser ablation
LA lactic acid
xvi List of Abbreviations
LSCM laser scanning confocal microscope

MD molecular dynamics
MM molecular mechanics
MWCNTs multiwalled carbon nanotubes
ox-MWCNTs oxidized multiwall carbon nanotubes
PAN polyacrylonitrile
PANI polyaniline
PCVD plasma-enhanced CVD
PEDOT poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
PLA polylactic acid
PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate)
PNP purine nucleoside phosphorylase
PPy polypyrrole
PR Ponceau 4R
PSS polystyrene sulfonate
PTh polythiophene
PU polyurethane
PVA polyvinyl alcohol
RGR relative growth rate
ROS reactive oxygen species
RVE representative volume element
SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
SEM scanning electron microscopy
SIFT scale-invariant feature transform
STL stereo lithography
SWCNTs single-wall CNTs
TIS total integrated scatter
uricase-MWCNT uricase-modified MWCNT
vdW van der Waals
VOCs volatile organic compounds
VTK Visualization Toolkit
WHO World Health Organization
CHAPTER 1
CARBON NANOTUBES AND ITS

APPLICATIONS IN DIVERSE AREAS
OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: A
CRITICAL OVERVIEW
SUKANCHAN PALIT*
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and
Energy Studies, Post Office Bidholi via Prem Nagar,
Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
E-mail: sukanchan68@gmail.com; sukanchan92@gmail.com
*
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology and nanoengineering are today witnessing one drastic

challenge over another. The world of challenges and the vision in the field
of application of carbon nanotubes are changing the face of human scien-
tific endeavor. Human civilization and human scientific endeavor today
stands in the midst of immense scientific vision and deep introspection.
Mankind’s immense scientific prowess, the vast and versatile area of
nanomaterials, and the futuristic vision will all lead a long and visionary
way in the true emancipation of nanotechnology today. In this chapter,
the author delves deep into the unknown depths of the science of carbon
nanotubes and gives a detailed analysis of the recent endeavor in the field
of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, and the domain of nanotechnology
as a whole. Scientific validation and technological vision are the needs of
scientific research pursuit today. This chapter explores and investigates the
vast scientific potential, the scientific success and the scientific profundity
behind application of carbon nanotubes in diverse areas of engineering
and science. Scientific vision behind carbon nanotubes applications are
far-reaching in today’s world of scientific rejuvenation. The extraordinary
2 Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibrous Materials
mechanical properties and unique electrical properties of carbon nano-

tubes have resulted in immense research activities across the world since
their groundbreaking discovery by Sumio Ijima of the NEC Corpora-
tion, Japan in the early 1990s. Science has been a colossus with a vast
vision after that fascinating discovery. Although early research focused on
growth and characterization, these interesting properties have vastly led
to an increase in the number of investigations focused deeply on applica-
tion development in the past 5 years. This chapter unravels the intricacies
of scientific vision in carbon nanotubes applications in vast and versatile
areas of scientific endeavor. This watershed text uncovers the scientific
difficulties and deep barriers in the path toward deep realization in nano-
technology today.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Carbon nanotubes application and application of nanotechnology to

human society are today entering into a new era of scientific vision and
deep scientific comprehension. Mankind’s immense scientific prowess,
the vast technological vision, and the scientific validation will today go
a long and visionary way in the true emancipation and true realization
of nanoscience and nanotechnology to human society today. The utmost
need of science and human society are validation and introspection.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a type of nanomaterial which has immense
scientific potential and poised toward vast scientific advancements. This
chapter focuses on the immense scientific introspection and the vast and
versatile scientific achievements in the field of CNTs, nanomaterials, and
engineered nanomaterials. Science is a huge colossus today with a definite
vision and a strong will power of its own. Nanotechnology is a branch of
scientific research pursuit which is today crossing vast scientific frontiers.
The intricacies of nanoscience, the vast scientific forbearance of nanotech-
nology, and the vast scientific applications of CNTs are deeply explored
and investigated in this chapter. Since the discovery of CNTs by Ijima in
1991, immense progress has been made toward many diverse applications,
for example, materials and devices. Human society today stands in the
midst of deep comprehension as nanotechnology surges ahead in the vast
panorama of science and engineering. A wide window of innovation is
Carbon Nanotubes and Its Applications 3
slowly opening as the author in this chapter successfully attempts to reach

to the readers the intricacies of nanotechnology and CNTs applications.
1.2 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY
Mankind and human civilization are today highly challenged and the
vision of scientific endeavor in nanotechnology is groundbreaking. Today
vast scientific frontiers are surpassed. The purpose and the vision of this
chapter are to investigate in deep details the intricacies and barriers in tech-
nological applications of CNTs and nanomaterials to mankind. Scientific
conscience and scientific acuity are the hallmarks of this well-researched
chapter. Human scientific endeavor today stands in the midst of failures
and upheavals as regards applications of nanotechnology. The challenges
of science have a few answers today. The main upshot of this chapter is
the vast investigation into CNTs application, the futuristic vision of nano-
technology, and the exploration into the world of engineered nanomate-
rials. Engineered nanomaterials are the present day scientific marvels.
This technology needs to be deeply investigated. This area of scientific
research pursuit needs to be reenvisioned and reemphasized with each step
of scientific and academic rigor. Nanotechnology today has a fascinating
medley of research questions and research avenues. The author in this
chapter also targets the importance of applications of CNT applications in
environmental engineering as well as chemical process engineering. Tech-
nological vision of nanoengineering today stands in the midst of scientific
articulation and deep scientific acuity. The prime vision of this chapter is
to explore and investigate the immense intricacies of research forays into
CNTs, nanomaterials, and engineered nanomaterials. The challenge and
vision of science and engineering are immensely groundbreaking today.
This chapter is an eye-opener to the researchers and scientists with the sole
vision of furtherance of science of nanotechnology.1,2,13
1.3 THE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY
Nanotechnology today is surpassing vast scientific frontiers. The vision

of application of CNTs and other nanomaterials has no bounds. Tech-
nology and science needs to be reenvisioned and readjudicated as regards
application of CNTs or other nanomaterials to human society. Environ-

mental protection as regards application of nanomaterials or engineered
nanomaterials needs to be reenvisaged and reemphasized with the passage
of scientific history and time. This chapter poignantly explores the scien-
tific acuity and the scientific vision behind the environmental health
hazards behind the application of nanomaterials especially CNTs. The
scope of the study is vastly visionary and far-reaching. Scientific benefits
to human society as regards nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and engi-
neered nanomaterials are the vast scopes of this well-researched study.
Today, science and technology are huge colossus with a much ground-
breaking vision of its own. Engineering science and its vast and versatile
scientific and academic rigor are the cornerstones of this study. Sustain-
ability as regards energy and environment are today linked to scientific
forays in nanotechnology by an unsevered umbilical cord. In a similar
manner, the domain of energy and environmental sustainability needs
to be readdressed with the progress of scientific rigor. In today’s world,
progress in nanotechnology is directly linked with energy sustainability.
Electrical power engineering and energy sustainability are two opposite
sides of the visionary coin. Thus, the scope of this study is vast and varied.
Energy sustainability, nanotechnology, CNTs, and diverse areas of engi-
neering science are the future research trend and future recommendations
of this well-researched chapter.1,2,13
1.4 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY CNTs?
CNTs are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length
to diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. These cylindrical carbon mole-
cules have novel properties that make them highly useful in many applica-
tions of nanotechnology. Human scientific advancements and the futuristic
vision of nanotechnology are all today leading a long and visionary way
in the true realization of diverse branches of science and technology.
Formally derived from graphene sheet they exhibit unusual mechanical
properties such as high toughness and high elastic moduli. Referring to
their electronic structure, they effectively exhibit semiconducting as well
as metallic behavior and thus encompass full range of properties impor-
tant to furtherance of technology. Nanotubes are categorized as single-
walled nanotubes and multiwalled nanotubes. Human scientific endeavor
and deep cognitive ability of science are leading toward a newer era of
scientific regeneration and scientific instinct. Tools have been developed
to produce nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser
ablation (LA), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), silane solution method,
and flame synthesis method.1–5
CNTs and nanomaterials are the next generation smart and eco-efficient
materials. Technology today has a few answers to the tremendous scien-
tific potential of nanotechnology and CNTs. Science needs to be reenvis-
aged and reemphasized with the passage of scientific history, scientific
validation, and visionary time frame.
1.5 SCIENTIFIC DOCTRINE BEHIND NANOTECHNOLOGY

