Prepared by: Engr. Jan Nathan A.

Anastacio
▪ The objective of today’s reinforced concrete designer is to produce ductile members that provide
warning of impending failure.
▪ To achieve this goal, the code provides design shear values that have larger safety factors against
shear failures than do those provided for bending failures.
▪ The failures in concrete beams in shear are quite different from their failures in bending. Shear
failure occur suddenly with little or no advance warning.
▪ Therefore, beams are designed to fail in bending under loads that are appreciably smaller than
those that would cause shear failures.
▪ As a result, those members will have ductile failure. They may crack and sag a great deal if
overloaded, but they will not fail apart, as they might if shear failures were possible.
▪ Although no one has ever been able to accurately determine the resistance of concrete to pure
shearing stress, the matter is not very important because pure shearing stress is probably never
encountered in concrete structures.
▪ Furthermore, according to engineering mechanics, if pure shear is produced in a member, a
principal tensile stress of equal magnitude will be produced on another plane.
▪ Because the tensile strength of concrete is less than its shearing strength, the concrete will fail in
tension before its shearing strength is reached.
▪ Diagonal principal tensile stresses, called diagonal tension, occur at different places and angles in
concrete beams, and they must be carefully considered. If they reach certain values, additional
reinforcing, called web reinforcing, must be supplied.
▪ A great deal of research has been done on the subject of shear and diagonal tension for
nonhomogeneous reinforced concrete beams, and many theories have been developed.
▪ Despite all this work and all the resulting theories, no one has been able to provide a clear
explanation of the failure mechanism involved.
▪ As a result, design procedures are based primarily on test data.

▪ If Vu is divided by the effective beam area, bw d, the result is what is called an average shearing
stress.
▪ This stress is not equal to the diagonal tension stress but merely serves as an indicator of its
magnitude. Should this indicator exceed a certain value, shear or web reinforcing is considered
necessary.
▪ The maximum shear, Vu , in a beam must not
exceed the design shear capacity of the beam
cross section, ϕVn , where ϕ is 0.75 and Vn is the
nominal shear strength of the concrete and the
shear reinforcing.
Vu ≤ ϕVn
▪ The value of ϕVn can be broken down into the
design shear strength of the concrete, ϕVc , plus
the design shear strength of the shear
reinforcing, ϕVs .
Vu ≤ ϕVc + ϕVs
Vu = ϕVc + ϕVs
▪ The nominal shear strength of the stirrups, Vs ,
crossing the crack can be calculated from the
following expression, where n is the number of
stirrups crossing the crack and Av is the cross-
sectional area each stirrup has crossing the
crack.
Vs ≤ Av fyt n
d
Vs ≤ Av fyt s
▪ Derivation of spacing requirements for stirrups:
d
Vs ≤ Av fyt s
d
sstr ≤ Av fyt Vs

d
sstr = Av fyt (based on required shear strength)
Vs
▪ Minimum shear reinforcement
▪ Derivation of spacing requirements for stirrups:
d
sstr = Av fyt based on required shear strength
Vs

Av,min b
= 0.062 f′c f w
s yt
Av,min fyt
smin,1 = (based on minimum shear reinforcement)
0.062 f′c bw
Av,min b
= 0.35 f w
s yt
Av,min fyt
smin,2 = 0.35bw
(based on minimum shear reinforcement)
▪ Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
▪ Derivation of spacing requirements for stirrups:
d
sstr = Av fyt based on required shear strength
Vs
Av,min fyt
smin,1 = (based on minimum shear reinforcement)
0.062 f′c bw
Av,min fyt
smin,2 = (based on minimum shear reinforcement)
0.35bw
d
smax,1 = or 600mm when Vu ≤ ∅ 0.17λ fc′ bw d + 0.33 fc′ bw d (based on maximum spacing)
2
d
smax,2 = or 300mm when Vu > ∅ 0.17λ fc′ bw d + 0.33 fc′ bw d (based on maximum spacing)
4
▪ Summary

Simplified Calculation

Condition Vc
Without axial force 0.17λ fc′ bw d
With axial compression Nu
0.17λ fc′ bw d 1 +
14Ag
With significant axial tension Nu
0.17λ fc′ bw d 1 +
3.5Ag
▪ Summary

Detailed Calculation (takes moment into consideration)

