Plutarch s Pragmatic Biographies

Lessons for Statesmen and Generals in

the Parallel Lives Susan Jacobs
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/plutarch-s-pragmatic-biographies-lessons-for-statesm
en-and-generals-in-the-parallel-lives-susan-jacobs/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Society and the Environment Pragmatic Solutions to

Ecological Issues Michael S. Carolan

https://textbookfull.com/product/society-and-the-environment-
pragmatic-solutions-to-ecological-issues-michael-s-carolan/

Trump and His Generals: The Cost of Chaos Peter Bergen

https://textbookfull.com/product/trump-and-his-generals-the-cost-
of-chaos-peter-bergen/

MATLAB Parallel Computing Toolbox User s Guide The

Mathworks

https://textbookfull.com/product/matlab-parallel-computing-
toolbox-user-s-guide-the-mathworks/

Managing by the Bhagavad G■t■ Timeless Lessons for

Today s Managers Satinder Dhiman

https://textbookfull.com/product/managing-by-the-bhagavad-gita-
timeless-lessons-for-today-s-managers-satinder-dhiman/
Scholomance 9 1st Edition Logan Jacobs Jacobs Logan

https://textbookfull.com/product/scholomance-9-1st-edition-logan-
jacobs-jacobs-logan/

The Case Against Single Payer How Medicare for All Will
Wreck America s Health Care System And Its Economy
Chris Jacobs

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-case-against-single-payer-
how-medicare-for-all-will-wreck-america-s-health-care-system-and-
its-economy-chris-jacobs/

God Conqueror 3 1st Edition Logan Jacobs Jacobs Logan

https://textbookfull.com/product/god-conqueror-3-1st-edition-
logan-jacobs-jacobs-logan/

God Conqueror 2 1st Edition Logan Jacobs Jacobs Logan

https://textbookfull.com/product/god-conqueror-2-1st-edition-
logan-jacobs-jacobs-logan/

Dolores Huerta Stands Strong The Woman Who Demanded

Justice Biographies for Young Readers Marlene Targ
Brill

https://textbookfull.com/product/dolores-huerta-stands-strong-
the-woman-who-demanded-justice-biographies-for-young-readers-
marlene-targ-brill/
Plutarch’s Pragmatic Biographies
 Columbia Studies in the
Classical Tradition

Editorial Board

William V. Harris (editor)

† Alan Cameron, Suzanne Said, Kathy H. Eden,
Gareth D. Williams, Holger A. Klein, Seth R. Schwartz

Volume 43

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/csct

Plutarch’s Pragmatic Biographies
Lessons for Statesmen and Generals in the
Parallel Lives

By

Susan G. Jacobs

LEIDEN | BOSTON
Cover illustrations: (a) denarius of 62 BC, showing on the reverse Aemilius Paullus with his captives and on
the obverse Concordia (ANS 1896.7.90), and (b) Syracusan silver stater from the period of Timoleon’s rule,
with Athena on the obverse and Pegasus on the reverse (ANS 1980.109.25). Courtesy of the American
Numismatic Society.

Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition publishes monographs by members of the Columbia University
faculty and by former Columbia students, and in addition the proceedings of conferences held at
Columbia. Its subjects are: Greek and Latin literature, ancient philosophy, Greek and Roman history, classi-
cal archaeology, and the classical tradition in its mediaeval, Renaissance and modern manifestations.

The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2017032459

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.

issn 0166-1302
isbn 978-90-04-27660-4 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-27661-1 (e-book)

Copyright 2018 by the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York.
This work is published by Koninklijke Brill NV. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill,
Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided
that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.

This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

To my husband, Mark

⸪
Contents

Acknowledgments xI
Sources and Abbreviations xiii
List of Tables xvi

Introduction 1

Part 1
Training the Politikos under Rome

1 Plutarch and His Audience 13

1.1 Plutarch’s Concept of the Politikos 15
1.2 Plutarch’s Audience as Politikoi 25
1.3 Political Careers Open to the Educated Elite 31
1.4 Conclusion: Implications for Interpreting the Parallel Lives 38

2 Pragmatic Literature for Statesmen and Generals 39

2.1 Advice Literature 41
2.2 Pragmatic History 77
2.3 Individual Lives of Statesmen and Generals: Nepos and Plutarch 84
2.4 Conclusion: Implications for the Purpose of the Parallel Lives 92

3 Didactic Agenda of the Parallel Lives: Insights from the Prologues and
Synkriseis 93
3.1 Statesmanship and Generalship in the Prologues 94
3.2 Statesmanship in the Synkriseis 108
3.3 Techniques for Reinforcing Pragmatic Lessons Across the Parallel
Lives 118
3.4 Conclusion: Didactic Agenda of the Parallel Lives as Pragmatic
Biography 120

Part 2
Political and Military Leadership

4 Pericles-Fabius Maximus 128

4.1 Introduction 128
viii contents

4.2 Life of Pericles 133

4.3 Life of Fabius Maximus 155
4.4 Insights from the Synkrisis 178

5 Coriolanus-Alcibiades 180
5.1 Introduction 180
5.2 Life of Coriolanus 183
5.3 Life of Alcibiades 204
5.4 Insights from the Synkrisis 225

6 Agesilaus-Pompey 227
6.1 Introduction 227
6.2 Life of Agesilaus 229
6.3 Life of Pompey 250
6.4 Insights from the Synkrisis 274

Part 3
Ruling and Being Ruled

7 Aemilius-Timoleon 283
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 Life of Aemilius Paullus 285
7.3 Life of Timoleon 305
7.4 Insights from the Synkrisis 322

8 Demetrius-Antony 325
8.1 Introduction 325
8.2 Life of Demetrius 329
8.3 Life of Antony 345
8.4 Insights from the Synkrisis 365

9 Phocion-Cato Minor 367

9.1 Introduction 367
9.2 Life of Phocion 371
9.3 Life of Cato Minor 389
9.4 Insights from Analyzing Differences 414
Contents ix

10 Conclusion 416
10.1 Plutarch’s Project in the Parallel Lives 416
10.2 Applying the Exempla 420
10.3 Reception of the Lives as Pragmatic Biography in the Western
Classical Tradition 422
10.4 “Pragmatic Biography” versus “Explorations of Issues
of Virtue and Vice” 429

Bibliography 431
Index 451
Acknowledgments

This book is an expansion of my doctoral thesis, completed at Columbia

University in 2011, which examined deterrent lessons in statesmanship in
Plutarch’s Parallel Lives. Along the way, I have benefitted from the suggestions
and advice of many scholars. First and foremost, I thank Suzanne Said, my
dissertation advisor, for her enthusiasm and encouragement, as well as her
exacting review and commentary on the doctoral thesis central to this book.
I am also grateful to my doctoral committee for their early contributions. In
particular, Elizabeth Scharffenberger substantially broadened my perspec-
tive on issues of political philosophy, Plato and Aristotle, and her familiarity
with the central concepts that applied to Plutarch’s conception of “political
effectiveness” helped refine my thinking on this element of my argument.
Rafaella Cribiore, in turn, provided thoughtful insights into the broader issues
of ancient education, reception and Plutarch’s contemporary audience. I also
wish to thank Deborah Steiner, the chair of my committee, and David Konstan
for their suggestions on how to treat Greek theater and paideia. David Ratzan,
my fellow graduate student, deserves my thanks as well for the lively discus-
sions that helped clarify many of the issues I address in this book. I also deeply
appreciate the steady support of Eleanor Dickey, not only during the graduate
program at Columbia, but also while I expanded my dissertation into this book
and prepared it for publication.
A substantial debt of gratitude is also owed to the international community
of Plutarch scholars, many of whom have offered helpful suggestions. Donald
Russell, Tim Duff, Lukas de Blois and Luc Van der Stockt provided extremely
useful feedback on the early formulations of my argument, while early drafts
of specific chapters were kindly reviewed by several others. Specifically, I
want to thank Frederick Brenk, Anastasios Nikolaidis, Christopher Pelling and
Philip Stadter for their thoughtful critiques of individual chapters in Part 1,
while Geert Roskam contributed valuable recommendations on the treat-
ment of specific Lives. Special thanks are extended to Joseph Geiger for his
instructive insights on my treatment of the advice literature in Chapter 2 and
the Life of Cato and for suggesting that I describe the Lives as “pragmatic bio-
graphies”. Finally, I must express my gratitude to William Harris for his careful
review of the complete manuscript and his critical insights and suggestions. It
goes without saying that any remaining errors and shortcomings are entirely
my own. I further thank the Stanwood Cockey Lodge Foundation for funding
the cover images.
xii acknowledgments