TODAY
Today nanotechnology is in the path of newer scientific regeneration and

is replete with deep scientific vision and introspection. Scientific articula-
tion, deep scientific acuity, and the futuristic vision of nanotechnology will
all lead a long and visionary way in the true realization of science and engi-
neering today. The doctrine of science is today far-reaching and surpassing
vast and versatile scientific frontiers. Nanoscience and nanotechnology
today are huge scientific colossus with a deep vision and willpower of
its own. In this chapter, the author deeply comprehends the potential,
the applications, and the success of nanomaterials and engineered nano-
materials with the sole vision of furtherance of science and engineering.
Nanotechnology and nanomaterials are moving toward a newer era of
scientific regeneration and deep scientific forbearance. The challenge and
the vision of the application of nanotechnology in environmental engi-
neering science and chemical process engineering are changing the face
of human scientific endeavor. Royal Society Report, United Kingdom13
discussed in deep details opportunities, uncertainties, and challenges in
nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Today nanoscience and nanotechnolo-
gies are vastly seen as having huge scientific potential to benefit in many
visionary areas of research and application.13 These scientific forays are
rapidly attracting increasing investments from Governments and busi-
nesses throughout the world. Human scientific vision and human scientific
resurrection are in the path of a newer era of innovation and instinct. This
report (2004) deeply discussed the current state of scientific knowledge
about nanotechnology and specific applications of the new technologies.13

Human scientific ingenuity needs to be reenvisioned and reenvisaged with
the passage of human history and time.
1.6 SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH ENDEAVOR IN THE FIELD OF

NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are today in the threshold of a newer

era and a newer rejuvenation. The vision of nanoscience is today ever-
growing and replete with forbearance and fortitude. Research questions
and research pursuit in nanoscience and nanotechnology are witnessing
immense challenges and drastic changes. Scientific research endeavor in
the field of nanotechnology needs to be reenvisioned and reemphasized with
the passage of scientific history and the visionary timeframe. Nanotech-
nology today is surpassing wide and vast visionary scientific boundaries.
The challenge and the vision of nanotechnology need to be reenvisaged
as science and engineering surges forward. Energy engineering, material
science, and diverse areas of engineering science are undergoing immense
scientific restructuring globally. Energy sustainability and environmental
sustainability are moving toward a newer era of vision and emancipation.
This chapter depicts poignantly the scientific success, the vast scientific
research pursuit and the technological challenges behind the wide eman-
cipation of nanotechnology, nanomaterials, and material science. Global
nanotechnology vision today stands deeply in the midst of deep scientific
introspection. Energy engineering and environmental engineering today
are directly linked with nanotechnology by an unsevered umbilical cord.
Nanomaterials for environmental protection needs to be reenvisaged and
reemphasized as science and engineering surges forward toward a newer
visionary era.
1.7 NANOVISION, NANOENGINEERING, AND HUMAN

SOCIETY: A VISION FOR THE FUTURE
The progress of human civilization and academic rigor in the field of

nanotechnology are today linked by an unsevered umbilical cord. Human
society and human civilization today stands in the midst of disaster,
introspection and scientific vision. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are

revolutionary areas of science and engineering today. In a similar manner,
nanomaterials and engineered nanomaterials are the most promising areas
of scientific pursuit and scientific vision in today’s world. CNTs are an
avenue in scientific endeavor in nanomaterials. Scientific harmony, deep
scientific cognizance, and scientific inspiration are the necessities of
human society with human progress. Nanovision and nanoengineering
are the imperatives of scientific research pursuit as human civilization
moves forward. The vision for the future in today’s scientific world is
ever-growing and exceedingly groundbreaking. Nanotechnology is today
the need of the society. Material science, electronics engineering, bioen-
gineering, environmental engineering, and chemical process engineering
are the avenues of scientific endeavor which has interfaces with nano-
technology. In each area of scientific avenues of human society, nano-
technology today has gained immense importance. Thus, the major
thrust of human research pursuit should be toward greater emancipation
of nanoscience and greater realization of nanotechnology. Nanovision is
the major thrust area of human scientific endeavor globally. Mankind’s
immense scientific prowess, the vast technological forays, and the success
of nanoscience will all lead a long and visionary way in the true realiza-
tion and true emancipation of material science and nanomaterials today.
CNTs encompasses scientific endeavor in nanomaterials. In this chapter,
the author rigorously points out toward the scientific vision and the deep
scientific profundity in technological applications of CNTs. Human scien-
tific conscience and deep scientific instincts are in the midst of intro-
spection today globally. Environmental engineering, chemical process
engineering, and petroleum engineering science are ushering in a new era
in the area of scientific emancipation. Global concerns for environmental
disasters, loss of ecological biodiversity, and frequent environmental
mishaps are changing the scientific panorama today. This chapter focuses
on the success of application of nanotechnology in chemical process engi-
neering, environmental engineering, and petroleum engineering science.
Depletion of fossil fuel resources is an area of immense concern today.
Scientific validation and deep scientific motivation are challenging the
entire scientific scenario globally. Nanovision and nanoengineering are
today ushering in a new age of scientific regeneration and vast scien-
tific rejuvenation. The upshot of this paper is the immense scientific and
technological emancipation behind CNTs application and nanotechnology

contribution to human society. Today nanovision is deeply connected to
scientific research pursuit in petroleum engineering science and chemical
process technology. The challenge and the vision need to be reemphasized
and reenvisaged with the progress of academic and scientific rigor in the
field of nanomaterials.1–4
1.8 RECENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PURSUIT IN CNTs
Recent scientific research pursuit in CNTs is vastly visionary and crossing

