কর্মমুখী রসায়ন

QNA রসায়ন ১ম cÎ
কর্ মুম খী রসায়ন
লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

একাডেমিক পাটট
Ávbg~jK I Abyaveb
= AmgmË¡xq wgkÖ‡b A`ªebxq c`v‡_©i KYv¸‡jvi AvKvi 500 nm Gi †P‡q eo n‡j GK cÖKvi A¯’vqx Kj‡qW
m„wó nq, Giæc wgkÖb‡K mvm‡cb‡kb e‡j|
= AmgmË¡xq wgkÖ‡b A`ªebxq c`v‡_©i KYv¸‡jvi AvKvi cÖvq 2-500 n‡j Ges me©Î mgfv‡e weivR Ki‡j
Giæc wgkÖb‡K Kj‡qW e‡j|
= †h cÖwµqvq †Kv‡bv `ªe‡b Dcw¯’Z ÿz`ª ÿz`ª KYv‡K Dchy³ ivmvqwbK c`v_© (coagulant) ‡hvM K‡i A‡cÿvK…Z
eo KYvq iæcvšÍwiZ K‡i `ªeb †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq Zv‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb e‡j|
= †h me c`v_© Lv‡`ï mv‡_ cwiwgZ cwigv‡b wgwk‡q Lv`¨‡K wewfbœ AbyRxe (e¨vK‡Uwiqv, C÷, †mvì) Gi
Avµgb †_‡K iÿv K‡i Zv‡ì‡K cÖRvi‡fwUfm& e‡j|
= (4-10%) GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªeb‡K wf‡bMvi e‡j|
= Lv`¨ wbivcËvq imvq‡bi f~wgKv Acwimxg| gvbylmn mKj cÖvYx cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e Lv‡`ï Rb¨ Dw™¢‡ì
Dci wbf©ikxj| Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡køl‡bi gva¨‡g Lvevi ˆZwi K‡i| hv GKwU ‰Re ivmvqwbK wewµqv|
GQvovI Dw™¢‡ì e„w× Zivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK mvi gvwU‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Avevi, kvK,
mewR, djg~j mewR BZ¨vw`| cuPbkxj Lv`¨| wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënvi K‡i Gme Lv`¨ eûw`b msiÿb
Kiv hvq| ZvB ejv hvq Lv`¨`ªe¨ evRviRvZ Ki‡jI imvqb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| myZivs, Lv`¨
wbivcËvq imvq‡bi f~wgKv Acwimxgv|
= †Kvìwµg n‡”Q cvwb Ges †Zj A_ev Pwe©i GK ai‡bi Bgvjkb A_©vr ‡Z‡ji g‡a¨ cvwbi wgkÖb| kxZKv‡j
evZv‡mi Av`ª©Zv Kg _vKvq kix‡ii Z¡K †d‡U hvq| Z¡‡Ki GB †d‡U hvIqv n‡Z myiÿvi Rb¨ g~jZ †Kvìwµg
eëüZ nq| GwU Z¡‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j Bgvjk‡bi we‡qvR‡b cvwbi ev®úxKib N‡U| Gi d‡j Z¡‡K kxZjx
KiY Abyf~Z nq Ges Z¡K big I gm„b _v‡K Ges Z¡‡Ki cvwbk~b¨ Zv‡K evavMÖ¯’ K‡i| d‡j `xN© mgq a‡i
Z¡K myiwÿZ _v‡K| ZvB kxZKv‡j †Kvìwµg eënvi Kiv nq|
= †Kvqv¸‡jkb n‡j Ggb GK cÖwµqv hvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb `ªe‡b Dcw¯’Z ÿz`ª ÿz`ª KYv‡K Dchy³ ivmvqwbK c`v_©
†hvM K‡i A‡cÿvK…Z eo KYvq iæcvšÍwiZ K‡i `ªeb †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq|

= wmwjs Gi Av‡M Lv‡`¨ we‡kl cÖwµqvq Zvc †Ìqv nq| Gi d‡j cv‡Îi †fZ‡ii me evqy `~i nq Ges evqexq
AbyRxe Rb¥v‡Z ev esk we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G Ae¯’vq K¨vb wmj K‡i kxZj Ki‡j K¨v‡bi †fZ‡ii
ev®ú Zij n‡q Lv‡`¨ wg‡k hvq Ges evqyk~b¨Zvi m„wó nq| Avi G evqyk~b¨Zvi Kvi‡Y †fZ‡i †Kv‡bv evqexq
AbyRxe Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv ev esk we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©vr Lv`¨‡K AbyRx‡ei Avµgb †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨B
GMRmwUs Kiv nq|
= Møv‡mi gqjv `~i ivi Rb¨ NaOH eënvi Kiv hvq bv| Rvib KvuP n‡j wØwmwj‡KU, Na2O, CaO, ×
SiO2, NaOH Kvu‡Pi Dcv`vb wmwjKvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i KvuP‡K ÿq K‡i †d‡j| d‡j Møv‡mi Mv‡q ÿZ
ˆZwi nq| Z‡e A¨v‡gvwbq‡K Møvm wK¬bv‡ii Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq| Kvib GwU Kvu‡Pi gqjv
cwi®‹vi Ki‡jI Kvu‡Pi Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv| d‡j KvuP ÿq nq bv|
= Lv`¨`ªe¨ msiÿ‡b evqyg³

y ivLv nq hv‡Z †KŠUv ev c¨v‡KU Gi g‡a¨ Aw·‡Rb mieivn eÜ _v‡K| G‡Z Lv`¨
ga¨w¯’Z Rxevby aŸsm n‡q hvq Ges Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z bZzb †Kv‡bv Rxevbyi Rb¥ Ges G‡ì
eskwe¯Ívi m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j Lv`¨`ªe¨ `xN©w`b LvIqvi Dc‡hvMx _v‡K|

†ev‡W© cv‡ki Rb¨
1. MøvmwK¬bv‡i 𝑵𝑯𝟑 eënv‡ii KviY I †Kb 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 eënvi Kiv nq bv
প্রশ্নের ধরণঃ০১
NH3 NaO
A H`
B
প্রেঃ Møvm wK¬bvi ˆZwi‡Z B Ges C Gi †KvbwU AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx? we‡kølY Ki|
সর্াধানঃ DÏxc‡Ki B †hŠMwU NH3 (A¨v‡gvwbqv) Ges C †hŠMwU NaOH| Møvm wK¬bvi ˆZwi‡Z NH3
eënvi Kiv nq| Møvm wK¬bvi ˆZwi‡Z eën„Z NH3 cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i NH4OH Drcbœ K‡i| NH4OH
Gi OH− Avqb Møv‡m †j‡M _vKv MÖxR, d¨vU I †Zj RvZxq c`v_© AcmviY K‡i| NH4OH gqjv cwi®‹vi
Ki‡jI Møv‡mi †Kv‡bv ÿwZ mvab K‡i bv ev Møv‡mi Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqv NUvq bv|
NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH−
R − COOR + NH4OH → RCOONH4 + ROH
‡Zj/Pwe©
Møvm (K¨vjwmqvg I †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU) + NH4OH → †Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b nq bv|
ZvB Møvm wK¬bvi ˆZwi‡Z NH3 `ªeY Avjv`v ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c`v_© †hgb, B_vbj I wWUvi‡R‡›Ui mv‡_
wbivc‡` eënvi Kiv nq|
cÿvšÍ‡i Møvm wK¬bv‡i NaOH eënvi Ki‡j GwU gqjv cwi®‹v‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ Møv‡mi ÿq mvab K‡i|
KviY GwU Møv‡m we`¨gvb wmwjKvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg wmwj‡KU ˆZwi K‡i|
NaOH + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + H2O
ZvB Møvm wK¬bvi ˆZwi‡Z B (NH3) †hŠMwU AwaK Dc‡hvMx|

2. Møvm wK¬bvi Gi cwi®‹vi †KŠkj
NH3 NaO
A H`
B
প্রেঃ B †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|
সর্াধানঃ C †hŠMwU NaOH| GwU Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii g~j DcKiY| †hŠMwU eënvi K‡i Uq‡jU wK¬bvi
ˆZwi Ki‡j Zv cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
†hŠMwU Øviv cwi®‹vi Ki‡Yi †KŠkj :
Uq‡j‡Ui gqjvi †Zj I Pwe©i mv‡_ Kw÷K †mvWv NaOH wewµqv K‡i mvevb I wMømvwib ˆZwi K‡i|
CH2 − COOR CH2 − OH
 
CH − COOR + NaOH → CH − OH + 3R − COONa
 
CH2 − COOR CH2 − OH
(†Zj/Pwe©) (wMømvwib) mvevb
Drcbœ mvevb I Uq‡jU wK¬bvi cÖ¯‘wZi mgq mshy³ mvevb cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
mvev‡bi AYy‡Z †cvjvi I A‡cvjvi G `ywU Ask _v‡K| mvev‡bi GK cÖv‡šÍi †cvjvi Kve©w·‡jU Avqb
nvB‡WªvwdwjK I Aci cÖv‡šÍi A‡cvjvi Ask _v‡K| nvB‡WªvwdwjK cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq I †cvjvi| wj‡cvwdwjK
†Zj, Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq Ges A‡cvjvi|
CH3 − (CH2)16 − COO−Na+
cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq
A‡cvjvi Ask †jR †cvjvi Ask gv_v
Uq‡jU wK¬bvi hLb cvwbi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m M‡j hvq ZLb mvev‡bi nvB‡WªvwdwjK Kve©w·‡jU Avqb cvwb‡Z
`ªexf‚Z nq Ges nvB‡Wªv‡dvweK cvwb‡Z A`ªexf‚Z †_‡K hvq|
d‡j UvBjm Gi DcwiZ‡j mvev‡bi GKwU m~²¯Íi m„wó nq| hLb eªvk w`‡q Av‡jvwoZ Kiv nq ZLb
†ZjI gqjvi m~² KYv¸‡jv UvBjm n‡Z Avjv`v n‡q hvq Ges cvwb‡Z †f‡m I‡V| †Zj I gqjvi KYv¸‡jv
mgag©x Pv‡R©i Kvi‡Y ci¯úi weKl©‡Y Bgvjk‡b cwiYZ nq hv cvwb Øviv ay‡q AcmviY Kiv nq|
ZvB ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, C †hŠMwU A_©vr NaOH `ªeY cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

3. Uq‡jU wK¬bvi Gi cwi®‹vi †KŠkj
ivbv Kw¤úDUvi gwbUi I †¯‹bv‡ii Møvm cwi¯‹v‡i †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi `ªeY eënvi K‡i| iwdK
Uq‡jU cwi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW I Møvm cwi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ A¨v‡gvwbqvi `ªeY eënvi K‡i|
প্রেঃ iwd‡Ki Uq‡jU cwi¯‹v‡ii †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki|
সর্াধানঃ iwdK Uq‡jU cwi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ NaOH eënvi K‡i| NaOH Møvm cwi¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ Av`k© bq|
Uq‡j‡Ui gqjvmg~n nj gvwU, evwj, wewfbœ ˆZjv³ ˆRe c`v_©| NaOH H gqjv¸‡jvi ÿq mvab K‡i Ges
wewµqv K‡i Uq‡j‡Ui KgW, c¨vb, †g‡S‡K cwi®‹vi K‡i| KviY NaOH ÿviag©x Ges Zv A¤øxq cÖK…wZi
evwj Ges Pwe©RvZ c`v_©¸‡jvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i je‡Y cwiYZ K‡i| †mB jeY¸‡jv cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| ZvB
Uq‡jU wK¬bvi eënv‡ii ci cvwb cÖevwnZ Kiv‡j H gqjv¸‡jv cvwb‡Z ay‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i|
R − COOR + NaOH⎯→ R − COONa + R − OH
†Zj/Pwe©/MÖxR n‡Z
Gfv‡e NaOH Uq‡jU cwi®‹vi K‡i _v‡K|
4. Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 eënvi Gi KviY
প্রশ্নের ধরণঃ০৪
A B C
†µvwgK NH3 Kw÷K †mvWv
GwmW `ªeY `ªeY
প্রেঃ B I C †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ †KvbwU Uq‡jU wK¬bvi Ges †KvbwU Møvm wK¬bvi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z eënvi Kiv nq?
টিপসঃ Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 eënvi Gi KviY
সর্াধানঃ B †hŠM NH3 `ªeY, C †hŠM nj NaOH `ªeY| G‡ì g‡a¨ NH3 `ªeY Møvm wK¬bv‡i Ges NaOH
`ªeY Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i eënvi Kiv nq|
Møvm wK¬bv‡i we`¨gvb NH3 †cvjvi c`v_©| GB †cvjvi Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ gqjvi Av‡ekx WvB‡cvj-WvB‡cvj
eÜb ˆZwi nq Ges Møvm A‡cvjvi c`v_© nIqvq Av‡ekx WvB‡cvj-WvB‡cvj eÜ‡bi cÖfv‡e gqjv Møvm wK¬bv‡i
P‡j Av‡m Ges NH3 DØvqx nIqvq Zv gqjvmn ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq|
Uq‡j‡U we`¨gvb gqjv¸‡jv nj cÖavbZ A¤øxq cÖK…wZi ˆRe c`v_©| NaOH ÿviag©x nIqvq Gme c`v_©‡K
`ªeYxq je‡Y cwiYZ K‡i| d‡j Uq‡jU wK¬bvi eënvi Kivi ci cvwb cÖevwnZ Ki‡j gqjv¸‡jv ay‡q hvq|
wKš‘ G‡ì wecixZ eënv‡i mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| Møvm wK¬bv‡i NaOH eënvi Ki‡j Zv Kv‡P we`¨gvb SiO2
Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i KuvP ÿq Ki‡e|
NaOH + SiO2 ⎯→ Na2SiO3 + H2O

Avi Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i NH3 eënvi Kiv nq bv KviY NH3 DØvqx Ges welv³ hv Ave× cwi‡e‡k welv³
evqy Drcbœ Ki‡e| GwU ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ ÿwZKi| ZvQvov GwU `ye©j ÿviK nIqvq mn‡R gqjv‡K AcmviY
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i NH3 eën„Z nq bv|
5. wf‡bMvi ‰Zwii Dcvq
প্রশ্নের ধরণঃ০২
CH3COOH
প্রেঃ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K A †hŠMwU Lv`¨ msiÿK wn‡m‡e Kxfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq − e¨vL¨v Ki|
সর্াধানঃ DÏxc‡Ki A †hŠMwU A¨vwmwUK GwmW (CH3COOH)| GwU Lv`¨ msiÿK wn‡m‡e wf‡bMvi bv‡g
ev wmiKv bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU Lv‡`ï ¸YMZ gvb‡K AcwiewZ©Z iv‡L| GwU AwZ mn‡R cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq|
GwU Lv`¨ `ª‡eï pH Gi gvb Kwg‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡Z cÖwZnZ K‡i| Lv`¨ msiÿK wn‡m‡e Gi
cÖ¯‘Z-cÖYvjx wb‡P †Ìqv nj:
wf‡bMvi nj 6 – 10% B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z wf‡bMv‡ii g‡a¨ mvgvb¨
Lv`ë¯‘i is I myMwÜ wgwkÖZ Kiv nq|
Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq B_v‡bvwqK GwmW Zij| G Zij Dcv`vb‡K weï× cvwb‡Z wbw`©ó kZKiv cwigv‡Y `ªexf‚Z
K‡i wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi
cwigvY †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB 6% Gi wb‡P ev 10% Gi Dc‡i bv _v‡K| Gfv‡e Drcbœ wf‡bMvi‡K white wf‡bMvi
e‡j| KzBK wf‡bMvi c×wZ AbymiY K‡i GwU cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
মাইক াডা
CH3CH2OH(aq) + O2(g)
মমা CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l)
অ্যাসিটি,
10% A¨vwmwUK
35⸰C
GwmW
wf‡bMvi
evqyi Aw·‡Rb, gvB‡KvWvg©v A¨vwmwU e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_vbj‡K RvwiZ K‡i B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡W
cwiYZ K‡i|
Miæi gvs‡mi ¯^v` e„w× I ZvovZvwo wm× Kivi Rb¨ Av‡iv GKwU ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ ‘C’ µq Ki‡jb hv
cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨ msiÿK I evRv‡i wmiKv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
প্রেঃ DÏxc‡Ki ‘C’ `ªe¨wU Drc`‡b gë wf‡bMvi c×wZ eY©bvmn Zv Øviv Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi †KŠkj
e¨vL¨v Ki|

সর্াধানঃ A¼zwiZ evwj© ev km¨ `vbv n‡Z †h wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Zv‡K gë wf‡bMvi ejv nq| 20C
ZvcgvÎvq cÖwZ 100mL G Kgc‡ÿ 4g A¨vwmwUK GwmW _v‡K| Auv‡Li im ev †LRy‡ii i‡m cÖPzi cwigv‡Y
wPwb _v‡K| wPwb‡K cÖ_‡g C÷ †hvM K‡i Møy‡KvR ev d«z‡±vR G cwiYZ Kiv nq| RvB‡gR GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e
Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±vR B_vb‡j cwiYZ nq| me‡k‡l Gwm‡Uve¨v±i Gi cÖfv‡e B_vbj Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q
B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq |
C12H22O11 + H2O ইনভারকেজ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
30⸰C Møy‡KvR d«z‡±vR
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 জাই 4CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
মমজ B_vbj
4CH3CH2OH + O2 Gwm‡Uve CH3−COOH + H2O
¨v±i wf‡bMvi
GLv‡b C `ªe¨wU wf‡bMvi| mvaviYfv‡e B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi 6−10% Rjxq `ªeYB wf‡bMvi| Lv`¨`ª‡e¨
wf‡bMvi †hvM Kivi d‡j Zv Dcv`v‡bi pH gvb‡K Kwg‡q †`q| pH Gi gvb 5 †_‡K 4 †b‡g Av‡m| †hme
Lv‡`ï pH gvb 4.5 A‡cÿv Kg †m¸‡jv e¨vK‡Uwiqv Øviv bó nq bv| Z‡e Có I †gvì G pH gv‡bI esk
we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i| AwaKvsk AYyRx‡ei eskwe¯Ív‡ii AbyKƒj pH cwimi 6.5 − 7.5| A_©vr wf‡bMvi G mKj
AYyRx‡ei nvZ †_‡K Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

6. wf‡bMvi Gi Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj
bvg Dcv`vb
A CH3COOH Gi (6-10%) Rjxq `ªeY
প্রেঃ wcÖRvi‡fwUf wn‡m‡e A Gi Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki

সর্াধানঃ A †hŠMwU n‡”Q wf‡bMvi| wb‡¤œ wf‡bMvi Gi Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj eY©bv Kiv n‡jv−
B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi 6-10% Rjxq `ªe‡YiB evwYwR¨K bvg wf‡bMvi (wmiKv)| GwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev Ab¨vb¨ AYyRxe mg~n‡K
†g‡i †d‡j A_©vr aŸsm K‡i †`q Ges Gi we¯ÍviI bó K‡i †`q| Gi KviY wf‡bMv‡i Dcw¯’Z B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi ivmvqwbK
MVb hv AYyRx‡ei active site cÖkwgZ K‡i †d‡j| GQvov B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi pKa 4.75 myZivs GwU `ªe‡Y A¤øxq cwi‡ek
m„wó K‡i hv AYyRxe Gi Rb¨ AbyK‚j bq|
e¯‘Z AYyRxe †_‡K wbtm„Z GbRvBg Lv`¨ dvi‡g‡›Ukb wewµqvq cÖfve wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GbRvB‡gi †cÖvwUb wkK‡ji
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡b †h gy³ B‡jKUªb †Rvo _v‡K Zv G cÖfveb wµqvi Rb¨ active site †K cÖkwgZ K‡i|
H+ H+
.. .. .. ..
−N−N−+ H+ ⎯→ −N − N −
(CH3COOH)
d‡j GbRvBg Avi cÖfveb wµqv NUv‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Lv‡`ï dvi‡g‡›Ukb nq bv| myZivs Lv`¨ c‡P bv A_©vr GwU msiwÿZ
_v‡K| myZivs H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv hZ †ewk nq AYyRx‡ei Rb¨ ZZ AwaK cÖwZK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó nq| †hgb B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi
6−10% NbgvÎvi `ªe‡Y pKa _v‡K 4.75| G A¤øxq gva¨‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rš§v‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y
wcÖRvi‡fwUf iƒ‡c 3% B_vbwqK GwmW Ges 4% B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi je‡Yi wgkÖY eën„Z nq|