I also want to recognize the vital contribution of my parents, Gail Korneke

and John A. Jacobs, whose entrepreneurial spirit and independent thinking
have always been a source of inspiration energizing my pursuit of new goals.
Above all, I must thank my husband, Mark Pitts, who has been an indispen-
sable partner in all my efforts for nearly forty years. This book is dedicated to
him.
Sources and Abbreviations

All citations of the locations of passages from Greek and Latin sources have been taken
from the Loeb Classical Library series. For Plutarch texts, the Loeb volumes have the
same chapter divisions as the Teubner volumes, but because the “verse” partitions
with­in each chapter are fewer in the Loeb texts, the exact citations differ slightly
across the two series. The Greek texts for Plutarch reflect the fifth Teubner edition
of Ziegler and Gaertner (2000–) for the Vitae Parallelae and the latest Teubner edi-
tions of Pohlenz and Hubert et al. for the Moralia (1929–). Latin texts are taken from
OCT volumes, when available, and otherwise from the Loeb. The Greek translations
are my own based on modifications of the Loeb translations of the Parallel Lives (by
Bernadotte Perrin, 1914–26) and Moralia (by various translators, 1927–2004), while the
Latin translations reflect those provided in the Loeb volumes.
The individual Lives and Parallel Lives are cited using the abbreviations listed below.
The synkrisis sections are cited using the name of the pair (e.g. Per-Fab) followed by the
chapter and line as numbered in the Loeb volumes. The treatises of the Moralia are
referenced by the English translations listed below.

Journals and Modern Works

AJP American Journal of Philology

ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
Anc. Soc. Ancient Society
CJ Classical Journal
Cl. Ant. Classical Antiquity
CPhil Classical Philology
CQ Classical Quarterly
CR Classical Review
G&R Greece and Rome
GRBS Greece, Rome and Byzantine Studies
Historia Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
ICS Illinois Classical Society
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
LCL Loeb Classical Library
PCPS Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
PIR Prosopographia Imperii Romani
TAPS Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association
xiv sources and abbreviations

Plutarch’s Works

Individual Lives Abbrev.

Aratus Aratus
Artaxerxes Artax.
Galba Galba
Otho Otho

Parallel Lives Abbrev. Prologue Synkrisis

Aemilius-Timoleon Aem-Tim Aem. 1.1–1.8 Aem-Tim 1.1–2.12

Agesilaus-Pompey Ages-Pomp — Ages-Pomp 1.1–5.1
Agis-Cleomenes-Gracchi Ag-Cl-Gracchi Agis 1.1–2.6 Ag-Cl-Gracchi 1.1–5.6
Alexander-Julius Caesar Alex-Caes Alex. 1.1–1.3 —
Aristides-Cato Maior Arist-Cato Mai — Arist-Cato Mai 1.1–6.2
Cimon-Lucullus Cim-Luc Cim. 1.1–3.3 Cim-Luc 1.1–3.6
Coriolanus-Alcibiades Cor-Alc — Cor-Alc 1.1–5.2
Demetrius-Antony Dtr-Ant Dtr. 1.1–1.8 Dtr-Ant 1.1–6.2
Demosthenes-Cicero Dem-Cic Dem. 1.1–3.5 Dem-Cic 1.1–5.2
Dion-Brutus Dion-Brut Dion 1.1–2.7 Dion-Brut 1.1–5.4
Epaminondas-Scipio (lost) Epam-Scip lost lost
Lycurgus-Numa Lyc-Numa — Lyc-Numa 1.1–4.8
Lysander-Sulla Lys-Sulla — Lys-Sulla 1.1–5.5
Nicias-Crassus Nic-Cras Nic. 1.1–1.5 Nic-Cras 1.1–5.2
Pelopidas-Marcellus Pel-Marc Pel. 1.1–2.5 Pel-Marc 1.1–3.6
Pericles-Fabius Maximus Per-Fab Per. 1.1–2.4 Per-Fab 1.1–3.5
Philopoemen-Flamininus Phil-Flam — Phil-Flam 1.1–3.3
Phocion-Cato Minor Phoc-Cato Min Phoc. 1.1–3.5 —
Pyrrhus-Marius Pyr-Mar — —
Sertorius-Eumenes Sert-Eum Sert. 1.1–1.6 Sert-Eum 1.1–2.4
Solon-Publicola Sol-Pub — Sol-Pub 1.1–4.4
Themistocles-Camillus Them-Cam — —
Theseus-Romulus Thes-Rom Thes. 1.1–2.2 Thes-Rom 1.1–6.5
Sources And Abbreviations xv

Moralia: Treatises Cited Latin Title Pages (Loeb)

Advice on Keeping Well De tuenda sanitate praecepta 122B–137F

Affection for Offspring De amore prolis 493B–497E
Against Colotes Adversus Colotem 1107D–1127F
Consolation to Apollonius Consolatio ad Apollonium 101F–122A
How to Profit from Enemies De capienda ex inimicis utilitate 86B–92F
How to Tell a Flatterer Quomodo adulator ab amico 48F–74E
internoscatur
Old Men in Politics An seni respublica gerenda sit 783B–797F
On Being Compliant De vitioso pudore 528D–536D
On Borrowing De vitando aere alieno 827D–832A
On Brotherly Love De fraterno amore 478A–492F
On Control of Anger De cohibenda ira 452F–464D
On Delays in Divine De sera numinis vindicta 548B–568A
Vengeance
On Exile De exilio 599B–607F
On the Fortune of Alexander De Alexandri magni fortuna aut 326D–345B
virtute
On the Fortune of the Romans De fortuna Romanorum 316C–326C
On the Glory of Athens Bellone an pace clariores fuerint 345C–351B
Athenienses
On Inoffensive Self–Praise De se ipsum citra invidiam laudando 539B–547F
On Listening to Lectures De recta ratione audiendi 37C–48D
On Listening to Poets De audiendis poetis 14E–37B
On the Malice of Herodotus De Herodoti malignitate 854E–874C
On Moral Virtue De virtute morali 440D–452D
On Progress in Virtue Quomodo quis suos in virtute sentiat 75B–86A
profectus
On Talkativeness De garrulitate 502B–515A
On Tranquility of Mind De tranquillitate animi 464E–477F
Philosophers and Men in Maxime cum principibus philosopho 776B–779C
Power esse disserendum
Political Precepts Praecepta gerendae reipublicae 798A–825F
Precepts of Health Care De tuenda sanitate praecepta 122B–137F
Precepts of Marriage Coniugalia praecepta 138A–145F
Sayings of Kings and Regum et imperatorum 172B–194E
Commanders apophthegmata
Table Talk Quaestionum convivalium 612D–748D
To an Uneducated Ruler Ad principem ineruditum 779D–782F
Virtues of Women Mulierum virtutes 242E–263C
List of Tables

