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Comment:: Page 1 of 63
Comment:: Page 1 of 63
Example 4.5 – 3 solves the same problem using BS 8110 design charts.
Example 4.6-4
The design ultimate moment M for a rectangular beam 250 mm and effective depth (d) = 700
mm is 900 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the reinforcement,
working from the first principles.
Solution
Step (a):
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
= (0.156)(40)(250)(700)2 (10−6 )
Step (b):
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢
Step (c):
Page 1 of 63
400.2𝑨𝒔 = 1417500 + 211865.88
𝑨𝒔 = 4071 𝑚𝑚2
2Y20
Dim.: mm
d = 700
2 Y 32
2 Y 40
250
4.6(c) Design procedure for rectangular beams (BS 8110/ Institute of structural Engineers
Manual)
Step 1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
Where 𝐾 ′ = 0.156
Step 2
Page 2 of 63
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 = (4.6 − 12)
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)
𝑀 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.104 0.11 0.119 0.13 0.132 0.14 0.144 0.15 0.156
𝐾=
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝑧/𝑑 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.775
𝑥/𝑑 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.50
Comment:
𝑧 𝑥
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≥ 0.156, ( ) = 0.775 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( ) = 0.5
𝑑 𝑑
Step 3
Step (3a)
𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢
𝐴′𝑠 = (4.6 − 13)
0.87𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
Where 𝑑 ′ is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression face
Step (3b)
𝑑′ 𝑦 𝑓 𝑑′
If ( 𝑥 ) > (1 − 800 ) , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 700 (1 − 𝑥 ) in lieu of 0.87𝑓𝑦 in the formula for 𝐴′𝑠
Step (3c)
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 (4.6 − 14)
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧 = 0.775𝑑
Comments:
(a) The formula for 𝐴′𝑠 in step (3a) was derived earlier as eqn.(4.6-6),
Page 3 of 63
(b) The formulae for 𝐴′𝑠 in step (3b) were derived earlier in example (4.6-2),
(c) The formula in step (3c) was derived earlier as eqn. (4.6-8). Eqn. (4.6-8) also makes it
clear that z is to be taken as 0.775d.
Example 4.6 -5
The design ultimate moment M for a rectangular beam 250 mm and effective depth (d) = 700
mm is 300 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the reinforcement (Follow
the procedure of the Institute of Structural Engineers Manual).
Solution
Step 1
𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
= 0.156(40)(250)(700)2
= 764.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Step 2
𝑀 < 𝑀𝑢 ; calculate
6
𝑀 (300) (10 )
𝐾 = = 2
= 0.06
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 (40)(250)(700)
𝑀 (300) (106 )
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1152 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧) (0.87)(460)(651)
Comment:
Example 4.6-5 solves the same problem using BS 8110 design chart which gives
𝐴𝑠 = 1190 𝑚𝑚2 .
Page 4 of 63
Example 4.6 -6
The design ultimate moment M for a rectangular beam 250 mm and effective depth (d) = 700
mm is 900 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the reinforcement (Follow
the procedure of the Institute of Structural Engineers Manual).
Step 1
𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
= 0.156(40)(250)(700)2
= 764.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Step 2
∴ 𝐺𝑜 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 3
Step 3:
𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 of step1:
𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢
𝐴′𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
(900 − 764.4)(10)6
𝐴′𝑠 = = 530 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)(700 − 60)
𝒅′
Step (3b): Check ( 𝒙 ):
𝑥
From Table 4.6-1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾 ≥ 0.156, ( 𝑑 ) = 0.5
∴ 𝑥 = (0.5)(700) = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝒅′ 𝟔𝟎
( )= = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕
𝒙 𝟑𝟓𝟎
Page 5 of 63
𝑓𝑦 460
(1 − ) = (1 − ) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟓
800 800
𝑑′ 𝑓𝑦
∴ ( ) < (1 − )
𝑥 800
Therefore, the compression steel reaches the design strength of (0.87𝑓𝑦 ) and the 𝐴′𝑠 calculated in
step (3a) is acceptable.
Step (3c)
𝑀𝑢
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 [𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (4.6 − 14)]
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)
𝑀𝑢
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠
(0.87𝑓𝑦 )(𝑧)
(764.4) (106 )
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = + 530 = 4051 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)(0.775)(700)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑠 = 1608 + 2513 = 4121 𝑚𝑚2
Example 4.6 -8
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance M of the beam section Fig. 4.6 – 5 using:
Page 6 of 63
.
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢
250
0.45𝑥
𝑥 0.9𝑥 𝐶 = 0.405 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑥
670
N A
𝑧 = 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
3Y32
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
(𝑎) 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏) 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠
Solution:
2412
𝜌= (100) = 1.44%
(250)(670)
𝑀𝑢
= 4.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = (4.4)(250)(670)2 (10−6 )
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 493.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚
0.405𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑥 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
∴ (0.405)(40)(250)𝑥 = 0.87(460)2412
∴ 𝑥 = 238.3 𝑚
𝑥 238.3
∴ ( )= = 0.35 < 0.5 𝑂. 𝐾.