†ev‡W© A+ cvIqvi Rb¨
1. K…wÎg wcÖRvi‡fwUf Gi ÿwZKviK w`K

রা ৃ সি ৃ সিম সরজারকভটিভ
সরজারকভটিভ দ্বারা িংরসিি দ্বারা িংরসিি খাদ্য
খাদ্য A B
ব াশ্নডম আসা প্রেঃ A ও B এর মধ্যে ক োনটি কেশি শনরোপদ ?
সর্াধানঃ উদ্দীপশ্নকর A এ ং B দ্বারা খাদ্য সংরক্ষশ্নণর বক্ষশ্নে যথাক্রশ্নর্ প্রাকৃতিক এ ং কৃতের্ তপ্রজারশ্নেতিে
এর কথা উশ্নেখ করা হশ্নয়শ্নে ।
খাদ্য সংরক্ষশ্নণর বক্ষশ্নে A এর িু লনায় B তপ্রজারশ্নেতিে স্বাশ্নযযর জন্য অতধক তনরাপদ্ । তনশ্নে িা যাখযা করা
হম া— সর্শ্নয়র সাশ্নথ সাশ্নথ কৃতের্ তপ্রজারশ্নেতিেস্ এর য হারও যাপকিা ব শ্ন়েই েশ্নলশ্নে । তকন্তু কৃতের্ ,
তপ্রজারশ্নেতিেস্ দ্বারা র্ান শ্নদ্হ ও পতরশ্ন শ্নে ত তেন্ন ধরশ্ননর বয ক্ষতিসাধন হয় িা তনশ্নে বদ্ওয়া হক া
1. NaNO2 , ও নাইশ্নেি এর অতিতরক্ত য হাশ্নরর ফশ্নল পাকযলীশ্নি ক্ষি , খাদ্যনাতলশ্নি সংক্রর্ণ ও বরকিার্
অঞশ্নল পাতন স্বল্পিার স ৃতি হয় ।
2. সরত ক এতসড অতধক pH র্াশ্ননর খাদ্যদ্রশ্ন যর জন্য ক্ষতিকর ।
3. SO2 , ও ধাি সালফাইি অতিতরক্ত য হার র্াইশ্নেশ্ননর সর্সযা স ৃতি কশ্নর ত্বশ্নকর এলাতজম ও খাদ্য েহশ্নণর
আেহ কতর্শ্নয় বদ্য় ।
4. মরাপাইল গ্যাশ্নলি এর র্াোতিতরক্ত য হাশ্নরর ফশ্নল পাকযলী , তকডতন ও তলোশ্নরর র্ারাত্মক ক্ষতি হয় ।
এতির পার্শ্মপ্রতিতক্রয়ার ফশ্নল ত্বশ্নকর জ্বালাম া়ো ও এলাতজমর স ৃতি হয় ।
5. BIT এর কযান্সার স ৃতিকারী ধর্ম িমর্ান থাশ্নক ।
পক্ষান্তশ্নর প্রাকৃতিক তপ্রজারশ্নেতিেস্ য হাশ্নরর ফশ্নল এ ধরশ্ননর পার্শ্মপ্রতিতক্রয়া ঘিার সম্ভা না খু ই কর্ থাশ্নক
। এো়োও প্রাকৃতিক তপ্রজারশ্নেতিেস্ য হার কশ্নর দ্ীঘমতদ্ন সংরতক্ষি খাদ্য োম া থাশ্নক । প্রাকৃতিক তপ্রজারশ্নেতিে
বযর্ন তেশ্ননগ্াশ্নরর উপতযতিশ্নি খা াশ্নরর রুতে ৃতি কশ্নর , রক্ত সঞ্চালন াত়েশ্নয় বদ্য় , হজর্ েতক্ত া়োয় , িরল
অপদ্র য তনঃসরণ সহজ কশ্নর বদ্য় , রশ্নক্তর অপ্রম াজনীয় েত ম ত দ্ূতরি কশ্নর েরীরশ্নক তির্ রাখশ্নি সাহাযয কশ্নর ।
উপশ্নরর আম ােনার বপ্রতক্ষশ্নি লা যায় , খাদ্য সংরক্ষশ্নণর বক্ষশ্নে B এর য হার C এর িু লনায় স্বাশ্নযযর জন্য অতধক
তনরাপদ্ ।

2. Avg + kvKmewR + †cqviv + Avbvim + †KŠUvRvZKiY
Avg
প্রেঃ DÏxc‡Ki (i) bs wP‡Îi (i)
D‡jøwLZ d‡ji †KŠUvRvZKiY eY©bv Ki|
সর্াধানঃ
†KŠUvRvZKi‡Yi g~jbxwZ nj Lv`¨‡K evwn‡ii †Kvb iKg ¯úk© QvovB RxevYygy³ K‡i KuvP, wUb ev avZe
cv‡Î fwZ© Kiv nq| gyL wmj K‡i Zvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zvici ঠাণ্ডা Kiv nq|
DÏxc‡Ki D‡jøwLZ djwU Avg| Av‡gi †KŠUvRvZKiY wb¤œiæc:
m¤ú~Y© cvKv Avg I cyó AuvUmuvU Avg †e‡Q wb‡q †aŠZ K‡i †Lvmv Qvov‡bv nq Ges ¯øvBm Kiv nq| Zvici
G¸‡jv K¨v‡b f‡i Mig wmivc †hvM Kiv nq (80% kw³i)| GB wmiv‡c 0.25% mvBwUªK GwmW _v‡K| Gici
GKRw÷s I wmj K‡i 20-30 wgwbU dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z cÖ‡mwms Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e Avg †KŠUvRvZKiY Kiv nq|
KuvPv Avg
A
প্রেঃ DÏxc‡Ki A `ªe¨wU †KŠUvRvZKiY eY©bv Ki|
DÏxc‡Ki A `ªe¨wUi A_©vr KuvPv Av‡gi †KŠUvRvZKiY wb¤œiƒc:
evQvBKiY: DrK…ó gv‡bi MvQ cvKv dj evQvB Kiv nq|
†aŠZKiY: cwi®‹vi cvwb‡Z fvjfv‡e †aŠZ Kiv nq|
†Lvmv Qvov‡bv I UzKiv Kiv: h‡Zœi m‡½ †Lvmv Qvwo‡q Avg‡K myweavRbK fv‡e UzKiv Kiv nq|
†KŠUvq XzKv‡bv I wmivchy³ KiY: †÷wijvBR Kiv cwi®‹vi †KŠUvq d‡ji UzKiv¸‡jv mvwR‡q 0.2-0.5%
mvBwUªK GwmW (wcÖRvi‡fwUfm) hy³ 40−45% wPwbi wmivc Xvjv nq|
evqyk~b¨ KiY: Gici Zvc w`‡q ev hvwš¿K cÖwµqvq †KŠUv‡K evqyk~b¨ K‡i K¨vb wmjvi Øviv †KŠUvi gyL
eÜ Kiv nq|
cv¯‘wiKiY: eÜ †KŠUv‡K dzUšÍ cvwbi (100C) g‡a¨ wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ Wzwe‡q RxevYy aŸsm
(Pasteurize) Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Avg‡K †KŠUvRvZ KiY Kiv nq|

প্রশ্নের ধরণঃ০৩ আনারি
A
প্রেঃ DÏxc‡Ki (A) এর মূ নীসি eY©bv Ki|
উদ্দীপশ্নকর প্রতক্রয়াকরণ (A) হলো আনারস । তনশ্নে আনারস বকৌিাজািকরণ প্রতক্রয়াতির র্ূলনীতি ণমনা করা
হলো প্রথশ্নর্ পাকা তকেু খুুঁিহীন আনারস সংেহ কশ্নর ল াসা োত়েশ্নয় সর্ান সাইশ্নজ োকা োকা কশ্নর বকশ্নি তনশ্নি
হশ্ন । এ ার কািা আনারসগুশ্নল তনধমাতরি পাশ্নে / কযাশ্নন এর্নোশ্ন রাখশ্নি হশ্ন বযন উপশ্নরর তদ্শ্নক ৮ ইতঞ্চ জায়গ্া
ফাুঁকা থাশ্নক । এ ার 40 % তেতনর দ্র ণ তদ্শ্নয় এর্নোশ্ন পূণম করশ্নি হশ্ন বযন কািা িু কলরাগুলো সম্পূণম ডু শ্ন থাশ্নক
তকন্তু পাশ্নের র্ুশ্নখ ফাুঁকা যাশ্ননর পতরর্াণ ১ ইতঞ হয় । অিঃপর এগ্জতটং কশ্নর পাশ্নের র্ুশ্নখ ঢাকনা তদ্শ্নয় তসল কশ্নর
তদ্শ্নি হশ্ন । পােতিশ্নক এ ার ওয়ািার াশ্নথ বরশ্নখ 15-30 তর্তনি তরিতিং করশ্নি হশ্ন । স শ্নেশ্নে পােতি ঠাণ্ডা ও
বলশ্ন ল য হার কশ্নর শুষ্ক ও ঠান্ডা যাশ্নন সংরক্ষণ করশ্নল িা দ্ীঘমতদ্ন যা ৎ খা ার উপল াগ্ী তহশ্নসশ্ন থাশ্নক । এোশ্ন
আনারশ্নসর বকৌিাজাি প্রতক্রয়াকরণ করা হশ্নয় থাশ্নক ।

†ev‡W© hviv Place Ki‡Z Pvq
1. `ya n‡Z gvLb ˆZwii c×wZ

KuvPv `ya মাখন
B C
প্রেঃ DÏxc‡Ki B `ªe¨wU C `ª‡e¨ cwiYZ Kivi c×wZi avc mg~n D‡jøL K‡i cÖevn wPÎ †`LvI|
সর্াধানঃ KuvPv `yaম মাখকন cwiYZ Kivi c×wZi avcmg~n :
1. `ya †_‡K gvLb c„_K KiY: `ya n‡jv cvwb‡Z Pwe© KYvi Bgvjmb| Gme Pwe© Kbvi Pvicv‡k¦© Bgvjwmdvqvi
wn‡m‡e dm‡dvwjwc‡Wi †gg‡eªb w`‡q Ave„Z _v‡K| `y‡ai wµg‡K AbeiZ bvo‡Z _vK‡j G c`©v bó
n‡q hvq butter fat KYv¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q `y‡ai Rjxq gva¨g n‡Z c„_K n‡q hvq| `ya‡K †b‡o Pwe© c„_K
Kivi G c×wZ‡K Churning e‡j|
2. gvLb cvwbgy³ KiY: gvLb †_‡K cvwb AcmviY `yÕfv‡e Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g QuvKb Ges Gici Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Kiv| GKwU cvZjv Kvco w`‡q †Qu‡K gvL‡bi AwaKvsk cvwb miv‡bv nq| Gici cwi®‹vi Kvc‡oi
QuvKwb‡Z wb‡q evievi cvwb w`‡q ay‡q Pvc w`‡q cvwb miv‡bv nq| hZÿY ch©šÍ G cvwb ¯^”Q bv nq
ZZÿY Gfv‡e cvwb AcmviY Pj‡Z _v‡K| GK ch©v‡q Pvc w`‡jI Avi cvwb †ei n‡e bv| ZLb gvLb‡K
msMÖn K‡i 10C Gi wb‡P msiÿY Kiv nq|
2. ‡Kvqv¸‡jkb cÖwµqv (Kj‡qW Gi)
প্রশ্নের ধরণঃ০১ ক ড
২য় অংে
প্রেঃ উদ্দীপশ্নকর ২য় অংশ্নের কতণকাসর্ূহ সাধারণ অ যায় জর্াি ি হয় না । তকন্তু ইশ্নলশ্নরালাইিম াবগ্
জর্াি ি করা যায় – ত শ্নেেণ কর
উদ্দীপশ্নকর ২ য় অংশ্নের কতণকাসর্ূহ কলশ্নয়ড । কলশ্নয়ডগুলো সাধারণ অ যায় জর্াি ি হয় না । তকন্তু
ইশ্নলশ্নরালাইি ল াবগ্ জর্াি ি করা যায় । তনশ্নে িা ত শ্নেেণ করা হলোোঃসাধারণ অ যায় কলশ্নয়ড কণাসর্ূশ্নহর
জর্াি ি না হওয়ার অন্যির্ কারণ হলো কলশ্নয়শ্নডর কণাগুলো স সর্য় একই প্রকার োজম দ্বারা গ্তঠি ( হয়
ধনাত্মক নয় ঋণাত্মক ) । এোশ্ন বকালনা একতি সুতনতদ্মি কলশ্নয়শ্নডর বক্ষশ্নে প্রতিতি কণা একই প্রকার আধানযুক্ত
হয় , এ কারশ্নণ এ কণালোর র্শ্নধয পারস্পতরক ত কেমণ ল তক্রয়া কশ্নর । ফশ্নল কণাগুলো বকালনাোশ্ন ই আর একতেি
হশ্নয় ়ে কণার স ৃতি করশ্নি পাশ্নর না । আ ার বযশ্নহিু কলশ্নয়শ্নডর ত স্তৃি দ্োর কণাগুলো একতি তনতদ্মি আধাশ্নন
( ধনাত্মক া ঋণাত্মক ) োতজমি থাশ্নক , বসশ্নহিু কলশ্নয়শ্নড উপযুক্ত ইশ্নলশ্নরালাইি পদ্াথম ল াগ্ করশ্নল কলশ্নয়ড
কণাগুলোর আধান , আগ্ি ত পরীি আধাশ্ননর আয়ন দ্বারা প্রেতর্ি হশ্নয় যায় । বয কারশ্নণ লশ্নয়ড কণাগুলাশ্ন আধান
তনরশ্নপক্ষ কণায় পতরণি হশ্নয় যায় ।

এ অ যায় এ কণাগুলো েযান্ডার ওয়ালস আকেমণ শ্নলর প্রোশ্ন পরস্পশ্নরর কাোকাতে এশ্নস একতেি হশ্নয়
ৃহত্তর কণার স ৃতি কশ্নর এ ং জর্াি ি হশ্নয় যায় ।
3. wPwbi Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj

সিসন
ব াশ্নডম আসা প্রেঃ B কমৌলটির হোইড্রোইড তরল D হধ্লও কমৌলটির হোইড্রোইড গ্েোসীয় ক ন?
সর্াধানঃ উদ্দীপশ্নকর A বযৌগ্তি তেতন । তেতন দ্বারা বয ধরশ্ননর খাদ্য সংরক্ষণ করা যায় , িা তনশ্নে যাখযা করা
হডোোঃ
তেতন একতি উিৃি র্াশ্ননর তপ্রজারশ্নেতিে । এতি ফল , আোর , রসল াো , জযার্ , বজতল , র্ারর্াশ্নলি ও আশ্নর্র
লিারব্বা ইিযাতদ্ সংরক্ষশ্নণর বক্ষশ্নে তপ্রজারশ্নেতিস তহশ্নসশ্ন য হার হশ্নয় থাশ্নক ।
তেতন পাতনর সাশ্নথ রাসায়তনক ন্ধন গ্ঠন কশ্নর শ্নল র্ুক্ত পাতনর অো বদ্খা বদ্য় । এর্নতক অণুজীশ্ন র বদ্হ
হশ্নিও পাতন লশােণ কশ্নর । পাতনর্ুক্ত পতরশ্ন ে অণুজীশ্ন র জন্য প্রাণঘািক তহশ্নসশ্ন কাজ কশ্নর ফশ্নল খাদ্য দুগ্মন্ধযুক্ত
ও নি হয় না । এো়ো তেতনর দ্র ণ খাশ্নদ্যর র্শ্নধয অণুজী গুলোবক ংে ত স্তার করশ্নি াধার স ৃতি কশ্নর । ফশ্নল
সংরতক্ষি খাদ্য দ্ীঘমতদ্ন িার পুতির্ান অপতর তিমি রাশ্নখ । 60 % ঘনর্াোর তেতন ল শ্নণর র্ল া কাজ কশ্নর । আোর
তিতরর বক্ষশ্নে তেশ্ননগ্াশ্নরর সাশ্নথ এশ্নক ল াগ্ করা হয় ।

ভামসটমট পাটট
➢ 1996 mv‡j WHO KZ…©K Av‡qvwRZ Ôwek¦ Lv`¨ kxl© m‡¤§jbÕ ev ÔWorld Food SummitÕ G wewfbœ ivóª-
➢ Lv`¨ wbivcËv wb‡¤œv³ wZbwU wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ|
➢ gyLx f‚wgKv‡K g~jZ `yÕwU As‡k Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
➢ K…wl Rwg‡Z Aw`KZi cwigv‡Y dmj Drcv`b Lv`¨ wbivcËvi cÖavb kZ© | bvB‡Uªv‡Rbhy³ cÖavb mvi n‡jv BDwiqv
(NH 2 )2 C = O; | dmdivm hy³ mvi n‡jv TSP (wUªcj mycvi dm‡dU) ev g‡bvK¨vjwmqvgWvB nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dm‡dU
Ca (H 2 PO4 )2 ; WvB A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU (DAP ), ( NH 4 )2 HPO4 BZ¨vw`| cUvwmqvghy³ mvi n‡jv wgD‡iU Ae
cUvm KCl , cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU KNO 3 BZ¨vw`| Giv Dw™¢‡ì dzj dj avi‡Y mnvqK| aŸsmKvix welv³ ivmvqwbK
c`v_©, G‡ì‡K Bb‡mKwUmvBW (insecticides) e‡j|
➢ Lv‡`¨ Uw·b wgwkÖZ nIqv‡K dzj cqRwbs ejv nq| Uw·b ¯œvqyZš¿‡K AvµgY K‡i g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ NUv‡Z cv‡i|
➢ Lv`¨`ë¨ msiÿ‡Y CaC 2 I digvwjb eënvi wbwl×|
➢ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ Ges 30 0 − 45 0 C ZvcgvÎv e¨vK‡Uwiqvi e„w× I G‡ì Dr‡mP‡Ki wµqv Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨
LyeB Dc‡hvMx Ae¯’v|
➢ Dw™¢¾ djg~j, kvK cÖvwYR gvQ gvsmmn †h †Kv‡bv KvPv ev ivbœv Kiv Lv`¨ e¯‘ bó nIqvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv g~jZ wZbwU|
avZe Avq‡bi cÖfv‡e ˆZjI Pwe©hy³ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z RviY-we‡hvRb wewµqv|
➢ Lv`¨ msiÿK ev dzj wcÖRvi‡fwUfm‡K g~jZ `yÕ‡kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq; †hgb,
➢ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z ch©vß cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w×i mnvqK| Lv`ë¯‘‡Z _vKv cvwb mwµqZv n‡jv GKwU
cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb ev d¨v±i| Lv`ë¯‘i Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡k Rjxq ev‡¯úi cwigv‡Yi AbycvZ‡K cvwb mwµqZv (a w ) ev
water activity ejv nq| mwµqZv (aw ) Gi gvb 0 (k~b¨) ‡_‡K 1.0 Gi g‡a¨ aiv nq| cvwb ev®úwenxb m¤ú~Y© ï®‹
Lv`ë¯‘‡Z aw = 0 aiv nq| e¨vK‡Uwiqv B÷ ev QÎvK (moulds) Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv| Lv`ë¯‘‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w×i Rb¨
a w  0.90 cÖ‡qvRb B÷ Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ aw  0.88 Ges QÎvK Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ aw  0.80 n‡Z nq| Lv`ë¯‘i
†KŠUvRvZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cvwb mwµqZv (aw ) Gi gvb 0.6 Gi Kg ivLv nq|
➢ ‡Km nv‡W©wbs (case hardening) e‡j| G‡ZLv`ë¯‘ AvqZ‡b msKzwPZ nq| B÷ I QÎvK cvwbi Afv‡e Rb¥vq bv|
case ej‡Z Lv`ë¯‘i DcwiZj‡K †evSvq|
➢ kxZjKiY c×wZi mdjZvi KviY n‡jv AwZwb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq,e¨vK‡Uwiqv m¤ú~Y© wbw¯Œq Ges Lv`ë¯‘i GbRvBg wµqvnxb
Zv‡K| `yB ¯Í‡i Kiv hvq| G ¯Í‡i 00 C − 40 C wb¤œZvcgvÎvq mvaviY wd«‡R Lv`ë¯‘ msiÿY Kiv nq| − 50 C †_‡K
− 18 0 C wb¤œZvcgvÎvq ev wWc wd«wRs G Lv`¨ msiÿY Kiv nq| wWc Ae¯’vq e¨vK‡Uwiqv ( − 50 C †_‡K − 10 0 C )
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbw®Œq n‡q c‡o|
➢ njy` n‡jv A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U, hv cPb Kv‡R evav †`q| mwilvi †Zj e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Lv`ë¯‘i ms¯úk© †_‡K `~‡i iv‡L|
cPbkxj Lv`ë¯‘‡K Lv`¨ jeY ( NaCl ) ev Gi Mvp `ªeY Øviv msiÿY cÖwµqv‡K wKDwis ejv nq| 7 − 8% NaCl
ev Gi AwaK (15 − 20 % ) Mvp `ªeY eënvi K‡i KvPv Avg, AvgjwK, PvjZv, RjcvB, MvRi, KvPvgwiP, BZ¨vw`‡K
msiÿY Kiv nq| mvgyw`ªK Bwjk gvQ‡K j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e PvKz w`‡q †K‡U ¸ov jeY XzwK‡q msiÿY Kiv nq| mwilvi †Zj
Mig K‡i A_ev cÖLi †iv‡` Av`ª©Zv gy³ K‡i wewfbœ d‡ji gmjvhy³ AvPvi ‰Zwi‡Z eëüZ nq| 65 − 70 % wPwbi `ªe‡Y
Wzwe‡q wb‡j H Kvaë¯‘ `xN©w`b AweK…Z Zv‡K|