2.1 Key components of statesmanship: Political Precepts 72

2.2 Exempla in the Moralia: Incidents tied to statesmen, philosophers and
Homeric/literary characters 77
3.1 Prominent themes in the Synkriseis 109
4.1 Pericles as exemplum in the Moralia and Pericles 129
4.2 Episodes in the Life of Pericles 140
4.3 Episodes in the Life of Fabius Maximus 162
5.1 Episodes in the Life of Coriolanus 192
5.2 Episodes in the Life of Alcibiades 215
6.1 Episodes in the Life of Agesilaus 237
6.2 Episodes in the Life of Pompey 258
7.1 Episodes in the Life of Aemilius Paullus 292
7.2 Episodes in the Life of Timoleon 311
8.1 Episodes in the Life of Demetrius 335
8.2 Episodes in the Life of Antony 352
9.1 Episodes in the Life of Phocion 377
9.2 Episodes in the Life of Cato Minor 399
Introduction

The question at the heart of the analysis of the six sets of Parallel Lives in this
book is simple: What was Plutarch’s purpose in writing the Parallel Lives? Why
did Plutarch design a framework that included a Prologue, two Lives and a
synkrisis, rather than simply publish more individual Lives, like his Aratus or
Artaxerxes, or another series like his Lives of the Caesars?1 Was his objective,
as is now generally accepted, to spark moral improvement by fostering a more
nuanced understanding of virtue and vice in private and public contexts?2 Or
did he also intend, as I will argue, to provide pragmatic advice in how to handle
specific practical challenges of political and military leadership?
Because the Parallel Lives do not include a programmatic statement that di-
rectly explains their innovative framework3—an explanation that might have
been provided in the lost Epaminondas-Scipio, the first pair in the series4—the
question of Plutarch’s purpose has been a recurring issue. In the 18th and 19th
centuries, scholars saw Plutarch as a would-be historian, who wrote the Parallel
Lives as historical biography by reworking material from his ­predecessors.5 In
the early 20th century, Plutarch’s intentions were re-interpreted to be those
of a writer of moral biography, whose focus was not on “what” his subjects
achieved (the subject of history) but on how the subject’s actions manifested

1 Only four of Plutarch’s individual (un-paired) Lives survive, of which two are from the Lives of
the Caesars series (Otho and Galba) and two are stand-alone works—Aratus and Artaxerxes.
Discussions of these works can be found in Georgiadou (1988; 2014), Ash (1997), Stadter
(2005/2015), Almagor (2009; 2014a; 2014b) and De Blois (2014). See Chapter 2 for further
discussion.
2 Duff (1999b: 70–71, 245–251, 257) and Duff (2011a) provide a succinct summary of this widely-
accepted view of Plutarch’s purpose. See below for a wider discussion.
3 Duff (2011b) provides an overview of the parallel framework and the function of each of its
parts.
4 The first pair of Parallel Lives, Epaminondas-Scipio, which may have had a “programmatic”
prologue stating the purpose of the four-part books and the series, has been lost. Whether
Epaminondas was paired with Scipio Africanus or Scipio Aemilianus is unknown. For argu-
ments on both sides see Herbert (1957) and summaries in Stadter (1989: xxviii, note 12) or
Duff (1999b: 14, note 4).
5 See Duff (1999b: 5–9) for a description of the evolution of Plutarch scholarship. See Chapter
10, below, for a discussion of how the rejection of Plutarch as a reliable “historian” in the
19th century led to a rejection of the Lives as a source of pragmatic insights for statesmen
and generals (as they had been used earlier), although they remained a respected source of
inspiration to moral virtue.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi ��.��63/9789004276611_002

2 Introduction

key character traits (ἦθος).6 The Lives were expected to provide portraits of
“paragons” of virtue or vice to inspire moral improvement, with lessons that
were clear-cut and direct: “Imitate this statesman” or “Avoid the conduct of
that one”. Plutarch’s focus on the character of the politikos was also recognized,
and Plutarch’s lessons were seen as applicable to both public and private life.
Indeed, the “politicus” and components of political aretē were the central
focus of Wardman’s 1974 monograph on the Lives.7
In identifying “moral lessons” as central to Plutarch’s purpose, scholars had
drawn inferences from the Prologues8 and synkriseis,9 largely relying on the
content of the Prologues to five pairs (Nic-Cras, Alex-Caes, Per-Fab, Aem-Tim
and Dtr-Ant) considered “programmatic” because their themes could apply
to all of the Parallel Lives. In the Prologues to Nic-Cras (Nic. 1.1–5) and Alex-
Caes (Alex. 1.1–3), Plutarch distinguished his “Lives” from “History” and stat-
ed his desire to reveal “the signs of the soul” (τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς σημεῖα) (Alex. 1.3)
of his heroes, including their “disposition” (διάθεσιν), “character” (ἤθους) and
“temperament” (τρόπου) (Nic. 1.5). The other “programmatic” Prologues, found
in Per-Fab (Per. 1.1–2.4), Aem-Tim (Aem. 1.1–8) and Dtr-Ant (Dtr. 1.1–8)10—
focused on providing paradigms of behaviors to imitate or avoid. The process
by which role models stimulate imitation was most clearly stated in Pericles,

6 The major shift towards treating Plutarch as a moral biographer began with Frederick
Leo’s Die griechisch-römische Biographie nach ihrer litterarischen Form (1901). Shipley
(1997: 2) describes the Lives as biographies that were “character studies” with a didactic
purpose: “the exemplary moral, that is protreptic, purpose of the Lives was to encourage
admiration and imitation of good characters”. See also Geiger (2014).
7 Wardman (1974: 19–20; 105–132) sees Plutarch helping men become “more useful and
effective in politics, however local” and discusses virtues of the “politcus”. Stadter (1989:
xxxiv) states that Pericles is written to inform and “to give the reader assistance in living
the life of an active member of the political community”. On key virtues, see Martin (1960;
1961; 1995), Babut (1969), Russell (1973: 87–99), Frazier (1995; 1996; 2014a), Duff (1999b:
72–89), Verdegem (2005a). See Corvisier (1994) on how diseases and injuries illuminate
character traits.
8 For a comprehensive review of the Prologues, see Stadter (1988), Duff (2008; 2011b; 2014).
Duff (1999b: 13–51) examines five “programmatic” Prologues, while Duff (2004) reviews
Dtr-Ant in further detail.
9 On function of the synkriseis, see Russell (1973: 110–113), Pelling (1986b/2002; 2005a), Duff
(1999b: 249–286; 2000), Larmour (2014).
10 The key passages are found at Per. 2.2–4, Aem. 1.1–5 and Dtr. 1.5–6. As is widely recog-
nized, these three Prologues echo the dynamic process of moral improvement Plutarch
describes in the Moralia, whereby exposure to virtue automatically stimulates the ob-
server to imitate it and emulate the virtuous man. For further discussion of key passages
in these Prologues, see Chapter 3.
Introduction 3

where depictions of “virtuous deeds” were said to dispose spectators simulta-

neously “to be amazed” (θαυμάζεσθαι) at the deeds and “to strive to emulate the
men who accomplished them” (ζηλοῦσθαι τοὺς εἰργασμένους) (Per. 2.2). Negative
paradigms also played a role: by studying “base and blameworthy Lives” (τῶν
φαύλων καὶ ψεγομένων), readers became more eager to observe and imitate the
better ones (τῶν βελτιόνων βίων) (Dtr. 1.6). Plutarch’s intention to spark imita-
tion was clear.
However, this approach to interpreting the “moral lessons” of the Lives was
found to be problematic in practice because the definitive paradigms seeming-
ly promised in these “programmatic” Prologues were not readily found in the
Lives themselves.11 Not only were the heroes blends of virtue and vice—rather
than “paragons” of goodness or evil—but particular types of action were
sometimes praised, and sometimes criticized, depending on the context.12 As
a result, the “moral biography” hypothesis has been replaced in recent de-
cades by a new paradigm articulated in work by Pelling, Stadter and Duff13—
and widely adopted by other scholars14—which has led to a new definition of
Plutarch’s purpose as exploring virtue and vice from a variety of perspectives