𝑑 670
Page 7 of 63
From eqn. (4.6 - 3) or Fig. 4.6-5(b)
𝑧 = 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑧
∴ 𝑀 = (0.87)(460)(2412)(562.8)10−6
∴ 𝑀 = 543.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Example 4.6 - 10
A bending moment M is applied to a rectangular beam section. 𝐼𝑓 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 of equation (4.6-5), show that
𝑧
( ) is given by the following BS 8110 formula:
𝑑
𝑧 𝐾
( ) = 0.5 + √(0.25 − )
𝑑 0.9
𝑀
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐾 =
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝑧 = 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓
Solution
𝑧 = 𝑑 − 0.45𝑥
𝑧 𝑥
∴ = 1 − 0.45 ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑧
∴ 0.45 ( ) = 1 − ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑧
∴ ( ) = 2.222 − 2.222 ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥
Substituting for (𝑑) 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐾:
Page 8 of 63
𝑧 𝑧
𝐾 = [0.405 (2.222 − 2.222 ( ))] [1 − 0.45 (2.222 − 2.222 ( ))]
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝐾 = [0.9 − 0.9 ( )] [1 − 0.999 + 0.999 ( )]
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝐾 = [0.9 − 0.9 ( )] [0.999 ( )]
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 𝑧 2
∴ 𝐾 = 0.9 ( ) − 0.9 ( )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 2 𝑧
∴ ( ) − ( ) + 1.111𝐾 = 0
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧
This is a quadratic equation in (𝑑):
𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑥=−
2𝑎
𝑧 1 ± √[1 − (4)(1)(1.111)𝐾]
∴ ( )=
𝑑 2
𝑧 2 𝐾
∴ ( ) = 0.5 ± √(0.25 − )
𝑑 2 0.9
𝑧 𝐾
∴ ( ) = 0.5 ± √(0.25 − )
𝑑 0.9
𝑥
( ) = 0.5
𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑧 > 𝑥
𝑧
∴ > 0.5
𝑑
𝒛 𝑲
∴ ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟓 + √(𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 − )
𝒅 𝟎. 𝟗
Page 9 of 63
In practice, the flange is often the floor slab and question arises as to what width of the slab is to be taken
as the effective width.
b b
ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑓
flange
flange
d d
Web Web
𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑏𝑤 𝑏𝑤
(a) (b)
(a) T-beam:
The effective width is the lesser of:
(i) 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑤 + (0.2)(0.7)(𝑙 )
(ii) The actual width
(b) L - beam:
The effective width is the lesser of:
(i) 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑤 + (0.1)(0.7)(𝑙 )
(ii) The actual width
For flanged beams, BS 8110: Cl.3.12.5.3 requires that transverse reinforcement should
be provided near the top surface and across the full effective width of the flange. The area of such
reinforcement should not be less 0.15% of that of the longitudinal cross-section area of the flange.
Page 10 of 63
If the neutral axis is within the flange thickness, then a flange beam may be analysed and designed as a
rectangular beam of the same width (b) and effective depth (d). The design chart in Fig. 4.5-2 becomes
𝐴 𝐴′
directly applicable. In Fig. 4.5-2, 𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌′ = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 where 𝑏 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ.
Simplifying assumptions:
(a) The depth of the BS 8110 rectangular stress block is not less than the flange
thickness, i.e. 0.9𝑥 ≥ ℎ𝑓
(b) The compressive force in the web below the flange [𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4.8 −
2(𝑎)] is neglected.
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢
b
ℎ𝑓
2
ℎ𝑓
0.9𝑥 𝐶 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ𝑓
N A
ℎ𝑓
d 𝑧=𝑑−
2
𝐴𝑠
𝑇 = 𝑓𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑏𝑤
(b)
(a)
The forces in the beam section are then shown in Fig. 4.8-2(b).
ℎ𝑓
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 [𝑑 − ] (4.8 − 1)
2
Page 11 of 63
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ𝑓 [𝑑 − ] (4.8 − 2)
2
(i) 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀 ≤ 𝑀𝑢 , then the steel area 𝐴𝑠 is calculated from eqn. (4.8 − 1)
(ii) In the unlikely event that 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 of eqn. (4.8 − 2), it is simplest to increase the web
dimensions. Otherwise, use the Insitute of Structural Engineers Manual.
Example 4.8-1
ℎ𝑓 = 150
300
𝑏𝑤 = 200
Data: Effective span 𝑙 = 6.0 𝑚, design moment 𝑀 = 300 𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Solution
∴ 𝑏 = 200 + (0.2)(0.7)(6000)
∴ 𝑏 = 1040 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎.
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑 = 450 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − ( )
2
20
∴ 𝑑 = 450 − 20 − ( ) = 420 𝑚𝑚
2
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ𝑓 [𝑑 − ] 10−6
2
Page 12 of 63
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 0.45(40)(1040)(150)[420 − 75]10−6
ℎ𝑓
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 [𝑑 − ]
2
150
(300)106 = 0.87(460)(𝐴𝑠 ) [420 − ]
2
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 2173 𝑚𝑚2
ℎ𝑓 = 150
300
5Y25
𝑏𝑤 = 200
The deflection of a structure should not adversely affect the appearance or functions of the structure.
Similarly, any cracking of the concrete should not adversely affect its appearance or durability.
In day- to -day practical design, the serviceability limit state requirements are met by the following
straight forward procedures:
Page 13 of 63
5.3 DEFLECTION CONTROL IN DESIGN (BS 8110)
BS 8110 states that the final deflection should not exceed either of the following limits:
(a) 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛/250,
(b) The lesser of:
(i) 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 )/500
(ii) 20 mm.
The limit of 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛/250 is considered to be that beyond which the deflection will be noticed
by the user of the structure. The limit (b) is to prevent damage to the partitions and finishes.
Both limits are intended for general guidance only.
In design, it is usual to comply with the above deflection limits by limiting the ratio of the
span to the effective depth.