➢ AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e Aby‡gvw`Z ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfmg~n wZb †kÖwYfz³| A¨vw›UgvB‡µvev‡qj ivmvqwbK wcÖRvi‡fwUfm
e¨vK‡Uwiqv, B÷ I †gvìm Gi e„w× cÖwZnZ K‡i| wcÖRvi‡fwUf A¤øagx nq| †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †ebRwqK GwmW
(m. p.121 C ) KwVb| cUvwmqvg mi‡eU †mvwWqvg mi‡eU I K¨vjwmqvg mi‡eU (KwVb)| mvqwUªK GwmW (KwVb,
0
(m. p.153 C ) | A¨vwmwUK GwmW (Zij (b. p.118 C )| K¨vjwmqvg †cÖvcv‡bv‡qU (C H COO ) Ca (s ) | bvB‡UªU
0 0
2 5 2
I bvBUªvBU jeY ( NaNO2 , KNO3 , , NaNO2 )(s ) | mvjdvBU, SO2 M¨vm (cUvwmqvg †gUv evBmvjdvBU, K 2 S 2 O5
)
➢ wcÖRvi‡fwUf n‡jv `ye©j Kve©w·wjK GwmW| Gwm‡Wi pH gvb 4.74 (CH 3COOH ) ‡_‡K wb¤œgvb 3.14 (mvqwUªK
GwmW) Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
➢ ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU n‡jv †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi jeY, G‡ì AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡jv C6 H 5COONa , C6 H 5COOH
‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq †ebRwqK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq|
➢ ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †ebRwqK GwmW Gi pH gvb 4.2(K a = 6.3  10 −5 ) | A¨vw›UgvB‡µvev‡qj Kvh©KvwiZv
pH 4.5 Gi wb‡P ‡ewk _v‡K| wcÖRvi‡fwUfmiƒ‡c G‡ì Aby‡gvw`Z eënvi‡hvM¨ me©vw`K gvÎv n‡jv 0.1% |
➢ c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi wKQz msL¨K G÷vi c¨viv‡ebbv‡g Km‡gwUKI wkí Ges Lv`¨`ªe¨ msiÿ‡Y `xN©w`b eëüZ
n‡PQ| c¨viv‡eb m`m¨ n‡jv wg_vBj c¨vi‡eb, B_vBj c¨viv‡eb, †cÖvcvBj c¨viv‡eb I whDUvBj c¨viv‡eb| c¨viv‡eb
K…wÎg D‡÷v‡Rb bvgK ni‡gvb ˆZwi K‡i|
➢ miweK GwmW n‡jv 2,4 †n·vWvB Bb IwqK GwmW, (CH 3 − CH = CH − CH = CH − COOH ) |
➢ cUvvwmqvg mi‡eU c„w_exi me©Î Lv`ë¯Íi wcÖRvi‡fwUeiƒ‡c eëüZ nq| wf‡bMvi ev 6 − 10 % A¨vwmwUK GwmW Gi
e¨vK‡Uwiqv `gb ÿgZv Gi pH gvb 4.8 ch©šÍ Kvh©Ki _v‡K| me©vwaK gvÎv n‡jv 0.1% |
➢ A¨vwmwUK GwmW CH COOH , K
3 a 
= 1.8  10 −5 , pH = 4.74 | Drcbœ ‡cÖvcv‡bvqwK Gwm‡Wi
K a = 1.3  10 −5 , pH = 4.89 |
➢ ‡R‡bfv c×wZ‡Z mvqwUªK Gwm‡Wi bvg n‡jv 2 nvBWªw· †cÖv‡cb- 1,2,3 UªvBKve©w·wjK GwmW| mvqwUªK Gwm‡Wi we‡qvRb
aªæeK K a Gi gvb †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi K a (6.3  10 −5 ) Gi gvb †_‡K †ewk| RviK c`v_©iƒ‡c KHO3 , KNO 2 ev
NaNO3 , NaNO 2 jeY dzW †cÖRvi‡ewUeiƒ‡c eëüZ nq| gvsm I gvsmRvZ Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y bvBUªvBU I bvB‡UªU jeY
eëüZ nq| Aby‡gvw`Z gvÎv 120 ppm | Rvg©vwb, biI‡q‡Z Gme jeY Lv`¨ msiÿKiƒ‡c wbwl× n‡q‡Q| SO2 M¨vm
mivmwi eëüZ nq bv| mvjdvBU jeY ( NaSO3 ) A_ev cUvwkqvg †gUv WvBmvjdvBU (K 2 S 2 O5 ) ev cvB‡ivmvjdvBU
iƒ‡c eënvi Kiv nq|
➢ gy³ gyjK †kvlYKvix A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›U n‡jv (1) weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· Gwbmj| weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· Ujy&Bb|
Uviwmqvwi weDUvBj nvBWªKzB‡bvb| †cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU|
➢ Aw·‡Rb †kvlYKvix A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U (1) wfUvwgb C , (2) wfUvwgb E , (3) mvjdvBU jeY| A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›Umg~n `yB
†kÖwYfy³| cÖvK…wZK A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›Umg~n wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨ e¯‘i Dr‡m _v‡K|
➢ Cu I Fe Df‡q Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb A webó K‡i I Lv`ë¯‘‡Z weeY© K‡i|
➢ (Greek ' Chele (wK‡j) = Crab' sClaw )| EDTA[ethylene dia min e tetra te, | wØ`šÍx wjM¨vÛ
(bidentat ligand) ‡hgb BZwjb WvBA¨vwgb (H 2 N − CH 2 − CH 2 ) − NH 2 wK‡jwUs G‡R›U eëüZ nq|
➢ ‡KŠUvRvZKiY mwVKfv‡e Abym„Z bv n‡j H Lv`ë¯‘‡Z K¬mwUªwWqvg eUzwjqvg e¨vK‡Uwiqvi e„w× N‡U| eUzwjR‡gi Kvi‡Y
dzW-cqRwbs ev Lv`¨ wemv³ nq| &cÖavb kZ© n‡jv me©vwaK weï× KvPvgvj ev Dcv`vb eënvi nq|

➢ ‡ewk A¤øxq Lv`ë¯‘i ( pH  4.6 ) ‡ejvq 82 0 C 0 ‡_‡K 100 0 C Ges Kg A¤øxq Lv`ë¯‘, gvQ-gvs‡mi ( pH  4.6)
‡ejvq 115 0 C ‡_‡K 1210 C ch©šÍ DËß Ki‡j Lv`ë¯‘ cPb I webóKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv (gvB‡µvAM©vwbRg) g‡i hvq|
1 1
➢ gvQ I gvs‡mi †ejvq AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask c„_K K‡i wb‡q − AvKv‡i UzKiv Kiv nq|
2 2
➢ ‡Kvmv Qvov‡bv I UzKiv Kiv KvPv Lv`¨ e¯‘‡K dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z ev dzUšÍ cvwb ev‡®ú 5 − 10 wgwbU DËß Kiv nq| G cÖwµqv‡K
eøvwÂs e‡j| big mewR I †ewk cvKv dj‡K eøvwÂs Kiv nq| †KŠUvq djg~j, mewR ev Lv`ë¯‘‡K `yÕfv‡e fwZ© Kiv hvq,
†ghb packing & hot packing| Hot packing Gi †ejvq KvPv Lvevi 5 − 10 wgwbU wm× K‡i †KŠUvq fwZ© Kiv
nq| K¨vwbs Zijiƒ‡c d‡ji †ÿ‡Î 30 − 40 % wPwbi `ªeY Ges mewR, gvP-gvs‡mi †ÿ‡Î 7 − 15 % NaCl `ªeY †KŠUvi
Lv`¨ e¯‘‡Z †hvM Kiv nq|
➢ Lv`¨ fwZ© †KŠUv‡K GMRw÷s I wmwjs Kivi `ywUc×wZ Av‡Q|
➢ O2 Gi Afv‡e e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥vq bv| wmwjs Kivi ci dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z dj I mewRi †KŠUv‡K 100 0 C G 30 wgwbU DËß
Kiv nq| wiUwU©s †k‡l Mig †KŠUvK¸‡jv‡K Rvi wjdUvi Øviv DwV‡q 25 0 C kxZj Kiv nq|
➢ wmwjs Kivi ci †KŠUvmn †cÖmvi K¨vbvi‡K cÖvq 240 0 ‡_‡K 250 0 ZvcgvÎvq 30 ‡_‡K 100 wgwbU ch©šÍ (Lv`ë¯‘i
cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i) DËß Kiv nq| †cÖmvi K¨vbv‡ii XvKwb‡Z _vKv Pvcgvcvi hš¿ eM© BwÂ‡Z 10 †_‡K 15 cvDÛ Pvc
†iKW© nq| †cÖmvi K¨vwbs G eëüZ †KŠUv ev Rvi : ej Rvi, †gmb Rvi|
➢ 1964 mv‡j me©cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvq dzW K¨vwbs Gi Rb¨ †jvnv avZz †_‡K ˆZwi K¨vb eëüZ nq c‡i 1972 mv‡ji wU‡bi
cvZ †_‡K dzW K¨vwbs Gi Rb¨ DbœZ K¨vb ˆZwi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b One piece, Two piece bv‡g wewfbœ AvKvi mvB‡Ri
avZe K¨vb eëüZ nq|
➢ ivRkvnx AÂ‡j cÖPzi Avg Drcvw`Z nq|
➢ Kivi ci 30 − 40 % wPwbi `ªeY I 0.25 % mvqwUªK GwmW `ªeY †hvM| wPwbi Mvp `ªeY I mvqwUªK GwmW
wcÖRvi‡ewUfmiƒ‡c KvR K‡i| 850 ZvcgvÎvq GMRwós 20 − 30 wgwbU 100 0 ZvcgvÎvq|
➢ Qvwo‡q 1 AvKv‡ii UzKiv|
➢ KvVvj GKwU †hŠwMK dj (multiple aggergate fruit)
➢ ‡KŠUv‡Z mewR‡K fwZ© Kivi c~‡e© mewR‡K eøvwÂs K‡i mewRi AvcwËKi MÜ `~i Kiv nq| †`wk dj I mewRi
†KŠUvRvZKi‡Y GKwU cv_©K¨ n‡jv eøvwÂs|
➢ ‡kÖwYMZfv‡e f‚Æv n‡jv wb¤œ GwmWfz³ Lv`ë¯‘|fzÆvi ‡cÖmvi K¨vwbs eënvi KivB DËg| fzÆvi `vbv¸‡jv‡K KovB‡Z wb‡q
cÖwZ Pvi Kvc fzÆvi Rb¨ GK Kvc dzUb&Í cvwb †hvM K‡i cªvq cvP wgwbU dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z DËß K‡i eøvwÂs †gl Kiv nq|
1
eøvwÂs †k‡l f‚Æv‡K RxevYygy³ †KŠUv fwZ© K‡i †KŠUvi gy‡L Lvwj AvUKv‡b nq| K¨v‡b †i‡L cÖ_‡g 85 − 90 0
2
ZvcgvÎvq 10 wgwbU GMRw÷s Ges K¨vbv‡i 115 − 121 ZvcgvÎvq 30 wgwbU wiUwU©s Kiv nq| wbqg g‡Z †cÖmvi
0
K¨vwbs c×wZ‡Z GwU msiÿY Kiv nq|

➢ U‡g‡Uv¸‡jv‡K dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z 2 − 3 wgwbU|
➢ (0.2 − 20% ) , LwbR jeY (1− 1.8%) , wfUvwgb (0.2 − 1%) Ges KwVb c`v_© (24 − 35%) | gv‡Qi G Pwe©
weUvwgb A I D Gi GKwU cÖavb Drm| ZnO cÖ‡jchy³ mvjdvi cÖwZ‡ivaK †KŠUv‡Z gv‡Qi †cÖvwU‡bi g‡bvgvi wmw÷b
I wgw_‡qvwbb A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi mvjdvi ZnO Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡iv mv`v ZnS MVb K‡i hv gv‡Qi eY© D¾¡j K‡i|
➢ gvsm n‡jv mylg †cÖvwUbRvZxq Lv`¨| cvwb 75 % , †cÖvwUb 19 % , Pwe© 2.5% , Kv‡e©vB‡WªU 0.3% A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
1.65 % A‰Re jeY 0.65 % , j¨vKwUK GwmW 0.9% |

➢ K¨vbv‡i †i‡K 85 0 − 100 0 C ZvcgvÎvq 10 wgwbU GMRw÷s K‡i K¨vY¸‡jv‡K wmw¤ús Kiv nq| Gici K¨v¸‡jv‡K
1
†cÖmvi K¨vbv‡i 1210 C ZvcgvÎvq 1− 1 N›Uv wiUwU©s Kiv nq|
2
➢ Kj‡qW Gi D`vniY n‡jv `ya ev wgé| `ya n‡jv Kj‡qW †kÖwYi GKwU Bgvjkb| AvKv‡i e¨vm nq 2 NM ‡_‡K
500 NM Gi g‡a¨| Kj‡qW wgkÖY cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mgmË¡xq _v‡K bv; mgZË¡xq Ae¯Ív nq|
➢ `y‡ai †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv n‡jv Pwe© I †cÖvwUb; we¯ÍvwiZ gva¨g n‡jv cvwb| evUv‡ii †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv n‡jv
cvwbi ¸”Q AYy; we¯ÍvwiZ gva¨g n‡jv Pwe©‡Xjv| wgjK Ae g¨vM‡bwmqv [ Mg (OH )2 + cvwb] Gi †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv
n‡jv KwVb Mg (OH )2 Gi KYv we¯ÍwiZ gva¨g n‡jv cvwb| wgé Ae jvBg [ Ca (OH )2 + cvwb] Gi †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ
KYv n‡jv Ca (OH )2 we¯ÍvwiZ gva¨g n‡jv cvwb|
➢ Kj‡qW KYvi Giƒc wbR¯^ MwZkxj ag©‡K Avwe¯‹viK (Robert Brown) Gi bvgvbymv‡i eªvDbxq MwZ e‡j| Kj‡qW
KYvi AvKvi hZ QvU nq ZZ †ewk nq Ges ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j Kj‡qW KYvi eªvDbxq MwZ e„w× cvq|
➢ Kj‡qW Ae¯’vq ¯’vwqZ¡ cÖ`v‡b eªvDbxq MwZi f‚wgKv Av‡Q| Kj‡qW KYvmg~n Øviv `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi we”QziY ag©‡K Avwe¯‹viK
weÁvbx wUÛv‡ji bvgvbymv‡i wUÛvi cÖfve e‡j| AvjÆªv gvB‡µv‡¯‹v‡c †`Lv hvq| cÖK…wZ‡Z wUÛvi cÖfv‡e Ic‡ii AvKvk
Avmgvwb Ges Mfxi mgy‡`ªi Rjivwk bxj eY© †`Lvq|
➢ wUÛvj cÖfv‡ei Ici wfwË K‡i me©cÖ_g weÁvbx wRMgwÛ AvjÆv gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| eo Kj‡qW KYvi wmjfvi
mj †e¸wb e‡Y©i Ges †QvU KYvi wmjfvi mj njy`vf Kgjv e‡Y©i †`Lvq| eo Kj‡qW KYvi †Mvì mj bxj e‡Y©i Ges
†QvU KYvi ‡Mvì mj jvj e‡Y©i nq| `ªveK weKlx© Kj‡qW (mj) cÖ¯‘wZi c×wZ¸‡jv `y&fv‡M wef³|
➢ RviY c×wZ‡Z AavZe †gŠ‡ji Kj‡qW mj cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq| H 2 S M¨vm‡K †eªvwgb cvwb‡Z A_ev jMœ HNO3 Gi `ªe‡Y
Pvjbv Ki‡j mvjdvi mj Drcbœ nq| mj †kÖwYi we¯ÍviY gva¨g cvwb nIqvq Giv nvB‡Wªvmj nq| avZe nvBWª·vBW mj
n‡jv abvZ¥K PvR©hy³| avZzi mj n‡jv FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ †hgb †Mvì-mj, cøvwUbvg-mj, wmjfvi-mj| avZe mvjdvBW
mj n‡jv FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³|
➢ `ªveK AvKlx© Kj‡qW †hgb ÷v‡P©i mj, Mvg, wR‡jwUb cÖf…wZ‡Z Mig cvwb‡Z RvwK‡q mn‡R cÖ¯Í…Z Kiv hvq| weKlx©
Kj‡qW †hgb wewfbœ mj †kÖwYi Kj‡qW, †dwiK nvBWª·vBW - mj †Mvì mj| mj cÖf…wZ n‡jv Kg ¯’vqx Kj‡qW| `ªveK-
AvKlx© Kj‡q‡Wi KviY n‡jv 3wU| eªvDbxq MwZ Kj‡q‡Wi ¯’vwqZ¡ ev myw¯’wZi Aby¨Zg KviY| Kj‡q‡Wi PvR© Kj‡q‡Wi
¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ g~L¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wg‡mj nvB‡Wªvmj MVb K‡i|
➢ M¨vm we¯ÍviY gva¨g n‡j, ZLb Kj‡qWwUi G‡ivmj n‡e| G‡ivmj `yB cÖKvi|
➢ M¨vm we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv n‡j, ZLb Kj‡qwUi bvg †dvg n‡e| †dvg `yB cÖKvi|
➢ Zij we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘ KYv n‡j, ZLb Kj‡qWwUi bvg †Rj A_ev Bgvjkb n‡e|
➢ KwVb we¯ÍwiZ e¯‘ KYv n‡j, ZLb Kj‡qWwUi bvg mj n‡j| mj `yB cÖKvi|
➢ 500 nm Gi †P‡q eo nq, Zv‡K mvm‡cbkb e‡j| mvm‡cbk‡bi D`vniY n‡jv i³| mvm‡cbkb n‡jv Kj‡q‡Wi GKwU
A¯’vqx Ae¯’v| Kj‡qW KYvi e¨vm (2nm − 500 nm ) ‡_‡K mvm‡cbkb KYvi e¨vm ( 500 nm ) ev 10 −5 cm †_‡K
A‡bK eo nq|
➢ mvm‡cbk‡bi KYvi AvKvi 10 −5 cm †_‡K eo nq| K‡jiv f¨vKwmb n‡jv GKwU mvm‡cbkb| `y‡a GwmW †hvM Ki‡j
Kj‡hW KYv¸‡jv (Pwe© I †cÖvwUb) ¸”Qe× n‡q `B ˆZwi K‡i| ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cÖfv‡e Kj‡qW ga¨¯’ ej bó nq, Zv‡K
‡dvqv¸‡j›U e‡j| K¨vUvqwbK †Kvqv¸‡j›U abvZ¥K we`y¨r PvR© ‡hvMvb w`‡q Kj‡qW KYv¸‡jvi PvR© †m n«vm K‡i †`q|