11 The “disconnect” between the expectations created in the Prologues and the content of
the Lives is discussed in Pelling (1988b: 10–13) and Duff (1999b: 66–70), raising questions
about how Plutarch created pairs. Nikolaidis (2005: 316–317) suggests that Plutarch com-
posed Lives one at a time and eventually matched up the pairs, and, in this way, could have
strayed from his original intention. On the chronology of the Lives, see Jones (1966/1995).
12 The inconsistency appears both within and across Lives. Agesilaus’ violation of laws is
criticized when he helps Phoebidas (Ages. 23.6–7), but praised after Leuctra (Ages. 30.4;
Ages-Pomp 2.2–3). Refusal to yield to entreaty is praised when Fabius refuses to engage
in battle (Fab. 19.2–4), but blamed when Phocion does not act against Nicanor (Phoc.
32.3–5). The ambiguity of Plutarch’s treatment of specific virtues and vices is discussed in
Pelling (1988b: 13) and Duff (1999b: 70–71, 130–135).
13 Pelling (1988b; 1995/2002), Stadter (1988; 2000/2015; 2002a; 2003), Duff (1999b; 2004; 2007).
Duff (1999b: 52–57; 70) explains this conclusion. Pelling (2004: 88–89, 97) asks whether
the moral lesson was a maxim or more of a “mental exercise, stirring up our ethical sensi-
bilities by making us wonder what it would be like to be in a very different, very challeng-
ing, moral situation”. See also Pelling (1995: 213–217/2002: 244–248).
14 Van Hoof (2010: 10), for instance, asserts that Plutarch improves his reader’s character “not
through direct instruction, but through descriptive or exploratory moralism: by yielding
insight into his protagonists’ characters, Plutarch not only invites the reader to form his
own judgments on these, but also elicits a desire to imitate them.” Verdegem (2010b: 25–
27) finds both protreptic and descriptive moralism, while Liebert (2016) sees the Lives as
political philosophy designed to engage readers in an exploration of philotimia and its
role in relations between statesman and city, and between city and empire. See also Brenk
(2008).
4 Introduction

and stimulating readers to reflect more deeply on problematic moral issues

and derive their own paradigms. As explained by Pelling (1988b; 1995/2002),
the “moralism” in the Lives was not simply “prescriptive” in narrowly-defined
terms, but rather was often “descriptive” and pointed to general truths of
human nature. Duff (1999b) expanded this treatment of the Lives as “descrip-
tive moralism”, arguing that Plutarch intended to spur exploration of complex
moral issues about which definitive judgments could not easily be made. This
work was complemented by Stadter’s analysis of the function of the Lives as
mirrors and the active role of the reader, who responded to the Lives not simply
by casting judgment on the two heroes, but by also comparing himself to them
and judging his own behavior.15
Based on this scholarship, the prevailing view is that Plutarch designed the
Parallel Lives to highlight moral qualities in the heroes and explore complex
moral issues—with the essential arguments articulated in Duff’s Plutarch’s
Lives: Exploring Virtue and Vice (1999).16 The Prologues are seen as introduc-
ing ethical and political themes,17 while the synkriseis18 challenge readers to
reassess their judgments about the heroes’ characters and accomplishments
as leaders. The content of each Life in the pair, the structure of the four-part
“book” and the rhetorical devices used by Plutarch are seen as working together
to involve the reader19 in an active analysis of the character and conduct of

15 Stadter (2000/2015; 2003).

16 This view is widely accepted. Pelling (1988b: 9) states that Plutarch’s moral points provide
“lessons which would be useful in any sort of private or public life”, while Stadter (2000:
493/2015: 231) calls the Lives “adult moral education”. Duff (2007: 5) argues that shared val-
ues of Plutarch and his readers eliminate the need for explicit moralism. See also Pelling
(1995: 217-218/2000: 246–247), Stadter (1997: 81/2015: 224), Duff (1999b: 70), Trapp (2004:
199–200), Van der Stockt (2008: 293).
17 The role of the Prologues is discussed by Stadter (1988: 283–287) and Duff (2008: 189–191).
See note 8 above.
18 The synkrisis has attracted varied comment. Duff (1999b: 145) stresses “the lack of ‘fit’
between the synkrisis and the Lives” that makes the synkriseis more thought-provoking,
while Stadter (2000: 507–510/2015: 243–245) describes how comparison between the Lives
stimulates a third comparison to the reader himself. Verdegem (2010b: 27–32) recognizes
the overlap in the political and ethical themes in the Lives and their synkrisis, but agrees
that the synkrisis is intended to stimulate reflection on ethical issues. See also Erbse
(1956), Pelling (1986b/2002; 2005a), Swain (1992b: 102–104), Duff (1999b: 249–257; 2000).
19 While there is general agreement that Plutarch wrote for an aristocratic audience, the
age range is debated. Stadter (2000: 494–498/2015: 232–235) and Duff (2004: 276) in-
clude mature statesmen but exclude young men (like Menemachus of Political Precepts).
Valgiglio (1992: 4027) includes young men based on the didactic tone of the comparative
framework. Stadter (2002a: 5–6) lists Plutarch’s Greek and Roman friends, while Stadter
(2002b/2015) examines the Roman audience. Duff (2007: 8–9) reconsiders the primacy of
Introduction 5

the heroes. Through this exercise, the reader derives paradigms to guide his
own behavior, as well as food for thought about problematic issues where judg-
ments are difficult to make. Ultimately, readers are expected to judge for them-
selves the relative merits of the heroes and which behaviors to imitate or avoid,
rather than be guided to a particular conclusion.

Why Consider the Broader Paradigm of “Pragmatic Biography”?

Although the established paradigm for interpreting the Lives is generally con-
sidered “familiar and uncontroversial”,20 there are reasons to question ­whether
this approach is able to capture all of Plutarch’s intended lessons. Several
characteristics of the Lives suggest that a broader interpretive framework is
needed. First, many Lives contain carefully-constructed descriptions of how
the heroes resolved the practical challenges of managing cities, leading armies
and bringing policies to fruition, including details that demonstrate how to
deliberate, persuade different groups, manage rivalries and inspire obedience.21
The insights provided in these details go far beyond simply revealing the moral
traits of the leader to also uncovering his strategic judgment as a statesman
and general. Secondly, Plutarch often inserts authorial comments stating prin-
ciples of effective leadership rather than highlighting issues of virtue or vice.
For instance, Plutarch’s comments on the unreliable nature of public honors
in Demetrius (Dtr. 30.4–5) or the perils of allowing weaker political allies to use
one’s influence to their own ends in Pompey (Pomp. 46.2) contain a message
that is instructive for statesmen rather than men in private life. Finally, as will
be discussed in Chapter 3, the synkriseis pay far more attention to compar-
ing degrees of excellence in the statesmanship and generalship practiced by
the two heroes than they do in evaluating degrees of difference in their moral
qualities.
The pragmatic lessons specific to the public sphere can be integrated with
the treatment of moral issues into a single interpretive framework if the broader
paradigm of “pragmatic biography” is adopted.22 “Pragmatic biography”, as de-
fined in this book, combines the focus of biography on the character of one

Greek over Roman readers. See also Jones (1971: 48–64). See Chapter 1 for how the audi-
ence was expected to engage the text.
20 Tatum (2010b: 451) provides a succinct summary of key elements of the current paradigm.
21 For instance, deliberations are presented in Aristides (12.1–2), persuasion in Pericles (12.3–
4; 14.1–2), managing rivalries in Fabius (10.4–5) and inspiring obedience in Phocion (1.1–2).
22 The term “pragmatic biography” was suggested to me by Joseph Geiger to capture the
joint objectives of revealing moral character and providing pragmatic lessons. Jacobs
6 Introduction

man and the events in his life from birth to death with the lessons in leader-
ship included in pragmatic history.23 The ethical lessons place the spotlight
on setting the proper goals in private and public life, while the means of ac-
complishing those goals are illustrated in descriptions of how a reputation
for moral integrity, persuasive oratory and good strategic judgment lead to
the successful resolution of practical problems. Unlike the current paradigm,
pragmatic biography is centered on the practice of statesmanship rather than
on the moral character of statesmen in isolation and, like pragmatic history,
enables the reader not only to receive inspiration for moral improvement, but
also to derive practical lessons in how to be effective as a political or military
leader. As in pragmatic history, both the moral character of the leader—which
explains his motivation and ability to win the trust and obedience of others—
and the specific actions he took to produce a victory (or defeat) in particular
circumstances become inseparable dimensions of the lessons for leaders. In
this book, I argue that Plutarch included paradigms covering both the ethical
and practical dimensions of effective leadership in his Lives, and the “pragmat-
ic” component of these lessons, embedded in the narratives, authorial com-
ments and synkriseis of the Lives, provided a central unifying element to the
entire series.

