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“K29784_FM” — 2017/12/6 — 17:41 — page 2 — #2
CRC
STANDARD
MATHEMATICAL
TABLES AND
FORMULAS
33RD EDITION
“K29784_FM” — 2017/12/6 — 17:41 — page 4 — #4
Published Titles
Advanced Engineering Mathematics with MATLAB, Fourth Edition
Dean G. Duffy
CRC Standard Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica®, Third Edition
David H. von Seggern
CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulas, 33rd Edition
Dan Zwillinger
Dynamical Systems for Biological Modeling: An Introduction
Fred Brauer and Christopher Kribs
Fast Solvers for Mesh-Based Computations Maciej Paszyński
Green’s Functions with Applications, Second Edition Dean G. Duffy
Handbook of Peridynamic Modeling Floriin Bobaru, John T. Foster,
Philippe H. Geubelle, and Stewart A. Silling
Introduction to Financial Mathematics Kevin J. Hastings
Linear and Complex Analysis for Applications John P. D’Angelo
Linear and Integer Optimization: Theory and Practice, Third Edition
Gerard Sierksma and Yori Zwols
Markov Processes James R. Kirkwood
Pocket Book of Integrals and Mathematical Formulas, 5th Edition
Ronald J. Tallarida
Stochastic Partial Differential Equations, Second Edition Pao-Liu Chow
Quadratic Programming with Computer Programs Michael J. Best
“K29784_FM” — 2017/12/6 — 17:41 — page 6 — #6
CRC
STANDARD
MATHEMATICAL
TABLES AND
FORMULAS
33RD EDITION
Edited by
Dan Zwillinger
“K29784_FM” — 2017/12/6 — 17:41 — page 8 — #8
MATLAB• is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks
does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion
of MATLAB• software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The
MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB• software.
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“smtf33” — 2017/12/6 — 19:00 — page v — #1
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1
Numbers and Elementary Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Proofs without words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Special numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4 Interval analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.5 Fractal Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 Max-Plus Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.7 Coupled-analogues of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.8 Number theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.9 Series and products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Chapter 2
Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1 Elementary algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.2 Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.3 Vector algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.4 Linear and matrix algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.5 Abstract algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 3
Discrete Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.1 Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.2 Combinatorics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.3 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.4 Combinatorial design theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.5 Difference equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Chapter 4
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.1 Euclidean geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.2 Grades and Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.3 Coordinate systems in the plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.4 Plane symmetries or isometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.5 Other transformations of the plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
4.6 Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.7 Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
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vi Table of Contents
Chapter 5
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
5.1 Differential calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
5.2 Differential forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5.3 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
5.4 Table of indefinite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
5.5 Table of definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
5.6 Ordinary differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
5.7 Partial differential equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
5.8 Integral equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
5.9 Tensor analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
5.10 Orthogonal coordinate systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
5.11 Real analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
5.12 Generalized functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
5.13 Complex analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
5.14 Significant Mathematical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Chapter 6
Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
6.1 Ceiling and floor functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
6.2 Exponentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
6.3 Exponential function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
6.4 Logarithmic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
6.5 Trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
6.6 Circular functions and planar triangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
6.7 Tables of trigonometric functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
6.8 Angle conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
6.9 Inverse circular functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
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Chapter 7
Probability and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
7.1 Probability theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
7.2 Classical probability problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
7.3 Probability distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
7.4 Queuing theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
7.5 Markov chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
7.6 Random number generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
7.7 Random matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
7.8 Control charts and reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
7.9 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
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Chapter 8
Scientific Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
8.1 Basic numerical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
8.2 Numerical linear algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
8.3 Numerical integration and differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
8.4 Programming techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Chapter 9
Mathematical Formulas from the Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
9.1 Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
9.2 Astrophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
9.3 Atmospheric physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
9.4 Atomic Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
9.5 Basic mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
9.6 Beam dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
9.7 Biological Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
9.8 Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
9.9 Classical mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
9.10 Coordinate systems – Astronomical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702
9.11 Coordinate systems – Terrestrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
9.12 Earthquake engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
9.13 Economics (Macro) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
9.14 Electromagnetic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
9.15 Electrostatics and magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
9.16 Electromagnetic Field Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
9.17 Electronic circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
9.18 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
9.19 Fluid mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
9.20 Human body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
9.21 Modeling physical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
9.22 Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
9.23 Population genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
9.24 Quantum mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
9.25 Quaternions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
9.26 Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
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Table of Contents ix
Chapter 10
Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
10.1 Calendar computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
10.2 Cellular automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
10.3 Communication theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
10.4 Control theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
10.5 Computer languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736
10.6 Compressive Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
10.7 Constrained Least Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
10.8 Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
10.9 Discrete dynamical systems and chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
10.10 Elliptic curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
10.11 Financial formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
10.12 Game theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754
10.13 Knot theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
10.14 Lattices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
10.15 Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
10.16 Moments of inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
10.17 Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
10.18 Operations research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769
10.19 Proof Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
10.20 Recreational mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782
10.21 Risk analysis and decision rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
10.22 Signal processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
10.23 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794
10.24 Voting power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
10.25 Greek alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
10.26 Braille code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
10.27 Morse code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
10.28 Bar Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
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“smtf33” — 2017/12/6 — 19:00 — page xi — #7
Preface
It has long been the established policy of CRC Press to publish, in handbook form,
the most up-to-date, authoritative, logically arranged, and readily usable reference
material available.