𝑏𝑤
For flanged beams with ≤ 0.3 obtain the span/effective depth ratio by linear interpolation
𝑏
𝑏𝑤
between flanged beams and rectangular beams i.e. =1
𝑏
S
𝑙/𝑑 20.8 21.5 22.3 23 23.8 24.5 25.3 26-rectangular
beam
𝑏𝑤 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
𝑏
26 − 20.8
𝑆= = 0.743
7
Step 2: Long spans:
Page 14 of 63
For spans exceeding 10 m , there are three cases to consider, depending on whether it is
necessary to limit the increase in deflection (span/500 or 20 mm) after the construction of the
partitions or finishes:
(a) If it is not necessary to limit such increase in deflection, then the (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)/
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 obtained in step 1, remains valid.
(b) If it is necessary to limit such increase, and the structural member is not a cantilever, then
the (𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒄 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏)/𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 obtained in step 1 should be multiplied by a modification
10
factor equal to (𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛).
(c) If it is necessary to limit the increase in deflection and the structural member is a cantilever,
deflection must be calculated.
The (Basic span)/depth ratio is multiplied by the modification factor obtained from table
5.3-2 to allow for the effect of the tension reinforcement.
Table 5.3-2: Modification factor for tension reinforcement (BS 8110: Cl. 3.4.6.5)
Service stress 𝑀
(𝑁/𝑚𝑚 2 )
𝑓𝑠 (N/𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝑏𝑑2
0.5 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
(𝑓𝑦 = 250) 156 2.00 2.00 1.96 1.66 1.47 1.24 1.1 1.00 0.94
(𝑓𝑦 = 460) 288 1.68 1.50 1.38 1.21 1.09 0.95 0.87 082 0.78
If the beam is doubly reinforced, the (Basic span)/depth ratio may be further multiplied by a
modification factor, obtained from Table 5.3-3 to allow for compression reinforcement.
Table 5.3-3: Modification factor for compression reinforcement (BS 8110: Cl. 3.4.6.6)
100𝐴′𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 0 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.5 ≥ 3.00
𝑏𝑑
Factor 1.08 1.05 1.08 1.10 1.14 1.20 1.25 1.33 1.40 1.45 1.50
Example 5.3-1
The design ultimate moment for a rectangular beam of 11 m simple span is 900 kNm. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the cross section for the ultimate limit state and check
that the span/ effective depth ratio is within the allowable limit in BS 8110: Cl.3.4.6.
Solution
Page 15 of 63
Example 4.5-4 shows that a beam section with the following properties is appropriate for the
ultimate limit state:
Step 1
Step 2
(Assume it is necessary to restrict the increase in deflection after construction of the partitions
and finishes).
10 10
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = = = 0.91
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 11
Step 3
𝑀 (900)(106 )
= = 7.35 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 2 (250)(700)2
Step 4
100𝐴′𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 100(982)
= = 0.56
𝑏𝑑 250(700)
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 (𝟏𝟏)(103 )
The actual 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 = = 15.71 < 16.33
𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝟕𝟎𝟎
Deflection O.K.
Example 5.3-2
If the allowable (𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)/𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 determined in accordance with the steps above turns out to
be smaller than the actual span/depth ratio, what remedial actions may be taken?
Page 16 of 63
Solution
(a) Increase, the effective depth to bring the actual span /depth ratio down to the allowable
value,
𝑀
(b) Additional tension steel can be provided over and above that required by the (𝑏𝑑2 ) value,
(c) Carry out a full deflection calculation, using the BS 8110 procedure (it will usually show that the
span depth ratio procedure is conservative).
BS 8110: Cl.3.12.11.2.1 states that surface crack widths should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm.
Excessively wide cracks are objectionable, mainly because they affect the appearance of the
structure. It is also prudent to limit crack widths in aggressive environment to limit the
possibility of corrosion.
In practical design, it is usual to comply with the 0.3 mm crack width limit by a straightforward
procedure of limiting the maximum distance between bars in tension (BS 8110: Cl. 3.4.7)
𝑆𝑏 ≤ 250 h
2
( )ℎ
3
𝑆𝑏 ≤ 250
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐
Notes:
Page 17 of 63
1
(b) 𝑎𝑐 ≤ (2) 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑏
2
(c) 𝐼𝑓 ( 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓) ℎ > 750 𝑚𝑚, side bars are required to a depth of (3) ℎ.
BS 8110:Cl.3.12.11.2.4 states that the clear spacing may be calculated from:
47000
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ≤ 300 𝑚𝑚 (5.4 − 2)
𝑓𝑠
5 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑠 = ( ) 𝑓𝑦 [ ][ ] [5.3 − 1(𝑏)]
8 𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝛽𝑏
(a) In measuring 𝑎𝑏 , ignorre any bar with a size smaller than 0.45 times that of the largest
bar.
(b) In measuring 𝑎𝑐 , ignore any bar with a size smaller than 0.45 times that of the largest
bar.
(𝑏)𝑆𝑏
(c) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 √[ ]
𝑓𝑦
𝑉
Design shear 𝑣 = (6.4 − 1)
𝑏𝑣 𝑑
If 𝑣 of step 1 excees 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2, whichever is less, the product “𝑏𝑣 𝑑" must be
increased to reduce 𝑣.