“Good Man” versus “Effective Statesman”

When interpreted as “pragmatic biography”, the Parallel Lives are vehicles for
helping the reader become, not simply “a good man”, but “a good man who is
an effective statesman”. The hypothesis underlying the current study is that
Plutarch wrote for an audience who had already received philosophical train-
ing in how to be good men, but still needed guidance in how to solve the practi-
cal problems they confronted in their political and military roles.24 In writing

(2013; 2017a; 2017c) illustrates this approach to analyzing Plutarch’s treatment of leader-
ship challenges in the Lives from various perspectives.
23 Pragmatic history is the category of historical writing often associated with Polybius and
later historians who believed that history could provide lessons in leadership and general-
ship that readers could apply in their own careers. See Chapter 2 for further discussion.
24 As will be discussed in Chapter 1, the elite of Plutarch’s day, while unable to pursue empire
or wage war, could benefit their cities in other ways: they could procure privileges and
investment funds for their cities from the Emperor or his representatives, negotiate busi-
ness deals with other cities in their province, hold magistracies in city administration and
serve on embassies to the proconsul or Emperor. In the military sphere, opportunities for
advancement and influence remained as well. Senior positions in senatorial and eques-
Introduction 7

his Lives as pragmatic biographies, Plutarch’s ultimate objective, I argue, was

not simply to help readers “live well”, but to help them also “govern and lead
well” as statesmen and generals.
Recognizing Plutarch’s criteria for assessing whether an historical figure was
“a good man and effective statesman” is essential to understanding the para-
digms in the Parallel Lives. In a pragmatic context, political and military actions
are evaluated on the basis of motives and consequences for the state, not on
the basis of the action itself in isolation from surrounding circumstances.
Thus, an action intended to benefit the state will be deemed more praisewor-
thy than the same action taken in pursuit of private interests, regardless of
the outcome. For instance, Coriolanus is criticized for stopping the war and
saving Rome because his motives were flawed: he acted to gratify his mother
rather than to benefit his city (Cor-Alc 4.3–4). With regard to consequences,
actions that produce lasting benefits for the state are applauded even if they
require violations of moral principles for private life, while actions that injure
the state—even if they are consistent with moral principles—are censured.
Thus, for example, when Plutarch praises Phocion for refusing to bend the law
to benefit his son-in law (Phoc. 22.3) while also praising Agesilaus for suspend-
ing certain laws after Leuctra (Ages-Pomp 2.2–3), he is consistently making
his judgments based on the consequences for the state. Similarly, Timoleon
is commended for his role in the murder of his brother, a would-be tyrant, be-
cause Corinth benefited (Tim. 5.1–2), while Cato is criticized for adhering to
strict principles of moral integrity and, on this basis, refusing an alliance with
Pompey that could have averted his partnership with Caesar (Cato Min. 30.6).
The purpose of this book is to bring Plutarch’s pragmatic lessons for generals
and statesmen into sharper focus, integrating his treatment of issues of moral
virtue and vice with his practical insights into how statesmen of every era can
select and implement policies that benefit the common welfare.

“Practical Ethics” versus “Pragmatic Biography”

The interpretation of the Parallel Lives as “pragmatic biography” shares sev-

eral characteristics with the analysis of Plutarch’s treatises on “practical ethics”

trian careers included command of armies, with responsibility for managing the needs of
the army, implementing strategies and assessing the threat of enemies on the frontier. For
an overview of opportunities open to the elite, see Garnsey and Saller (1982; 1987), Braund
(1988), Millar (1993; 1997; 2004), Lendon (1997), Duncan-Jones (2016).
8 Introduction

as presented by Van Hoof in Plutarch’s Practical Ethics.25 First, as Van Hoof

explains, the treatises on practical ethics were not concerned with universal
philosophical principles, but with how an individual should handle his in-
teractions with his community in his private and public roles as a member
of the elite.26 Plutarch in his practical ethics dealt with problems specific to
the Graeco-Roman elite and offered advice on how to “avoid, or deal with, the
failures, rejections and frustrations” that would arise in their social interac-
tions and help them adopt “a more philosophical way of perceiving, evaluating
and acting in society”.27 In this context, philosophy provided a foundation that
worked in alliance with practical knowledge about how to meet real-world
challenges.28 Similarly, the Lives, as pragmatic biography, focused on the reali-
ties of exercising authority in the Roman Empire, not on theoretical political
philosophy, and demonstrated how moral character, combined with practical
skills and good judgment, enabled a statesman to handle his practical respon-
sibilities. As later chapters will show, Plutarch portrayed historical statesmen
facing political and military challenges that paralleled those confronted by the
politikoi of his own day and provided practical guidance in how to respond
effectively.
Secondly, the target audience for the practical-ethical treatises, as described
by Van Hoof, was neither the masses nor philosophers, but the “politikoi and
philologoi” who had received some education in philosophy and were now
engaged in private or political affairs rather than philosophical study in their
daily lives.29 In the same way, as I will show, the Parallel Lives were designed to
address challenges faced by politikoi active in the political arena, as exemplified
by the addressee of the series, Sosius Senecio.30 Finally, in both the treatises on
practical ethics and the Parallel Lives, Plutarch not only stimulated readers to
change their own attitudes and actions by illustrating the link between cer-

25 Van Hoof (2010: 257–258) includes the major “political” treatises in practical ethics, includ-
ing How to Tell a Flatterer, How to Profit from Enemies, On Being Compliant, On Inoffensive
Self-Praise, Philosophers and Men in Power, To an Uneducated Ruler, Political Precepts and
Old Men in Politics. See also Van Hoof (2014).
26 Van Hoof (2010: 11–12; 37).
27 Van Hoof (2010: 11; 26).
28 Boulet (2014: 453) uses the term “alliance” to signify the relationship between philosophy
and politics as viewed by Plato and Plutarch.
29 Van Hoof (2010: 22–25).
30 Sosius Senecio followed a senatorial path from quaestor in Achaea in the late 80s to senior
commander in the Dacian Wars under Trajan. His career included the command of a
Legion in Lower Germany, the governorship of Gallia Belgica, the consul ordinarius in 99,
and another consulship in 107 (Jones (1971: 55–56)). See also Puech (1992: 4883), Titchener
(2011: 40–43) and recently-updated PIR (second edition) on available details on Senecio.
Introduction 9

tain behaviors and their consequences,31 but also provided models of conduct
to imitate or avoid.32 Indeed, many of the same historical statesmen, such as
Pericles or Cato Minor, appear as exempla in the treatises and as subjects of the
Lives, underscoring the contemporary relevance attached to the experiences of
great statesmen of the past.33
Despite these shared characteristics, however, the treatises on practical eth-
ics and the Parallel Lives differed in their ultimate objectives. While the trea­tises
were constructed to effect internal changes in the reader in order to improve
his sense of his own well-being,34 the Lives focused on enhancing the reader’s
effectiveness in improving the well-being of his community.35 While having
one’s moral character in order contributed to effectiveness, practical success
also necessitated skills of communication and good strategic judgment about
what action to take (and when, where and how) which had to be acquired
through real-world experience, not training in philosophy.36 This orientation
towards instructing readers in how to manipulate external circumstances to
benefit the common good is not a central feature of most of the treatises on
practical ethics, although in the political treatises, such as Political Precepts
and Old Men in Politics, Plutarch provides practical advice on how to manage
public affairs. For the most part, the treatises on practical ethics—which, in
Van Hoof’s terms, fostered a “philosophical attitude” towards confronting a
variety of pressures in public life37—complemented the larger agenda of the