Condition Vc
Without axial force Vu d
0.16λ fc′ + 17ρw b d
Mu w
≤ 0.29λ fc′ bw d
With axial compression Vu d
0.16λ fc′ + 17ρw b d
Mm w
0.29Nu
≤ 0.29λ fc′ bw d 1 +
Ag
4h − d
where: Mm = Mu − Nu
8
 Vu

Increase beam size Vu = ∅ 0.17λ fc′ bw d + 0.67 fc′ bw d

d d
and 300mm sstr = Av fyt Vu = ∅ 0.17λ fc′ bw d + 0.33 fc′ bw d
4 Vs
Av,min fyt Av,min fyt
smin,1 = smin,2 =
0.062 f′c bw 0.35bw

d
sstr = Av fyt Vu = ∅ 0.17λ fc′ bw d
Vs
d Av,min fyt Av,min fyt
2
and 600mm smin,1 = smin,2 = 0.35bw
Vu = 0.5∅ 0.17λ fc′ bw d
0.062 f′c bw
d
Consider 2 and 600mm only

Note: smin will not govern when Vs > 0.062 f ′ c bw d or 0.35bw d

▪ A rectangular beam has a width of 260mm and an overall depth of 470mm. The concrete cover is
70mm from the centroid of bars. The concrete compressive strength is fc′ = 21MPa and the steel
yield strength is fy = 415MPa for longitudinal bars and 275MPa for hoops. Determine the shear
strength provided by concrete using simplified calculation (a) if the beam is subjected to shear and
flexure only, (b) if the beam is subjected to axial compression force of 80kN, and (c) if the beam is
subjected to a significant axial tension of 20kN.
▪ Solution for (a):

Vc = 0.17λ fc′ bw d
Vc = 0.17 1.0 21 260 400
Vc = 81019.93829N (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (b):
N
Vc = 0.17λ fc′ bw d 1 + 14Au
g

80000
Vc = 0.17 1.0 21 260 400 1 + 14(260)(470)

Vc = 84808.5723N (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (c):
N
Vc = 0.17λ fc′ bw d 1 + 3.5Au
g

20000
Vc = 0.17 1.0 21 260 400 1 − 3.5(260)(470)

Vc = 77231.30428N (Ans. )
▪ A rectangular beam has bw = 280mm and d = 510mm. Determine the maximum factored shear
that the beam section can carry. Use fc′ = 24MPa.
▪ A rectangular beam has bw = 280mm and d = 510mm. Determine the maximum factored shear
that the beam section can carry. Use fc′ = 24MPa.
▪ Solution:

Vu = 0.75 0.17λ fc′ bw d + 0.67 fc′ bw d

Vu = 0.75 0.17 1.0 24 280 510 + 0.67 24(280)(510)

Vu = 440731.7904N (Ans. )
Note: If the factored shear exceeds this value, the beam size must be increased.
▪ A rectangular beam with 380mm width and 570mm effective depth carries a uniform ultimate load of
100kN/m. The beam is simply supported, and the clear distance between supports is 8m. Use fc′ =
20.7MPa and fy = 275.8MPa. The diameter of web reinforcement is 10mm. Assume all-lightweight
concrete.
a.) Determine the required spacing of stirrups at the support.
b.) Determine the required spacing of stirrups at a distance of 1m from each support.
c.) Determine the required spacing of stirrups at a distance of 2m from each support.
d.) Determine the required spacing of stirrups at a distance of 3m from each support.
▪ Solution for (a): 100kN/m

Vc = 0.17λ fc′ bw d
8m
Vc = 0.17(0.75) 20.7(380)(570) 400kN 400kN
Vc = 125647.4878N 343kN
400kN
0.33 fc′ bw d = 0.33 20.7(380)(570)
0.33 fc′ bw d = 325205.2626N 3.43m
4m -400kN
0.67 fc′ bw d = 0.67 20.7(380)(570)
0.67 fc′ bw d = 660265.2301N
▪ Solution for (a): 100kN/m

Vc = 125647.4878N
8m
0.33 fc′ bw d = 325205.2626N 400kN 400kN
0.67 fc′ bw d = 660265.2301N 343kN
400kN
3.43
Vu = 400000N 4
3.43m
Vu = 343000N
4m -400kN
Vu = ∅ Vc + Vs
343000 = 0.75 125647.4878 + Vs
Vs = 331685.8455N
Vs > 0.33 fc′ bw d ∴ Check strength and dimension limits only
▪ Solution for (a):
Avfyt d
sstr = Vs
π
2 4 10 2 (275.8)(570)
sstr = 331685.8455

sstr = 74.45mm
d 570
smax,1 = 4 = = 142.5mm
4

smax,2 = 300mm
Choose: s = 70mm (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (b): 100kN/m