Page 18 of 63
Compare the design shear stress 𝑣 with the design concrete shear stress 𝑣𝑐 in Table 6.4-1
Table 6.4-1: Design concrete shear stress 𝒗𝒄 – for 𝒇𝒄𝒖 ≥ 𝟒𝟎 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 (BS 8110: clause
3.4.5.4)
(a) No shear reinforcement is required for members of minor structural importance, such as
lintels (lintols).
(b) For all other structural members, provide minimum links, which are defined as shear
links that will provide a shear resistance of 0.4 N/𝑚𝑚2 , i.e.
(0.4)𝑏𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠) ≥ (6.4 − 2)
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘,
𝑓𝑦𝑣 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘
(𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.4)𝑏𝑣
∴ (𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠) ≥
𝑆𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑅𝐻𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.4 − 2
If design shear stress is between 0.5𝑣𝑐 and (𝑣𝑐 + 0.4), provide minimum links as defined by
eqn. (6.4 − 2) for the whole length of the beam.
Page 19 of 63
Step 5: (𝒗𝒄 + 𝟎. 𝟒) < 𝑣:
𝐴𝑠𝑣
Table 6.4-2: values of ( ) (𝑚𝑚) for various link-bar sizes ∅ and link spacing 𝑆𝑣
𝑆𝑣
𝑆𝑣 Diameter ∅
8 10 12 16
100 1.00 1.57 2.26 4.02
150 0.67 1.05 1.51 2.68
200 0.50 0.79 1.131 2.01
250 0.40 0.63 0.90 1.61
300 0.33 0.52 0.75 1.34
(𝑣 − 𝒗𝒄 )𝑏𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥ (6.4 − 3)
0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (𝑣 − 𝒗𝒄 )𝑏𝑣
≥
𝑆𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣
𝑅𝐻𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.4 − 2
(a) A link should pass round another bar of at least its own size, through an angle of
90𝑜 , and continue for a length of at least eight times its own size or
(b) It should pass round another bar of at least its own size, through an angle of 180𝑜 ,
and continue for a length of at least four times its own size
The design load (including self-weight) for a simply supported concrete beam, span 6.0 m is 200
kN/m. The section size is 250 mm by 700 mm effective depth. If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 =
460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , design the beam for the following limit states:
(a) Ultimate,
(b) Shear,
(c) Deflection.
Page 20 of 63
Model solution
B
A
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙 = 6.0
𝑤𝑙 2 200(6)2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑀 = = = 900 𝑘𝑁𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
= 0.156(40)(250)(700)2 (10)−6
Compression steel:
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑢
(135.6)106
𝐴′𝑠 = = 529.4 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)640
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑠 ∶
𝐴𝑠 = 4027 𝑚𝑚2
Page 21 of 63
∴ Provide:
(b)Shear
(200)(6)
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = = 600 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑉 (600)103
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣 = = = 3.43 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 (250)700
(100)𝐴𝑠 (100)(4121)
= = 2.35
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 (250)(700)
𝑆𝑣 (0.4)𝑏𝑣 (0.4)(250)
= = = 0.46
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦𝑣 0.87(250)
Page 22 of 63
𝑆
Provide: R 8 - 200 (𝐴 𝑣 = 0.5)
𝑠𝑣
241.5
600 𝑥
3.00
600 241.5
=
3 𝑥
𝑥 = 1.2 𝑚
(iii) Deflection :
From Table 5.3-1:
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ( ) = 20
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑
Tension steel modification factor:
𝑀 900(106 )
= = 7.35 N/mm2
𝑏𝑑 2 (250)(7002 )
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 5.3 − 2:
Page 23 of 63
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.78
Compression steel modification factor:
100𝐴′𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 100(628)
= = 0.36
𝑏𝑑 (250)(700)
From Table 5.3-3:
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.1
𝑙
∴ 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑑 ) = (20)(0.78)1.1= 17.16
𝑙 6000
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ( ) = = 8.57 < 17.16
𝑑 700
∴ Deflection O.K.
𝐹𝑠
𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑏 = ≥ 𝑓𝑏𝑢 [6.6 − 1(𝑎)]
𝜋∅𝑙
Where:
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
∅ = 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑙 = 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
∅2
Bar force 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠 𝜋 ( 4 )
Page 24 of 63
𝑓𝑠 𝜋∅2 𝑓𝑠 ∅
𝑓𝑏 = = [6.6 − 1(𝑏)]
4𝜋∅𝑙 4𝑙
𝑓𝑏 ≤ 𝑓𝑏𝑢
(a) For bars in tension in slabs, 𝛽 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 given in Table 6.6- 1.
(b) (i) In beams with minimum shear links provided in accordance with equation 6.4-2, values of 𝛽
are given in Table 6.6-1,
(ii) In beams where minimum links have not been so provided, 𝛽 values should be those listed in
Table 6.6-1 for plain bars, irrespective of the type of bar actually used.
(c) The values in Table 6.6-1 include partial safety factor 𝛾𝑚 of 1.4.
The anchorage bond length is the length of reinforcement bar required to develop the stress 𝑓𝑠 and is
given by eqns [6.6 − 1(𝑏)] and (6.6 − 2):
𝑓𝑠 ∅
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓𝑏 = = 𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 𝑓𝑏𝑢
4𝑙
𝑓𝑠 ∅
∴ 𝑙= [6.6 − 3(𝑎)]
4𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢
The ultimate anchorage bond length 𝑙𝑢 is the bar length required to develop the full design strength.