31 Van Hoof (2010: 49–50) discusses krisis as the first step in recognizing the contours of the
problem at issue.
32 Van Hoof (2010: 46–55) discusses askesis, the second step in the process of change, which
includes both delineation of a program of “exercises” to cultivate new habits of behavior
and the naming of particular men as positive or deterrent role models. Van Hoof points
out that the same rhetorical practices of descriptive moralism—including comparisons
and exempla—were employed in the treatises and the Lives.
33 Pericles, for instances, is cited nearly forty times in twelve different treatises, as listed
below in Table 4.1 in Chapter 4, while Cato Minor is cited thirteen times in eight treatises.
Phocion, Agesilaus and Alexander are also frequently used as exempla. Beck (2004: 107)
lists Greek and Roman statesmen used as exempla in the Moralia.
34 Van Hoof (2010: 11, 34–41, 260–261).
35 Van Hoof (2010: 49, 258–259) considers the political treatises Philosophers and Men in
Power, To an Uneducated Ruler, Political Precepts and Old Men in Politics as belonging to
practical ethics because Plutarch offers advice on how to be successful, but she overlooks
the extent to which the advice in the political treatises is designed to improve the quality
of a reader’s decision-making on behalf of others, not simply his own sense of well-being.
36 Plutarch expresses the need for real-world experience in order to hone the practical judg-
ment necessary to effective leadership at Old Men in Politics 790E–F, which is discussed
below in Chapter 1.
37 Van Hoof (2010: 35, 40).
10 Introduction

Lives in promoting political and military effectiveness. By portraying historical

statesmen who faced political and military challenges that paralleled his own
day and linking their actions to helpful or harmful outcomes, Plutarch enabled
his readers to profit from the experiences of their predecessors in city adminis-
tration, diplomacy, military command and provincial governorships.

Structure of this Book

This book examines Plutarch’s project in three stages. Part 1 explores the un-
derpinnings of Plutarch’s didactic agenda in the Lives, with chapters devoted to
Plutarch’s concept of the politikos and the various public roles filled by the elite
of his day, the practical advice offered to the elite in the political and practical-
ethical treatises of Plutarch and others, and the overlap between the themes in
the treatises and the issues raised in the Prologues and synkriseis to the Lives.
Parts 2 and 3 illustrate the range of pragmatic lessons for leaders supplied in
six sets of Parallel Lives. Part 2, “Political and Military Leadership” draws on
Pericles-Fabius Maximus, Coriolanus-Alcibiades and Agesilaus-Pompey to high-
light the pragmatic advice directed to city archons, magistrates in Rome or the
provinces, and military leaders, which centered on how to persuade the people
or an army, how to manage political alliances and rivalries and how to identify
the best policies or military strategies in different situations. Part 3, “Ruling and
Being Ruled”, investigates the interactions between rulers and subject cities in
Aemilius-Timoleon, Demetrius-Antony and Phocion-Cato Minor, each of which
provides different lessons for the Emperor and provincial governors as “rulers”
trying to secure obedience and for the provincial city leaders as “the ruled”
attempting to keep Rome at bay. The final chapter summarizes the challenges
of leadership that recur across the Lives and closes with a discussion of the
reception of the Lives as “pragmatic biography” from the Renaissance until the
19th century,38 when doubts about Plutarch’s reliability as an historian led to a
narrowing of focus to concentrate on his treatment of virtue and vice.

38 As discussed in Chapter 10, Plutarch is prominently used as a reference point for both
practical and ethical insights in Erasmus’ Education of a Christian Prince, Machiavelli’s
Discourses on Livy and Art of War, Montaigne’s Essays and, among other American
Founding Fathers, in the work of Alexander Hamilton. On the history of the Lives from the
14th century onwards, see Richard (1994; 2008; 2014), Pade (2007; 2014), Guerrier (2014),
Frazier (2014b), Pérez Jiménez (2014), Mossman (2014).
 Part 1
Training the Politikos under Rome

⸪
 CHAPTER 1

Plutarch and His Audience

Overview

Plutarch of Chaeronea1 (c. 40/45–120) was one of the most prolific authors of
the period spanning the turbulent final years of the Julio-Claudian dynasty
and the more tranquil reigns of Trajan (98–117) and Hadrian (117–138). In the
variety of his pursuits, Plutarch was fully a man of his time: as a wealthy,2 well-
educated3 Greek living in Greece, he served his native Chaeronea as a local
magistrate and ambassador;4 as a priest of Apollo at Delphi,5 he interacted
with senior members of the Roman imperial apparatus; and as a Platonic phi-
losopher, he actively engaged in philosophical discussions, wrote on a wide
range of topics and is believed to have headed his own school in Chaeronea.6
Plutarch’s experiences in all of these spheres inform his writings, which include
the essays, dialogues and philosophical treatises collected in the Moralia,7 the
individual Lives of Aratus and Artaxerxes, two Lives (Galba and Otho) from his
series Lives of the Caesars and, finally, the Parallel Lives of Greek and Roman

1 Plutarch (Dem. 2.2) mentions his choice to live in Chaeronea so that his small town would
not become smaller. The town was the site of the defeat of the Greeks by Philip of Macedon
in 338 BC and a later victory by Sulla (86 BC) over troops of Mithridates VI. See Jones (1971:
1–8) for background on the city’s history.
2 See Jones (1971: 8–9) on his family background and affluence at least adequate to qualify for
equestrian status.
3 During his 20s, Plutarch studied under Ammonius in Athens and became a philosopher of
the Platonic school. In choosing the Academy, Plutarch followed the practice of aligning
himself with one of the major schools of thought—the main alternatives at the time being
the Stoics and Epicureans (Trapp (2007: ix–xi)). Jones (1971: 14) places the date of Plutarch
studying under Ammonius in the late 60s. Ammonius was not only a teacher in philosophy,
but held the position of strategos at Athens three times, a position that involved him in city
management and administration. Plutarch later acquired citizen rights there.
4 Plutarch’s activities as a local magistrate and ambassador are cited in Political Precepts
811B–C.
5 For Plutarch’s activities as a priest at Delphi, see Jones (1971: 10, 26, 28–34), Swain (1991),
Stadter (2004/2015).
6 Plutarch is believed to have run a school in Chaeronea, but no details survive (Stadter (1989:
xxii)). Russell (1973: 13–14) paints a picture based on comments in the Moralia.
7 Plutarch’s corpus includes nearly eighty essays and dialogues of the Moralia. The Lamprias
catalogue lists additional works that are lost.