➢ As 2 S3 Kj‡hW‡K †Kvqv¸‡jk‡b eëüZ K¨vUvq‡bi †Kvqv¸‡jkb ÿgZv n‡jv Al 3+  Ba 2 +  Na + | Fe (OH )3
Kj‡qW‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb eëüZ A¨vbvq‡bi †Kvqv¸‡jkb ÿgZv n‡jv
Fe(CN )6 3−  Cr2O42−  SO42−  C2O42−  Br − |
➢ wcUzBUvwi Mø¨vÛ †_‡K wbtmwiZ †cÖvj¨vKwUb ni‡gvb i³ cÖev‡n gggvwi Møv‡Û Gm `y‡»i wbtmiY NUvq| Mvfxi `y‡ai
Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ n‡jv 1.029 − 1.039 | `y‡ai Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ j¨vK‡UvwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ gvcv nq| `y‡ai pH gvb
n‡jv 6.6 − 6.9 | `ya‡K msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ 10 0 C ZvcgvÎv I e¨vK‡Uwiqvgy³ cwi‡eg ìKvi| cÖvwY‡f‡` `y‡a cvwbi
cwigvY 82 − 88 % | `y‡ai Pwe© n‡jv wewfbœ wjwcW wgkÖY, UªvBwMmvivBWmg~n _v‡K| `y‡ai evwYwR¨K gvb Gi Pwe© gvL‡bi
Ici wbf©i K‡i| cÖvwY‡f‡` Pwe©i cwigvY 3.5 − 7.4% nq| gv‡qi `y‡a 0.9% Ges cïi `y‡a 3.2 − 4.6% †cÖvwUb
_v‡K| `y‡a wZb †kÖwYi †cÖvwUb _v‡K| j¨vKU Gjeywgb I j¨vK‡Uv‡Møveywjb‡K †mivg ev †nv‡q †cÖvwUb e‡j| K¨vwRb n‡jv
`y‡ai cÖavb †cÖvwUb Dcv`vb| MVbMZfv‡e K¨vwRb n‡jv GK cÖKvi dm‡dv‡cÖvwUb| K¨vwRb cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq| `y‡ai cÖavb
†cÖvwUb K¨vwRb Pvi ai‡bi nq| j¨vK‡UvR ev `y»wPwb `y‡ai GKgvÎ WvBm¨vmvivBW Kve©nvB‡WªU Dcv`vb| j¨vK‡UvR `y‡ai
Am‡gvj iƒ‡c KvR K‡i| GwU gvggvwi Møv‡Û ev ¯Í‡b cvwb‡K Amgwmm cÖwµqvq †U‡b Av‡b `y‡a 7.1% Ges cÖvYxi `y‡a
4.6 − 4.8% j¨vK‡UvR _v‡K| Aw¯’ MV‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK K + , Ca 2 + I dmdivm AwaK cwigv‡Y _v‡K| wfUvwgb
G `y‡a †ewk _v‡K| `y‡ai cÖ¯‘wZKiY I dzUv‡bvi Kvi‡Y `y‡a wfUvwgb wm b÷ nq|
➢ 3.9% d¨vU ev Pwe© 3.2% †cÖvwUb KYv _v‡K| µxg‡K cwi‡kva‡b gvLb cvIqv hvq| †Nv‡ji g‡a¨ Gjeywgb I
j¨vK‡Uv‡Møveywjb A_©vr †nv‡q †cÖvwUb _v‡K| GKwU w÷‡ji cv‡Î H µxg wb‡q 60 − 70 0 Gi g‡a¨ 30 wgwbU DËß Kiv
nq Gi †P‡q ZvcgvÎv †ewk n‡j Drcbœ gvL‡bi ¯^v` bó nq| `y‡ai cv¯‘wiZ µxg‡K 10 − 12 N›Uv hver wd«‡R 50 − 10 0
ZvcgvÎvi g‡a¨ ivLv nq| evUvi Pvwb©s †gwk‡bi 40 − 50 % Ask GwRs Kiv µxg Øviv c~Y© Kiv nq| Pwe©KYv&¸‡jv mse×
n‡q eo AvKv‡ii evUvi KYv m„w÷ K‡i| jeY ( NaCl ) gvL‡bi wcÖRvi‡fwUfiƒ‡c KvR K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK gvb Abymv‡i
DbœZ gvLb Kgc‡ÿ 80 % `y»Pwe© _vKv DwPZ| gvLb wfUvwgb G Gi Drc„ó Drm| cÖwZ kZMÖvg gvL‡b 3000 − 4000
I.U cwigvY wfUvwgb G _v‡K| kZMÖvg gvL‡bi Lv`¨gvb 730 kcal
➢ evwYwR¨K evUvi ev gvL‡b 80 − 82 % `y» Pwe©, 16 − 17 % cvwb Ges 0.8% †cÖvwUbmn 1 − 2% Lv`¨ jeY ( NaCl )
wcÖRvi‡fwUiƒ‡c wgwkÖZ _v‡K| gvLb‡K cvwb gy³KiY Gi A_© n‡jv gvL‡b cvwbi cwigvY 16 − 17 % Gi g‡a¨ ivLv|
➢ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k iÜb wk‡í ivbœvi †Z‡ji cwie‡Z© wN eëüZ nq| c„n‡¯Íi N‡i ˆZwi Kiv wN myMÜhy³|
➢ 64 0 C G m¤ú~Y© M‡j hvq| cÖ¯‘Z wN ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq 4 − 6 gvm msiÿY Kiv m¤¢e|
➢ `y‡ai pH gvb (6.6 − 6.9) wbqš¿Y Kiv ìKvi| ci `xN©mgq (8-12 N›Uv) †Lvjv Ae¯’vq †i‡L| pH gvb 6.5 Gi
Kg n‡j `y‡ai Pwe© I †cÖvwUb| Aí cwigv‡Y NaHCO 3 Avevi Na 2 CO3 `ªeY †hvM K‡i pH gvb‡K 6.6. − 6.9
Gi g‡a¨ ivL‡Z nq|
➢ cv¯‘ivqb `yB cw×wZ‡Z Kiv nq 1. Holder process & 2. high temp short time process (HTST)| Holder
c×wZ : G c×wZ‡Z `ya‡K 63 0 − 66 0 ZvcgvÎvq AbwaK 30 wgwbU DËß K‡i `ªæZ 10 0 G kxZj Kiv nq| HIST
c×wZ : HIST c×wZ‡Z `ya‡K 74 0 ZvcgvÎvq 13 †m‡KÛ DËß K‡i `ªyZ 10 0 G kxZj Kiv nq| QvKb I †evZj
Ave× K‡i 100 0 ZvcgvÎvq 25 wgwbU IqvUvi ev_ A_ev Pvchy³ w÷g Øviv DËß Kiv nq| wkï‡ì Rb¨ G `ya Dc‡hvMx
bq|
➢ cvwbi g‡Zv B_vbjI †cvjvi Zij| 2 − 3% myMwÜ‡K `ªexf‚Z Ki‡Z 7 − 8% B_vbj I 1% cvwbi wgkÖY eëüZ
nq| G †gb_j n‡jv GKwU PvwµK A¨vj‡Kvnj| AwaKvsk cÖvK…wZK Dw™¢‡ì myMÜ ivmvqwbK †hŠM n‡jv G÷vi|

➢ ‡`n Z¡K gvbe kix‡ii me‡P‡q eo Zš¿ ev organ; GwU cÖvq 20 sq feet AvqZb wb‡q cy‡i kixi‡K †X‡K iv‡L| Z¡K
g~jZ wZbwU As‡g wef³| ewntZ¡K I GwcWviwg‡mi cvPwU ¯Íi †hgb _‡K µgvš^‡q| †KivwUb Gwcw_wjvj †Kvl‡K
ÿwZKi cÖfve †_‡K iÿv K‡i Ges †_‡KB Pzj bL I cïi wks MwVZ nq| G keratin G cÖvq 10 % cvwb ev Av`©ªZv
_v‡K| Dw™¢` ‰Zj A_ev †c‡Uªvwjqvg †Rwj| g~jZ wµ‡g ˆZ‡ji % cwigvY †ewk wµ‡g n‡jA water in oil (W/O)
Bgvjkb| †jvk‡b ˆZ‡ji cwigY Kg, wKš‘ weï× cvwbi % cwigvb †ewk _v‡K| ‡jvkb †ewk Dc‡hvMx nq MÖx®§Kv‡j,
hLb evZvm Av`©ªZv †ewk _v‡K|
➢ f¨vwbwks wµg (‡¯œv) n‡jv oil in water (O/W) emulsion; wKš‘ †Kvì wµg n‡jv wateri in oil(O/W)
emulsion|
➢ ‡Mvjvc dz‡ji cvcwo I cvwbi wgkªY‡K w÷g cvwZZ K‡i msM„nxZ cvwZZ Zi‡j †Mvjvc Rj e‡j| GwU GKwU nvB‡Wªvmj|
†MvjvcR‡ji g‡bvgy»Ki myM‡Üi KviY n‡jv wdbvBj B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj|
➢ cvBb ˆZ‡j cÖavbZ  Uviwcbj (g‡bvUviwcb A¨vj‡Kvnj) _v‡K| hy³ cvBb ˆZj (pine oil) myMwÜiƒ‡c eëüZ nq|
➢ Wveyi Avgjv A‡q‡j g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv bvi‡Kj †Zj| nve©vj †nqvi A‡q‡j| Avgjv Pzj‡K gReyZ K‡i Ges Pz‡ji Kv‡jv
is weeY© n‡Z evav †`q|
➢ kix‡ii Av`ª©Zv I Ng©‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †UjKg cvDWvi eënvi Kiv nq| †UjKg cvDWv‡ii cÖavb ev g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv †UjK
Gi ivmvqwbK bvg nB‡Wª‡UW g¨vM‡bwmqvg wmwj‡KU| wR¼ w÷qv‡iU n‡jv †Kvgj A¨vw›U‡mcwUK| w÷qv‡i‡Ui cwigvY
4 − 10 % Gi g‡a¨ n‡q _v‡K|
➢ ‡eex cvDWvi eva¨Zvg~jK GKwU A¨vw›U‡mcwUK| †eex cvDWvi A¨vw›U‡mcwUK iƒ‡c †evwiK GwmW cvDWvi eëüZ nq|
†eex cvDWvi AZ¨šÍ gm„Y| wR¼ w÷qv‡i‡Ui e`‡j wjw_qvg w÷qv‡iU A_ev Awjf A‡qjI eëüZ nq|
➢ ‰Zjv³ Z¡‡Ki †ek Dc‡hvMx | f¨vwbwks wµg n‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e †Zj cvwb ev oil in water (O/W) Bgvjkb|
➢ KwVb w¯úqvwiK GwmW †_‡KI f¨vwbwks wµg cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
➢ w÷qvwiK Gwm‡Wi Mjbv¼ n‡jv 70 0 | G÷vwiKi‡Yi Rb¨ wgkªYwU‡K 80 0 − 85 0 ch©šÍ DËß Kiv nq|
➢ ‡Kvì wµg n‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e cvwb †Zj Bgvjkb|
➢ Ac‡k‡l cPb wbeviK (preservative) wn‡m‡e 0.02u †cÖvcvBj c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qU Ges 0.15 % wg_vBj
c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qU †gkv‡bv nq|
➢ MÖx®§Kv‡j I evqy‡Z Av`©ªZv ev Rjxq ev®ú hLb ‡ewk _v‡K| kxZKv‡j I ï®‹ AvenvIqvq A_©vr evZv‡m Rjxq ev®ú hLb
Kg _v‡K|
➢ wjcw÷K 1883 wLªóv‡ã †b`vij¨v‡Ûi Amsterdam Gi AbywôZ World Exhibition Gi c`wk©Z nq| 1834
wLªóv‡ã d«v‡Ý evwYwR¨Kfv‡e wjcw÷K Drcv`b ïiæ nq| wjcw÷‡Ki g~j Dcv`vb †gvg (Wax) I ‰Zj (oil)| †gvg
wjcw÷‡Ki `„pZv ev KvVv‡gv †`q| Kv÷i mv›`ªZv ev AvVv‡jv ag© (viscosity)|
➢ AvdUvi †kf cÖ¯‘wZi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv wZbwU|
➢ ‡g‡nw` cvZvi wbh©v‡m cÖavb Dcv`vb A¤øagx© jv‡mvb (lawsone) bvgK 2 − 2 nvBWªw·- 1,4 b¨vc_vKzB‡bvb ˆRe †hŠM
_v‡K| jv‡mvb Mig cvwb‡Z GesA¤øxq `ªe‡Y mn‡R `ªeYxq| nv‡Z eënv‡ii Rb¨ †g‡n`x †m‡÷i pH gvb 5.5 n‡j
GwUi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× cvq|
➢ mej ÿvi †hgb Kw÷K †mvWv ( NaOH ) G Kw÷K cUvm| Møvm wK¬bv‡i wMÖ‡Ri `ªveKiƒ‡c A¨v‡gvwbqv ÿvi `&ªeY eënvi
Kiv nq|
➢ G wZbwU welq nj Toilet bowl Gi `vM (stains), `yM©Ü (bad odor) `~ixKiY I RxevYy (germs) aŸsm Kiv| Kw÷K
†mvWv Zxeª ÿqÿviK, GwU Pvgovi ÿwZ K‡i|

➢ wMÖR ev ˆZjv³ c`v_©‡K `ªexf‚Z Kivi Rb¨ Møvm wK¬bv‡i _v‡K A¨v‡gvwbqv| g~j cwi®‹viK c`v_© NH 4 OH gqjv‡K `~i
Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvwb n‡jv Z…Zxq Dcv`vb hv Møvm ev Kv‡Pi Mv‡qiG me gqjv gqjv I ayjvevwj‡K ay‡q †d‡j| PZz_© Dcv`vb
ISO †cªvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj Kv‡Pi Mv‡q †j‡M _v‡K|
➢ wWUvi‡R›U I mvev‡bi †cvjvi AskwU cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| GwU‡K wWUvi‡R›U I mvev‡bi gv_v e‡j| Aci byb †cvjvi AskwU
nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi j¤^v wkKj|
➢ Møvm wK¬bv‡i Kw÷K †mvWv ( NaOH ) eënvi bv K‡i A¨vgvwbqv `ªeY eëüZ nq| wK¬bv‡i eëüZ A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªeY Kv‡Pi
wmwjKvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv| ZvB A¨v‡gvwbqv Kv‡Pi †Kv‡bv ÿwZ K‡i bv|
➢ Uq‡jU n‡jv †cv‡m©wjb mvgMÖx| †cv‡m©wjb ˆZwi nq Pvqbv †K¬ ( Al 2 O3 2 SiO2 2 H 2 O ) wmwjKv evwj (SiO2 ) I cUvk
†dÛ¯úvq (K 2 O. Al 2 .O3 .6 SiO2 ). wgkÖY‡K 1400 0 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i| †cv‡m©wjb wmivwgK cvwb‡ivax nq|
†cv‡m©wj‡bi Ici NaOH ÿvi `ªe‡Yi †Kv‡bv wµqv P‡j bv|
➢ AvL A_ev †LRy‡ii i‡m 16 − 20 % my‡µvR wPwb (C12 H 22 O11 ) _v‡K| B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi 6 − 10 % jNy Rjxq
`ªeYB wf‡bMvi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
➢ RvB‡gm GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e wPwb we‡hvwRZ n‡q B_vbj Drcbœ nq|
➢ gë wgkÖYwU‡Z 10 % B_vbj _v‡K|
➢ pH gvb 4.74 _v‡K| ZvB pH 4.74 A¤øxq gva¨‡g e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv|
➢ mewR †hgb kmv I gvQ,gvsm wf‡bMv‡i wcKwjs K‡i msiÿY Kiv hvq|
➢ wf‡bMvi mnRjf¨ I wb‡`©vl GKwU wcÖRvi‡fwUf| GwmW gva¨‡g wcKwjs ev AvPvi ˆZwi‡Z wf‡bMv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q
†ewk|
প্রিজারভেটিেস
❑ Lv‡`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿY:
Lv`¨`ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk G‡K mywbw`©ó wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& Gi gva¨‡g msiÿYKivcÖ‡qvRb| †hmeDc`vbLv‡`ï mv‡_
cwiwgZcwigv‡Ywgwk‡qLv`¨‡K wewfbœAYyRxemg~‡niAvµgY I eskwe¯Íviwbqš¿YK‡iGivBg~jZwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&| cvwicvwk¦©K
cwi‡ek‡Kcwi”Qbœ I RxevYygy³ ivL‡ZwK¬bvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKviv‡L|
❑ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& †K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡MfvMKivhvq:

1| b¨vPvivjdzWwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&|
†hgb- jeY, wPwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj, wf‡bMvi, †ZjBZ¨vw`|
2| K…wÎgevivmvqwbKdzWwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&|
❑ K…wÎgevivmvqwbKdzWwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&: mvaviYZwZbai‡bi K…wÎgdzWwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&i‡q‡Q|

1| Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj G‡R›U|
†hgb- †eb‡Rv‡qU, mi‡eU, bvBUªvBUBZ¨vw`|
2| Gw›UAw·‡W›U G‡R›U|
†hgb- mvjdvBU, wfUvwgb B, wfUvwgbwm, BHT, BHA, TBHQ, †cÖvcvBjM¨v‡jUcÖf…wZivmvqwbK `ªe¨‡K
Gw›UAw·‡W›U wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&wn‡m‡eeënviKiv nq|

3| wK‡jwUs G‡R›U|
†hgb- mvBwUªKGwmW, j¨vKwUKGwmW, A¨vmKiweKGwmW, cwjdm‡dU I EDTA-Gi eënvi †ekcÖPwjZ|
* ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 jeYØvivLv`¨ msiÿY‡KwKDwise‡j|
 B_vbwqKGwm‡Wi6-10%Rjxq `ªeYn‡jvwf‡bMvi|
 AYyRxeeskwe¯Ív‡iiAbyK‚jpHcwimi6.5-7.5|
 wfUvwgbB mg„× Lv‡`¨ wcÖRvi‡fwUfmwn‡m‡emvjdvBWeënviwbwl×|
 BHT-Gi c~Y©iƒc- weDUvB‡j‡UWnvBWªw· UjyBb|
 BHT-Gi ivmvqwbKms‡KZ- C15H24O
 BHA-Gi ivmvqwbKms‡KZ- C11H16O2
❑ Lv`¨ †KŠUvRvZKiYcÖYvwj:
Lv`¨ †KŠUvRvZKiYGgbGKwUc×wZ †hLv‡bLv`¨`ªe¨‡K RxevYygy³ K‡ievqy‡ivax Ae¯’vqwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&mnKv‡i †KŠUvig‡a¨
Lv`¨gvb‡KAÿzYœ †i‡LmsiÿYKiv nq|
* ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 †KŠUvqdjmsiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î30- 40%NbgvÎviwPwbi `ªeY‡KwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&wn‡m‡eeënviKiv nq|
 Avg †KŠUvRvZKi‡Y40%wPwb I 0.2%mvBwUªKGwmWeënviKiv nq|
 evuk †Kvijmsiÿ‡Y7-8%Lv`¨ jeYeëüZ nq|
 gv‡Q †cÖvwU‡bicwigvY14-20%|
 Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K RxevYygy³ Kivi Rb¨ 5-10wgwbUDËßKiv‡KeøvwÂse‡j|
 eøvwÂs G GbRvBgm¤ú~Y©iƒ‡caŸsm nq|
 †KŠUvqdjmsiÿ‡Y30-40%wPwb `ªeY, kvKmewR‡Z1.5-2.5%Lv`¨ jeYGesgvQ I gvs‡mi †ÿ‡Î7-15%Lv`¨
jeYwcÖRvi‡fwUfmwn‡m‡eeëüZ nq|
 GKRmwUs90–110CZvcgvÎvq5-7wgwbUa‡iKiv nq|
 AwaKGwmWwewkóLv`¨‡K 90-100CZvcgvÎvq30wgwbU †÷wijvB‡RkbKi‡Z nq|
 GwmW Kg wewkóLv`¨‡K 120CZvcgvÎvq1.5-2NÈv †÷wijvBwRsKiv nq|
 U‡g‡Uvmsiÿ‡Y10%NaCl `ªeY I 5%wPwbi `ªeYeëüZ nq|
Acade
mic M 200 ppm
1. n¨vgevMv©imsiÿ‡YeëüZ nq- N 300 ppm
KKClO3 L KIO3 3. ‡ewi‡ewi †ivMwU †KvbwfUvwg‡biAfv‡e N‡U?
M KBrO3 N KClO2 KK L B1
2. wcÖRvi‡fwUfwn‡m‡e †mvwWqvg M B6 NC
†ebR‡q‡Uieënv‡iiAby‡gvw`Zmxgv KZ? 4. MøvmwK¬bv‡i Kx eënviKiv nq?
K10 ppm L 100 ppm KB_vbj Lwf‡bMvi

MNH3 N NaOH M 5wU N 6wU
5. `y‡aipH KZ? 15. gvQ I gvsmmsiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †KŠUvi †fZ‡i
K6.5-6.75 L 7.5-7.75 †KvbwUicÖ‡jc †`qv nq?
M 6.4-6.56 N 6.0-6.15 KNiO L Ag2O
6. AvdUvi †mf †jvk‡bicÖavbDcv`vb †KvbwU? MZnO N ZnS
KA¨vj‡Kvnj L †gb_j 16. ‡KvbwU K…wÎgA¨vw›UAw·‡W›U?
Mcvwb Mj¨v‡bvw_j KwfUvwgbC LwfUvwgbE
7. Uq‡jUwK¬bvicÖ¯‘wZ‡ZeëüZ nq- MBK¨v‡ivwUb N †cÖvcvBjM¨v‡jU
KDw™¢¾ †Zj LwjKviA¨v‡gvwbqv 17. Lv`¨`ªe¨ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨
M †gvg N †ewKs †mvWv eûjeëüZGesmvkÖqxDcvq †KvbwU?
8. wf‡bMvi I GwmwUKGwm‡WikZKivcwigvY KZ? Kdigvwjbeënvi Lwf‡bMvieënvi
K6-9% L 6-10% MwngvMvieënvi N †KŠUvRvZKiY
M 10-15% N 10-20% 18. wb‡Pi †Kvb †RvovqA¨vw›UAw·‡W›U ag© we`¨gvb?
9. wb‡Pi †KvbwUU‡g‡Uv‡ZcvIqvhvq? KgwiP-njy` LNaCl-‰Zj
K _vqvwgb LA¨vmKiweKGwmW M ˆZj-njy` N je½-njy`
M †dvwjKGwmW N †iwUbj 19. ‡KvbZvcgvÎvqe¨vK‡Uwiqvi `ªæZe„w× N‡U?
10. 15CZvcgvÎvq `y‡ai Mo Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ n‡jv- K10 L 10-60
K1.5 L 1.2 M 60 N 185C
M 1.001 N 1.032 20. `ya Gi wgwó ¯^v‡ìKviYn‡jv `y‡aAv‡Q-
11. wb‡Pi †KvbwUcÖvK…wZKLv`¨ msiÿK? K ‡cÖvwUb Lj¨vK‡UvR
K ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU L †ebRwqKGwmW M my‡µvR Nm¨vKvwib
M †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW NN` †cÖvcv‡qv‡bU 21. AYyRx‡eiweKvk I e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-
12. Lv`¨ †KŠUvRvZKi‡Ywmivc †hvMKiY Gi cieZx© KA¤øxqcwi‡ek LRjxqcwi‡ek
avc †KvbwU? MÿvixqpH N37CZvcgvÎv
KeøvwÂs Lwmwjs 22. ‡`kxqdj¸‡jvi êwkó¨ n‡jv-
MG·Rw÷s NUzKivKiY KD”P A¤øhy³ L D”P ÿvixq
13. `y‡aEmulsifiern‡jv- Mwb¤œ A¤øhy³ NZxeª ÿvixq
KPwe© Lj¨vK‡UvR 23. Pwe©hy³ gv‡QiK¨vwbs G KZ ZvcgvÎvcÖ‡qvRb?
MM¨vjvK‡UvR N †cÖvwUb K110-115C L 90-110C
14. Lv`¨ `ªe¨ bónIqviKviYKqwU? M 130C N 121C
K 3wU L 4wU
Admissi
on
Ans: [D]
1. K…wÎgdzWwcÖRvi‡fwUfmn‡jv-
i. Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj G‡R›U 2. K…wÎgwcÖRvi‡fwUfmwn‡m‡eeënviKiv nq-
ii. Gw›UAw·‡W›U G‡R›U i. †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU
iii. wK‡jwUs G‡R›U ii. †eb‡RvwqKGwmW
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK iii. K¨vjwmqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU
A. iI ii B. iI iii C. ii I iii D. i, ii wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK
I iii