Hence, by substituting 0.87𝑓𝑦 for 𝑓𝑠 in eqn [6.6 − 3(𝑎)]
0.87𝑓𝑦 ∅
𝑙𝑢 = [6.6 − 3(𝑏)]
4𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢
Typically, for 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 N/mm2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 N/mm2 for bars in tension
Page 25 of 63
0.87(460)∅
𝑙𝑢 = = 32∅
4(0.5)√40
0.87(460)∅
𝑙𝑢 = = 26∅
4(0.63)√40
Where it is impracticable to provide the necessary anchorage length for bars in tension, the designer
may use hooks or bends, done to comply with BS 4466 requirements.
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
ONE-WAY SLABS
𝑙𝑦
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑙 ) > 2.0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦
𝑥
It states that the slabs may be designed for a single loading case of maximum design ultimate
load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) on all spans provided that the following conditions are met:
Page 26 of 63
Panel Bay
If these conditions are met, BS 8110: Cl.3.5.2.4 states that the moment and shear forces in
continuous one-way slabs may be obtained from the Table 11.42. If the conditions are not
met, the slab may be analyzed as a continuous beam (Mosley W.H. pg. 31).
Table 11.42: One-way slabs- ultimate bending moments and shear forces
Moment End support End span First interior support Interior spans Interior supports
0 0.086FL - 0.063FL 0.063FL -0.063FL
Shear 0.4F - 0.6F - 0.5F
BS 8110: Cl.3.5.2.4
Comments:
1 No redistribution of moments is allowed if values obtained from this Table are used,
2 𝐹 = 1.4𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
Page 27 of 63
B C
Fig. 2 shows an interior concrete floor slab bays supported on reinforced concrete beams on all
four sides, with provision for torsion at the corners. Using the tables attached, design and detail
the reinforcement for one bay of the floor shown for the following limit states:
(i) Ultimate,
(ii) Shear,
(iii) Deflection,
(iv) Cracking.
7000
180
9000
Page 28 of 63
Exposure conditions:
Table 3.25: Minimum areas of reinforcement in members (BS 8110: clause 3.12.5.1)
Model Solution:
Dim: mm
Ly = 16000
Lx= 5500
Page 29 of 63
fcu = 40N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2,
n = 37.0 kN/m2, and initial trial thickness = 180 mm.
𝑙𝑦 16000
𝑙𝑥
= 5500
= 2.91 > 2.0
h =180 mm
5500
Step 1: Durability and fire resistance:
From Table 2.5-7: Cover = 20 mm,
Nominal cover for mild exposure = 20 mm,
Page 30 of 63
Step 4: Main reinforcement:
1
Effective depth d = 180 – 20 - 2 (bar dia.) = 180 – 20 - (0.5)(12) = 154 mm, say. d = 154 mm
Supports:
𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 = (0.156)(40)(1000)(1542 )10−6 = 148 𝑘𝑁𝑚⁄𝑚 > 𝑀
Mid-span:
𝑀 (24.7)106
= = 0.026 (as at supports) (𝐴𝑠 = 426 𝑚𝑚 2⁄𝑚)
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (40)(1000)(154)2
Step 5: shear:
From table 11.4-2:
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = 0.5𝐹 = 0.5(71.3) = 35.7 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝑉 37.5(1000)
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣 = = = 0.24 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 1000(154)
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 0.8(40)0.5
= 5.1 𝑁 ⁄𝑚𝑚 2 𝑜𝑟 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2 > 0.24 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2
∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
From table 6.4-1:
100𝐴𝑠 100(523)
= = 0.34%
𝑑𝑏𝑣 154(1000)
Interpolation:
0.60−0.57
𝑣𝑐 = 0.6 − ( 175−150 ) (154 − 150) = 0.5952
(0.75−0.5952)(0.34−0.25)
(0.50−0.25)
+ 0.5952 = (0.6192)(0.09) + 0.5952
= 0.65
Page 31 of 63
100𝐴𝑠 Effective depth
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 150 154 175
0.25 0.60 0.5952 0.57
0.34 0.65
0.50 0.75 0.75 0.73
Step 6: Deflection:
From table 5.3-1:
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 26.0
𝑀 (24.7)106
= = 1.04
𝑏𝑑2 1000 (154)2
From Table 5.3-2:
Tension steel modification factor = 1.38
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Allowable ( ) 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 26.0(1.38) = 35.9
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 5500
Actual (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ) 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 35.7 < 35.9
154
∴ Deflection O.K
Step7: cracking:
3𝑑 = 3(154) = 462 𝑚𝑚
∴ Cracking O.K.
Step 8: Secondary (distribution) steel area:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.13%𝑏ℎ
0.13(1000)(180)
=
100
= 234 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑌10 − 300 − 𝑇2 (𝐴𝑠 = 262 𝑚𝑚 2⁄𝑚 )
Page 32 of 63
Two – Way Slab Design
When simply- supported, slabs do not have adequate provision to resist torsion at the corners, and to
prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per unit width are given by the equations:
Table 3.13: Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right angles, simply -
supported on four sides
𝑙𝑦 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
𝑙𝑥
𝛼𝑠𝑥 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118
𝛼𝑠𝑦 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
Example:
Design the reinforcement for a simply supported slab: 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 220 𝑚𝑚,
Model solution:
𝑙𝑦 6.3
= = 1.4 < 2.0
𝑙𝑥 4.5
∴Two-way design
Loads:
Moment coefficients:
Moments:
Page 33 of 63
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑠𝑦 = 𝛼𝑠𝑦 𝑛𝑙2𝑥 = 0.051(23.4 )4.52 = 24.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Reinforcement:
1
Effective depth d = 220 – concrete cover - 2
(bar dia.) = 220 – 20 - (0.5)(12) = 194 mm, say.