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���8 | doi ��.��63/9789004276611_003

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
5331 Hinton J Art 14 Aug
B 11
12 July
2967 Hinton Thos, Cor Cav
E 6
196 Aug
7192 Hoag I
A 29
21 April
395 Hoag Jno A Cav
L 6
120 Oct
11670 Hoar H J
I 30
June
2085 Hobbs J 8H
17
14 July
2984 Hobson Wm Cav
F 7
22 Aug
6556 Hodge Jno “
A 23
Aug
6977 Hodgekiss A “ 8M
27
132 May
1027 Hofland Jno
E 11
48 Aug
5010 Hoffman Fred
B 8
47 July
3811 Hoffman H
E 23
Aug
4932 Hoffman H Art 7L
7
Aug
6248 Hoffman N Cav 5F
20
21 Sept
7718 Hofyenneck T “
I 3
63 Oct
11317 Hogan J
F 22
5449 Hogan Jno J Art 6M Aug
 13
94 Mch
162 Horsenton E L
B 26
76 Aug
6465 Holbrook G
K 22
85 Aug
6327 Holbrook J E
E 21
95 Aug
5013 Holcomb M D
F 8
40 June
2204 Holcomb Theo
K 19
48 Oct
11662 Holfe J
E 30
85 Aug
6475 Holiday S
E 22
115 June
2510 Hollands H
E 26
152 Aug
7218 Hollen M
A 29
120 June
2573 Hollendeck H J
G 27
85 Aug
7051 Holliday S, Cor
K 28
50 Oct
10624 Holmen J
C 10
85 Sept
7952 Holmes C
A 6
Aug
7104 Holmes E Art 7K
28
99 Aug
5531 Holmes Henry
H 13
Jan
12467 Holmes J Art 4K 65
16
1504 Holstenstein H 48 May 64
E 31
96 Dec
12298 Holtcaup B
F 16
140 Sept
7826 Homvighausen F
B 4
111 Aug
7117 Hooker T
D 28
15 Aug
5369 Hoover A Art
H 11
15 April
514 Hoppock A Art
H 12
22 Sept
8040 Homstead H
A 6
15 Aug
6114 Hore R, Cor Cav
L 19
24 June
2445 Hosford W F Bat
- 25
120 Aug
6094 Houghdalinger M
D 18
Oct
10817 Houghteling C Art 5A
12
119 Aug
5652 Hour Jas
E 14
96 Sept
7457 Hous A R
C 1
95 Oct
11099 Houslin E
G 18
Oct
11693 Howard A Art 2M 64
31
12 Sept
8477 Howard J Cav
F 11
4387 Howard Wm 39 July
 A 31
16 Oct
10114 Howe Geo Cav
M 1
59 Dec
12292 Howe S
C 15
Oct
11064 Howell C R Cav 2C
17
Aug
6622 Hoye J Art 9 I
23
76 Aug
7301 Hubbard A
B 30
148 Oct
10666 Hudson J A
A 11
15 Sept
9562 Hudson S R Cav
L 23
24 Sept
9387 Hull J E “
E 20
140 May
1462 Huff W S
C 29
85 Sept
7931 Huganer A
K 5
64 Mch
16 Huganer D M
I 6
93 Sept
7805 Hughes Jno
K 4
82 Oct
11191 Hughes M, S’t
K 20
61 Aug
7287 Hughes Thos
G 30
22 June
2562 Hulet W Cav
L 27
99 Sept
7584 Hulse G
I 2
1474 Hulse W S 47 May
G 30
Humphrey H, 85 Aug
7113
Cor F 29
155 June
2618 Humphrey Jas
I 28
100 July
2898 Hunnell J
A 5
46 April
476 Hunt F J
D 9
24 July
3365 Hunter E, S’t Bat
- 15
115 Oct
10978 Hunter J
- 15
180 Sept
9862 Hanlon Thos
F 27
66 Aug
5841 Huntsmore G
E 16
100 Aug
5497 Hurlburt S B
F 13
52 July
4430 Hurley Jno
A 31
10 Feb
12614 Hurrell J Cav 65
E 8
Nov
11851 Hutchings H W “ 1D 64
1
July
3112 Hutchings S A “ 5B
10
Aug
5024 Hutchings Wm Art 6G
8
13 May
898 Hutchinson T Cav
D 4
8585 Hutchinson J 82 Sept
 A 12
Hutchinson M, 52 Oct
11019
Cor G 16
Sept
9173 Huleson Wm E Art 2B
18
14 Sept
8955 Hyde C
F 16
42 Oct
11083 Hyde G
C 18
76 Sept
8770 Hyde J F
B 14
Sept
7625 Hyland O 5D
2
45 June
2106 Hyman J
E 17
June
2187 Imhoff R Cav 2G
19
95 July
4019 Imlay E, S’t
A 26
July
4359 Imman J P Cav 1A
31
14 Oct
10549 Ingerson S Art
G 9
85 Aug
4685 Ingraham C B
B 4
July
3428 Inier I Cav 1H
16
85 Aug
4588 Irish G
C 2
15 Nov
11781 Ivespack W Cav
E 3
Sept
8159 Jaquays R 9L
8
7596 Jack J W 95 Sept
H 2
Aug
6558 Jackson A Cav 5E
23
43 Sept
9048 Jackson J
K 17
122 Oct
11391 Jackson T A
E 24
109 Aug
5402 Jackson John S
F 12
85 Aug
7253 Jackson Wm
F 30
115 Aug
6966 Jarmine Jas
I 27
51 Aug
4795 Jamison A
A 5
106 July
3645 Jarvis E
H 20
Oct
11704 Jasper C Art 7D
31
8 Aug
6671 Jay John “
- 24
Sept
9389 Jay John “ 2G
20
July
3984 Jeffrey B “ 9D
26
99 May
1120 Jelley John
K 15
April
29 Jenner Henry Art 3K
19
149 Oct
10757 Jennings C 64
K 12
744 Jewell J R Art 3K April
 26
74 Sept
9934 Johnson A
C 28
Oct
11182 Johnson A Art 7A
19
63 Nov
12121 Johnson B
D 22
82 Jan
12477 Johnson B F 65
H 17
85 Oct
10118 Johnson H S 64
B 1
115 Aug
5916 Johnson H
I 17
10 Aug
6232 Johnson H Cav
C 20
89 Sept
7712 Johnson J
I 3
146 Jan
12546 Johnson J 65
A 27
14 Sept
10043 Johnson L W Art 64
C 29
96 Aug
5985 Johnson M
H 17
24 Sept
9495 Johnson P B Bat
- 21
111 Sept
8054 Johnson R
A 7
120 July
3427 Johnson R
I 16
22 July
4047 Joice Thos
C 27
93 Aug
7413 Jolley F
E 31
5980 Jones C N Cav 10 Aug
C 17
85 Aug
6898 Jones David
H 26
147 Oct
10769 Jones E C
E 12
134 July
3650 Jones E
F 20
20 July
4373 Jones G C
- 31
47 July
3282 Jones G W
F 14
10 Aug
5753 Jones H Cav
I 15
76 Aug
5582 Jones Jno
K 14
Nov
11855 Jones Jno Cav 6A
6
99 June
2487 Jones R
B 26
116 July
4403 Jones Thos
B 31
52 Aug
5042 Jones Wm
B 8
Sept
8867 Jones Wm, Far C 5C
15
22 Sept
8771 Jones J B
F 14
Sept
9528 Jourdan Barney Art 7E
22
51 July
4188 Jule H
E 28
9107 Jump O Cav 8 Sept
 - 18
12 Aug
5198 Kahbaum E Cav
F 10
82 Nov
12170 Kane F
A 26
20 April
792 Kane Peter Cav
- 28
49 Sept
8868 Kanope C
- 15
100 Sept
9194 Kapp D
F 18
16 Oct
10222 Kearney W Cav
A 2
146 Sept
8452 Keating M
A 11
83 Aug
4434 Keating Thos
L 1
47 Oct
11075 Kean W
I 17
49 Aug
7387 Keers M
A 31
155 Nov
11756 Kehoe T
A 3
Oct
10341 Kelley M Art 2L
4
140 Oct
10649 Kellar Jno
E 4
45 Aug
6739 Kelley D, Cor
