CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Constructing an effective urban drainage system is a pivotal challenge in

ensuring a city that reaches sustainability. Butler in his article in 2016 projected that

water management will face major challenges in the coming decades. It was anticipated

that the present social, ecological, and technical water subsystems will be vulnerable to

emerging global threats such as urbanization, decreasing of resources, and climate

change. These threats may be mitigated by present methods individually. However, the

absence of innovative ideas and approaches will significantly challenge the levels of

services driven by future changes for a reason that, serious complications have been

showing in recent experiences. The most competent solution on managing stormwater

runoff and sea-level rise in areas with dense population is through having an effective

drainage system. Efficient drainage systems will help reduce the probability of

occurrence of flooding, erosion risk, and it will also mitigate water pollution, at the

same time it develops the overall health and secures the community in conformity with

a study by Scholz et al., in 2018.

Barangay Lapasan is a constituent of urbanized city of Cagayan de Oro. It has a

land area of 2.165km2 as stated by Islam et al., 2020. Frequent flooding during rainy

seasons became a major problem in Sitio San Juan 1 of Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de

Oro City. The area experiences stormwater overflow during rainy season which causes

inconvenience to the local. Management of urban drainage systems and urban

challenges such as stormwater management, surface runoff and flooding have been an
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issue in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. Thus, this study aims

to assess the current state of drainage system wherein water overflows in this area

during rainy seasons. The researchers are focusing on the drainage system effectiveness

and efficiency in managing storm waters and household excess waters. By addressing

the issue and identifying the key challenges and limits of existing drainage system, the

researchers can propose practical solutions to improve the drainage infrastructure. Thus,

it will be beneficial to the local community of Sitio San Juan and residents of Barangay

Lapasan.

Moreover, the study strives to assess the defective drainage in Sitio San Juan 1,

Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The goal of the study is: to determine the root causes of

the defective drainage, provide possible solution to the defective drainage in order to

have its capability to mitigate storm water runoff, and to make it more environmentally

friendly in terms of wastewater discharge. As a result, the risk of flooding,

environmental damage, and health vulnerability will be mitigated.

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Figure 1.1: Area of study within Barangay Lapasan

Figure 1.2: Area of study within Barangay Lapasan

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

The rapid urbanization in Cagayan de Oro City has led to frequent instances of

flooding. Sitio San Juan 1 in Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The study

intends to assess the current state of the drainage system in this area. This study deals

with the following questions:

1. What is the current physical condition of the drainage in the area?

2. What is the actual discharge capacity of the drainage?

3. What is the peak discharge of the study area?

4. What optimal adjustments on dimension and gradient are needed to ensure

adequate discharge capacity of the drainage?

1.3 Objective of the Study

The primary objective of this research is to provide a comprehensive assessment of

the drainage system in Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City since

the defective drainage system causes inconvenience to the locals as it leads to flooding

due to stagnation of storm water with rubbish which is a potential hazard for residents’

health. The study aimed to develop recommendations for enhancements that mitigates

the risk resulting from flooding and structural damage. The following research objective

would facilitate the achievement of the following:

1. Assess the current drainage system in Sitio San Juan 1 in Barangay Lapasan,

Cagayan de Oro City with regard to its physical condition.

2. Determine the actual discharge capacity of the drainage.

3. Determine the peak discharge of the study area.

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 4. Provide optimal adjustments for dimension and gradient by utilizing EPA-

SWMM software simulation.

1.4 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.3 Represents the Conceptual Framework of the study, illustrating the IPO

Model or the Input, Process and Output Model in assessing the drainage system in Sitio

San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. The process

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Topographic Map 1. Actual Field Survey 1. Physical condition of

the drainage
2. Actual dimensions of 2. Calculation using
the Drainage System Manning’s Equation 2. Actual Discharge
Capacity of the
3. Peak Discharge: 3. Rational Formula drainage system
• Run-off
coefficient 4. Utilizing EPA 3. Peak discharge of the
• Average Intensity SWMM software area
of rainfall simulation and
• Area of the Manning’s 4. Dimension
watershed adjustments and
Equation
Theoretical
4. Theoretical Discharge of the
dimension of drainage system
Drainage System

Figure 1.3: Conceptual Framework

1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on the assessment of drainage system located in Sitio San Juan

1 of Baragay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. (Figure

1.4)

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 Figure 1.4: Area of study: Affected Area

1.6 Significance of the Study

LGU (Local Government Unit). The assessment of the drainage system and the

recommended improvements will provide local government entities with insights into

identifying the drawback and risks of the drainage system. Through the use of this

information, they will be able to create strategies and plans that would improve the

infrastructure in the area under investigation and lessen environmental damage and

floods. It could also offer opportunities for the community to support economic growth

and development.