Vc = 125647.4878N
8m
0.33 fc′ bw d = 325205.2626N 400kN 400kN
0.67 fc′ bw d = 660265.2301N 300kN
400kN
3
Vu = 400000N 4
3m
Vu = 300000N
4m -400kN
Vu = ∅ Vc + Vs
300000 = 0.75 125647.4878 + Vs
Vs = 274352.5122N
Vs < 0.33 fc′ bw d ∴ Check all requirements
▪ Solution for (b):
π
Avfyt d 2 4 10 2 (275.8)(570)
sstr = = = 90.01mm
Vs 274352.5122
π
Av,min fyt 2 4 10 2 (275.8)
smin,1 = = 0.062 20.7(380)
= 404.16mm
0.062 f′c bw
π
Av,min fyt 2 4 10 2 (275.8)
smin,2 = = = 325.73mm
0.35bw 0.35(380)
d 570
smax,1 = 2 = = 285mm
2

smax,2 = 600mm
Choose: s = 90mm (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (c): 100kN/m

Vc = 125647.4878N
8m
0.33 fc′ bw d = 325205.2626N 400kN 400kN
0.67 fc′ bw d = 660265.2301N
400kN 200kN
2
Vu = 400000N 4
2m
Vu = 200000N
4m -400kN
Vu = ∅ Vc + Vs
200000 = 0.75 125647.4878 + Vs
Vs = 141019.1788N
Vs < 0.33 fc′ bw d ∴ Check all requirements
▪ Solution for (c):
π
Avfyt d 2 4 10 2 (275.8)(570)
sstr = = = 175.11mm
Vs 141019.1788
π
Av,min fyt 2 4 10 2 (275.8)
smin,1 = = 0.062 20.7(380)
= 404.16mm
0.062 f′c bw
π
Av,min fyt 2 4 10 2 (275.8)
smin,2 = = = 325.73mm
0.35bw 0.35(380)
d 570
smax,1 = 2 = = 285mm
2

smax,2 = 600mm
Choose: s = 170mm (Ans. )
▪ Solution for (d): 100kN/m

Vc = 125647.4878N
8m
0.33 fc′ bw d = 325205.2626N 400kN 400kN
0.67 fc′ bw d = 660265.2301N
400kN 100kN
1
Vu = 400000N 4
1m
Vu = 100000N
4m -400kN
Vu = ∅ Vc + Vs
100000 = 0.75 125647.4878 + Vs
Vs = 7685.8455N
Vs < 0.33 fc′ bw d ∴ Check all requirements
▪ Solution for (d):
π
Avfyt d 2 4 10 2 (275.8)(570)
sstr = = = 3212.901mm
Vs 7685.8455
π
Av,min fyt 2 4 10 2 (275.8)
smin,1 = = 0.062 20.7(380)
= 404.16mm
0.062 f′c bw
π
Av,min fyt 2 4 10 2 (275.8)
smin,2 = = = 325.73mm
0.35bw 0.35(380)
d 570
smax,1 = 2 = = 285mm
2

smax,2 = 600mm
Choose: s = 280mm (Ans. )
▪ Recommended minimum and maximum stirrup spacing are 100mm and 300mm, respectively.

▪ Stirrup spacing is recommended to be in multiples of 25 (ex. 100mm, 125mm, 150mm).

▪ We take the value of shear at every 1m from the face of the support.

▪ In the given problem, the required spacing at the critical section is 50mm. To satisfy minimum
spacing requirement of 100mm, additional transverse reinforcement legs should be added.
Increasing the stirrup diameter may also be an option.
▪ In practice, we use set the first stirrup 50mm from the face of the support. Seismic provisions
require hoops to be provided within 2h distance from the face of the support for girders. See
ACI318-19 Chapter 18.6.4.
▪ We usually use the minimum spacing of 100mm for hoops.

▪ Sample stirrup schedule based on the results of Sample Problem 3:

▪ 1@50; 20@50; 14@75; 7@150; REST@275 TO C.L.
▪ The spacing shown is not ideal. We need to add transverse reinforcement legs or increase the
stirrup diameter.