C 24
Oct
11100 Kelley J Art 4K
18
146 Oct
10675 Kelley Jas
K 11
6997 Kelley Jas 40 Aug
F 27
63 Oct
10388 Kelley M
- 5
106 Sept
9676 Kelley P
D 24
82 Dec
12209 Kelley T, S’t
F 2
70 Oct
10960 Kenarm Alfred
K 14
82 Oct
11425 Kennedy M E
K 24
132 Sept
9865 Kennedy W
D 27
Oct
11244 Kennien F 8H
21
85 July
3572 Kenney A W
D 19
24 May
1250 Kenney G W Bat
- 21
July
3671 Kenney M 2F
30
85 July
4398 Kent E L
I 31
Aug
7403 Kenwell R Cav 5D
31
132 May
1079 Keogh Peter
C 14
132 Aug
5952 Kerritt Jacob
D 17
85 Aug
5310 Kerr C L
B 11
2484 Kerr H Cav 2L June 64
 25
178 July
3915 Kertser T
K 25
141 July
2797 Kester Chas
F 2
Oct
1622 Kettle Sol Art 2K
28
95 Sept
9015 Keys R
C 17
April
650 Keyes O S, S’t Cav 5E
20
126 June
1932 Kidd Owen
K 14
125 Aug
4606 Killner Sanford
F 3
June
1864 Kilmer J 5 I
12
115 Oct
10614 Kilson J
E 10
Nov
12026 Kimball S, S’t Art 7F
15
76 July
3262 Kimberly C
B 13
99 Sept
7999 King ——
I 6
21 Sept
9816 King N Cav
G 26
24 Sept
8738 King Sylvanus Bat
- 14
99 July
3787 King Richard, S’t
H 22
12 July
3095 Kinsley D Cav
H 10
9689 Kinsley Jas Cav 5 Sept
- 24
99 Mar
239 Kinney Lucas
H 30
42 Oct
11558 Kinney M
C 27
76 Sept
8400 Kinnie J
F 10
132 April
564 Kinsey B B, S’t
K 15
14 Sept
7977 Kinsman Jno E Art
I 6
86 April
12869 Kinsman W S 65
I 20
12 July
4287 Kirby Chas Cav 64
F 30
Aug
7087 Kirkland I Art 2D
28
12 Mar
12742 Kirkpatrick —— C 65
D 6
125 Aug
5589 Kittle E N, Cor 64
E 14
76 Sept
8873 Kizer G W
B 15
24 Aug
4525 Knapp Henry Cav
A 2
10 Aug
5233 Knapp Philip Cav
C 10
48 June
2604 Knabe F
C 28
142 Sept
7949 Knight Wm
C 6
12818 Knowl H 66 Dec
 C 21
54 Nov
11976 Kossuth W
F 12
65 Sept
8860 Krasipars K
L 15
54 Sept
9211 Krantz H, Cor
E 19
Nov
12115 Kreit J K, S’t Cav 1L
21
13 Nov
11948 Krelar A Bat
- 10
64 July
3892 Kroom C E
G 24
178 May
1208 Krouger G R
K 19
Sept
8956 Lahey P 1D
16
12 Sept
8447 Lacey P Cav
F 11
85 July
3601 Lacey Wm, Cor
K 19
1 Oct
10736 Lackley P I Cav
- 11
22 Oct
10879 Lacks Lee
G 13
85 Sept
8372 Lacoster H
- 10
Oct
10527 Lader A 9E
26
118 Aug
7156 Lagay Frank
B 29
82 Mar
41 Lahey Daniel
I 13
12775 Lahiff D 42 Mar 65
K 14
146 Nov
12100 Lake Wm 64
K 21
39 Aug
6487 Laman C
H 22
76 Aug
6381 Lamareux J
K 21
Nov
11893 Lambright A, Cor Art 7K
7
Oct
11599 Lambly J 1 I
28
Oct
11318 Lampman W S Art 6M
22
98 Oct
11213 Lampert R
D 20
15 Sept
9886 Larrabee E, Cor
D 27
7 July
3283 Landers C Art
- 14
146 Dec
12214 Lane C
E 3
Sept
7462 Lane Chas Cav 3E
1
85 June
2678 Lane G W
C 30
15 Oct
11499 Lane J W Cav
M 26
85 June
2288 Lang A, Cor
F 21
1 Mar
13 Lang Wm W Drag
- 6
8238 Langdon A M 85 Sept
 B 9
12 July
4375 Lansing Wm Cav
B 31
85 July
3788 Lansop J
D 22
39 Sept
10096 Langen A
I 30
24 Aug
4871 Lampan L H Bat
- 6
85 Sept
8087 Larcks G
F 7
100 Aug
6631 Larkins M C
A 23
Mar
14 Lasar Benj Cav 6F
6
Sept
8956 Latey P 1D
19
May
851 Lattaratta J, Cor Cav 1A
3
July
4107 Laugha W Art 1M
27
69 Sept
8162 Lawton J
E 8
Sept
10095 Lawrence J Art 7G
30
July
4101 Lawson John Cav 2D
27
120 Aug
6434 Layman C
K 22
157 June
2374 Leabrook John
B 23
10 June
2119 Leach S Cav
E 17
1737 Lean W H Cav 21 June
C 8
132 Aug
7142 Ledderer Wm
G 29
24 June
1944 Lee A Bat
- 14
15 June
2169 Lee F
F 19
June
2572 Lee P Art 2A
27
Sept
9696 Lee Wm Cav 6L
24
11 Sept
8514 Legrist W
E 10
Aug
6399 Leichinger J Cav 3D
21
39 July
3565 Leiner A
B 19
47 Oct
11697 Lenot V
I 31
24 June
2686 Lent A Bat
- 30
52 Sept
7499 Leonard A
B 1
Nov
12076 Leonard C H Art 7A
18
85 Sept
8987 Leonard J W
K 17
Sept
10065 Lestraff C Art 7A
30
Aug
6150 Letch John Cav 5C
19
8774 Levalley C 140 Sept
 A 14
85 Sept
9045 Lewis C
F 17
52 July
3727 Lewis C F
E 21
May
1329 Lewis F A 9G
24
146 Nov
11515 Lewis G W
G 8
Sept
8297 Lewis J Art 1E
9
85 Aug
5115 Lewis P W
B 9
Oct
10365 Lickley P Cav 1E
5
Oct
11551 Limbach S 7D
27
76 Sept
8419 Linch J H
I 11
Aug
5845 Linchler F Cav 1E
15
147 Oct
10559 Lindlay D
E 9
125 Sept
7815 Lineham Thos
C 4
Aug
6759 Ling Jno Art 4F
25
54 Mar
38 Link Gotlib
K 12
76 Sept
10073 Little C
F 30
Oct
10933 Livingstone A Cav 1C
14
4543 Locher Conrad Art 15 Aug
- 2
98 Aug
5565 Lock A
B 13
12 June
2162 Lodge T
A 18
12 Sept
8246 Loftern H Cav
F 9
11 Sept
9722 Loftus M Cav
E 24
Aug
7010 Longs R Art 2A
27
75 Oct
11591 Long J
A 28
40 Sept
7924 Long L
I 5
Aug
4514 Longle Wm Art 4B
1
14 Aug
5464 Loomis Jno Art
M 12
48 Sept
9712 Loony C
A 25
64 Sept
9088 Lorzbran J
E 29
16 Nov
11906 Louis C Cav
C 7
125 Dec
12329 Love J
A 24
Aug
7146 Lovejoy F Cav 1 I
29
14 Oct
10248 Lovering F Art
I 3
12313 Lowery G 7A Dec
 20
140 June
2568 Lowery Jas F
A 27
22 Sept
9663 Laws H Cav 64
E 24
47 Sept
8395 Lloyd S
D 10
140 Sept
9854 Luce V
D 20
95 Oct
10311 Lucia A
H 4
14 Aug
7268 Lurcock E Art
M 30
14 Sept
9002 Lutton O Art
H 17
164 Aug
5772 Lynch D
A 15
43 Aug
6895 Lynch F, Cor
K 26
99 May
931 Lynch Pat
H 7
Feb
12683 Lyons Chas Cav 2M 65
10
99 May
1427 Lyons Michael 64
E 28
76 Sept
8419 Luch J H
I 11
Sept
6151 Lucha Jno Cav 5C
19
5 Sept
8342 Lyons J H Art
- 10
Aug
6156 Lyons Thos Art 6G
19