Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1 2 Plag Check Damiles Et Al.
Chapter 1 2 Plag Check Damiles Et Al.
INTRODUCTION
the sustainable development of the City of Cagayan de Oro. According to Butler on his
article on 2016, he emphasized that water management faces major challenges over the
coming decades, with existing social, ecological, and technical water subsystems
subject to emerging global threats such as climate change, urbanization, and depletion
of resources. Current methods may be able to deal with these threats individually
however, recent experiences have revealed serious problems, and without new ideas
and approaches, levels of service will be challenged significantly by future change. The
essential way of managing stormwater runoff and sea-level rise in urban areas is by
having an effective drainage system. Effective drainage systems lessen the probability
of flooding, reduce the risk of erosion, and mitigates water pollution while developing
the overall health and securing the community (Scholz et al., 2018).
Islam et al., (2020) stated that Cagayan de Oro is an urbanized city and it
encompasses Barangay Lapasan having a land area of 2.165 km². Sitio San Juan 1 of
Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City experiences frequent flooding during rainy
seasons. Stormwater overflow in the area during rainy seasons causes inconvenience to
surface runoff and recurring issue of flooding have been an issue in Sitio San Juan,
Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. Thus, this study aims to assess the current
1
state of drainage system wherein water overflows in this area during rainy seasons. The
managing storm waters and household excess waters. By addressing the issue and
identifying the key challenges and limits of existing drainage system, the researchers
can propose practical solutions to improve the drainage infrastructure. Thus, it will be
beneficial to the local community of Sitio San Juan and residents of Barangay Lapasan.
Moreover, the study strives to assess the defective drainage in Sitio San Juan 1,
Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The goal of the study is: to determine the root causes of
the defective drainage, provide possible solution to the defective drainage in order to
have its capability to mitigate storm water runoff, and to make it more environmentally
The rapid urbanization in Cagayan de Oro City has led to frequent instances of
flooding. Sitio San Juan 1 in Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The study
intends to assess the current state of the drainage system in this area. This study deals
the drainage system in Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City since
the defective drainage system causes inconvenience to the locals as it leads to flooding
due to stagnation of storm water with rubbish which is a potential hazard for residents’
health. The study aimed to develop recommendations for enhancements that mitigates
the risk resulting from flooding and structural damage. The following research objective
1. Assess the current drainage system in Sitio San Juan 1 in Barangay Lapasan,
Figure 1.3 Represents the Conceptual Framework of the study, illustrating the IPO
Model or the Input, Process and Output Model in assessing the drainage system in Sitio
This study will focus on the assessment of drainage system located in Sitio San Juan
LGU (Local Government Unit). The assessment of the drainage system and the
recommended improvements will provide local government entities with insights into
identifying the drawback and risks of the drainage system. Through the use of this
information, they will be able to create strategies and plans that would improve the
infrastructure in the area under investigation and lessen environmental damage and
floods. It could also offer opportunities for the community to support economic growth
and development.
5
Barangay Officials of Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan. The research findings
are quite beneficial to the leaders of Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan. They will gain
information to help them decide how to distribute the resources, developed thorough
plans for maintaining and enhancing the drainage system. The outcomes will impart
among communities.
Residents of Barangay Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan. The community will
sustainability. Through raising awareness, taking responsibility, and taking action, the
research will encourage the public to take part in preserving a safe and sustainable
environment.
drainage systems and flood control in the future. Future researchers might use the
flow of wastewater and storm water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan,
Water Subsystem. The quantity of water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan,
Cagayan de Oro City, to be delivered varies depending on the way, and a water
6
supply path is made up of a collection of pipes that are different in length and
diameter.
IPO Model. A widely used approach in systems analysis for describing the
and assess the surface of the Earth, display geographical information, and
locations.
flooding, such as enhancing the current drainage system, building flood control
wastewater and storm water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de
Oro City.
Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City’s current drainage system, which runs
from Purok Piaping Puti to Purok Punta, can manage without overflowing or
order to determine its capacity, possible flow patterns, and flow constraints.
Inflows. The total flow rate that comes into a junction from all outside sources,
7
including pipelines from adjacent drainage areas, stormwater inlets, and flows
Initial Depth. The level of water at a particular junction or node when the simulation
Initial Flow. The amount of water flowing into a conduit at the start of a simulation or
per second.
order to collect data, identify particular traits, qualities, or problems, and make initial
observations.
Run-off Discharge. The drainage system's ability to manage these flows and avert
floods is determined by the amount of water that exits it in response to rainwater events,
Status Report. A thorough paper outlining the conclusions, analysis, and outcomes of
Stationing. The process of measuring and marking specific points along the drainage
Stormwater. The rainwater that flows over the ground surface during or after storms,
which needs to be effectively managed by the drainage system to avoid flood hazards
8
Sub-catchments. The portions of the research area that are divided or subdivided and
that affect the drainage system's overall runoff and water flow are important for
understanding how stormwater is distributed and managed across the study area.
reduce the risk of flooding and environmental harm by incorporating natural processes,
encouraging source control, and strengthening the ability to handle stormwater runoff,
Topographic Map. A thorough depiction of the study area's terrain's shape and height.
Understanding the impact of the landscape's elevation gradients and drainage patterns
on stormwater flow inside the drainage system is made easier by analyzing the
topographic map.