scientific boundaries. Human civilization and human scientific endeavor
are in the path of newer scientific regeneration. CNTs and its vast and
varied applications are changing the face of scientific research pursuit
today.
De Volder et al.1 discussed with deep and cogent insight, present and
future applications of CNTs. Technological vision and scientific motivation
are at their level with the progress of scientific and academic rigor. World-
wide commercial interest in CNTs is reflected in the production capacity
that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Recently, bulk CNT
powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from
rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls
and water filters.1 Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical
modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and
large area coatings.1 Scientific vision, scientific profundity, and vast scien-
tific regeneration are the hallmark of CNT application to human society
today.1 CNTs are seamless cylinders of one or more layers of graphene
(denoted single-wall, SWNT, or multiwall, MWNT), with open or closed
ends. Perfect CNTs have all carbons bonded in a hexagonal lattice except
at their ends; whereas, defects in mass-produced CNTs introduce penta-
gons, heptagons, and other imperfections in the sidewalls that generally
degrade desired properties.1 Diameters of SWNTs and MWNTs are typi-
cally 0.8–2 nm and 5–20 nm, respectively, although MWNT diameters
can exceed 100 nm.1 The genesis of widespread CNT research in the early
1990s was preceded in the 1980s by the first industrial synthesis of what
are now known as MWNTs and documental evidence and research on
hollow carbon nanofibers started in the 1950s.1 The vast vision of science,
the challenges of nanotechnology, and the futuristic vision of physics of
nanotubes will all lead a long and visionary way in the true emancipa-
tion of science and engineering.1 After the brilliant definition of nano-
technology propounded by Dr. Richard Feynman, an eminent American
physicist, science and engineering ushered in a new era.1 Technology
and engineering science of nanotechnology after the visionary defini-
tion by Dr. Feynman opened up new windows of scientific innovation
and deep scientific instinct. Most of the CNT production today is used
in bulk composite materials and thin films, which rely on unorganized
CNT architectures having limited properties. CVD is the dominant mode
of high-volume CNT production and generally uses fluidized bed reac-
tors that enable uniform gas diffusion and heat transfer to metal catalyst
nanoparticles.1 In this chapter, the author with deep foresight reviews the
genesis and application of CNTs with the sole vision toward scientific
emancipation.1
Ajayan et al.2 deeply discussed with immense foresight applications
of CNTs. Human scientific vision, civilization’s scientific prowess, and
the needs of science to human society will lead a long and visionary way
in the true realization of nanoscience, nanotechnology, and engineering
science. CNTs have attracted immense interest worldwide with the further-
ance of science and engineering today.2 The small dimensions, strength,
and physical properties of these nanostructures make them a unique mate-
rial with a whole range of promising and visionary applications. Material
science applications of CNTs are revolutionizing the scientific landscape.
In this chapter, the author rigorously describes the electronic and electro-
chemical applications of CNTs, nanotubes as mechanical reinforcements
in high-performance composites, nanotube-based field emitters, and their
use as nanoprobes in metrology and biological and chemical investiga-
tions, and as templates for the creation of other nanostructures.2 Vision of
science and scientific validation are of utmost need in the research pursuit
in nanomaterials today. The author deeply comprehends the challenges
that result from the point of view of manufacturing, process engineering,
and cost considerations in CNTs applications. This watershed text deeply
discusses the vast scientific potential, the acuity, and the scientific articu-
lation behind CNTs application.
Baughman et al.3 discussed with deep and cogent foresight, the scien-
tific intricacies and the routes toward application of CNTs. The vision and
the challenge of nanotechnology and nanomaterials are ever-growing and
overcoming scientific hurdles today. Human scientific vision, mankind’s
immense scientific prowess, and the scientific needs of the human society
will all lead a long and visionary way in the true realization of science and
engineering science. Many potential applications have been proposed for
CNTs, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage
and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radia-
tion sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semicon-
ductor devices; probes and interconnects.3 Human civilization and deep
scientific endeavor are today in the threshold of a newer scientific regen-
eration. There are two main types of CNTs that can have high structural
perfection.3 Single-walled nanotubes (SWNT) consist of a single graphite
sheet seamlessly wrapped into a cylindrical tube. Multiwalled nanotubes
comprise an array of such nanotubes that are concentrically nested like
rings of a tree trunk. Technology of nanotubes is highly advanced today.
Scientific enigma and scientific vision are the cornerstones of research
pursuit in nanotechnology today. Despite structural similarity to a single
sheet of graphite which is a semiconductor with zero band gap, SWNT
may be either metallic or semiconducting, depending on the sheet direction
about which the graphite sheet is rolled to form a nanotube cylinder.3 This
direction in the graphite sheet plane and the nanotube diameter are obtain-
able from a pair of integers (m, n) that denote the nanotube type. The elec-
tronic properties of perfect MWNT are rather similar to SWNT because
the coupling between the cylinders is weak in MWNT. Technology and
engineering science of nanotechnology are surpassing vast and versatile
scientific frontiers. Human scientific advancements and human peregrina-
tions are today in a state of introspection and vision. This chapter widely
opens the immense scientific profundity and the scientific forays into the
murky world of MWNT and SWNTs. The first realized major commercial
application of MWNT is their use as electrically conducting components in
polymer composites. The low loading levels and the nanofiber morphology
of the MWNTs allow electrical conductivity to be achieved while avoiding
and minimizing degradation of other performance aspects and the low melt
flow viscosity needed for thin-walled molding applications.3 The vision
and the challenge of nanotubes application are slowly changing the vast
scientific panorama of nanotechnology. This chapter vastly pronounces
and veritably opens up a new chapter in the field of applied science and
nanotechnology. The challenge of science needs to be envisioned.
Popov4 discussed with deep and cogent insight, properties and applica-
tions of CNTs. CNTs are unique tubular structures of nanometer diameter
and large length/diameter ratios. The scientific success, the vision, and the
challenges of science today are opening up new windows of innovation
and scientific instinct in decades to come.4 The nanotubes may consist
of one up to tens and hundreds of concentric shells of carbons with adja-
cent shells separation of approximately 0.34 nm.4 The carbon networks of
the shell are closely related to the honeycomb arrangement of the carbon
atoms in the graphite sheet. The amazing mechanical and electronic prop-
erties of the nanotubes stem in their quasi one-dimensional structure and
the graphite-like arrangement of the carbon atoms in the shell. This is a
watershed text in the review papers on CNTs. Scientific research pursuit
and deep scientific profundity are the veritable needs of human civiliza-
tion’s progress today.4 This chapter opens up new avenues and new direc-
tions in the field of nanotechnology applications. This report is intended
to summarize some of the major advancements in the field of carbon
nanotube research both experimental and deeply theoretical in connection
with the future applications of nanotubes and the vast domain of nano-
technology.4 The challenge, the vision, and the future recommendations of
nanotechnology are enlivened with deep conscience in this paper.
Odom et al.5 deeply and lucidly discussed single-walled CNTs from
fundamental concepts to new device innovations. The frontiers of science
and technology are wide open today and ushering in a new era in nano-
science and nanotechnology. Single-walled CNTs are ideal systems for
investigating the fundamental concepts in one-dimensional electronic
systems and have the tremendous scientific potential to revolutionize
many areas of nanoelectronics. Technological vision and scientific forays
in CNTs are today changing the scientific panorama of human scientific
endeavor and human progress.5 The future of application of CNTs is wide
and bright. Today, science and engineering of nanotechnology are in the
path of newer scientific regeneration and deep scientific adjudication. The
authors deeply clarify the scientific success, the futuristic vision, and the
scientific profundity behind CNTs application.5 In this chapter, scanning
tunneling microscopy has been used to characterize the atomic structure and
tunneling density of states of individual SWNTs. Detailed spectroscopic
measurements showed one-dimensional singularities in the SWNT density
of states for both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes.5 Technology
and engineering science of nanotubes are surpassing vast and versatile
scientific frontiers. This chapter widely presents with immense scientific
vision the new device innovations in the field of CNTs. The results of the
spectroscopic measurements obtained were compared to and agree well

