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6-Long Term Voltage Change
6-Long Term Voltage Change
EE 433
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Definition
Causes of voltage variation
Effects of voltage variation
Analysis of voltage drop
Mitigation of voltage variation
Problems
2
Long duration voltage variations
Def: voltage deviation longer than 1 min.
3 types:
Overvoltage - An increase in the rms ac voltage greater than
110% at power frequency for duration more than 1 minute
Overvoltage Causes:
1) Switching off a large load
2) Energizing a capacitor bank
3) Incorrect transformers tap settings
Undervoltage Causes:
1) Switching on a large load
2) Switching off capacitor bank
3) Overloaded circuits
Interruption Causes:
1) Power system faults
2) Equipment failures
3) Control malfunctions
4
Effects of voltage variation
Overvoltage Effects:
Light globe loss of life
Unervoltage Effects:
Motor overheating or stalling
5
Analysis of voltage drop
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 + 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 𝐼
𝑉2 𝐼 ∗ = 𝑃 + 𝐽𝑄
𝑃 − 𝐽𝑄
𝐼=
𝑉2∗
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Voltage drop across system impedance is the main cause
of voltage regulation problem
Conversely,
when source voltage is boosted to overcome the impedance, there
can be an overvoltage condition when the load drops too low.
8
Mitigation
Plant
Autotransformer:
Constant voltage transformer (CVT):
UPS system: expensive and can cause harmonic
distortion problems
9
Problems
6.1) Given a line with r= 0.02 pu, x0.05 pu & receiving
end load P =0.8, Q =0.6 pu,
If Vr =0.95, what is the value of Vs ?
If Vs =1.05, what is the value of Vr ?
Solution
Vs = 1.00 2◦ pu,
Vr = 1.004 pu,
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