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 Barangay Officials- the study’s result significantly benefit the barangay officials

of Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan. They will gain knowledge that can help decision

making process for the community and more understanding on how to maintain and

improve drainage system. With this, they can make a clear communication within the

community that encourage participation in flood prevention initiatives and sustainable

development.

Residents of Sitio San Juan 1, Barangay Lapasan. The study findings will provide

insights that will give the community a wide understanding of the importance of proper

drainage system. The study will offer opportunity for the residents to be more involved

and informed in maintaining healthy and sustainable environment.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as foundational reference of the future

researchers for further investigation of the drainage system of Sitio San Juan 1,

Barangay Lapasan. The data, evaluation, and recommended improvements will serve

as a reference for future studies.

1.7 Definition of Terms

In this investigation, certain terms are operationally defined to

establish a framework and enhance comprehension of the subject matter.

The terminologies employed in the study are defined as follows:

Drainage System. A system of pipelines, channels, and buildings controls the

flow of wastewater and storm water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan,

Cagayan de Oro City, to avoid flooding and water damage.

Water Subsystem. The quantity of water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan,

Cagayan de Oro City, to be delivered varies depending on the way, and a water

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supply path is made up of a collection of pipes that are different in length and

diameter.

IPO Model. A widely used approach in systems analysis for describing the

structure of an information processing program or other process.

Google Earth. A geospatial mapping software that enables users to examine

and assess the surface of the Earth, display geographical information, and

produce intricate maps and three-dimensional models of diverse global

locations.

Flood Mitigation. The methods and techniques used to lessen or prevent

flooding, such as enhancing the current drainage system, building flood control

structures, and implementing storm water management techniques, were intended

to lower the risk of flooding in the research area.

Conduits. The pipes or channels in the drainage system that transport

wastewater and storm water in Sitio San Juan, Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de

Oro City.

Flow Capacity. The maximum amount of wastewater and stormwater that

Barangay Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City’s current drainage system, which runs

from Purok Piaping Puti to Purok Punta, can manage without overflowing or

flooding, guaranteeing the system's correct operation.

Flow Routing. The process of modeling water flow in a drainage system in

order to determine its capacity, possible flow patterns, and flow constraints.

Inflows. The total flow rate that comes into a junction from all outside sources,
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including pipelines from adjacent drainage areas, stormwater inlets, and flows

during dry weather. Usually, it is expressed in cubic meters per second.

Initial Depth. The level of water at a particular junction or node when the simulation

or modeling scenario first starts. Usually, it is stated in either feet or meters.

Initial Flow. The amount of water flowing into a conduit at the start of a simulation or

modeling scenario, such as a pipe or channel. Usually, it is expressed in cubic meters

per second.

Ocular Survey. A visual inspection-based observational technique used without the

use of specialist tools or equipment. It entails visually inspecting a space or object in

order to collect data, identify particular traits, qualities, or problems, and make initial

observations.

Run-off Discharge. The drainage system's ability to manage these flows and avert

floods is determined by the amount of water that exits it in response to rainwater events,

wastewater discharge, and tidal backflow.

Status Report. A thorough paper outlining the conclusions, analysis, and outcomes of

a simulation study. It offers a thorough description of a simulation experiment meant to

imitate or replicate a system, procedure, or occurrence found in the actual world.

Stationing. The process of measuring and marking specific points along the drainage

network for reference and documentation.

Stormwater. The rainwater that flows over the ground surface during or after storms,

which needs to be effectively managed by the drainage system to avoid flood hazards

and reduce environmental impacts.

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Sub-catchments. The portions of the research area that are divided or subdivided and

that affect the drainage system's overall runoff and water flow are important for

understanding how stormwater is distributed and managed across the study area.

Sustainable Drainage System. A comprehensive, eco-friendly strategy that aims to

reduce the risk of flooding and environmental harm by incorporating natural processes,

encouraging source control, and strengthening the ability to handle stormwater runoff,

high tide backflow, and wastewater discharge in an environmentally sound way.