Short span:
𝑀 46.9 × 106
= = 0.031
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 (1000)(194)2 (40)
𝑧
∴ 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.6 − 1, (𝑑) = 0.94
𝑀 (46.9)106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 643 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.87(460)(0.94)194
Long span:
𝑀 (24.2 )106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 354 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 0.87(460)(0.94)182
Shear:
Page 34 of 63
100𝐴𝑠 100(646)
= = 0.33%
𝑑𝑏𝑣 194(1000)
∴ 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑂. 𝐾.
Deflection:
𝑀 (46.9 )106
= = 1.246
𝑏𝑑2 1000(194)2
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4500
Actual (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ ) 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = 23.2 < 26.68
194
∴ Deflection O.K
Cracking.
3𝑑 = 3(194) = 582 𝑚𝑚
∴ Cracking O.K.
𝒀𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝑩𝟐
DRN. NTS
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒀𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏𝟕𝟓 − 𝑩𝟏
4500 mm
Page 35 of 63
Restrained slabs supported on four sides
The maximum moments per unit width are given by the equations:
Equations (i) and (ii) are used subject to the following conditions:
(a) The characteristic dead and imposed loads on adjacent panels are approximately the same as on
the panel being considered.
(b) The span of adjacent panels in the direction perpendicular to the line of common support is
approximately the same as the span of panel considered in that direction.
Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with provision for torsion at corners
Type of panel and Short span coefficients, sx Long span
moments considered Values of ly/lx coefficients,sy, for all
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 values of ly/lx
Interior panels
Negative moment at
continuous edge 0.031 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.063 0.032
Positive moment at
mid-span 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.024
The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angles and
supporting uniformly distributed loads may be assessed from the following equations:
Page 36 of 63
Table 3.15: Shear force coefficients (BS 8110: clause 3.5.3.7)
Shear force coefficients for uniformly loaded rectangular panels supported on four sides
Type of panel and Short span coefficients, vx for values of
𝑙𝑦
vy
location 𝑙𝑥
Values of 𝑙𝑦/𝑙𝑥
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Four edges continuous
0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33
Continuous edge
Example:
Fig.1.1 shows an interior concrete floor slab panel supported on reinforced concrete beams on all four sides.
The factored design load n = 37.0 kN/m2, slab initial trial thickness = 150 mm, f cu = 40 N/mm2, fy=
460N/mm2.Using the tables attached, design the slab for the following limit states:
150 Lx = 3000 mm
Ly = 4500 mm
Table 3.25: minimum areas of reinforcement in members (BS 8110: clause 3.12.5.1)
Page 37 of 63
situation Definition of Minimum percentage
percentage fy = 250 fy = 460
N/mm2 N/mm2
% %
Tension reinforcement
Rectangular section (in solid slabs, this minimum 100As /Ac 0.24 0.13
should be provided in both directions)
Model Solution:
Ly= 4500 mm
𝑙𝑦 4500
𝑙𝑥
= 3000 = 1.5 < 2.0
Ultimate moments:
Supports:
From Table 3.14:
Mid-spans:
From Table 3.14:
Page 38 of 63
S/No Calculations Comments
Main reinforcement:
Assume concrete cover = 20 mm (otherwise conc. cover = obtained from
Table 3.1)
Therefore effective depth
1 1
𝑑 = 150 − 20 − 2 (𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎. )=150 − 20 − 2 (12) = 124 𝑚𝑚
Supports :
Shorter span:
𝑀 17.649 (106 )
𝐾= = = 0.03
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 (40)(1000)(124)2
𝑀 17.649 (106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 378 𝑚𝑚 2⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)
Page 39 of 63
Supports:
longer span:
𝑀 10.656(106 )
𝐾= = = 0.02
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 (40)(1000)(124)2
From Table 4.6-1:
𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑
𝑀 10.656(106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 228 𝑚𝑚 2⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)
Mid-span
Shorter span:
𝑀 13.32(106 )
𝐾= = = 0.02
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 (40)(1000)(124)2
From Table 4.6-1:
𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑
𝑀 13.32(106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 286 𝑚𝑚 2⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)
Page 40 of 63
S/No Calculations comments
Mid-span
longer span:
𝑀 7.992 (106 )
𝐾= = = 0.01
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 (40)(1000)(124)2
From Table 4.6-1:
𝑧
= 0.94
𝑑
𝑀 7.992(106 )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = = = 171 𝑚𝑚 2⁄𝑚
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧 (0.87)(460)(0.94)(124)
Page 41 of 63
S/NO. CALCULATIONS REMARK
1(ii) Shear:
From Table 3.16 (BS 8110):
𝑣𝑥 = 0.45, 𝑣𝑦 = 0.33
𝑉 (49.95)(1000)
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = = = 0.40 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑑𝑏𝑣 124(1000)
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = (0.8)√40 = 5.1 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠.
:.∴ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = 0.40 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2 < 5.0 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2
∴Section is adequate in shear.
100𝐴𝑠 100(335)
= = 0.27%
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 124(1000)
From Table 6.4-1:
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑐
0.75 − 0.60
=( ) (0.27 − 0.25) + 0.6
0.5 − 0.25
= 0.61 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2 > 0.40 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2
∴Shear resistance O.K.