with the theoretical predictions and tight-binding calculations. Human
scientific endeavor is at its zenith as nanotechnology and material science
uncovers the deep scientific intricacies and scientific hurdles. One-dimen-
sional nanostructures, such as CNTs and nanowires are poised to become
important building blocks for molecule-based electrical circuits.5 These
materials not only offer the potential to serve as interconnects between
active molecular elements in a device but also have the ability to func-
tion as the device element itself.5 In order to exploit the unique physical
properties of these one-dimensional materials for technological applica-
tions, it is important to characterize in detail their intrinsic properties.5
The intricate determination of the properties of individual nanostructures
has immense scientific value. This chapter unravels the deep scientific
hurdles and the vast scientific intricacies of CNTs characterization.5 Scan-
ning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy offer the potential to probe
whether structural changes in SWNT geometry produce distinct electronic
properties, since these methods are capable of simultaneously resolving
the atomic structure and electronic density states of a material. Thus, the
utmost importance of this method and the vision of this study.5 The STM
studies indicate that one-dimensional SWNT exhibit richness in electronic
behavior that may be exploited for molecular device applications. The
vast scientific vision, the technological cognizance, and the deep scientific
profundity in this research endeavor are changing the scientific landscape,
ushering new future thoughts and newer futuristic vision.5
Seetharamappa et al.6 depicted with deep scientific revelation the
domain of CNTs and the scientific success of next generation of elec-
tronic materials. The application of nanotechnology and CNTs are today
surpassing vast scientific frontiers. The recent interest in CNTs is a direct
consequence of the synthesis of buckminsterfullerenes. This discovery
paved the way for the new scientific regeneration in the field of nano-
technology.6 The discovery of buckminsterfullerenes took place in 1985.
Science and engineering witnessed tremendous challenges after that
groundbreaking discovery. The discovery that carbon could form stable,
ordered structures other than graphite and diamond urged many researchers
around the world to search for other allotropes of carbon. Human scien-
tific research pursuit and the futuristic vision of nanotechnology today will
lead a long and visionary way toward true emancipation of applied science
and engineering science today.6 In 1990, there was another great discovery
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Jan. 21, 1918.
Two or three days ago I received from you an admirable letter,
dated December 12, and yesterday arrived our long errant Christmas
mail—many trucks of it—and in it several letters from you dated about
Thanksgiving. It is strange that my letters take so long to reach you,
but you must have some of them by now. I certainly was glad to get ten
cans of tobacco from you, I have wanted a pipe full of that excellent
tobacco for months. I got a thousand stogies from Fr. Daly, a box of
cigars from my father, another from John B. Kennedy and another from
one Romaine Pierson, one of my father’s friends, who sent me also a
large can of tobacco. Also I got a lot of jelly and candy from my mother
and a little book of “Maxims of Fr. Faber” from Eleanor Rogers Cox,
and enough scapulars to sink a ship.
It certainly gives me the keenest delight to read your poetry. The
poem about the Christmas Tree has —— backed off the map. Also
“High Heart” is very noble poetry. I envy you your power of writing
poetry—I haven’t been able to write a thing since I left the ship. Also I
envy you your power of being high hearted and, wholly legitimately,
aware of your own high heartedness. Not that I am low spirited—I am
merely busy and well-fed and contented. I am interested but not
excited, and excitement is supposed to be one of war’s few charms.
The contentedness is not absolute, of course, for I have, when away
from you, always a consciousness of incompleteness. But I have not
had the painful and dangerous times I expected to find as soon as we
reached this country.
I am keenly interested in the novel you and Margaret are writing.
But don’t plunge too deep into occult studies in getting dope for it.
Don’t attend any seance of any kind or use Planchette or try automatic
writing or make any experiments of a supernatural kind. If you do, I
swear that if I do get shot I won’t haunt you—and I’m conceited
enough to think I can’t make a worse threat.
By the way, Kenton’s suggestion that you send me a checkerboard
is excellent. I’d like it very much.
I love you.
* * * * *
Feb 5, 1918.
I am enclosing a letter from Helen Parry Eden which should be put
in the autograph-letter file. A good way to keep author’s letters is to
paste special envelopes for them on the inside of the covers of
author’s books. Do not use the original envelopes for this purpose. But
probably this plan is unsafe in a library frequented by wild babies. But
at any rate try to get the stuff stowed away safely and neatly. Bob
Holliday could advise you intelligently as to the proper preservation of
autographed letters.
It is about a week now since I heard from you, and I am eagerly
awaiting to-day’s arrival of mail. I work in the place to which the mail is
brought for assortment, so I get my letters without much delay—that is,
delay after they reach the Regiment. The first delayed batches of mail
are still arriving—I get a November letter one day, a January letter the
next, a December the next.
Send me by all means all the verse you write—I find I enjoy poetry
more these days than I did when I made my living largely by making it
and writing and talking about it. But I wish I could make it as I used to
—I have not been able to write any verse at all except “Militis
Meditatio” which I sent you. I wrote a brief prose sketch which is still in
process of censuring—the censorship regulations may or may not be
so interpreted as to exclude it. I think I’ll be allowed to print it, however,
as it is really not a writing on military subjects, but an introspective
essay written by a sort of soldier. If it gets by, it will go immediately to
George H. Doran to be censored.
The second package of tobacco has arrived. The package
containing it was broken, but in the bottom of the mail bag I found all
ten cans of tobacco. I certainly am glad to get it—after ten years this
kind still seems to me to be the best tobacco in the world.
I am not especially delighted with the circumstances of my work
just at present. I am perfectly comfortable, have good meals and
quarters and my work is not at all hard. But I want to get into more
interesting and important work—perhaps it will be all fixed up by the
time I write to you again. I love you.
Joyce Kilmer.
* * * * *
February 22d, 1918.

My dear Aline:
It is a long time since I have heard from you—about three weeks.
But I suppose that I will receive a number of letters at once. I do not
yet know whether or not you have received the two batches of
American Express Company checks, amounting in all to $100.00,
which I sent you some time ago. But I am not worrying about it, if the
checks are lost it still is possible to recover the money. I sent you two
lots of prose and verse recently, and in the envelope containing this
letter is a quaint supplement to one of my little sketches—that called
“Breakfasts.” It is a letter to Kenton from the little girl who lives in the
house by the Fountain, where Farrell and Driscoll and I used to eat
every morning in our last station. I showed Solange (an excellent,
demure and pious infant) Kenton’s photograph, and told her that he
studied French in school. He is supposed to answer in French, tell him
—of course his French teacher must help him. I saved the censor
trouble by clipping from Solange’s letter the name of the town
honoured by her presence, but I guarantee (with St. Anthony’s aid) the
safe delivery to her of any epistle he may entrust to me.
The town we are in now has no Solange—or has revealed none to
me as yet—but in a certain Cafe which I much frequent is Antoine,
aged two, who can salute in the French manner, comme ca (illustrated)
or in the American manner, comme ca, (illustrated). No, not with the
left hand! good Heavens, child! Sacre bleu! nom d’um nom! Quelle
dommage! Well, if you are going to cry about it, you needn’t salute at
all. Here, shut up and drink the dregs of my vin rouge et sirop. Fini,
bebe!
Also there is an admirable child named Jean who has six months.
He wears a lavender cloak with a hood attached. His home is a barber
shop, the most beautiful and extraordinary barber shop in the world.
His father the barber has gone to the Wars—remain madame,
grandpere, and M. Biebe. It is a very modern barber shop, with mirror-
walls, and powdered soap in silver salt cellars. Grandpere sits by the
stove all day long and says that there are many American soldiers in
the town. Madame exhibits le petit Jean and asks if it is ever as cold as
this in America. I shave with six razors if I desire, and wash in
beaucoup de l’eau chaud. And Madame deftly swinging le petit Jean
over her left shoulder opens a secret drawer under a mirror and
proffers me a tiny tube of fixative for my moustache.
I have a delightful delusion now and then—I see you walk into the
Adjutant’s office, past the Sergeant Major’s desk, and to me. The
building in which we work was once a palace—but its inlaid floor never
supported a duchess (gold powdered though her hair were, and light
her laughter as champagne bubbles) so precious as this fleeting vision
of you.
Joyce Kilmer.
Note.—Three small, spirited pen drawings are incorporated