Topographic Map. A thorough depiction of the study area's terrain's shape and height.

Understanding the impact of the landscape's elevation gradients and drainage patterns

on stormwater flow inside the drainage system is made easier by analyzing the

topographic map.

Wastewater Discharge. The release or disposal of wastewater that comes from both

business and residential sources combined. This wastewater is made up of several

pollutants and toxins as well as a combination of organic and inorganic materials.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Purpose and Importance of a Sustainable Drainage System

Major challenges in water management are occurring over the decades together

with the existing social, ecological and technical water subsystems are subjected to the

upheaval global threats like climate change, rapid urbanization and attenuation of all

valuable resources. These threats can be dealt with current methods individually,

however, results and experiences recently disclose serious complications, and, with the

absence of new methods, ideas, techniques and approaches, the ability of all service

will face difficulties by future change. (Butler et al., 2016). It is widely recognized that

climate change and urbanization can trigger failure and external uncertainties on

drainage system (Notaro et al., 2015). Drainage and sewerage system should be given

an appropriate attention having the fact that it reduces the risks or even prevent urban

flooding. Complex factors of flooding are constantly increasing. In order to mitigate

this pressing issue a transition from conventional drainage system to sustainable urban

drainage system should be considered (Torgersen, Bjerkholt, & Lindholm, 2014).

Urban drainage management is critically important in a sustainable urban

settlement and the only way in managing extreme rainfall and the key tool are the

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS). Wide range of technologies and

techniques are applied to drain stormwater, excess surface water and waste water that

is more sustainable than traditional solutions (Bracken & Coterril, 2020). Urbanized

areas are need of stormwater drainage system because of its essentiality but because of

its high investment requirements, during the time of planning design and construction,

attention must to it must be the priority. Failure of constructing an urban drainage

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Systems will result to a wide range of damaged properties, and also a failure urban

drainage system will put the public health at greater risks. Disregarding uncertainties

during the designing, constructing and even in the rehabilitation stage of the system

will cause a great failure to the urban drainage systems (S. Kebede, 2014).

Drainage system conveys water from certain areas without needing man-power to

proper and suitable sites. Drainage system encompasses of gutters and drains from

residential area to stormwater systems that drained stormwater or rainfall from the

highways and roadside drains. Sewage or wastewater from residential areas are also

conveyed by drainage systems and properly disposed through “sewers”. Effectively

drained excess stormwater from the streets or road surfaces without experiencing

design-related risks is a result of a well-designed drainage system (Byjus, 2023).

2.2 Advantages of having Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)

Sustainable drainage systems have gained growing public interest in recent

years, as a result of its positive effects on water quality and quantity issues and

additional recreational amenities perceived in the urban landscape (Q. Zhou, 2014). The

study of La Rosa & Pappalardo (2019) claimed that, onveyance systems such as pipes,

channels, regulators, and pumps can only manage the stormwater through collecting

and conveying the stormwater as fast as it could out of the catchment in order to prevent

overflow and this is a mono-functional system which is a result by past engineered

solutions. On the contrary, Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are a multifunctional

structure that utilizes the processes from the natural ecosystems, its role is to manage

stormwater runoff through collecting and maintaining it within the catchment as long

as possible.

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 Urban drainage is increasingly important due to its role in managing water-

related disasters, which are worsened by climate change and urbanization. Traditional

drainage systems struggle with these challenges, leading to interest in Sustainable

Drainage Systems (SuDS) as an alternative (Jato-Espino et al., 2022). It is necessary

for urban areas to have a sustainable drainage infrastructure to operate effectively with

excessive rainfall. This will also contribute to the city environmental quality (Zhou

2014). Base from the study of Cotterill et al., (2018), sustainable drainage systems have

a vital role in mitigating stormwater runoff and keeping the community safe from flood-

related risks. Installation of sustainable and efficient drainage systems in communities

prevails in accordance of reducing the risks resulting from stormwater flooding and

stagnant water. To support this claim, the study of Joshi et al., (2021) stated that

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) have the ability to reduce sewer and

stormwater overflow utilizing some calculations and solutions such as SWMM and

Manning’s Equation. A study conducted by Ahiablame and Shakya (2016) claimed that

installation of sustainable urban drainage system could reduce the average annual

runoff by 3-40%. As mentioned by Calo et al., (2020) in their case study, urban drainage

constitutes a vital part of water infrastructure systems in cities by limiting interruption

of transportation services. protecting property, and inhibiting flood-related health

issues. Modern stormwater management has progressed to employ innovative

environmentally conscious solutions to improve the quality of stormwater runoff;

however, in developing countries like the Philippines, the main issue is still focused on

managing the quantity of stormwater runoff to minimize loss of life, injury, and

property damage.