A. iI ii B. iI iii C. ii I iii D. i, ii i. BHA
I iii ii. TBHQ
Ans: [A] iii. EDTA
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK
3. Gw›UAw·W›U G‡R›U- A. iI ii B. iI iii C. ii I iii D. i, ii
i. wfUvwgbwm I iii
ii. Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K Kv‡jv `vM †_‡K iÿvK‡i Ans: [A]
iii. AYyRxeaŸsmK‡i Ans: [A]
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK 6. C÷ †_‡K wbM©ZGbRvBg¸‡jvn‡jv-
A. iI ii B. iI iii C. ii I iii D. i, ii i. Bbfvi‡UR
ii. g¨vj‡UR
I iii
iii. RvB‡gR
Ans: [D] wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK
A. iI ii B. iI iii C. ii I iii D. i, ii
I iii
5. Pwe©hy³ Ans: [D]
সাসভেনশন ও
Lvevimsiÿ‡Y
†hmewcÖRvi‡fwUfmeëüZ nq- ব্যব্হৃতদ্রব্যাপ্রি
❑ Uq‡jwUªR I cviwdDgvwim¤úwK©Z Z_¨:

 U¨vjKgcvDWvi‡Kduvcv‡bvi Rb¨ CaCO3evMgCO3eëüZ nq|
 ms‡e`bkxj Z¡‡Ki Rb¨ A¨viviæUcvDWvieënviKiv nq|
 †¯œv‡ZwcÖRvi‡fwUfmwn‡m‡e0.2% †cÖvcvBjc¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qU I 0.15% wg_vBjc¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qUeëüZ
nq|
 †Kvì wµ‡g †cÖvcvBjc¨vivwebwcÖRvi‡fwUfmwn‡m‡eeëüZ nq|
 wjcw÷Kg~jZÿv‡iig‡a¨ iÄKc`v‡_©iwWmcvimb|
 AvdUvi †kf †jvk‡bK¨v‡gvwgjdzj, †ngv‡gwjmdzj, j¨vwKwUKGwmW I A¨vj‡KvnjeëüZ nq|
 †eviv· Gi ivmvqwbKms‡KZ: Na2B4O7.10H20
❑ MøvmwK¬bvi I Uq‡jUwK¬bvicÖ¯‘wZ:
 MøvmwK¬bvicÖw¯‘wZ‡ZwjKviA¨v‡gvwbqv, ivwesA¨vj‡Kvnj, wf‡bMvi, wmwjKb I mvidvKU¨v›UeëüZ nq|
 MøvmwK¬bv‡iA¨v‡gwbqvim‡e©v”Peënvi‡hvM¨ gvÎv5–10%|
 Uq‡jUwK¬bvi Gi g~jcwi®‹viKDcv`vbKw÷K †mvWvA_ev †ewKs †mvWv(NaHCO3)
 A¤øxqUq‡jUwK¬bv‡idmdwiKGwmWeëüZ nq|
 Uq‡jUN‡lcwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ eëüZwK¬bvi‡K †¯‹vDwiswK¬bviejv nq|
❑ wf‡bMvim¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

 wf‡bMvin‡jvB_vbwqKGwm‡Wi(6–10)%Rjxq `ªeY|

 gvB‡KvWvgv© A¨vwmwU KZ…©K B_vb‡jiRviYevqyigva¨‡g N‡U|
 MvuRbevRviYcÖwµqviZvcgvÎv(25–30)Cn‡jfv‡jv|
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡jiDrmwn‡m‡e †iKwUdvBWw¯úwiUeënviKivDwPZ|
 wf‡bMvi †hv‡Mid‡jLv`¨`ª‡eïpHgvb nq 4 Gi wb‡P|
 4.5 Gi Kg pH G e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥ †bqbv|
 wf‡bMvicvwb‡Z †h‡Kv‡bvAbycv‡Z `ªeYxq|
 B_vbwqKGwm‡Wi ùzUbv¼ (118-119)C|
 cPbKvixe¨vK‡Uwiqvieskwe¯Ív‡ii Dchy³ pH †iÄ5.4–7.0|
❑ mvm‡cbkb I †Kvqv¸‡jkb:
* mvm‡cbkb: †Kv‡bvc`v_© ÿz`ª ÿz`ª KYvq wef³ n‡q Ab¨ c`v‡_©ig‡a¨ fvmgvb _vK‡jGiƒcwgkÖY‡Kmvm‡cbkbe‡j|
* †Kvqv¸‡jkb:Kj‡qW `ªe‡Yig‡a¨ Zworwe‡køl¨ c`v_© †hvMK‡iKj‡qW `ªe‡YiKYviAat‡ÿcevKj‡qWKYv I

we¯Ívigva¨‡gici¯úi `~‡im‡ihvIqv‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkbe‡j|
* ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Y †h Dcv`‡bi cwigvY Kg nq `ªeYwU‡K H Dcv`v‡bi `ªeYejv nq|
 mvevbRjxqgva¨‡g Kj‡qWwKš‘ A¨vj‡Kvnjgva¨‡g wµ÷vj‡qW|
 Kj‡q‡Wig‡a¨ cvwbicwigvY †ewk _vK‡jZv‡KSolAvicvwbicwigvY Kg _vK‡jZv‡Kgele‡j|
 Kj‡qWc`v‡_©iAYyiAvK…wZ1 nmA‡cÿv †QvU|
 B_vbjgva¨‡g mvevb wµ÷vj‡qW|
❑ `ya, gvLb I wNm¤úwK©Z Z_¨:

 `yaGKwUKj‡qW|
 cÖwZ100 ml `y‡a30-35MÖvg †cÖvwUb _v‡K|
 `y‡ai †cÖvwU‡bi76-86% †cÖvwUbB †KBwmb|
 `y‡aA, B6, B12, C, D, K, E wfUvwgb _v‡K|
 `y‡a _vKv4.8%j¨v‡±vR `y‡ai40%K¨vjwii †hvMvb`vi|
 j¨v‡±vRGKwUWvBm¨vKvivBWhvMøy‡KvR I M¨vjv‡±vRØvivMwVZ|
 gvLbn‡jv `y‡ai †¯œnRvZxqc`v‡_©iBgvjkb|
 gvL‡bi80%Pwe©, 16% cvwb, 4% `y» †cÖvwUb|
 gvLbevbv‡bvi Rb¨ `ya‡K †mw›UwdDRKiv nq|
 `ya‡K70CZvcgvÎvqDËßK‡i `ªæZkxZjKivigva¨‡g cv¯‘wiZKiv nq|
 cwi‡kvwaZgvLbn‡jvwN|
 gvLb30CZvcgvÎvqMjvïiæK‡iGes64CZvcgvÎvqm¤ú~Y©iƒ‡cM‡jhvq|
 120CZvcgvÎvqgvL‡bwKQzmgqZvcw`‡qwN ˆZwiKiv nq|
 wN †jvnvevZvgvicv‡ÎmsiÿYKivDwPZbq|

 wN Gi ¯^v`, MÜ I eY© wbf©iK‡i `y‡aiDrmGesDrcv`‡bi mgqKviZvcgvÎv I mgqKv‡jiDci|
Acade
Mii I iii Ni, ii I
24. ‡Kvqv¸‡jkbcÖwµqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨- mic iii
i) `~wlZcvwb †kvlYKiv nq  wb‡Pi Z‡_ïAv‡jv‡K 72 I 73 bs cÖ‡kœiDËi `vI
ii) BnvGKwUAb¨ZgAvaywbKc×wZ
iii) ÿz`ª ÿz`ª KYv‡KeoKYviiƒcvšÍwiZKiv nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK? Av‡Li im + cvwb Bbfvi‡UR A + d«z‡±vR
Ki I ii Li I iii RvB‡gm
Mii I iii Ni, ii I iii A B + CO2
25. wmiKveënv‡iivbœv †Kgb nq- 29. A †hŠMwUibvg Kx?
i) big ii) my¯^v`y KB_vbj LMøy‡KvR
iii) `ªæZ Mwf‡bMvi Ng‡ëvR
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK? 30. B †K RwiZKi‡j Kx Drcbœ nq?
Ki I ii Li I iii KB_vbj LB_v‡bvwqKGwmW
Mii I iii Ni, ii I iii MB‡_b Nwf‡bMvi
26. wmiKveënv‡iivbœv †Kgb nq-  wb‡Pi Z‡_ïAv‡jv‡K 74-75 bs cÖ‡kœiDËi `vI
i) big ii) my¯^v`y `yaGKwUAv`k© Lv`¨| `y‡aLv‡`ïmKjDcv`vb
iii) `ªæZ we`¨gvbi‡q‡Q| Z‡ewewfbœcÖvYxi `y‡a GB
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK? Dcv`vb¸‡jvicwigvYwfbœwfbœ|
Ki I ii Li I iii 31. `y‡a we`¨gvbkK©ivwUn‡jv.....
Mii I iii Ni, ii I iii KMøy‡KvR Lg‡ëvR
27. ‡mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU- Mj¨vK‡UvR NM¨vjvK‡UvR
i)cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq ii) Lv`¨ msiÿK 32. we`¨gvbkK©ivwUGKwU-
iii) AYyRx‡eiweKvke„w× K‡i i)g‡bvm¨vKvivBW ii) WvBm¨vKvivBW
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK? iii) weRviKwPwb
Ki I ii Li I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK?
Mii I iii Ni, ii I iii Ki Lii
28. MøvmwK¬bv‡iNH3eënv‡iimyweav- Mi I iii Nii I iii
i)GwUwmwjKvi mv‡_ wewµqvK‡ibv 33. `y‡a we`¨gvbwfUvwgbmev©waK †KvbwU?
ii)GwUwMÖR‡K `ªexf~ZK‡i KwfUvwgb-G LwfUvwgb-B
iii) NaOHA‡cÿvNH3 Gi M wfUvwgb-we1 N wfUvwgb-we12
gqjvcwi®‹viKi‡YiÿgZv †ewk
wb‡Pi †KvbwUmwVK?
Ki I ii Li I iii
Admissi
on
12. AvdUvi †mf †jvk‡bG‡gvwj‡q›UiƒceëüZ nq-

i. miweUj
ii. †cÖvwUwjb
iii. MøvBKj
A. iI ii B. iI iii C. ii I iii D. i, ii I iii
Ans: [D]
13. AvdUvi †mf †jvkb-
i. RxevYybvkK
ii. dmv©Kvix
iii. RxevYycÖwZ‡ivaK
Ans: [B]
14. K¨v‡gvwgjwUsPviKi‡ZcÖ‡qvRb-
i. K¨v‡gvwgjdzj
ii. A¨vj‡Kvnj
iii. j¨vKwUKGwmW
Ans: [A]
15. AvdUvi †m‡fi †hme ag© we`¨gvb-
i. †e`bvbvkK
ii. RxevYybvkK
iii. i³ÿiY eÜKviK
Ans: [D]
16. AvdUvi †mf †jvk‡b †evwiKGwm‡Wif‚wgKv-
i. mv›`ªZve„w× ii. pHwbqš¿Y iii. RxevYybvkK
Ans: [C]
17. MøvmwK¬bv‡ii êwkó¨ n‡jv-
i. Møvm‡KÿqK‡ibv ii. †¯úª K‡iMøv‡mcÖ‡qvMKivhvq
iii. Møv‡mi `vM `~iK‡i
Ans: [D]
18. wMÖbwK¬bvi-
i. A¨v‡gvwbqv hy³ ii. A¨v‡gvwbqvwenxb
iii. cÖvK…wZKDcv`vbØviv ˆZwi

Ans: [C]
19. A¨v‡gvwbqvM¨vm-
i. SvuuSv‡jv MÜ wewkó
ii. KUz MÜ wewkó
iii. myMÜwewkó
Ans: [A]
20. Uq‡jUwK¬bv‡icwi®‹viKwn‡m‡eeëüZ nq-
i. †ewKs †mvWv
ii. Kw÷K †mvWv
iii. †K¬vwi‡b‡UWKw÷K †mvWv
Ans: [D]
21. Uq‡jUwK¬bv‡ieëüZnvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiKGwmW-
i. K‡gv‡Wi `vM `~iK‡i
ii. RxevYyaŸsmK‡i
iii. K‡gv‡WïåZv `vbK‡i
Ans: [D]
22. mvev‡bimvaviYms‡KZ-
i. R–COONa
ii. R–COOK
iii. (R–COO)2Ca
Ans: [A]
23. mvev‡binvB‡WªvwdwjK Ask-
i. cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq
ii. †cvjvi
iii. A‡cvjvi
Ans: [A]
24. mvev‡biwj‡cvwdwjK Ask-
i. nvB‡WªvKve©b
ii. †Z‡j `ªeYxq
iii. A‡cvjvi
Ans: [D]

25. C÷ †_‡K wbM©ZGbRvBg¸‡jvn‡jv-
i. Bbfvi‡UR
ii. g¨vj‡UR
iii. RvB‡gR
Ans: [D]

লিমেডকে পাটট
➢ Lv`¨ wbivcËv wb‡¤œv³ wZbwU wfwËi Ici cÖwZwôZ
▪ ch©vß Lv`¨ cÖvwß
▪ Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi mvg_¨©
▪ Lv`¨ mwVK eënvi
➢ K…wl Rwg‡Z AwaKZi cwigv‡Y dmj Drcv`b Lv`¨ wbivcËvi cÖavb kZ© | bvB‡Uªv‡Rbhy³ cÖavb mvi n‡jv BDwiqv
(NH 2 )2 C = O; | dmdivm hy³ mvi n‡jv TSP (wUªcj mycvi dm‡dU) ev g‡bvK¨vjwmqvgWvB nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dm‡dU
Ca (H 2 PO4 )2 ; WvB A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU (DAP ), ( NH 4 )2 HPO4 BZ¨vw`| cUvwmqvghy³ mvi n‡jv wgD‡iU Ae
cUvm KCl , cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU KNO 3 BZ¨vw`| Giv Dw™¢‡ì dzj dj avi‡Y mnvqK| aŸsmKvix welv³ ivmvqwbK
c`v_©, G‡ì‡K Bb‡mKwUmvBW (insecticides) e‡j|
➢ Lv‡`¨ Uw·b wgwkÖZ nIqv‡K dzj cqRwbs ejv nq| Uw·b ¯œvqyZš¿‡K AvµgY K‡i g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ NUv‡Z cv‡i|
➢ Lv`¨`ë¨ msiÿ‡Y CaC 2 I digvwjb eënvi wbwl×|
❖ Lv`ë¯Íz bó nIqvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv g‚jZ wZbwU

1) RxevYz Øviv cPb
2) GbRvBg ev Dr‡mPK Gi cÖfv‡e O2 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Lv`ë¯Íz ivmvqwbK RviY ev we‡hvRb
3) avZe Avqb Gi cÖfv‡e ˆZj I Pwe©hz³ Lv`¨cÖ¯Íz‡Z RviY-we‡hvRb wewµqv
❖ Lv`ë¯Ízi ï®‹Kib c×wZ:

➢ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z ch©vß cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w×i mnvqK| Lv`ë¯‘‡Z _vKv cvwb mwµqZv n‡jv GKwU
Dcv`vb ev d¨v±i| Lv`ë¯‘i Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡k Rjxq ev‡¯úi cwigv‡Yi AbycvZ‡K cvwb mwµqZv (a w ) ev
water activity ejv nq|
➢ mwµqZv (aw ) Gi gvb 0 (k~b¨) ‡_‡K 1.0 Gi g‡a¨ aiv nq|
➢ cvwb ev®úwenxb m¤ú~Y© ï®‹ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z aw = 0 aiv nq|
➢ Lv`ë¯‘‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w×i Rb¨ a w  0.90 cÖ‡qvRb
➢ B÷ Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ aw  0.88 Ges
➢ QÎvK Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ aw  0.80 n‡Z nq|
➢ Lv`ë¯‘i †KŠUvRvZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cvwb mwµqZv (aw ) Gi gvb 0.6 Gi Kg ivLv nq|
➢ wKmwgm,ïUwK †Z ‡Km nv‡W©wbs †`Lv hvq
Lv`ë¯Íz kxZjxKiY c×wZ:

➢ kxZjKiY c×wZ `yB ¯Í‡i Kiv hvq|

1)wdÖwRs ev kxZjxKiY:G ¯Í‡i 00 C − 40 C wb¤œZvcgvÎvq mvaviY wd«‡R Lv`ë¯‘ msiÿY Kiv nq|
2) wWcwdÖwRs ev wngvqb: − 50 C †_‡K − 18 0 C wb¤œZvcgvÎvq ev wWc wd«wRs G Lv`¨ msiÿY Kiv nq| wWc
Ae¯’vq e¨vK‡Uwiqv ( − 50 C †_‡K − 10 0 C ) m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbw®Œq n‡q c‡o|

Lv`¨`ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk G‡K mywbw`©ó wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& Gi gva¨‡g msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hme Dc`vb Lv‡`ï mv‡_
cwiwgZ cwigv‡Y wgwk‡q Lv`¨‡K wewfbœ AYyRxemg~‡ni AvµgY I eskwe¯Ívi wbqš¿Y K‡I GivB g~jZ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&|
cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek‡K cwi”Qbœ I RxevYygy³ ivL‡Z wK¬bvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L|
❑ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& †K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

1| b¨vPvivj dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&-†hgb- jeY, wPwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj, wf‡bMvi, †Zj, njz`, imzb ,je½ BZ¨vw`|
➢ njy` n‡jv A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U, hv cPb Kv‡R evav †`q|
➢ mwilvi †Zj e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Lv`ë¯‘i ms¯úk© †_‡K `~‡i iv‡L|
➢ cPbkxj Lv`ë¯‘‡K Lv`¨ jeY ( NaCl ) ev Gi Mvp `ªeY Øviv msiÿY cÖwµqv‡K wKDwis ejv nq| 7 − 8%
NaCl ev Gi AwaK (15 − 20 % ) Mvp `ªeY eënvi K‡i KvPv Avg, AvgjwK, PvjZv, RjcvB, MvRi, KvPvgwiP,
BZ¨vw`‡K msiÿY Kiv nq|
➢ mvgyw`ªK Bwjk gvQ‡K j¤^vjw¤^fv‡e PvKz w`‡q †K‡U ¸ov jeY XzwK‡q msiÿY Kiv nq|
➢ mwilvi †Zj Mig K‡i A_ev cÖLi †iv‡` Av`ª©Zv gy³ K‡i wewfbœ d‡ji gmjvhy³ AvPvi ‰Zwi‡Z eëüZ nq
➢ 65 − 70% wPwbi `ªe‡Y Wzwe‡q wb‡j H Lv`ë¯ ‘ `xN©w`b AweK…Z _v‡K|
2| K…wÎg ev ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm-

❑ K…wÎg ev ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&: mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi K…wÎg dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& i‡q‡Q|
1| Gw›U gvB‡µvweqvj G‡R›U
2| Gw›U Aw·‡W›U G‡R›U
3| wK‡jwUs G‡R›U
➢ Gw›U gvB‡µvweqvj G‡R›U-A¨vw›UgvB‡µvweqvj ivmvqwbK wcÖRvi‡fwUfm e¨vK‡Uwiqv, B÷ I †gvìm Gi e„w× cÖwZnZ
K‡i| wcÖRvi‡fwUf A¤øagx nq| wcÖRvi‡fwUf n‡jv `ye©j Kve©w·wjK GwmW|
▪ †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †ebRwqK GwmW (m. p.1210 C ) (KwVb)|
▪ cUvwmqvg mi‡eU †mvwWqvg mi‡eU I K¨vjwmqvg mi‡eU (KwVb)|
▪ mvqwUªK GwmW (KwVb, (m. p.153 0 C ) |
▪ A¨vwmwUK GwmW (Zij (b. p.118 0 C ) |
▪ K¨vjwmqvg †cÖvcv‡bv‡qU (C2 H 5COO )2 Ca (s ) |
▪ jeY bvB‡UªU I bvBUªvBU (NaNO2 , KNO3 , , NaNO2 )(s ) |
▪ mvjdvBU, SO2 M¨vm (cUvwmqvg †gUv evBmvjdvBU, K 2 S 2 O5 )
❖ ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †ebRwqK GwmW-