Just as pocket calculators have replaced tables of square roots and trig functions;
the internet has made printed tabulation of many tables and formulas unnecessary.
As the content and capabilities of the internet continue to grow, the content of this
book also evolves. For this edition of Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae
the content was reconsidered and reviewed. The criteria for inclusion in this edition
includes:
• information that is immediately useful as a reference (e.g., interpretation of
powers of 10);
• information that is useful and not commonly known (e.g., proof methods);
• information that is more complete or concise than that which can be easily
found on the internet (e.g., table of conformal mappings);
• information difficult to find on the internet due to the challenges of entering an
appropriate query (e.g., integral tables).
Applying these criteria, practitioners from mathematics, engineering, and the sci-
ences have made changes in several sections and have added new material.
• The “Mathematical Formulas from the Sciences” chapter now includes topics
from biology, chemistry, and radar.
• Material has been augmented in many areas, including: acceptance sampling,
card games, lattices, and set operations.
• New material has been added on the following topics: continuous wavelet trans-
form, contour integration, coupled analogues, financial options, fractal arith-
metic, generating functions, linear temporal logic, matrix pseudospectra, max
plus algebra, proof methods, and two dimensional integrals.
• Descriptions of new functions have been added: Lambert, prolate spheroidal,
and Weierstrass.
Of course, the same successful format which has characterized earlier editions of the
Handbook has been retained. Material is presented in a multi-sectional format, with
each section containing a valuable collection of fundamental reference material—
tabular and expository.
xi
“smtf33” — 2017/12/6 — 19:00 — page xii — #8
xii Preface
In line with the established policy of CRC Press, the Handbook will be updated
in as current and timely manner as is possible. Suggestions for the inclusion of new
material in subsequent editions and comments regarding the present edition are wel-
comed. The home page for this book, which will include errata, will be maintained
at http://www.mathtable.com/smtf.
This new edition of the Handbook will continue to support the needs of practi-
tioners of mathematics in the mathematical and scientific fields, as it has for almost
90 years. Even as the internet becomes more powerful, it is this editor’s opinion that
the new edition will continue to be a valued reference.
Every book takes time and care. This book would not have been possible without the
loving support of my wife, Janet Taylor, and my son, Kent Zwillinger.
May 2017
Daniel Zwillinger
ZwillingerBooks@gmail.com
“smtf33” — 2017/12/6 — 19:00 — page xiii — #9
Editor-in-Chief
Daniel Zwillinger
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York
Contributors
xiii
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Chapter 1
Numbers and
Elementary
Mathematics
1.2 CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Divisibility tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Decimal multiples and prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Binary prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Interpretations of powers of 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.5 Numerals in different languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.6 Roman numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.7 Types of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.8 Representation of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.9 Representation of complex numbers – DeMoivre’s theorem . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.10 Arrow notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.11 Ones and Twos Complement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.12 Symmetric base three representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.13 Hexadecimal addition and subtraction table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.14 Hexadecimal multiplication table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1
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n(n+1)
1+2+ . . . + n =
2 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + (2n–1) = n
2
1 1 n(n+1)
1+2+ . . . +n = . n 2 + n . =
2 2 2
1+3+ . . . + (2n–1) = 1 (2n) 2 = n 2
—Ian Richards 4
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...