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2.3 Effects of Climate Change to UDS considering Urbanization

Urban Drainage System (UDS) are vital components of urban infrastructure

which serves a vital part in all cities. Urban drainage systems safeguard the city from

flood-related risks and minimizing the impact of stormwater flooding. There are efforts

and dynamism in enhancing the sustainability of urban drainage through coordinated

planning and management but urban drainage system cannot prevent vulnerability from

numerous obstruction such as external forces like, urbanization and climate change, and

internal forces like, structural damage (Sharma et al., 2015). Climate change and

flooding in Asian cities pose great challenges to the environmental and human security

of the population and their governance systems (E. Porio 2014). Climate change and

urbanization intersected and challenges the drainage infrastructure of cities because of

the unfavorable effects of extreme precipitation and the environment developed by

urban areas (Q. Zhou 2014)

Due to its geographical location, Philippines is strongly affected by dry season

and alternates in to wet season associated with heavy rainfalls. Interchanging winds that

brings dry seasons and rainy seasons is caused by “monsoon”. An average of 20

typhoons per year which some of it are super typhoons usually hits Philippines. Rising

sea-level and storm surges which results to recurring flooding in the country is caused

by frequent typhoons. Through the recent decades these phenomena continuously

escalate because of anthropogenic climate change. As a result, areas that have dense

population and evaluated to be vulnerable faces the severe consequences. These areas

are located on the countryside, on the coasts, and most especially areas that are located

in urban centers (A. Pasini, 2023). Urbanized cities are more vulnerable to climate

change. Cities are subjected to exposure on extreme weather events especially rainfall

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changes. The most affected area due to flooding are those areas that have poor drainage

system or don’t even have drainage systems (Prekeyi et al., 2015).

2.4 Stormwater Simulation Software

Instantaneous progress of computer science and technology delivers a drastic

improvement in simulating solutions based on mathematical models, algorithms, and

software. High-speed operation rate and accurate calculation are the result of

technological improvement. The use of simulation can effectively reduce the designing

and planning liabilities. Manpower, material resources, and time expenditure is greatly

reduced. In that sense, low costs designing and planning of drainage systems could be

possible without affecting its accuracy and at the same time it could enhance the

duration of application and research productivity (Ketabchy et al., 2019). Accurate

calculation of urban drainage run-off is crucial in planning and designing of an efficient

stormwater drainage system in order to minimize or even prevent the effects

urbanization and mitigate the negative risks of urbanization on the watershed system

(Bhaskar and Suribabu, 2014).

Calibration and validation of rainfall-runoff models is essential before they can

be applied for urban stormwater management. Calibrating manually have disadvantages

such as difficulty and time-consuming because there is an immense number of model

parameters that needs to be calculated simultaneously. Automatic calibration by model

simulation software offers users an optimistic option. It supports user-independent and

a very time-efficient approach to model parameters calculation (Perin et al., 2020).

Various model was developed for the purpose of calculating urban run-off. Storm Water

Management Model (SWMM) is created by the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) for the purpose of simulating the rainfall-runoff activity in urban watersheds.

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The EPA-SWMM is an effective model in simulating rainfall-runoff process and it used

for single event or even for a long period simulation such as continuous simulation of

the quantity and quality of runoff from the primary urban areas. The EPA-SWMM is

broadly utilized for planning, analysis, and designing of urban drainage systems (Li et

al., 2016). Rossman (2015) stated that, it is very critical to develop an integrated models

that are used to assess the quality and quantity of storm. Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) developed a powerful software the SWMM (Storm Water Management

Model).

Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is widely used for planning,

analysis, and designing of stormwater runoff and drainage network systems worldwide.

SWMM have a critical function in terms of evaluating stormwater control strategies

while utilizing both the conventional gray infrastructure and environment friendly

green and composite solutions (US EPA, 2014).

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