Wastewater Discharge. The release or disposal of wastewater that comes from both
9
CHAPTER 2
Major challenges in water management are occurring over the decades together
with the existing social, ecological and technical water subsystems are subjected to the
upheaval global threats like climate change, rapid urbanization and attenuation of all
valuable resources. These threats can be dealt with current methods individually,
however, results and experiences recently disclose serious complications, and, with the
absence of new methods, ideas, techniques and approaches, the ability of all service
will face difficulties by future change. (Butler et al., 2016). It is widely recognized that
climate change and urbanization can trigger failure and external uncertainties on
drainage system (Notaro et al., 2015). Drainage and sewerage system should be given
an appropriate attention having the fact that it reduces the risks or even prevent urban
this pressing issue a transition from conventional drainage system to sustainable urban
settlement and the only way in managing extreme rainfall and the key tool are the
techniques are applied to drain stormwater, excess surface water and waste water that
is more sustainable than traditional solutions (Bracken & Coterril, 2020). Urbanized
areas are need of stormwater drainage system because of its essentiality but because of
its high investment requirements, during the time of planning design and construction,
10
Systems will result to a wide range of damaged properties, and also a failure urban
drainage system will put the public health at greater risks. Disregarding uncertainties
during the designing, constructing and even in the rehabilitation stage of the system
will cause a great failure to the urban drainage systems (S. Kebede, 2014).
Drainage system conveys water from certain areas without needing man-power to
proper and suitable sites. Drainage system encompasses of gutters and drains from
residential area to stormwater systems that drained stormwater or rainfall from the
highways and roadside drains. Sewage or wastewater from residential areas are also
drained excess stormwater from the streets or road surfaces without experiencing
years, as a result of its positive effects on water quality and quantity issues and
additional recreational amenities perceived in the urban landscape (Q. Zhou, 2014). The
study of La Rosa & Pappalardo (2019) claimed that, onveyance systems such as pipes,
channels, regulators, and pumps can only manage the stormwater through collecting
and conveying the stormwater as fast as it could out of the catchment in order to prevent
structure that utilizes the processes from the natural ecosystems, its role is to manage
stormwater runoff through collecting and maintaining it within the catchment as long
as possible.
11
Urban drainage is increasingly important due to its role in managing water-
related disasters, which are worsened by climate change and urbanization. Traditional
for urban areas to have a sustainable drainage infrastructure to operate effectively with
excessive rainfall. This will also contribute to the city environmental quality (Zhou
2014). Base from the study of Cotterill et al., (2018), sustainable drainage systems have
a vital role in mitigating stormwater runoff and keeping the community safe from flood-
prevails in accordance of reducing the risks resulting from stormwater flooding and
stagnant water. To support this claim, the study of Joshi et al., (2021) stated that
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) have the ability to reduce sewer and
stormwater overflow utilizing some calculations and solutions such as SWMM and
Manning’s Equation. A study conducted by Ahiablame and Shakya (2016) claimed that
installation of sustainable urban drainage system could reduce the average annual
runoff by 3-40%. As mentioned by Calo et al., (2020) in their case study, urban drainage
however, in developing countries like the Philippines, the main issue is still focused on
managing the quantity of stormwater runoff to minimize loss of life, injury, and
property damage.
12
2.3 Effects of Climate Change to UDS considering Urbanization
which serves a vital part in all cities. Urban drainage systems safeguard the city from
flood-related risks and minimizing the impact of stormwater flooding. There are efforts
planning and management but urban drainage system cannot prevent vulnerability from
numerous obstruction such as external forces like, urbanization and climate change, and
internal forces like, structural damage (Sharma et al., 2015). Climate change and
flooding in Asian cities pose great challenges to the environmental and human security
of the population and their governance systems (E. Porio 2014). Climate change and
with frequent heat waves and interchanges in to wet season with heavy rainfall. The
alternating season is due to "monsoon" shift of winds that frequently brings dry or rainy
seasons. Philippines is usually hit by typhoons with an average of 20 typhoons per year
and some of them are super typhoons. Frequent typhoons cause rise in sea-level and
storm surges encompasses with severe events causing frequent flooding in the country.
Anthropogenic climate change escalated these phenomena through the recent decades,
even resulting into severe consequences on areas that are evaluated to be fragile and
having a very dense population. These areas are in the countryside, on the coasts, and
especially areas in urban centers (A. Pasini 2023). Urbanized cities are the one who is
more vulnerable to climate change. These cities are prone to exposure on extreme
13
weather events especially changes in rainfall. Areas with poor drainage system will be
algorithms. The operation rate and calculation accuracy has greatly improved.
reduce designing and planning liabilities such as manpower, material resources, and
time investment. In that sense, low costs designing and planning of drainage systems is
possible and at the same time enhance application and research productivity (Ketabchy
et al., 2019). Accurate calculation of urban drainage run-off is crucial in planning and
prevent the effects urbanization and mitigate the negative risks of urbanization on the
Various model was developed for the purpose of calculating urban run-off. Storm Water
(EPA) for the purpose of simulating the rainfall-runoff activity in urban watersheds.
14
for single event or even for a long period simulation such as continuous simulation of
the quantity and quality of runoff from the primary urban areas. The EPA-SWMM is
broadly utilized for planning, analysis, and designing of urban drainage systems (Li et
al., 2016). Rossman (2015) stated that, it is very critical to develop an integrated models
that are used to assess the quality and quantity of storm. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) developed a powerful software the SWMM (Storm Water Management
Model).
analysis, and designing of stormwater runoff and drainage network systems worldwide.
while utilizing both the conventional gray infrastructure and environment friendly
15