𝑉 (36.63 )(1000)
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑣 = = = 0.3 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚 2
𝑑𝑏𝑣 124(1000)
100𝐴𝑠 100(201)
= = 0.16%
𝑏𝑣 𝑑 124(1000)
Page 42 of 63
S/NO CALCULATIONS REMARKS
1(iii) Deflection: Check deflection in the
From table 5.3-1: shorter span only
Basic span/ depth ratio = 26
𝑀 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 13.32(106 )
= = = 0.866 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑2 𝑏𝑑2 1000 (124)2
From Table 5.3-2:
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
(1.5 − 1.38)
= (1 − 0.866) + 1.38 = 1.44
1.0 − 0.75
∴ 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛⁄𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 26(1.44) = 37.55
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛⁄𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 3000 ⁄124 = 24.19 < 37.55
∴ Deflection O.K.
1 (iv) Cracking: Widest spacing between
𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3𝑑 = (3)(124) = 372 𝑚𝑚 bars = 250 mm
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 250 – 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 250 − 8 = 242 𝑚𝑚 < 372 𝑚𝑚
∴ Cracking O.K.
y Shear walls
Page 43 of 63
Shear walls
Page 44 of 63
Table 1.1 — Values of (= le / lo) for braced columns
End condition at the top End condition at the bottom
1 2 3
“Fixed” “partially restrained” “Pinned”
1 “Fixed” 0.75 0.80 0.90
2 “partially restrained” 0.80 0.85 0.95
3 “Pinned” 0.90 0.95 1.00
Table 3.19: BS 8110 – 1: 1997
BS 8110: cl. 3.8.1.3 defines a braced short column as a braced column for which both the ratios
lex/h and ley/b are less than 15.
Uniaxial bending
Example 7.3-1:
Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 500 by 300 mm column section if:
Page 45 of 63
Figure 1.1: Column design chart
Model Solution
Page 46 of 63
Y
b = 300
3Y32
2Y16
X X
d = 500
3Y32
𝑁 (2300)(103 )
= = 15.33 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏ℎ (300)(500)
𝑀𝑦 (120)(106 )
2
= 2
= 2.67 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏ℎ ( )(
500 300 )
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.1,
100𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 1.3%
𝑏ℎ
(1.3)(𝑏ℎ) (1.3)(300)(500)
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = = 1950 𝑚𝑚2
100 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4𝑇25 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1963 𝑚𝑚2 )
Y
300
2T25
500 2T12
X X
2T25
Biaxial bending
Page 47 of 63
BS 8110: cl.3.8.4.5 gives the following recommendations for symmetrically reinforced rectangular
columns. Suppose the column is subjected to (N, Mx, My). Then it can be designed for
(N, 𝑀𝑥′ ) or for (N, 𝑀𝑦′ ) depending on which of the following conditions is valid:
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
(a) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 ℎ′
≥ 𝑏′
:
ℎ′
𝑀𝑥′ = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝛽 𝑀 (7.3 − 3)
𝑏′ 𝑦
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
(b) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 ℎ′
< 𝑏′
∶
𝑏′
𝑀𝑦′ = 𝑀𝑦 + 𝛽 𝑀 (7.3 − 4)
ℎ′ 𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ ′
= 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.2,
𝑏′ = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1.2,
𝛽 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 7.3 − 1,
𝑀𝑥 (𝑀𝑦 ) 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Table 7.3-1: values of β for eqns (7.3-3) and (7.3-4) (BS 8110: Cl. 3.8.4.5)
b Y
h ℎ′
x𝑀𝑥 x
𝑏′
Y 𝑀𝑦
Figure 1.2
Page 48 of 63
Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 500 by 300 mm column section: N = 2300 kN, 𝑀𝑥 =
300 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑦 = 120 𝑘𝑁𝑚, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2.
Model solution
Step1
Then:
𝑀𝑥 (300)(106 )
ℎ′
= 450
= (667)(103 ) N
𝑀𝑦 (120)(106 )
= = (480)(103 ) 𝑁
𝑏′ 250
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
Hence ℎ′
> 𝑏′
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑛. (7.3 − 3)𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠.
𝑁 (2300)(103 )
= = 0.38
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏ℎ (40)(300)(500)
ℎ′ (450)
From eqn (7.3-3), 𝑀𝑥′ = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝛽 𝑏′ 𝑀𝑦 = 300 + (0.55) (250) (120) = 419 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑵 (𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟎𝟑 )
= = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒃𝒉 (𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟎𝟎)
𝑴 (𝟒𝟏𝟗)(𝟏𝟎𝟔 )
= = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒃𝒉𝟐 (𝟑𝟎𝟎)(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟐 )
(100)(𝐴𝑠𝑐 )
= 3.5%
(𝑏)(ℎ)
(3.5)(𝑏)(ℎ) (3.5)(300)(500)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = = = 5250 𝑚𝑚2
100 100
Page 49 of 63
Hence provide reinforcement as shown below:
2Y32 + 1Y40
X X 2Y20
2Y32 + 1Y40
Example 1:
Column load – 1000 kN, Column dimensions: 400 by 400 mm, Dowels diameter: 16 mm, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 200 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Solution
Step 1:
Page 50 of 63
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1150
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = = = 5.75 𝑚2
𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 200
= (26)(16) = 416 𝑚𝑚
Therefore, a base thickness of 600 mm would adequately allow for concrete cover and two layers
of reinforcement below the dowels.
Assume the footing is to be constructed on a blinding layer of concrete so that the minimum
cover is 40 mm.