into this letter at the points indicated in the printed text.
* * * * *
A. E. F.
Dear Aline:
Sorry to use this absurd paper—but none other is accessible. I’m
in a hospital at present—been here for three days with a strained
muscle. It has been delightful to sleep between sheets again—I have
rested up beautifully, I go back to the regiment to-morrow.
I sent you two batches of copy recently—or three, rather. Hope you
get them—but if you don’t, I’ll write some more—like Caterina, you
know when she was defending her husband’s castle against the
enemy. The enemy took her six children as hostages. “Surrender the
castle, or I’ll kill the children!” said he. “Go ahead, kill ’em!” said
Caterina. “I can make more!”
As to your plan of renting a house at Shirley—wherever that is—for
the Summer, go ahead, if you must—I don’t think there is any chance
of my getting home this Summer. If I do come home, I’ll cable you in
time for you to get back to Larchmont before my arrival. Larchmont is
just about far enough from New York. Not for many a year will I
consent to spend a day in any place more rural. I have had enough of
wildness and rawness and primitiveness—the rest of my life, I hope,
will be spent in the effetest civilization. I don’t want to be more than an
hour’s distance from the Biltmore grill and the Knickerbocker bar. And
God preserve me from farms!
I love you.
Joyce.
* * * * *
March 12, 1918.

Dear Aline:
I receive your letters frequently and regularly, and they are
delightful, stimulating, typical. To-day I returned from a week’s sojourn
in a charming hospital (a strained muscle, now healed, sent me there)
and I found two letters from you awaiting me, the latest dated February
12. Let me congratulate you on your aviation poem—most beautiful
and true, the most intellectual poem you have made. By all means put
it in your book.
I received Francis Carlin’s wholly heavenly book just before I went
to the hospital, and have read it many times with delight. When you
see him, give him my homage. He should be walking goldener floors
than those of a mortal shop—he should rather be over here with us,
whatever his convictions may be. For it is wrong for a poet—especially
a Gael—to be listening to elevated trains when there are screaming
shells to hear, and to be sleeping soft in a bed when there’s a cot in a
dug-out awaiting him, and the bright face of danger to dream about,
and see.
I treasure your picture, and Christopher’s shadowy profile—send
me more photographs. Love me constantly, never let a day pass
without going to church for me.
Joyce.
* * * * *
March 14, 1918.

Dear Aline:
I enclose some verses that you may like very much. That is, I think
I enclose them—I have yet to consult with our Regimental censor as to
whether or not I may send them. If the place name is cut out, put in its
stead any French proper name that rhymes and do with the poem as
you will. Perhaps the best thing to do with it will be to hand it to Bob for
publishing.
As to my book—why don’t worry about it—we all will live just as
long and just as happily and probably be just as wealthy—or poor—if it
is never written. I am cheerfully neglecting it, for many reasons. One is,
of course, the censorship, which prevents the sending out of articles
sufficiently topical and specific to be interesting. Another is a military
regulation which forbids an officer or enlisted man from acting as a
correspondent or writing for publication on a military subject. This will
not, I suppose, prevent the publication of such of my verses and
essays as are inspired by my experiences. But it will prevent my
making for serial publication any consecutive record of events. What I
will do will be to assemble, after the war is over, or after I have
returned from it, such random essays or rhymes as I have made and
bind them together with a thread of reminiscence—partly introspective,
partly—what is the word? extraspective? external, at any rate. I shall
write nothing that has any news value. I believe in my vanity that it will
be a most charming book, not without its high lights of something more
than charm. It really is the sort of book I’d like greatly to read, and I
think that it will reach a public tired of the many war-narratives. And
don’t think people won’t read it after the war is over! They will! The only
sort of book I care to write about the war is the sort people will read
after the war is over—a century after it is over! And that is the sort of
book I am going to make. A journal intime, but as close to literature, as
carefully thought and wrought as I can do. It will be episodic—chaotic,
perhaps—no glib tale, no newspaper man’s work—but with God’s help,
a work of art. So clamour not for copy! My enclosures of some weeks
ago may have pleased you, but you’ll like this better.
Which for no reason brings me to the subject of growing middle-
aged, an experience which you are enjoying, I trust; I know I enjoy it.
What an advantage we have over our children! While they, to their
embarrassment, grow up—voices changing, legs and arms becoming
too obvious, self-consciousness and shallow romanticism seizing them
—we gracefully, comfortably, grow down. Perhaps it is as a protective
measure that I, a private soldier, grow vain—as snails develop shells—
but I confess it is with consummate pleasure that I contemplate my
senility and, may I say, mediævality. I picture myself at forty, rotund but
eminently presentable, moustache and hair delicately grayed, tailored
admirably, with the leisurely power no young man may have. I picture
myself at sixty, with a long white moustache, a pale gray tweed suit, a
very large Panama hat. I can see my gnarled but beautifully groomed
hands as they tremblingly pour out the glass of dry sherry which
belongs to every old man’s breakfast. I cannot think of myself at
seventy or eighty—I grow hysterical with applause—I am lost in a
delirium of massive ebony canes, golden snuff-boxes, and daily silk
hats.
And as for you! My God! what a vision! That dear autumnal hair
silvering—the mouth of my delight exquisitely etched with honourable
lines—each one the record of a year’s love—those eyes richer in their
mystery—but I cannot write of this—for the thought might give me
power to sweep away the years and make me find you, when I come
back from the Wars, becapped and tremulous and leaning on two
sticks! NO! I don’t want you to be old now—I want you to be the
innocent sophisticated young woman you are in the little picture I carry
(traditionally!) over my heart. But I want to watch you grow old—if I can
watch you and at the same time hold you in my arms.
Joyce.
* * * * *
April 1, 1918.
Dear Aline:
This letter is written to you from a real town—written, in fact, above
ground. You may be surprised to know that recent letters to you were
not written in these conditions. They were written in a dug-out, but I
was not permitted to tell you so at the time. In a dug-out, also, were
written the verses I sent you some two weeks ago—you may
remember their damp-clayey flavour. I slept and worked (the latter
sometimes for twenty hours at a time) in this dug-out for a month,
except for one week when I was out on special work with the
Regimental Intelligence Section. You don’t begrudge me that week, do
you? I cannot now describe it, but it was a week of wonder—of sights
and sounds essential, I think, to my experience. For there are
obligations of experience—or experiences of obligation—to be
distinguished from what I might call experiences of supererogation or
experiences of perfection—but what rubbish this is! Let us rather
consider my present great luxury, and the marvels of which it is
composed. In the first place, one room (not a cot in a crowded barrack,
not a coffin-like berth in a subterranean chamber) but a real room, with
windows and a large bed and a table and chairs and a practical wash
stand. The bed I share with one L—— D——, an amiable gamin, about
to be made a Corporal. I am a Sergeant—with stripes some five days
old. (It is the height of my ambition, for to be commissioned I’d be sent
to school for three months and then, whether or not I succeeded, be
assigned to another Regiment. And I’d rather be a Sergeant in the 69th
than lieutenant in any other outfit.)
To continue—I also eat from a table excellent meals, with a napkin
on my knees. I have soldiered pretty hard for some months now, taking
everything as it came, and I think I’ve honestly earned my stripes. Now
I’m going to have an easier life—not working less hard, but not seeking
hardships. So I am paying seven francs a day for meals, and six francs
a week for my share in a bed-room. And it’s delightfully refreshing.
Also, I yesterday had a hot shower-bath—very much a novelty!
This morning I received two letters from you, to my great joy. The
pictures of the children are excellent. I am glad to see Deborah’s hair
so long and lovely. Do, by all means, send me pictures of yourself and
Deborah in a leather case, as you promise. I can imagine no possible
gift I’d rather receive. Mail is coming here every day now, so I look
forward to frequent messages from you.
What a cheerless place the States must be these days! Don’t send
me American papers (except the Times Book Review) for they depress
me, showing me what a dismal land you live in. This meatless,
wheatless day business is very wearying. It can do no earthly good—it
is merely giving comfort to the enemy, who undoubtedly know all about
it. I wish—aside from the obvious greatest reasons—that you were
here in France—you’d like everything, but especially the gentle, kind,
jovial, deeply pious people. Time enough—to resume—for wheatless
days when the enemy takes your wheat. Until then, carpe diem!—that
is, eat buckwheat cakes with plenty of syrup.
I am disgusted with all I read in the American Magazines about the
Americans in France. It is all so hysterical and all so untrue. It isn’t
jealousy that makes me say this—I have no desire to compete with
newspaper-correspondents—but it annoys me to see the army to
which I belong and the country on and for whose soil we are fighting so
stupidly misrepresented.
I hope you received “Rouge Bouquet”—if you did receive it I know
you liked it. General —— (I forgot, I mustn’t name generals lower in
rank than Major-Generals) had twelve copies of it made. I sent it to you
two weeks ago—you should be receiving it now. The newspapers by
now have re-revealed its meaning to you, if any explanation was
needed. It was read at an evening entertainment at one of our camps
at the front. Father Duffy read it, and taps was played on the cornet
before and after. I couldn’t get down to hear it—I was further front, at
work in the dug-out that night.
I think most of my war book will be in verse. I prefer to write verse,
and I can say in verse things not permitted to me in prose. You
remember—no, probably you don’t—Coventry Patmore and his
confessor. The confessor objected to the passionate explicitness of
some of Coventry’s devotional poems—they dealt with things esoteric,
he said, and should be set forth in Latin, not in the profane tongue.
And Coventry replied that for most people poetry was an
incomprehensible language, more hidden than Latin—or more hiding.
And speaking of Coventry Patmore, the best way to fry potatoes is
to have deep oil or butter violently boiling in a great pot, to slip the
slices of potatoes into it and stir them persistently, never letting them
touch the pot’s bottom, to lift them out (when they are golden brown)
by means of a small sieve, and to place them on paper so that the
grease may be absorbed.
The best news I’ve had since I reached France is about Kenton’s
medal. I’m going to write to-day and tell him so.
I love you,
Joyce.
* * * * *
April 19, 1918.