➢ ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU n‡jv †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi jeY, G‡ì AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡jv C6 H 5COONa , C6 H 5COOH
‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z Ae¯’vq †ebRwqK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq|

( )
➢ ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †ebRwqK GwmW Gi pH gvb 4.2 K a = 6.3  10 −5 | A¨vw›UgvB‡µvev‡qj Kvh©KvwiZv
pH 4.5 Gi wb‡P ‡ewk _v‡K| wcÖRvi‡fwUfmiƒ‡c G‡ì Aby‡gvw`Z eënvi‡hvM¨ me©vw`K gvÎv n‡jv 0.1% |
❖ c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi wKQz msL¨K G÷vi c¨viv‡eb bv‡g Km‡gwUKI wkí Ges Lv`¨`ªe¨ msiÿ‡Y `xN©w`b
eëüZ n‡PQ| c¨viv‡eb m`m¨ n‡jv wg_vBj c¨vi‡eb, B_vBj c¨viv‡eb, †cÖvcvBj c¨viv‡eb I weDUvBj c¨viv‡eb|
1)‡eÖ÷ K¨vÝv‡ii wUDgv‡ii cÖwZ MÖvg wUm¨z‡Z 2×10-19 MÖvg c¨viv‡eb Gi Dcw¯’wZ i‡q‡Q, hv †eÖ÷ K¨vÝvi I
evwjKv‡ì AwMÖg eqmwÜ¶Y NU‡Z f‚wgKv iv‡L
2) c¨viv‡eb K…wÎg B‡÷ªv‡Rb bvgK ni‡gvb ˆZwi K‡i
cUvwmqvg mi‡eU †mvwWqvg mi‡eU I K¨vjwmqvg mi‡eU-

➢ miweK GwmW n‡jv 2,4 †n·vWvB Bb IwqK GwmW, (CH 3 − CH = CH − CH = CH − COOH ) |
➢ cUvvwmqvg mi‡eU c„w_exi me©Î Lv`ë¯Íi wcÖRvi‡fwUeiƒ‡c eëüZ nq| wf‡bMvi ev 6 − 10 % A¨vwmwUK GwmW Gi
e¨vK‡Uwiqv `gb ÿgZv Gi pH gvb 4.8 ch©šÍ Kvh©Ki _v‡K| me©vwaK gvÎv n‡jv 0.1% |
A¨vwmwUK GwmW-

➢ A¨vwmwUK GwmW CH 3COOH , K a = 1.8  10 −5 , pH = 4.74 
➢ ‡cÖvcv‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi K a = 1.3  10 −5 , pH = 4.89 |
mvqwUªK GwmW-
➢ ‡R‡bfv c×wZ‡Z mvqwUªK Gwm‡Wi bvg n‡jv 2 nvBWªw· †cÖv‡cb- 1,2,3 UªvBKve©w·wjK GwmW| mvqwUªK Gwm‡Wi
( )
we‡qvRb aªæeK K a Gi gvb †ebRwqK Gwm‡Wi K a 6.3  10 −5 Gi gvb †_‡K †ewk|
bvB‡UªU I bvBUªvBU jeY -
➢ RviK c`v_©iƒ‡c KHO3 , KNO 2 ev NaNO3 , NaNO 2 jeY dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUeiƒ‡c eëüZ nq|
➢ gvsm I gvsmRvZ Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y bvBUªvBU I bvB‡UªU jeY eëüZ nq|
mvjdvBU, SO2 M¨vm
➢ SO2 M¨vm mivmwi eëüZ nq bv| mvjdvBU jeY ( NaSO3 ) A_ev cUvwkqvg †gUv WvBmvjdvBU (K 2 S 2 O5 ) ev
cvB‡ivmvjdvBU iƒ‡c eënvi Kiv nq|

❖ Gw›U Aw·‡W›U G‡R›U-

➢ gy³ gyjK †kvlYKvix A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›U n‡jv -
▪ weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· Gwbmj|
▪ weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· Ujy&Bb|
▪ Uviwmqvwi weDUvBj nvBWªKzB‡bvb|
▪ †cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU|
➢ Aw·‡Rb †kvlYKvix A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U

(1) wfUvwgb C ,
(2) wfUvwgb E ,
(3) mvjdvBU jeY|
➢ cÖvK…wZK A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›Umg‚n:
▪ wfUvwgb wm ev GmKiweK GwmW
▪ wfUvwgb B ev †Uv‡Kv‡dij
▪ weUv K¨v‡ivwUb
▪ AavZz †m‡jwbqvg ,Se(34)
➢ Cu I Fe Df‡q Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb A webó K‡i I Lv`ë¯‘‡Z weeY© K‡i|

❖ wK‡jwUs G‡R›U-
†hgb- mvBwUªK GwmW, j¨vKwUK GwmW, A¨vmKiweK GwmW, cwjdm‡dU I EDTA-Gi eënvi †ek cÖPwjZ|
➢ Lv`¨km¨ msi¶‡Y wkí †¶‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ wK‡jwUs G‡R›U n‡jv EDTA
➢ wewfbœ dyW A¨vwWwUf, Zv‡ì KvR Ges

D`vniY
A¨vwWwUf D`vniY
Is evwYwR¨K E142 is eënvi K‡i †KvUvRvZ
gUiïwUi meyR is w`‡q m‡ZR Kiv nq|
wc«Rvi‡fwUfm d‡ji im‡K msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ mvjdvi WvB
A·vBW (E219) eënvi Kiv nq|
myMwÜ AvBmwµ‡g d‡ji G‡mÝ †`qv nq|
A¨vw›UAw·‡W›U ( RviY wb‡ivaK) Avjyi wµm‡c weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBW«w·UjyBb
(E321) ‡hvM Kiv nq|
Bgvjwmdvqvi I ÷¨vwejvBRvi ¸ov `y‡a †jwmw_b (E322) ‡hvM Kiv nq|
A¤ø I ¶viK wUbRvZ Kv÷vW©-G ‡mvwWqvg evBKve©‡bU eënvi
Kiv nq|
wgóZv c«`vbKvix (Sweetener) Wvqv‡ewUK P‡Kv‡jU-G miweUvj (E420)
eënvi Kiv nq|
❑ Lv`¨ †KŠUvRvZKiY cÖYvwj:
➢ Lv`¨ †KŠUvRvZ KiYGgb GKwU c×wZ †hLv‡b Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K RxevYygy³ K‡I evqy‡ivax Ae¯’vq wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& mnKv‡i †KŠUvi
g‡a¨ Lv`¨gvb‡K AÿzYœ †i‡L msiÿY Kiv nq|
➢ ‡KŠUvRvZKiY mwVKfv‡e Abym„Z bv n‡j H Lv`ë¯‘‡Z K¬mwUªwWqvg eUzwjqvg e¨vK‡Uwiqvi e„w× N‡U| eUzwjR‡gi Kvi‡Y
dzW-cqRwbs ev Lv`¨ wemv³ nq| &cÖavb kZ© n‡jv me©vwaK weï× KvPvgvj ev Dcv`vb eënvi nq|
➢ ‡ewk A¤øxq Lv`ë¯‘i ( pH  4.6 ) ‡ejvq 82 0 C 0 ‡_‡K 100 0 C Ges Kg A¤øxq Lv`ë¯‘, gvQ-gvs‡mi ( pH  4.6)
‡ejvq 115 0 C ‡_‡K 1210 C ch©šÍ DËß Ki‡j Lv`ë¯‘ cPb I webóKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqv (gvB‡µvAM©vwbRg) g‡i hvq|
➢ ‡Kvmv Qvov‡bv I UzKiv Kiv KvPv Lv`¨ e¯‘‡K dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z ev dzUšÍ cvwb ev‡®ú 5 − 10 wgwbU DËß Kiv nq| G cÖwµqv‡K
eøvwÂs e‡j| big mewR I †ewk cvKv dj‡K eøvwÂs Kiv nq|

➢ †KŠUvq dj msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î 30- 40% NbgvÎvi wPwbi `ªeY‡K wcÖRvi‡fwUfm &wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
➢ †KŠUvq djg~j, mewR ev Lv`ë¯‘‡K `yÕfv‡e fwZ© Kiv hvq, †ghb packing & hot packing| Hot packing Gi
†ejvq KvPv Lvevi 5 − 10 wgwbU wm× K‡i †KŠUvq fwZ© Kiv nq|
➢ K¨vwbs Zijiƒ‡c d‡ji †ÿ‡Î 30 − 40 % wPwbi `ªeY Ges mewR, gvP-gvs‡mi †ÿ‡Î 7 − 15 % NaCl `ªeY †KŠUvi
Lv`¨ e¯‘‡Z †hvM Kiv nq|
➢ GKRmwUs 90–110C ZvcgvÎvq 5-7 wgwbU a‡I Kiv nq|
➢ AwaK GwmW wewkó Lv`¨‡K 90-100C ZvcgvÎvq 30 wgwbU †÷wijvB‡Rkb Ki‡Z nq|
➢ GwmW Kg wewkó Lv`¨‡K 120C ZvcgvÎvq 1.5-2 NÈv †÷wijvBwRs Kiv nq|
➢ Avg †KŠUvRvZKi‡Y 40% wPwb I 0.2% mvBwUªK GwmW eënvi Kiv nq|
➢ evuk †Kvij msiÿ‡Y 7-8% Lv`¨ jeY eëüZ nq|
➢ U‡g‡Uv msiÿ‡Y 10% NaCl `ªeY I 5% wPwbi `ªeY eëüZ nq|
➢ 1964 mv‡j me©cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvq dzW K¨vwbs Gi Rb¨ †jvnv avZz †_‡K ˆZwi K¨vb eëüZ nq c‡i 1972 mv‡ji wU‡bi
cvZ †_‡K dzW K¨vwbs Gi Rb¨ DbœZ K¨vb ˆZwi Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b One piece, Two piece bv‡g wewfbœ AvKvi mvB‡Ri
avZe K¨vb eëüZ nq|
➢ ZnO cÖ‡jchy³ mvjdvi cÖwZ‡ivaK †KŠUv‡Z gv‡Qi †cÖvwU‡bi g‡bvgvi wmw÷b I wgw_‡qvwbb A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi mvjdvi
ZnO Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡iv mv`v ZnS MVb K‡i hv gv‡Qi eY© D¾¡j K‡i|
➢ gvsm n‡jv mylg †cÖvwUbRvZxq Lv`¨| cvwb 75 % , †cÖvwUb 19 % , Pwe© 2.5% , Kv‡e©vB‡WªU 0.3% A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW
1.65 % A‰Re jeY 0.65 % , j¨vKwUK GwmW 0.9% |
➢ †KŠUvq djmsiÿ‡Y 30-40% wPwb `ªeY, kvKmewR‡Z 1.5-2.5% Lv`¨ jeY Ges gvQ I gvs‡mi †ÿ‡Î 7-15% Lv`¨
jeY wcÖRvi‡fwUfm wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
* mvm‡cbkb: †Kv‡bv c`v_© ÿz`ª ÿz`ª KYvq wef³ n‡q Ab¨ c`v‡_©I g‡a¨ fvmgvb _vK‡j Giƒc wgkÖY‡K mvm‡cbkb e‡j
* †Kvqv¸‡jkb: Kj‡qW `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Zworwe‡køl¨ c`v_© †hvM K‡I Kj‡qW `ªe‡Yi KYvi Aat‡ÿc ev Kj‡qW KYv I we¯Ívi
gva¨‡gi ci¯úi `~‡i m‡i hvIqv‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb e‡j
➢ `y‡ai †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv n‡jv Pwe© I †cÖvwUb; we¯ÍvwiZ gva¨g n‡jv cvwb|
➢ evUv‡ii †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv n‡jv cvwbi ¸”Q AYy; we¯ÍvwiZ gva¨g n‡jv Pwe©‡Xjv|
➢ wgjK Ae g¨vM‡bwmqv [ Mg (OH )2 + cvwb] Gi †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv n‡jv KwVb Mg (OH )2 Gi KYv
we¯ÍwiZ gva¨g n‡jv cvwb|
➢ wgé Ae jvBg [ Ca (OH )2 + cvwb] Gi †ejvq we¯ÍvwiZ KYv n‡jv Ca (OH )2 we¯ÍvwiZ gva¨g n‡jv cvwb|
wewfbœ ai‡Yi Kj‡qW (VVI)

Kj‡qW †kÖwY we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv we¯ÍviY gva¨g D`vniY
G‡ivmj Zij M¨vm Kyqvkv (fog), †gN
KwVb M¨vm ‡avuqv (Smoke),
evqy‡Z fvmgvb ay‡jv

‡dvg M¨vm Zij cvKv‡bv wµg
(Whipped cream),
mvev‡bi †dbv
Bgvjkb Zij Zij `ya, k¨v¤úy, wµg
Zij KwVb evUvi (butter)
Mj KwVb Zij ‡cB›U, wgé Ae
g¨vM‡bwmqv [Mg(OH)2+
cvwb] , ‡Kvl-Zij (Cell-
fluid)
‡Rj Zij KwVb ‡Rwj, cwbi, `B I
Ry‡Zvi Kvwj
`«eY, Kj‡qW I mv‡¯úbkb Ae¯’vq e¯‘ KYvi AvKvi, †fŠZ Ae¯’v, KYvi `…k¨gvb gva¨g I D`vniY (V.V.I)
‡kÖwY KYvi ‡fŠZ `„k¨gv eªvDb Av‡jvi wgkÖ‡ D`vniY
e¨vm Ae¯’v b gva¨g xq MwZ we”QziY , wUÐvj Y w¯’wZ
cÖfve
`ªeY 0.1n mgmË¦xq A`„k¨ eªvDb Av‡jv `«eY NaCl
m -2 , ¯^”Q xq we”QywiZ nq myw¯’Z `ªeY, Møy‡KvR
nm wgk«Y MwZnxb bv, wUìvj wgk«Y `ªeY
c«fve †bB
(Mnemoni
cs: - - )
Kj‡qW 2 mgmË¦xq Avëªv eªvDb Av‡jv Kj‡ `ya,
nm – , A¯^”Q gvB‡µv‡¯‹ xq MwZ we”QywiZ nq, qW myw¯’Z evUvi,
500nm wgk«Y vc Av‡Q| wUìvj wgk«Y wgjK
c«fve ‡`Lvq| Ae
(Mnemoni g¨vM‡bw
cs: ++) mqv
mvm‡cb > AmgmË¦ mvavi eªvDb ‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv A¯’v i³,
kb 500 nm xq, A¯^”Q Y xq †ÿ‡Î Av‡jvi qx wgk«Y, K‡jiv
wgk«Y gvB‡µv‡¯‹ MwZnxb we”QyiY N‡U| Aatw¶ß f¨vKwmb,
vc wKš‘ wUìvj n‡q cvwb‡Z
c«fve †bB c‡o| Kv`vi wgk«Y
(Mnemonics :
±)
➢ mvevb Rjxq gva¨‡g Kj‡qW wKš‘ A¨vj‡Kvnj gva¨‡g wµ÷vj‡qW|

➢ Kj‡q‡Wi g‡a¨ cvwbi cwigvY †ewk _vK‡j Zv‡K Sol Avi cvwbi cwigvY Kg _vK‡j Zv‡K gel e‡j|
➢ Kj‡qW c`v‡_©I AYyi AvK…wZ 1 nm A‡cÿv †QvU|
➢ B_vbj gva¨‡g mvevb wµ÷vj‡qW|

➢ Kj‡qW KYvi Giƒc wbR¯^ MwZkxj ag©‡K Avwe¯‹viK (Robert Brown) Gi bvgvbymv‡i eªvDbxq MwZ e‡j| Kj‡qW
KYvi AvKvi hZ QvU nq ZZ †ewk nq Ges ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j Kj‡qW KYvi eªvDbxq MwZ e„w× cvq|
➢ Kj‡qW Ae¯’vq ¯’vwqZ¡ cÖ`v‡b eªvDbxq MwZi f‚wgKv Av‡Q| Kj‡qW KYvmg~n Øviv `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi we”QziY ag©‡K Avwe¯‹viK
weÁvbx wUÛv‡ji bvgvbymv‡i wUÛvi cÖfve e‡j,cÖK…wZ‡Z wUÛvi cÖfv‡e Ic‡ii AvKvk Avmgvwb Ges Mfxi mgy‡`ªi Rjivwk
bxj eY© †`Lvq|
➢ wUÛvj cÖfv‡ei Ici wfwË K‡i me©cÖ_g weÁvbx wRMgwÛ AvjÆv gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| eo Kj‡qW KYvi wmjfvi
mj †e¸wb e‡Y©i Ges †QvU KYvi wmjfvi mj njy`vf Kgjv e‡Y©i †`Lvq| eo Kj‡qW KYvi †Mvì mj bxj e‡Y©i Ges
†QvU KYvi ‡Mvì mj jvj e‡Y©i nq| |
➢ H 2 S M¨vm‡K †eªvwgb cvwb‡Z A_ev jMœ HNO3 Gi `ªe‡Y Pvjbv Ki‡j mvjdvi mj Drcbœ nq
➢ mj †kÖwYi we¯ÍviY gva¨g cvwb nIqvq Giv nvB‡Wªvmj nq|
➢ avZe nvBWª·vBW mj n‡jv abvZ¥K PvR©hy³|
➢ avZzi mj n‡jv FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ †hgb †Mvì-mj, cøvwUbvg-mj, wmjfvi-mj| avZe mvjdvBW mj n‡jv FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³|
➢ `ªveK AvKlx© Kj‡qW †hgb ÷v‡P©i mj, Mvg, wR‡jwUb cÖf…wZ‡Z Mig cvwb‡Z RvwK‡q mn‡R cÖ¯Í…Z Kiv hvq| weKlx©
Kj‡qW †hgb wewfbœ mj †kÖwYi Kj‡qW, †dwiK nvBWª·vBW - mj †Mvì mj| mj cÖf…wZ n‡jv Kg ¯’vqx Kj‡qW|
➢ eªvDbxq MwZ Kj‡q‡Wi ¯’vwqZ¡ ev myw¯’wZi Aby¨Zg KviY
➢ 500 nm Gi †P‡q eo nq, Zv‡K mvm‡cbkb e‡j| mvm‡cbk‡bi D`vniY n‡jv i³| mvm‡cbkb n‡jv Kj‡q‡Wi GKwU
A¯’vqx Ae¯’v| Kj‡qW KYvi e¨vm (2nm − 500 nm ) ‡_‡K mvm‡cbkb KYvi e¨vm ( 500 nm ) ev 10 −5 cm †_‡K
A‡bK eo nq|
➢ mvm‡cbk‡bi KYvi AvKvi 10 −5 cm †_‡K eo nq| K‡jiv f¨vKwmb n‡jv GKwU mvm‡cbkb| `y‡a GwmW †hvM Ki‡j
Kj‡qW KYv¸‡jv (Pwe© I †cÖvwUb) ¸”Qe× n‡q `B ˆZwi K‡i| ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cÖfv‡e Kj‡qW ga¨¯’ ej bó nq, Zv‡K
‡Kvqv¸‡j›U e‡j| K¨vUvqwbK †Kvqv¸‡j›U abvZ¥K we`y¨r PvR© ‡hvMvb w`‡q Kj‡qW KYv¸‡jvi PvR© †m n«vm K‡i †`q|
➢ As 2 S3 Kj‡hW‡K †Kvqv¸‡jk‡b eëüZ K¨vUvq‡bi †Kvqv¸‡jkb ÿgZv n‡jv Al 3+  Ba 2 +  Na + | Fe (OH )3
Kj‡qW‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb eëüZ A¨vbvq‡bi †Kvqv¸‡jkb ÿgZv n‡jv
Fe(CN )6  3−
 Cr2O2−
4  SO2−
4
2−
 C2O
4
−
 Br |
`y‡ai kZKiv mshywZ-
➢ wcUzBUvwi Mø¨vÛ †_‡K wbtmwiZ †cÖvj¨vKwUb ni‡gvb i³ cÖev‡n gvgvwi Møv‡Û `y‡»i wbtmiY NUvq|
➢ Mvfxi `y‡ai Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ n‡jv 1.029 − 1.039 |
➢ `y‡ai Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ j¨vK‡UvwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ gvcv nq|
➢ `y‡ai pH gvb n‡jv 6.6 − 6.9 |
➢ `ya‡K msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ 10 0 C ZvcgvÎv I e¨vK‡Uwiqvgy³ cwi‡eg ìKvi|
➢ cÖvwY‡f‡` `y‡a cvwbi cwigvY 82 − 88% | `y‡ai Pwe© n‡jv wewfbœ wjwcW wgkÖY, UªvBwMmvivBWmg~n _v‡K| `y‡ai
evwYwR¨K gvb Gi Pwe© gvL‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i| cÖvwY‡f‡` Pwe©i cwigvY 3.5 − 7.4% nq|
➢ gv‡qi `y‡a 0.9% Ges cïi `y‡a 3.2 − 4.6% †cÖvwUb _v‡K|
➢ `y‡a wZb †kÖwYi †cÖvwUb _v‡K| j¨vKU Gjeywgb I j¨vK‡Uv‡Møveywjb‡K †mivg ev †nv‡q †cÖvwUb e‡j| K¨vwRb n‡jv
`y‡ai cÖavb †cÖvwUb Dcv`vb| MVbMZfv‡e K¨vwRb n‡jv GK cÖKvi dm‡dv‡cÖvwUb| K¨vwRb cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq|
`y‡ai cÖavb †cÖvwUb K¨vwRb Pvi ai‡bi nq|
➢ j¨vK‡UvR ev `y»wPwb `y‡ai GKgvÎ WvBm¨vmvivBW Kve©nvB‡WªU Dcv`vb|