r2
r2
1–r r
1 1
1
2 3 2
1 1 1 1 1 + r + r + ... = 1
+ + + . .. = 1 1–r
4 4 4 3
—Benjamin G. Klein
—Rick Mabry and Irl C. Bivens
Addition Formulae for the Sine The Distance Between a Point and a Line
and Cosine
y
sinxsiny
cosxsiny
(a,ma + c)
sin
x
y
1
m
1+
m
|ma + c – b|
1
sy
sinxcosy
co
y
d
(a,b)
x x
cosxcosy y = mx + c
d |ma + c – b|
=
sin(x + y) = sinxcosy + cosxsiny 1 1 + m2
cos(x + y) = cosxcosy – sinxsiny —R. L. Eisenman
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1.2. CONSTANTS 5
c
a+b
2
d
ab a a
a b b d
1.2 CONSTANTS
1.2.1 DIVISIBILITY TESTS
1.
Divisibility by 2: the last digit is divisible by 2
2.
Divisibility by 3: the sum of the digits is divisible by 3
3.
Divisibility by 4: the number formed from the last 2 digits is divisible by 4
4.
Divisibility by 5: the last digit is either 0 or 5
5.
Divisibility by 6: is divisible by both 2 and 3
6.
Divisibility by 9: the sum of the digits is divisible by 9
7.
Divisibility by 10: the last digit is 0
8.
Divisibility by 11: the difference between the sum of the odd digits and the
sum of the even digits is divisible by 11
EXAMPLE Consider the number N = 1036728.
• The last digit is 8, so N is divisible by 2.
• The last two digits are 28 which is divisible by 4, so N is divisible by 4.
• The sum of the digits is 27 = 1 + 0 + 3 + 6 + 7 + 2 + 8. This is divisible by 3, so N
is divisible by 3. This is also divisible by 9, so N is divisible by 9.
• The sum of the odd digits is 19 = 1 + 3 + 7 + 8 and the sum of the even digits is
8 = 6 + 2; the difference is 19 − 8 = 11. This is divisible by 11, so N is divisible
by 11.
“smtf33” — 2017/12/6 — 19:00 — page 6 — #16
1.2. CONSTANTS 7
(Note: these numbers have been rounded to the nearest power of ten.)
“smtf33” — 2017/12/6 — 19:00 — page 8 — #18
1.2. CONSTANTS 9
101112 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 2 + 1 = 23,
A316 = 10 × 16 + 3 = 163, (1.2.1)
2
5437 = 5 × 7 + 4 × 7 + 3 = 276.
To convert a number from base 10 to base b, divide the number by b, and the
remainder will be the last digit. Then divide the quotient by b, using the remainder
as the previous digit. Continue this process until a quotient of 0 is obtained.
EXAMPLE To convert 573 to base 12, divide 573 by 12, yielding a quotient of 47 and a
remainder of 9; hence, “9” is the last digit. Divide 47 by 12, yielding a quotient of 3 and
a remainder of 11 (which we represent with a “B”). Divide 3 by 12 yielding a quotient
of 0 and a remainder of 3. Therefore, 57310 = 3B912 .
Converting from base b to base r can be done by converting to and from base
10. However, it is simple to convert from base b to base bn . For example, to con-
vert 1101111012 to base 16, group the digits in fours (because 16 is 24 ), yielding
1 1011 11012, and then convert each group of 4 to base 16 directly, yielding 1BD16 .
1.2. CONSTANTS 11
1.3.1 POWERS OF 2
1 2 0.5
2 4 0.25
3 8 0.125
4 16 0.0625
5 32 0.03125
6 64 0.015625
7 128 0.0078125
8 256 0.00390625
9 512 0.001953125
10 1024 0.0009765625
11 2048 0.00048828125
12 4096 0.000244140625
13 8192 0.0001220703125
14 16384 0.00006103515625
15 32768 0.000030517578125
16 65536 0.0000152587890625
17 131072 0.00000762939453125
18 262144 0.000003814697265625
19 524288 0.0000019073486328125
20 1048576 0.00000095367431640625
21 2097152 0.000000476837158203125
22 4194304 0.0000002384185791015625
23 8388608 0.00000011920928955078125
24 16777216 0.000000059604644775390625
25 33554432 0.0000000298023223876953125