Dear Aline:
My chief occupation at the present time is awaiting a letter from
you.
It is several hours since I wrote the first paragraph of this letter. I
have been to supper (I am hitting the mess-line these days, for my
money gave out and I didn’t want to borrow any more) and ridden in a
motor-cycle-side car all over the countryside—through a dozen little
villages, every one full of French and American soldiers, with a
sprinkling of coolie labourers, in quest of a certain village which holds
two companies of a certain outfit with which I had to have a
conference. The village was hard to find (their names all sound alike,
and old French ladies, when interrogated as to direction, always point
in a direction in which there is no road and say something that sounds
like “Honk! honk! Ba! ba!”) and also the night was cold. I have enjoyed
many rides more. Returning to the office (I sleep in the same building)
half frozen and weary, I found that not two truck-loads, but two sacks
of letters had been delivered, and that I had received three letters. I
leaped at the letters—one was an invitation to a Ladies’ Day at the
Columbia University Club, another was from my mother, another from
Fr. Garesché. None from You! You accused me in one of your letters of
writing to you when I was depressed—well, I’m depressed now, all
right! I’ll wait until to-morrow morning to finish this letter, I guess, or
else I’ll give you real cause for complaint. Not that I blame you, or think
you haven’t written often—it’s the mail system’s fault. Good night!
I hope Kenton has learned to serve Mass by this time. I wrote to
him a long time ago and told him to see Fr. Morris about it, but I fear
that he would be too shy to do this unless some pressure were brought
to bear. If you would ask Fr. Morris to teach him how to serve Mass,
and persuade him to ask Kenton to come to see him about it, so that
the initiative would seem to come from Fr. Morris, I think things would
work out well. I pray for Kenton to have the grace of a vocation to the
priesthood—I hope he may have a Jesuit vocation—and I think it is
good to do all we can toward the fulfillment of this desire—this is, I
think, a supplementary way to “sway the designs of God.” I think of the
children often and can visualise them well in spite of my long absence
from them, that is, all except young Christopher. I am aware of
Kenton’s gravity and of his thoughtful and radiant smile, of Deborah’s
vivacity and exquisite colouring (she is like one of her mother’s gay
thoughts), of Michael’s magnetic rotundity, of his blue eyes, of his
charming habit of toppling over like a toy tumbler of lead and celluloid.
And of Rose I am nearly always conscious, delightfully, when I am
awake and often when I am asleep, and especially when I am in the
church—which is twice every day, to receive Holy Communion
immediately after Reveille and to pray for a few minutes in the evening.
We have a magnificent old church in this town, as near to where I am
now as the church is to our house in Larchmont. And right by the
tower-door is a big statue of St. Nicholas of Bari, in his episcopal
robes, and hopping around his feet are two little bits of babies he
saved and brought back to life after they’d been cut up and pickled.
Very nice! You’d like it! Pray to St. Nicholas for me, and to St. Stephen,
St. Brigid, St. Michael, St. Christopher, St. Joseph, St. Anthony of
Padua, St. Teresa, and all our other good friends in Heaven, and love
me.
Joyce.
* * * * *
April 21, 1918.