➢ j¨vK‡UvR `y‡ai Am‡gvj iƒ‡c KvR K‡i|
➢ `y‡a 7.1% Ges cÖvYxi `y‡a 4.6 − 4.8% j¨vK‡UvR _v‡K|
➢ Aw¯’ MV‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK K + , Ca 2 + I dmdivm AwaK cwigv‡Y _v‡K|
➢ wfUvwgb G `y‡a †ewk _v‡K|
➢ `y‡ai cÖ¯‘wZKiY I dzUv‡bvi Kvi‡Y `y‡a wfUvwgb wm b÷ nq|
➢ `y‡a A, B6, B12, C, D, K, E wfUvwgb _v‡K|
gvLb
➢ gvLb n‡jv `y‡ai †¯œn RvZxq c`v‡_©I Bgvjkb|
➢ AvšÍR©vwZK gvb Abymv‡i DbœZ gvLb Kgc‡ÿ 80 % `y»Pwe© _vKv DwPZ|
➢ gvL‡bi 80% Pwe©, 16% cvwb, 4% `y» †cÖvwUb|
➢ gvLb wfUvwgb G Gi Drc„ó Drm| cÖwZ kZMÖvg gvL‡b 3000 − 4000 I.U cwigvY wfUvwgb G _v‡K| kZMÖvg gvL‡bi
Lv`¨gvb 730 kcal
➢ evwYwR¨K evUvi ev gvL‡b 80 − 82% `y» Pwe©, 16 − 17 % cvwb Ges 0.8% †cÖvwUbmn 1 − 2% Lv`¨ jeY ( NaCl )
wcÖRvi‡fwUiƒ‡c wgwkÖZ _v‡K|
➢ gvLb evbv‡bvi Rb¨ `ya‡K †mw›UwdDR Kiv nq|
➢ `ya‡K 70C ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i `ªæZ kxZjKivi gva¨‡g cv¯‘wiZ Kiv nq|
➢ gvLb‡K cvwb gy³KiY Gi A_© n‡jv gvL‡b cvwbi cwigvY 16 − 17 % Gi g‡a¨ ivLv|
➢ cwi‡kvwaZ gvLb n‡jv wN|
➢ gvLb 30C ZvcgvÎvq Mjv ïiæ K‡i Ges 64C ZvcgvÎvq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c M‡j hvq|
➢ 120C ZvcgvÎvq gvL‡b wKQ zmgq Zvc w`‡q wN ˆZwi Kiv nq|
➢ wN †jvnv ev Zvgvi cv‡Î msiÿY Kiv DwPZ bq|
➢ wN Gi ¯^v`, MÜ I eY© wbf©I K‡i `y‡ai Drm Ges Drcv`‡bi mgqKvi ZvcgvÎv I mgqKv‡ji Dci|
➢ 64 0 C G m¤ú~Y© M‡j hvq| cÖ¯‘Z wN ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq 4 − 6 gvm msiÿY Kiv m¤¢e|
➢ `y‡ai pH gvb (6.6 − 6.9) wbqš¿Y Kiv ìKvi| ci `xN©mgq (8-12 N›Uv) †Lvjv Ae¯’vq †i‡L| pH gvb 6.5
Gi Kg n‡j ,Aí cwigv‡Y NaHCO 3 Avevi Na 2 CO3 `ªeY †hvM K‡i pH gvb‡K 6.6. − 6.9 Gi g‡a¨ ivL‡Z
nq|
➢ cv¯‘ivqb `yB cw×wZ‡Z Kiv nq
➢ 1. Holder process - G c×wZ‡Z `ya‡K 63 0 − 66 0 ZvcgvÎvq AbwaK 30 wgwbU DËß K‡i `ªæZ 10 0 G
kxZj Kiv nq|
➢ 2. high temp short time process (HIST) c×wZ : HIST c×wZ‡Z `ya‡K 74 0 ZvcgvÎvq 13 †m‡KÛ
DËß K‡i `ªyZ 10 0 G kxZj Kiv nq| QvKb I †evZj Ave× K‡i 100 0 ZvcgvÎvq 25 wgwbU IqvUvi ev_
A_ev Pvchy³ w÷g Øviv DËß Kiv nq| wkï‡ì Rb¨ G `ya Dc‡hvMx bq|
❑ Uq‡jwUªR I cviwdDgvwi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨:

†MvjvcRj cÖ¯‘wZ-

➢ ‡Mvjvc dz‡ji cvcwo I cvwbi wgkªY‡K w÷g cvwZZ K‡i msM„nxZ cvwZZ Zi‡j †Mvjvc Rj e‡j| GwU GKwU
nvB‡Wªvmj|
➢ †MvjvcR‡ji g‡bvgy»Ki myM‡Üi KviY n‡jv wdbvBj B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj|
➢ cvBb ˆZ‡j cÖavbZ  Uviwcbj (g‡bvUviwcb A¨vj‡Kvnj) _v‡K| hy³ cvBb ˆZj (pine oil) myMwÜiƒ‡c eëüZ
nq
➢ w÷g ev ev®úcvZb c×wZ‡Z †MvjvcRj cÖ¯ÍzwZ Kiv nq
†nqvi A‡qj-
➢ Wveyi Avgjv A‡q‡j g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv bvi‡Kj †Zj| nve©vj †nqvi A‡q‡j| Avgjv Pzj‡K gReyZ K‡i Ges Pz‡ji
Kv‡jv is weeY© n‡Z evav †`q|
➢ ‡nqvi I‡q‡ji Gi †¶‡Î-
▪ Pz‡ji †KvgjZv`vqK : ‡c‡UÖvwjqvg A‡qj,K¨v‡bvjv A‡qj
▪ Bgvjwkdvqvi: IwjK GwmW
▪ A¨vw›UAw·‡W›U: t weDUvBj nvB‡WÖvKzBbb
▪ mzMÜ iƒ‡c: †gb_j, wg›U A‡qj †ivR‡gwi|
†UjKg cvDWvi-
➢ kix‡ii Av`ª©Zv I Ng©‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †UjKg cvDWvi eënvi Kiv nq| †UjKg cvDWv‡ii cÖavb ev g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv
†UjK Gi ivmvqwbK bvg nvB‡Wª‡UW g¨vM‡bwmqvg wmwj‡KU|( 3MgO.4SiO2.H20)
➢ †UjKg cvDWvi Gi †¶‡Î-
▪ wR¼ w÷qv‡iU n‡jv †Kvgj A¨vw›U‡mcwUK, w÷qv‡i‡Ui cwigvY 4 − 10 % Gi g‡a¨ n‡q _v‡K
▪ Z¡K wcw”QjKviK I Ng© †ivaK : Av`©Ö g¨vM‡bwmqvg wmwj‡KU ev †UjK
▪ A¨vw›U‡mcwUK : g¨vM‡bwmqvg ev wR¼ w÷qv‡iU
▪ AvqZbe…w× KviK: g¨vM‡bwmqvg ev K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU
▪ U¨vjKg cvDWvi ‡K duvcv‡bvi Rb¨ - CaCO3 ev MgCO3
‡eex cvDWvi-
➢ ‡eex cvDWvi eva¨Zvg~jK GKwU A¨vw›U‡mcwUK|†eex cvDWvi AZ¨šÍ gm„Y| wR¼ w÷qv‡i‡Ui e`‡j wjw_qvg
w÷qv‡iU A_ev Awjf A‡qjI eëüZ nq|
➢ ‡ewe cvDWvi Gi †¶‡Î-
▪ A¨vw›U‡mcwUK iƒ‡c †evwiK GwmW
▪ Z¡‡Ki †KvgjZv ea©K: wRsK A·vBW , w÷ivBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
▪ Avi evwK me U¨vjKg cvDWvi Abzhvqx
*ms‡e`bkxj Z¡‡Ki Rb¨ A¨viviæU cvDWvi eënvi Kiv nq|
f¨vwbwks wµg (‡¯œv)-

➢ ‰Zjv³ Z¡‡Ki †ek Dc‡hvMx | f¨vwbwks wµg n‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e †Zj cvwb ev oil in water (O/W) Bgvjkb|
➢ KwVb w¯úqvwiK GwmW †_‡KI f¨vwbwks wµg cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
➢ w÷qvwiK Gwm‡Wi Mjbv¼ n‡jv 70 0 | G÷vwiKi‡Yi Rb¨ wgkªYwU‡K 80 0 − 85 0 ch©šÍ DËß Kiv nq|

➢ f¨vwbwks wµg wcÖRvi‡fwUf iƒ‡c †gkv‡bv nq wg_vBj c¨viv‡eb (0.5g)
➢ †¯œv‡Z wcÖRvi‡fwUfm wn‡m‡e 0.2% †cÖvcvBj c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qU I 0.15% wg_vBj c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qU
eëüZ nq|
‡Kvì wµg-
➢ ‡Kvì wµg n‡jv ivmvqwbKfv‡e cvwb †Zj Bgvjkb|
➢ Dcv`vb:
▪ jzweÖ‡KwUs G‡R›U : wgbv‡ij A‡qj ev Zij c¨vivwdb
▪ MvpKvix G‡R›U : †nvqvBU we Iqv·
▪ cÖ‡jcb G‡R›U : wMømvwib
▪ A¨vw›U‡mcwUK, wcÖRvi‡fwUf : †eviv·
wjcw÷K-
➢ 1834 wLªóv‡ã d«v‡Ý evwYwR¨Kfv‡e wjcw÷K Drcv`b ïiæ nq| wjcw÷‡Ki g~j Dcv`vb †gvg (Wax) I ‰Zj
(oil)| †gvg wjcw÷‡Ki `„pZv ev KvVv‡gv †`q
➢ wjcw÷K g~jZ ÿv‡ii g‡a¨ iÄK c`v‡_©i wWmcvimb|
➢ Dcv`vb:
▪ Iqv· I Pwe©: we Iqv·,‡KgvDev Iqv·
▪ A¨vj‡Kvnj : B_vbj
AvdUvi †kf-
➢ AvdUvi †kf cÖ¯‘wZi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv wZbwU|
▪ A¨vw›U‡mcwUK : wW b¨vPvW© A¨vj‡Kvnj 40
▪ gqðvivBRvi: wMømvwib (ev A¨v‡jv‡fiv/Awjf A‡qj)
▪ mzMÜ e¯Íz: m¨vb‡WjDW †Zj, je½, `viæwPwb ,Kgjv‡jezi †Lvmv
‡g‡nw` cvZv-
➢ ‡g‡nw` cvZvi wbh©v‡m cÖavb Dcv`vb A¤øagx© jv‡mvb (lawsone) bvgK 2 − 2 nvBWªw·- 1,4 b¨vc_vKzB‡bvb ˆRe
†hŠM _v‡K| jv‡mvb Mig cvwb‡Z Ges A¤øxq `ªe‡Y mn‡R `ªeYxq|
➢ nv‡Z eënv‡ii Rb¨ †g‡n`x †c‡÷i pH gvb 5.5 n‡j GwUi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× cvq|
➢ mvaviY Dcv`vb:
▪ ‡nbv cvDWvi
▪ ‡jgb Rzm ev UK d‡ji im A_ev mvBwUÖK GwmW
▪ G‡mbwkqvj A‡qj : wRbRvi wmbvgb ev `viæwPwb ,j¨v‡fÛvi|
▪ gqðvivBRvi : Awjf A‡qj , wWg

➢ Møvm wK¬bvi- wMÖR ev ˆZjv³ c`v_©‡K `ªexf‚Z Kivi Rb¨ Møvm wK¬bv‡i _v‡K A¨v‡gvwbqv| g~j cwi®‹viK c`v_©
NH 4 OH gqjv‡K `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvwb n‡jv Z…Zxq Dcv`vb hv Møvm ev Kv‡Pi Mv‡qiG me gqjv gqjv I
ayjvevwj‡K ay‡q †d‡j| PZz_© Dcv`vb ISO †cªvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj Kv‡Pi Mv‡q †j‡M _v‡K|
Dcv`vb :
▪ wMÖ‡Ri `ÖveK : 28% A¨v‡gvwbqv `ÖeY
▪ Surface-active : †mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU
▪ ‡ewk DØvqx `ÖveK : iso †cÖvcvBj Avj‡Kvnj
▪ Kg DØvqx `ÖveK: Bw_wjb MøvB‡Kvj
Uq‡jU wK¬bvi-
➢ Dcv`vb
▪ wMÖ‡Ri `ÖveK : Kw÷K †mvWv (NaOH)
▪ Surfactant: †mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU
▪ weøwPs G‡R›U RxevYzbvkK: K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW
▪ g‚j `ÖveK : cvwb
▪ `zM©ÜbvkK RxevYzbvkK : †dbj
➢ wWUvi‡R›U I mvev‡bi †cvjvi AskwU cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| GwU‡K wWUvi‡R›U I mvev‡bi gv_v e‡j| Aci byb †cvjvi AskwU
nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi j¤^v wkKj|
➢ Møvm wK¬bv‡i Kw÷K †mvWv ( NaOH ) eënvi bv K‡i A¨vgvwbqv `ªeY eëüZ nq| wK¬bv‡i eëüZ A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªeY Kv‡Pi
wmwjKvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv| ZvB A¨v‡gvwbqv Kv‡Pi †Kv‡bv ÿwZ K‡i bv|
➢ Uq‡jU n‡jv †cv‡m©wjb mvgMÖx| †cv‡m©wjb ˆZwi nq Pvqbv †K¬ ( Al 2 O3 2 SiO2 2 H 2 O ) wmwjKv evwj (SiO2 ) I cUvk
†dÛ¯úvq (K 2 O. Al 2 .O3 .6 SiO2 ). wgkÖY‡K 1400 0 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i| †cv‡m©wjb wmivwgK cvwb‡ivax nq|
†cv‡m©wj‡bi Ici NaOH ÿvi `ªe‡Yi †Kv‡bv wµqv P‡j bv|
❑ wf‡bMvi m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

➢ wf‡bMvi mnRjf¨ I wb‡`©vl GKwU wcÖRvi‡fwUf| GwmW gva¨‡g wcKwjs ev AvPvi ˆZwi‡Z wf‡bMv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk
➢ wf‡bMvi n‡jv B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi (6–10)% Rjxq `ªeY|
➢ AvL A_ev †LRy‡ii i‡m 16 − 20 % my‡µvR wPwb (C12 H 22 O11 ) _v‡K| B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi 6 − 10 % jNy Rjxq
`ªeYB wf‡bMvi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
➢ RvB‡gm GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e wPwb we‡hvwRZ n‡q B_vbj Drcbœ nq|
➢ gvB‡KvWvgv© A¨vwmwU KZ…©K B_vb‡ji RviY evqyi gva¨‡g N‡U|
➢ MvuRb ev RviY cÖwµqvi ZvcgvÎv (25–30)C n‡j fv‡jv|
➢ A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Drm wn‡m‡e †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU eënvi Ki vDwPZ|
➢ wf‡bMvi †hv‡Mi d‡j Lv`¨`ª‡eï pH gvb nq 4 Gi wb‡P|
➢ 4.5 Gi Kg pH G e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥ †bqbv|
➢ gë wgkÖYwU‡Z 10 % B_vbj _v‡K|

➢ wf‡bMvi cvwb‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv Abycv‡Z `ªeYxq|
➢ B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi ùzUbv¼ (118-119)C|
➢ cPbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqvi eskwe¯Ív‡ii Dchy³ pH †iÄ 5.4–7.0|
weMZ ‡gwW‡Kj fwZ© cixÿvi e¨vL¨vmn MCQ

A ivZKvbv
❑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU Milk of time bv‡g cwiwPZ?
[DAT: 19 − 20] D wi‡KU
A. CaCO2 B. Ca(OH)2 E gvsm‡cwk‡Z Uvb
C. NaOH CaO D. CaO
K i³ÿiY
DËit B. Ca(OH)2
e¨vL¨v: B1 ‡ewi‡ewi
CaCO2 Pzbvcv_i
B2 WvigvwUwUm (wRnvyq cÖ`vb
Ca(OH)2 wgé Ae jvBg )
NaOH CaO ‡mvWvjvBg B6 WvigvwUwUm
CaO ‡U‡bvivBU B12 i³g~b¨Zv
❑ wbivc` Lv`¨ msiÿK †KvbwU? [DAT: 19 − 20] C ¯‹vwf©

A. ‡mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU B. K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW
❑ ‡nqvi I‡q‡ji BgvjwmdvBqvi (Emulsifier) iƒ‡c
C. ‡mvwWqvg †ebRv‡qU D. K¨vjwmqvg
wb‡Pi †KvbwU eëüZ nq? [MAT: 18 − 19]
†cÖvcÖv‡qv‡bU
A. B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj B. AwjK GwmW
DËit C. †mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU| C. weDUvBj nvB‡Wªv KzB‡bvb
e¨vL¨v: ‡mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU, †mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU I I D. †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
K¨vjmqvg †cÖvcÖv‡qvU me¸‡jvB Lv`¨ msiÿK DËit B AwjK GwmW
e¨vL¨v: ‡nqvi A‡q‡ji cÖ¯‘wZ t
BgvjwmdvBqvi → AwjK GwmW
wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| G‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q wbivc` n‡jv A¨vw›UAw·‡W›U → weDUvBj nvB‡WªvKzB‡bvb
BgvjwmdvBqvi †Zj I cvwbi wgkÖY `ywU‡K web¨¯Í iv‡L
†mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU|
I †Zj‡K Nb K‡i|
❑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? [MAT: 18 − 19]
❑ 50gm wW‡gi Lv`¨ kw³ gvb KZ? [DAT: 18 −
A. ‡iwUb‡ji Afv‡i wiKUm nq B.
19]
_vqwg‡bi Afv‡e ¯‹vwf© nq
A. 307.5 KJ B. 660.50 KJ
C. dwjK Gwm‡Wi Afv‡e i³ g~b¨Zv nq
C. 651.05 KJ D. 561.05KJ
D. GmKiweK Gwm‡hi Afv‡e ivZKvbv †ivM nq
DËit A. 307.5KJ
DËit C. dwjK Gwm‡Wi Afv‡e i³g~b¨Zv nq
e¨vL¨v: cÖPwjZ Lv`¨mk~‡ni kw³bvgt
e¨vL¨v:
1. wPwb 1648.50 7. Avjy 309.6