= (400)(4) + 3𝜋(600)
= 7254 𝑚𝑚
Page 51 of 63
= (4.1)106 𝑚𝑚2
= 345 kN
(345)1000
𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 0.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
(7254)(540)
From Table 6.4-1: Design concrete shear stress 𝑣𝑐 , this shear stress is not excessive and therefore
ℎ = 600 𝑚𝑚 will be suitable.
2.45
1.025
1.025
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀 = (181.4 )(2.45)(1.025)
2
= 233.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
= (0.156)(40)(2450)(540)2 (10−6 )
Page 52 of 63
𝑀
𝐾=
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
(233.5)106
= = 0.008 = 0.01
(40)(2450)(5402 )
(233.5)106
= = 1150 𝑚𝑚2
(0.87)(460)(0.94)(540)
100𝐴𝑠
= 0.13
𝑏ℎ
0.13(2450)(600)
𝐴𝑠 = = 1911 𝑚𝑚2 > 1150 𝑚𝑚2
100
𝑉 (455.54 )103
𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑏𝑠 = = = 1.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Ʃ𝑢𝑠 𝑑 10(50.2)(540)
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.6 − 1: 𝐵𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛽 (𝐵𝑆 8110: 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 3.12.8.4), 𝛽 = 0.5
∴ 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝛽√𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 0.5√40 = 3.2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 > 1.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Page 53 of 63
From Table 6.4-1:
100𝐴𝑠 (100)2011
(i) = (2450)540 = 0.15
𝑏𝑑
(ii) 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑐 = 0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 3, 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒, 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑠 0.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2.45
1.025
At the critical section for shear: 1.5d from the column face,
𝑉 = (181.4)(2.45)(0.215)
= 95.6 𝑘𝑁
𝑉 (95.6)1000
𝑣= =
𝑏𝑑 (2450)540
22
Page 54 of 63
Example 2:
Column load – 1500 kN, Column dimensions: 350 by 350 mm, Dowels diameter: 16 mm, 𝑓𝑐𝑢 =
40 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 250 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Page 55 of 63
Appendices to design of bases
Page 56 of 63
Page 57 of 63
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
A member where the concrete is prestressed by the longitudinal reinforcing steel (tendons)
before being subjected to external loading is called prestressed concrete. There are two methods
of manufacturing prestressed members:
Anchor block
A post-tensioned member is manufactured by casting together with ducts that house the tendons.
After the concrete has gained strength, the tendons are stressed by jacking against the ends of the
member and anchoring. Anchoring is effected using nuts on threaded rods when bars have been
used or wedges when cables have been used.
Page 58 of 63
(b) Cracks in concrete can be eliminated resulting in higher durability
(c) Increased shear resistance.
Disadvantages of pre-stressed concrete
(a) Increased cost of materials and shuttering (high quality concrete is required)
(b) Greater supervision required to ensure correct concrete strength and magnitude of
pre-stress forces,
(c) Design calculations are more extensive.
STRESSES IN PRE-STRESSED MEMBERS
P P
𝑃
Area = A 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
e = eccentricity
P
Elevation
𝑃 𝑀
( − )
𝐴 𝑍
Tension
-
e
+ + = +
+
𝑃 𝑀
𝑀 (𝑃𝑒)6 ( + )
section d𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑏 = = 𝐴 𝑍
𝐴 𝑍 𝑏𝑑2
Page 59 of 63
If the member is now mounted on simple supports at either end and subjected to uniform load in
addition to its own weight, then stresses at mid-span can be determined:
e
P P
𝑃. 𝑒 𝑀𝑠
−( ) 𝑓𝑡
𝑍 𝑍
+ + + = +
+ -
-
𝑃
𝑓𝑏
𝐴
Example1 100
Dim: mm
e = 40 200
P= 150 kN
Page 60 of 63
𝐼 𝑏𝑑 2 (𝑏)(𝑑 2 ) 100(2002 )
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑍 = = = = = 666.7 (103 )𝑚𝑚3
𝑦 6 6 6
𝑃 150(103 )
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = 7.5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 20(103 )
(𝑃)(𝑒) (150)(103 )(40)(6)
𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = = ± 9 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑍 (100)(2002 )
+7.5 9 1.5
- -
+ =
+ +
9 16.5
- + +
+ =
+ - -
Example 2
Page 61 of 63
A rectangular beam 450 x 200 mm is supported over a 4.0 m span and supports a live load of 15 kN/m.
(i) Find the minimum prestress force necessary for no tension, under live load, at mid span
(ii) Calculate the stresses under self - weight only at mid span and at the ends of the member,
after application of prestress force. Unit weight of concrete 24.0 kN/m3.
Model solution
𝑏ℎ 2 (200)(450)2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = 𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑍𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑍 = = = (6.75)106 𝑚𝑚3
6 6
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚, 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃
𝑷 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑷𝒆
∴ − + =𝟎
𝑨 𝒁 𝒁
𝑷 𝑷𝒆 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
∴ + =
𝑨 𝒁 𝒁
𝟏 𝒆 𝑴𝒎𝒂𝒙
∴ 𝑷( + ) =
𝑨 𝒁 𝒁
Page 62 of 63
𝑃 𝑃. 𝑒 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑓𝑡 = − + = 2.72 − 2.36 + 0 = 0.36(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 𝑍 𝑍
𝑃 𝑃. 𝑒 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑏 = + − = 2.72 + 2.36 − 0 = 5.08 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴 𝑍 𝑍
DESIGN TABLES
Page 63 of 63