Dear Aline:
I am glad of the auspicious beginning of Eleanor’s romance. I
would so regard it, for I cannot understand the interpretation which
makes marriage the termination instead of the beginning of a splendid
adventure. If there should ever be the perfect novel of love, it would
begin rather than end “And they were married.” Would the phrase
continue: “And lived happily ever after”? I doubt it—but that depends
upon the definition of happiness. I know that you dislike the symbolism
which is the basis of Coventry Patmore’s greatest poems, but I think
you will admit that there is this truth in his idea—the relationship of
man and wife is like that of God and the soul in that it must be purified
and strengthened by suffering. Also—to put it on a lower plane—
Eleanor is enough of a poet to take some enjoyment out of being the
wife of a soldier gone to the wars—or Irish enough, which is the same
thing.
As to the matter of my own blood (you mentioned this in a previous
letter) I did indeed tell a good friend of mine who edits the book-review
page of a Chicago paper that I was “half Irish.” But I have never been a
mathematician. The point I wished to make was that a large
percentage—which I have a perfect right to call half—of my ancestry
was Irish. For proof of this, you have only to refer to the volumes
containing the histories of my mother’s and my father’s families. Of
course I am American, but one cannot be pure American in blood
unless one is an Indian. And I have the good fortune to be able to
claim, largely because of the wise matrimonial selections of my
progenitors on both sides, Irish blood. And don’t let anyone publish a
statement contradictory to this.
Speaking of publishers, please be very careful that there is nothing
in the book you and Margaret wrote to offend, in the slightest degree. I
would go so far as to say that if the spirit of the book is not obviously
and definitely Catholic—readily so recognised by Catholic readers—it
would grieve me to see it published with your name attached—grieve
me deeply. I don’t want anyone to say of you, “There is nothing about
that novel to show she is a Catholic.” I don’t think Catholic writers
should spend their time writing tracts and Sunday-school books, but I
think that the Faith should illuminate everything they write, grave or
gay. The Faith is radiantly apparent in your last poems. It is in Tom
Daly’s clowning as it is in his loftier moods. Of course anyone would
rather write like Francis Thompson than like Swinburne. But I can
honestly say that I’d rather write like John Ayscough than like William
Makepiece Thackeray—infinitely greater artist though Thackeray be.
You see, the Catholic Faith is such a thing that I’d rather write
moderately well about it than magnificently well about anything else. It
is more important, more beautiful, more necessary than anything else
in life. You and I have seen miracles—let us never cease to celebrate
them. You know that this is not the first fever of a convert’s enthusiasm
—it is the permanent conviction of a man who prayed daily for months
for the Faith before that grace was given him. The Faith has done
wonderful things for you, but I think since I have been in France it has
done more for me. It has carried me through experiences I could not
otherwise have endured. I do not mean that it has kept me from fear—
for I have no fear of death or wounding whatever. I mean that it has
helped me to endure great and continued hardships. These hardships
are now past—they belong to last December—but I cannot forget what
made me live through them and bear myself like a man. Therefore—for
this and a multitude of other reasons, among which let me put that it is
my most earnest request—be zealous in using your exquisite talent in
His service of Whom, I am glad to have said, Apollo was a shadow. If
what you write does not clearly praise the Lord and his Saints and
Angels, let it praise such types of Heaven as we know in our life—God
knows they are numerous enough.
Does this sound like the writing of the least desirable of your
aunts? Forgive me if it does, and heed my request even if it seem
unreasonable—the request, I mean, not to sign your name to the book
if it is not Catholic in spirit. I can honestly offer “Trees” and “Main
Street” to Our Lady, and ask her to present them, as the faithful work
of her poor unskilled craftsman, to her Son. I hope to be able to do it
with everything I write hereafter—and to be able to do this is to be a
good poet.
Speaking of Poetry, I have read with exquisite relish, several times,
the copy of the Bulletin you sent me. And always I stop reading—
prevented from continuing by irresistible mirth. God help us! Let all the
world, especially all of it that deals in thought, beat its breast and
repeat after me “God help us.” Here are young men battling in a
strange land to win back for the people of that land their decent
homes. Here are French peasants (old men, children and women)
kneeling at mass in a church with a yawning shell hole through the
tower. Among them are American soldiers. And other American
soldiers (God rest their brave young souls) rest in new graves by a fair
road I know. We hear the crash of shells, the tattoo of machine guns,
we see unearthly lights staining the black sky. And—Oh, God help us!
Send me more bulletins! I want to read more about Mr. —— whose
“mystic” (of course!) poems, seem to ... “to challenge comparison with
the works of Tagore.” I want to read more about ... chaunting to crowds
of old ladies who stink of perfume and cold cream and gasoline, while
a young female shakes her shanks and “gives a visual embodiment of
the poet’s idea.” I want to read about A ... “What a privilege to be at
once a poet and a fairy godmother!” And I want to read about W ...
going West and—just being himself! God forgive me for being a
Pharisee, and keep me from judging others! But I do love to read about
these things and then go across the street and drink a large drink with
Joe Brady, meanwhile singing a coarse ballad entitled “The Old Gray
Mare.”
We’re going to be paid to-morrow, I’m glad to say, so I’ll be able to
have a few meals indoors. This roadside picnic stuff is all right in fair
weather, but French weather is not always what it should be. I hope
your allotment is arriving, but I doubt it. I think we’ll collect it in our old
age. I read recently that a Civil War Veteran had just succeeded in
collecting some pay due him in 1862—perhaps we’ll be as lucky. We’ll
buy a carton of cigarettes for Christopher’s youngest son with the first
payment.
Your poem “Experience” has lodgment in my brain and heart and
soul. “She walks the way primroses go.” Simple—isn’t it? that line—to
make it nothing much was required—genius merely. Thank God there’s
you in a world of ——s and ——s. Do you mind being considered the
“one just man”? Figuratively I kiss your hand—it was absurd of me to
preach to you who are my mistress in the art of devotion as in the art
of poetry.
Joyce.
* * * * *
April 27th, 1918.

Dear Aline:
Some mail came to-day and in it was a package containing ten
boxes of tobacco, Merci bien! (when I get back I’ll talk just like —— or
——.) I received a box of admirable cigars yesterday (they were
originally awarded to Father Daly in payment for a contribution to
America, and he kindly directed that they be sent to me).
We are in a new town now (new to us, that is) a little bit of a place.
We have been recently in a rather large town, where I lived very
comfortably. I am comfortable here (especially since yesterday
afternoon, when I had a hot shower bath and had my clothes sterilized)
but not luxurious. But I’m looking forward to a much easier and vastly
more interesting time for the rest of my stay in France. I have asked to
be relieved from my office job, and my request has been granted. I
hope on Monday (this is Saturday night) to become a member of the
Regimental Intelligence Section, and the Adjutant tells me I am to be
transferred as a Sergeant, although I was willing to give up my stripes
for the sake of getting into this work. So henceforth I’ll be peering at
the Germans through field glasses from some observatory instead of
toiling in a dug-out or crowded office. You wouldn’t want me to come
back round-shouldered and near-sighted, would you? Well, that would
be the result of keeping on this statistical job much longer. The
intelligence work is absolutely fascinating—you’ll be glad I took it up.
You would have liked the gutter-babies in our last town. About a
dozen of them used to come out at meal times and besiege our mess-
line. They brought their dad’s canteens to be filled with coffee, and
they accepted, politely, bread and karo. They were very nice, and fat,
as all French babies are. I don’t know whether the French are so
devoted to my dear patron St. Nicholas of Bari, because they love
children, as he does, or are devoted to children because they love him.
Anyway they have the nicest children there are outside of Larchmont
Manor and Heaven (these words mean nearly the same thing) and
they treat them most enthusiastically. Large crowds of men and
women stand for half an hour in a busy city street watching a young
baby learn to walk, the baby being decorated, for the occasion, with his
big sister’s broad-brimmed hat. And also nearly every church has a
statue or window representation of St. Nicholas of Bari with the three
babies he restored to life. It helps me to feel at home. I hope you and
Kenton pray to him often, he is a very generous saint and has treated
me beautifully.
I had a quaint experience to-night. There is no priest now in this
town, but there is a fine old church, with God in it. Since there is no
priest, I can’t get my daily communion, but I go in occasionally to say
my prayers. Well, to-night there was a very old lady in the church. She
was so crippled with age and rheumatism that she could not kneel, so
she was huddled up on a bench near the rail. And she had a white cap
on, and she carried a tall staff with a crutch top such as witches use.
She was very pious, and prayed audibly, making pious ejaculations,
like an old Irish lady. For some time she didn’t know anyone else was
in the church. But when she found I was there, she waited until I had
said my beads and then she came over to me (rising with great
difficulty and putting on the heavy wooden shoes that lay beside her).
Then she extended to me her beads. The link between two of them
was undone, and she asked me to mend it. I tried to do so, but my
clumsy fingers had little success. So I gave her my rosary in exchange
for hers—which I can easily mend with a pair of pincers—and she was
very grateful. But I feel that I got the best of the bargain, for there may
be a special sort of a blessing attached to beads worn by the gnarled
fingers of one so near God. I could make a rhyme out of this
experience, but it would seem a profanation. You see some of the
possible interpretations of it, don’t you?
The news about D—— is interesting—well, he is trying to serve his
conscience, and I am trying to serve mine, and that’s all a gentleman
can do. And since we’re both suffering, I believe we’ve both followed
the right course. There are many ways to Heaven, but only one Lamp
—as I once said in some verses.
But as to suffering—don’t be pitying me! It’s you that are doing the
suffering, you with no exhilaration of star-shells and tattoo of machine-
guns, you without the adventure. I feel very selfish, often.
I love you and you are never away from me.
Joyce.
* * * * *
April 29, 1918.

Dear Aline:
For Heaven’s sake, don’t tell me about how bad tea rooms are! I
admit that I used to scorn them. Now I could live in one,
enthusiastically. I wouldn’t mind at all the closeness, the bad service,
the soiled table linen. Why, Max’s Busy Bee sounds better to me now
than Sherry’s used to sound.
“She walks the way Primroses go” reechoes in my soul. What a
delightful poet you are! Send me some more poems, at once, please.
It’s time I heard from you again. Some mail came to-day, but I got
nothing from you. You should write me long letters often. By all means
take up Fr. Hayes’ lecture offer. You can make your lectures chiefly
readings. Get Dr. Pallen to help you make a circular, and put on it
testimonials from whomever he suggests. Get Bob Holliday’s advice as
to form of circular. You will find valuable suggestions as to
engagements in my correspondence files, wherever they are.
(Here I paused to eat ten cakes purchased at the Y. M. C. A. for a
franc.)
Young —— is in a nearby town—an amiable child indeed he is. I
saw him twice, and he presented me with a bag of cakes and a box of
cigars. He reminds me very much of Kenton, but is in many respects
his inferior. I’d like to see Kenton and Fr. Daly and Deborah and
Michael and Christopher and Sister Emerentia and some Bass’ Ale
and some dry sherry and a roast of lamb with mint sauce and
Blackwood’s Magazine and the bar in the Auditorium Hotel in Chicago
and a straw hat and the circus. And I really wouldn’t mind seeing you.
Joyce.
* * * * *
May 15, 1918.

Dear Aline:
Your friends are a bit impertinent, I think. I don’t claim to be a
learned French scholar (although I have talked French every day for
six months). But I do claim to know the name of the place where I lived
in constant danger of death for six weeks, where many of my friends
gave their lives for their country. It is Rouge Bouquet, not Rouge
Bosquet. I’ll be deeply grieved if it appears in print incorrectly. Also, I
wish the grace in “Holy Ireland” to stand as I wrote it. It is just as Frank
Driscoll said it on that unforgettable night—it is the grace used in Jesuit
houses. Please see to this, and don’t let all the world revise my mss. I
rather expected you’d like the poem better, but perhaps the reason the
fellows in the Regiment liked it so much is because we all felt keenly
the event it memorizes.
I’ll write to you more to-morrow. I love you.
Joyce.
* * * * *
The above is rather stern and brusque, isn’t it? Well I wrote it in
rather stirring times—now only memories. I am resting now, in a
beautiful place—on a high hilltop covered with pine and fir trees. I
never saw any mountain-place in America I thought better to look at or
from. I sleep on a couch made soft with deftly laid young spruce
boughs and eat at a table set under good, kind trees. A great
improvement on living in a dug-out and even (to my mind) an
improvement on a room with a bed in a village. I am not on a furlough,
I am working, but my work is of a light and interesting kind and fills only
six out of twenty-four hours. So I have plenty of time for writing, and
have started a prose-sketch (based on an exciting and colourful
experience of the last month) which I will send you soon. Everything I
write, I think, in prose or verse, should be submitted to Doran first.
I wish I could tell you more about my work, but at present I cannot.
But there are advertised in the American magazines many books
about the Intelligence Service—get one of them and you’ll find why I
like my job. The work Douglas is doing is not allied to mine. Only I
suppose he’ll have a commission. I won’t work for one, because I don’t
want to leave this outfit. I love you more than ever, and long for the
pictures you promise me. You will be amused by the postcards I
enclose.
Joyce.
Say, the stuff about your not appreciating “Rouge Bouquet” was
written before I got your delightful letter of April 18, admirable critic!
* * * * *
Dear Aline:
I have just received your letters of April 1st and April 5th.
“Moonlight” is noble, like its author. As to being worried about you
because it expresses pain, why, I’d be worried only if you did not
sometimes feel and express pain. Spiritual pain (sometimes physical
pain) is beautiful and wholesome and in our soul we love it, whatever
our lips say. Do you not, in turn, worry because of my foolish letter to
you from the hospital. At that time I was just an office hack—now I am
a soldier, in the most fascinating branch of the service there is—you’d
love it! It is sheer romance, night and day—especially night! And I am
now therefore saner than when I wrote to you from the hospital. I’ve
had only a week of this work—but I’m already a much nicer person.
“For Sergeant Joyce is three, and Oh,

He knows so much he did not know!”
As to the picture I sent you, why, surely I have a moustache, and

not a “morning pout.” Mechante. A long moustache I have (illustration

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Textbook Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibrous Materials Integrating Theory and Technique A K Haghi Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Available Formats

Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and

Nanofibrous Materials Integrating

Model-Based Demography: Essays on Integrating Data,

Methodologies and Applications for Analytical and

Industrial Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 1st Edition

Organized Networks of Carbon Nanotubes 1st Edition

High Performance Materials and Engineered Chemistry

Mechanical Behaviors of Carbon Nanotubes. Theoretical

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Volume 2

Applied chemistry and chemical engineering Volume 4

Names: Haghi, A. K., editor.

Vladimir I. Kodolov, DSc

Victor Manuel de Matos Lobo, PhD

Richard A. Pethrick, PhD, DSc

Charles Wilkie, PhD

• Nanostructures, Nanomaterials, and Nanotechnologies to Nanoindustry

• Foundations of Nanotechnology: Volume 1: Pore Size in Carbon-Based

• Foundations of Nanotechnology: Volume 2: Nanoelements Formation

• Foundations of Nanotechnology: Volume 3: Mechanics of Carbon

• Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibrous Material:

• Carbon Nanotubes and Nanoparticles: Current and Potential

• Advances in Nanotechnology and the Environmental Sciences:

• Chemical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: New Materials and

About the Editors ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ix

7. Carbon Nanotubes-based Adsorbent: An Efficient

Index ................................................................................................. 243

microcomposites and nanocomposites. He has published an international

Sabu Thomas, PhD

Bentolhoda Hadavi Moghadam

Carbon nanotubes, with their extraordinary engineering properties, have

• Provides comprehensive coverage with up-to-date literature

AFD average fiber diameter

LSCM laser scanning confocal microscope

CARBON NANOTUBES AND ITS

Nanotechnology and nanoengineering are today witnessing one drastic

mechanical properties and unique electrical properties of carbon nano-

Carbon nanotubes application and application of nanotechnology to

slowly opening as the author in this chapter successfully attempts to reach

1.2 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY

1.3 THE SCOPE OF THIS STUDY

Nanotechnology today is surpassing vast scientific frontiers. The vision

application of CNTs or other nanomaterials to human society. Environ-

1.4 WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY CNTs?

1.5 SCIENTIFIC DOCTRINE BEHIND NANOTECHNOLOGY

Today nanotechnology is in the path of newer scientific regeneration and

about nanotechnology and specific applications of the new technologies.13

1.6 SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH ENDEAVOR IN THE FIELD OF

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are today in the threshold of a newer

1.7 NANOVISION, NANOENGINEERING, AND HUMAN

The progress of human civilization and academic rigor in the field of

introspection and scientific vision. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are

technological emancipation behind CNTs application and nanotechnology

1.8 RECENT SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PURSUIT IN CNTs

Recent scientific research pursuit in CNTs is vastly visionary and crossing

spectroscopic measurements obtained were compared to and agree well

February 22d, 1918.

Note.—Three small, spirited pen drawings are incorporated

March 12, 1918.

March 14, 1918.

April 19, 1918.

April 21, 1918.

April 27th, 1918.

April 29, 1918.

About the Editors �� ix