2. 962.32 8.`ya 271.96 ❑ ÷vP©‡K g¨vj‡Uv‡R cwiYZ Ki‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb
cvDiæwU GbRvBgwU eëüZ nq? [DAT: 18 − 19]
3. wWg 615.059. 192.46 A. my‡µR B. g‡ëR
Av‡cj C. RvB‡gR D. Wvqv‡÷R
4. gvQ 322.168 10. 3075.24 DËit D. Wvqv‡÷R|
gvLb e¨vL¨v: 2(C6 H10 O5 ) +
5. U‡g‡Uv 62.76 11. 1698.70 ÷vP©
ivqv‡›UR
cvwbi 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑛. 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11
40−50𝐶 g‡ëR
6. 104.60 12. 1087.84
❑ mwës cÖwµqvi, Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi mgq wb‡Pi †KvbwU
evuavKwU R¨vg
N‡U? [DAT: 18 − 19]
❑ f¨vwbwks wµ‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? [DAT: 18 −
A. Osmosis B. Imbibition
19]
C. Diffusion D. Conduction
A. UviUvwiK GwmW
DËit A. Osmosis
B. AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
❑ ‡ewe cvDWv‡i Gw›U‡mwÞK wnmv‡e eëüZ nq †KvbwU?
C. ‡eviv· D. B_vBj †ebR‡qU
[MAT: 17 − 18]
DËit C. †eviv·
A. K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW B. wR¼ Kve©‡bU
e¨vL¨v: f¨vwbwks wµ‡gi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv w÷qvwiK
C. ‡evwiK GwmW D. K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU
GwmW I †eviv·| Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cvwb,
DËit C. †evwiK GwmW
wMømvwib, Kw›UK cUvk, †gvg I myMwÜ|
e¨vL¨v: ‡ewe cvDWv‡ii Dcv`vbbg~n:
❑ Uq‡j‡Ui `yM©× I `vM `~i Ki‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb
‡UjK g~j Dcv`vb
ivmvqwbKU eëüZ nq? [DAT: 18 − 19]
A. Ca(OH)2 B. NaOH g¨vM‡bwmqvg w÷qv‡iU A¨vw›U‡mcwUK
C. Ca(ClO)2 D. C6 H5 OH
‡evwiK GwmW cvDWvi A¨vw›U‡mcwUK
DËit D. C6 H5 OH
e¨vL¨v: Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii Dcv`vb I Gi KvR: g¨vM‡bwmqvg Kve©‡bU cvDWvi nvjKv K‡i
Kw÷K †mvWv Pwe© ev wMÖ‡Ri `ªveK ❑ gvsm †KŠUvRvZKi‡Y wb‡Pi †KvbwU eëüZ nq?
(NaOH) [MAT: 16 − 17]
‡mvwWqvg jivBj Sufrectant A. 4% wPwbi `ªeY B. 2% je‡Yi `ªeY
mvj‡dU
C. 4% je‡Yi `ªeY D. 8% wPwbi `ªeY
K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡cv weøwPs G‡R›U,
DËit B. 2% je‡Yi `ªeY|
†K¬vivBU RxevYybvkK
❑ ‡g‡n`xi is‡qi Rb¨ `vqx- [MAT: 16 − 17]
cvwb g~j `ªveK A. j¨v‡bwjb B. AwjK GwmW
is iÄK C. ‡jvkb (Lotion) D. jv‡mvb
(Lawsome)
‡dbvj `yM©ÜbvkK, RxevYybvkK DËit D. jv‡mvb Lawsone

❑ ‡Kvì wµg cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z gyw³‡K›U wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq DËit B. †mvwWqvg bvBUªvBU
†KvbwU? [DAT: 16 − 17] ❑ dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUf G eëüZ mvqwUªK Gwm‡Wi pH gvb
A. Zij c¨vivwdb B. wMømvwib KZ? [MAT: 14 − 15]
C. ‡cÖvcvBj c¨vivwdb D. ‡gvg A. pH 4.50 B. pH 3.01
DËit A. Zij c¨vivwdb| C. pH 4.74 D. pH 3.14
❑ `ya †_‡K Qvbv cvIqvi cÖwµqv n‡jv- [DAT: 16 − DËit D. pH 3.14
17] e¨vL¨v: ivmvqwbK wcÖRvi‡fwUf Gi pH m‡e©v”P
4.74(CH3 COOH) †_‡K me©wb¤œ 3.14 (mvqwUªK
A. Av`ª© we‡kølY B. dvi‡g‡›Ukb
GwmW) Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
C. ‡Kvlv¸‡jkb D. Aw·‡Rb ❑ wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë †KvbwU wfUvwgb we1 Gi bvg?
DËit C. †Kvqv¸‡jkb [DAT: 08 − 09]
❑ ‡ewKs †mvWvi ivmvqwbK digyjv †KvbwU? A. wi‡evd¬¨vwfb B. A¨vmKiweK GwmW
[MAT: 15 − 16] C. c¨vb‡Uv‡_wbK GwmW D. _vqvwgb
DËit D. _vqvwgb
A. Na2 CO3 B. Na2 CO3 . 10H2 O e¨vL¨v: wfUvwgbmg~‡ni bvg:
C. NaOH D. NaHCO3 wfUwgb we1 _vqvwgb
DËit D. NaHCO3
❑ wbivc` Lv`¨ msiÿK wnmv‡e cwiwPZ †KvbwU? wfUvwgb we2 wi‡evd¬¨vwfb
[MAT: 15 − 16] wfUvwgb we5 c¨vb‡Uv‡_wbK GwmW
A. ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU B. ‡mvwWqvg bvBUªvBU
wfUvwgb wm A¨vmKiweK GwmW
C. K¨vjwmqvg †cÖvcv‡bv‡qU
D. K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW
NCTB Aby‡gvw`Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© eBmg~‡ni Ab~kxjbxi Important MCQ mg~n
W. m‡ivR KvwšÍ wmsn nvRvix m¨v‡ii eB‡qi Abykxjbxi cÖkœmg~‡ni mgvavb

1. Lv`¨`ªe¨ cP‡b Ab¨Zg mnvqK †KvbwU? [P. †ev. 2015] N. K¨vjwmqvg Kvev©BW DËi : K
K. SO2 L. N2 O 4. K…wÎg Lv`¨ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm †KvbwU? [e. †ev. 2016]
M. NO2 N. O2 K. NaCl L. C12 H22 O11
DËi : N M. HCHO Gi 40% `ªeY
2. ‡KvbwU cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨ msiÿK? [X. †ev. 2017. w`. N. C6 H5 COOH
†ev.2015] DËi : N
K. digvwjY L. mvjdvi WvBA·vBW 5. wb‡Pi †KvbwU A¨vw›UgvB‡µvweqvj wcÖRvi‡fwUf bq? [h.
M. †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU N. †mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW
†ev. 2015]
DËi : N
K. †mvwWqvg evBmvjdvBU
3. wbivc` K…wÎg Lv`¨ msiÿK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ †KvbwU? [ev. L. cUwmqvg evBmvjdvBU
†ev. 2015] M. †mvwWqvg bvBUªvBU N. digvwjb
K. †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU L. †mvwWqvg bvBUªvBU DËi : N
M. K¨vjwmqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU

6. wcÖRvi‡fwUfiƒ‡c eëüZ mvBwUªK Gwm‡WipH gvb KZ M. GmKiweK GwmW N. Kve©wbK GwmW
_v‡K? DËi : K
K. pH 4.74 L. pH 4.50 14. Ryj msiÿ‡Y wb‡Pi †Kvb wcÖRvi‡fwUf eënvi Kiv nq?
M. pH 3.14 N. pH 3.01 [wf‡bMvi ]
DËi : M K. wf‡bMvi
7. Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y eëüZ A¨vw›UAw·‡W›U †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev. L. cUvwmqvg †gUvevBmvjdvBU
2015; e. †ev. 2015] M. SO2 N. ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU
K. EDTA L. C6 H1 2O6 DËi : N
M. CH3 COOH N. BHT 15. gvQ, gvsm msiÿ‡Y eëüZ wcÖRvi‡fwUf †KvbwU? [
DËi : N wm.‡ev. 2017;Kz. †ev. 2019]
8. K…wÎg A¨vw›UAw·‡W›U †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev. 2016] K. †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU L. †mvwWqvg bvBUvBU
M. miweK GwmW N. †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW
K. wfUvwgb-−C L. NaCl
M. myMvi N. ‡cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU DËi : L
DËi : N 16. `ya n‡”Q ÑÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [h.‡ev 2016;Xv.‡ev. 2016]
K. †Rj L. Bvgvjkb
9. BHA − Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx? [w`. †ev.2015]
M. mvm‡cbkb N. mj
K. Butylated hydroxy anisole
DËi : L
L. Butalated hydroxy acetate
17. †Kvb cÖvYxi `y‡a kw³ (K¨vjwi) †ewk _v‡K?. [P.‡ev.
M. Butahydrated hydroxy anisol
e.‡ev. 2016;Xv. †ev. 2015]
N. Butahydrated hydroxy amine
K. Mvfx L. gwnl
M. QvMj N. †fov
DËi : K DËi : L
10. ‰Zj I Pwe©hy³ Lv`¨‡K msiÿ‡Y †KvbwU eëüZ nq? [ 18. `y‡ai cÖavb †cÖvwUb †KvbwU? [h. †ev. 2015]
gv`ªvmv. †ev. 2015] K. K¨v‡ivwUb L. wjwcW
K. BHA L. BTA M. K¨vwmb N. j¨vKUveywgb
M. EDTA N. BAH DËi : M
DËi : K 19. †KvbwU gvbe‡`‡n †cÖvwU‡bi Pvwn`v †gUvq? [P. †ev.
11. mewR msiÿ‡Y †KvbwU eëüZ nq? [e. †ev. 2015] 2015]
K. wPwb `ªeY L. je‡Yi `ªeY K. fvZ L. kvK-mewR
M. digvwjb N. ˆZj M. cvwb N. gvQ
DËi : L DËi : N
12. Avg †KŠUvRvZKi‡Y †Kvb †hŠMwU eëüZ nq? [Awfbœ 20. `y‡a wb‡Pi †Kvb Avqbmg~‡ni †mUwU AwaK cwigv‡Y
†ev. 2018; e. †ev. 2016] _v‡K?
K. B_vbj L. mvqwUªK GwmW K. K + , Ca2+ , Cl− L. Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe3+
M. GmKiweK GwmW N. Kve©wbK GwmW M. K + , Cu2+ , P 3− N. Na+ , K + , Cl−1
DËi : K DËi : K
13. wb‡¤œi †Kvb GwmWwU Avg I KvuVvj †KŠUvRvZKi‡Y 21. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxi `y‡a †cÖvwU‡bi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk
eëüZ nq? [ h. †ev. 2015; e.‡ev. 2016] _v‡K? [e. †ev. 2017]
K. mvqwUªK GwmW L. wmmwUb K. gvbyl L. Miæ

M. gwnl N. ‡fox 30. me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki †Kvqv¸‡j›U wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev.
DËi : N 2016]
22. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxi `y‡a Pwe©i cwigvY me‡P‡q ‡ewk _v‡K? K. KOH L. NaCl
K. Miæ L. QvMj M. Mg(NO3 )2 N. Fe2 (SO4 )3
M. gvbyl N. L DËi : N
DËi : L 31. A‡š¿i B‡gwRs Kv‡R eëüZ BaSO4 wgkÖY wb‡Pi †Kvb
23. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖvYxi `y‡a j¨vK‡UvR wPwbi cwigvY me‡P‡q †kÖwYfz³?
†ewk _v‡K? K. Kj‡qW L. mvm‡cbkb
K. gvbyl L. gwnl M. †Kvqv¸‡j›U N. Aat‡ÿc
M. Miæ N. QvMj DËi : L
DËi : K 32. `ya †_‡K Qvbv cvIqvi cÖwµqv n‡jv †KvbwU? [ P. †ev.
24. `y‡a †Kvb WvBm¨vKvivBW _v‡K? [P.‡ev.] ev. †ev. 2019 wm. †ev. 2016]
K. my‡µvR L. †mjy‡jvR K. Av`ª© we‡kølY L. dvi‡g‡›Ukb
M. g‡ëvR N. j¨vK‡UvR M. †Kvqv¸‡jkb N. Aw·‡Wkb
DËi : N DËi : M
25. msM„nxZ `y‡ai pH wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU wgkv‡bv 33. gvLb‡K cvwbgy³ Kiv nq †Kvb c×wZ‡Z ? [ wm. †ev.
nq? [h. †ev. 2015 Xv. †e. 2019 ] 2015]
K. NaHCO3 L. H2 O2 K. cvwb †kvlY K‡i
M. NaCl N. NH3 L. gvLb‡K Pvc w`‡q `wjZ K‡i
DËi : K M. gvL‡b P2 O5 †hvM K‡i
26. Zij `ya msiÿ‡Y †Kvb c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv nq? [Xv. N. gvL‡b CaO †hvM K‡i
†ev. 2015] DËi : L
K. wngvqb L. †KŠUvRvZKiY 34. U¨vjKg cvDWv‡ii g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU? [Kz.‡ev. 2017]
M. cv¯‘ivBwRs N. wf‡bMvi eënvi K. K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU L. †evwiK GwmW
DËi : M M. U¨vjK N. g¨vM -Kve©‡bU
27. mvm‡cbk‡bi D`vniY †KvbwU? [w`. †ev. 2015] DËi : M
K. K`©gv³ gvwU L. wPwbi `ªeY 35. U¨vjKg cvDWv‡ii cÖavb Dcv`vb †KvbwU? [ P.‡ev.
M. `ya N. i³ 2017]
DËi : N K. U¨vjK L. ZnO
28. cvwb‡Z gq`vi wgkÖY‡K Kx e‡j? [ w`. †ev. 2015] M. CaCO3 N. myMwÜ `ªe¨
K. `ªeY L. Kj‡qW DËi : K
M. †Kvqv¸‡jkb N. mvm‡cbkb 36. U¨vjKg cvDWvi cÖ¯‘wZi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv †KvbwU?
DËi : N [Xv.‡ev. 2017; Kz. †ev. e. †ev. 2015]
29. ‡ccUvB‡Rkb c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi Kiv hvq †KvbwU? [ iv. †ev. K. 3MgO. 4SiO2 . H2 O
2015] L. Na2 B4 O7 . 10H2 O
K. Bgvjmb L. Kj‡qW M. C3 H8 O3
M. mvm‡cbkb N. †Kvqv¸‡jkb N. CaCO3 . MgCO3
DËi : L DËi : K
37. †KvbwU U¨vjK‡ji mshyw³? [iv. †ev. 2017]

K. 4MgO. 3SiO2 . H2 O K. wf‡bMvi L. A¨vKzqv A¨v‡gvwbqv
L. 3MgO. 4SiO2 . H2 O M. NaOH N. Na − jivBj mvj‡dU
M. 3MgO. SiO2 . 4H2 O DËi : L
N. 4MgO. 2SiO2 . H2 O DËi : L 46. Møvm wK¬bv‡ii g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU? [ P. †ev. 2017]
38. †eex cvDWv‡i †KvbwU A¨vw›U‡mcwUK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? K. B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
[wm. †ev. 2015] L. A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªeY
K. wR¼ A·vBW L. †UjK M. iso − weDUvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
M. g¨vM‡bwmqvg Kve©‡bU N. †evwiK GwmW N. iso − †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
DËi : N DËi : M
39. f¨vwbwks wµg Gi cÖavb DcKiY †KvbwU? [wm. †ev. w`. 47. Møvm wK¬bvi eëüZ ivwes A¨vj‡Kvnj wb‡Pi †KvbwU? [
†ev. 2017] iv. †ev. 2017]
K. miweUvj L. cviwdDg K. iso − †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
M. wMømvwib g‡bvw÷qv‡iU L. iso − weDUvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
N. Kw÷K cUvk DËi : M M. tert − weDUvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
40. ‡Kvì wµ‡g jyweª‡KwUs G‡R›U wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq †KvbwU? N. B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
[Awfbœ †ev. 2018; wm.‡ev. 2015] DËi : K
K. Zij c¨vivwdb L. wMømvwib 48. ‡g‡nwì is Gi KviY †Kvb ivmvqwbK `ªe¨? [ wm. †ev.
M. †cÖvcvBj c¨viv‡evb N. †gvg 2016; iv. †ev. 2015]
DËi : K K. j¨v‡bvwjb L. jv‡mvb
41. wjcw÷‡Ki g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU? [P. †ev. 2015] M. AwjK GwmW N. DB›Uvj wMÖb
K. †gv L. LwbR †Zj DËi : L
M. iÄK c`v_© N. †f‡mwjb 49. MvuRb cÖwµqvq †Kvb cwieZ©b m¤úbœ nq? [h, †ev. 2015]
DËi : K K. Møy‡KvR †_‡K B_vbj L. my‡µvR †_‡K Møy‡KvR
42. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g‡qðvivBRviiƒ‡c AvdUvi †kf †jvk‡b M. B_jb †_‡K A¨vwmwUK GwmW
eëüZ nq? [h. †ev. 2017 ; ev.‡ev.2015] N. B_vb¨vj †_‡K A¨vwmwUK GwmW
K. wMømvij L. wW-b¨vPvW© A¨vj‡Kvnj DËi : K
M. †cÖvcvBwjb A¨vj‡Kvnj N. Bw_wb MøvBKj 50. wf‡bMv‡i _v‡K †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev. 2016; h. †ev. 2015]
DËi : K K. 6 − 10% CH3 COOH. 94 − 90% cvwb
43. Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡ii g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU? [ Kz. †ev. 2017] L. 6 − 10% C2 H5 OH, 94 − 90% cvwb
K. Na2 CO3 L. NaOH M. 6 − 10% CH3 COCH3 , 94 − 90% cvwb
M. (NH4 )2 CO3 N. NH4 OH N. 6 − 10% CH3 CHO, 94 − 90% cvwb
DËi : L DËi : K
44. Møvm wK¬bv‡ii cÖavb wK¬wbs Dcv`vb †KvbwU? [Xv. †ev.; h. 51. wf‡bMvi ˆ_wi‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwUi ‡KvbwUi Rjxq `ªeY
†ev. 2016; w`. †ev.2015] eëüZ nq? [e. †ev. 2017]
K. Kw÷K †mvWv L. wWUvi‡R›U K. wfbvBj A¨vwm‡UU L. A¨vwmwUK GwmW
M. A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªeY N. †mvwWqvg M. wg_vb¨j N. wfbvBj †K¬vivBW
nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU DËi : L
DËi : M 52. g›U wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z my‡µv‡Ri Av`ª©wekøl‡Y †Kvb
45. ‡KvbwU Møvm wK¬bv‡ii cÖavb Dcv`vb? [Xv. †ev. 2017] GbRvBg eëüZ nq? [ w`. ‡ev. 2017]

K. fvqv‡÷R L. RvB‡gR K. 52% L. 40%
M. g¨v‡ëR N. Bbfv‡U©R M. 20% N. 8%
DËi : N DËi : L
53. digvwj‡b Kx cwigvY wg_¨vb¨vj _v‡K? [iv. †ev. 2017]
W. MvRx †gvt Avnmvbyj Kexi m¨v‡ii eB‡qi Abykxjbxi cÖkœ

1. Møy‡Kv‡Ri AvYweK ms‡KZ C6 H12 O6 GwU Kx?
K. GKwU A¨vjwWnvBW L. Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU
M. GKwU GwmW N. GKwU G÷vi
DËi : L
2. m‡e©v”P kw³ cvIqv hvq wb‡¤œi †Kvb Lv`¨wU †_‡K?
K. gvLb L. wWg
M. `ya N. wPwb
DËi : K
3. ‡KvbwU KxU bvkK?
K. DDT L. BHT
M. TSP N. LAB
DËi : K
4. evwj©, †LRyi ¸o I Av½y‡i wb‡Pi †Kvb Lv`¨ Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q?
K. Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU L. †cÖvwUb
M. wfUvwgb N. †¯œnRvZxq c`v_©
DËi : K
5. mvBwUªK GwmW, wf‡bMvi, jeYSO2 | G c`v_©¸‡jv wb‡¤œi †Kvb †kÖwYi Aš‘f³
‚© ?
K. wfUvwgb L. †cÖvwUb
M. dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm N. Lv`¨ms‡hvRbx
DËi : L
6. †KvbwU †cÖvwUb?
K. K¨vwmb L. j¨vK‡UvR
M. mvBwUªK GwmW N. DHT
DËi : K
7. ivmvqwbK mshyw³i w`K †_‡K GKB †Kvb hyMj?
K. `ya I gvLb L. gvLb I wN
M. Møvm wK¬bvi I Uq‡jU wK¬bvi
N. mvevb I wWUvi‡R›U DËi : L
8. Na2 O. CaO. xSiO2 wb‡¤œi †Kvb e¯‘wUi Dcv`vb?
K. KvuP L. wmivwgKm
M. wm‡g›U N. cvDWvi
DËi : L
9. wel bvkK I RxevYybvkK †KvbwU?
K. †jwmw_b L. †MvjvcRj
M. †gb_j N. A¨v‡jv‡fiv
DËi : L
10. wMÖR Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i eënvi Kiv nq wb‡¤œi †KvbwU?
K. NaOH L. CH3 COOH
M. NH4 OH N. HNO3

DËi : K
11. ‡Kvqv¸‡jkb c×wZ †KvbwU?
K. `ya †_‡K Qvbv ˆZwi
L. AS2 S3 mj -G NaCl ‡hvM Ki‡j Aat‡ÿc c‡o
M. gvLb †_‡K wN ˆZwi
N. wPwbi Mvp Zß `ªeY‡K kxZj Ki‡j wPwbi `vbv ˆZwi nq
DËi : L
12. †KvbwU gvby‡li ‡cÖvwU‡bi Pvwn`v †gUvq?
K. fvZ L. kvKmewR
M. cvwb N. gvQ
DËi : N
13. ‡ewe cvDWvi †Kvb Dcv`vbwU A¨vw›U‡mcwUK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i?
K. ZnO L. U¨vj&K
M. MgCO3 N. †evwiK GwmW cvDWvi
DËi : N
14. U¨vjK Gi ivmvqwbK mshyw³ †KvbwU?
K. 3. Al2 O3 . 4SiO2 . H2 O
L. 3MgO. 4SiO2 . H2 O
M. 3Al2 O3 . 2SiO2 . 2H2 O
N. MgO. 2SiO2 . 2H2 O DËi : L
15. Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Y A¨vw›UAw·‡W›U wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq †KvbwU?
K. EDTA L. C6 H12 O6
M. CH3 COOH N. BHT
DËi : N
16. BHA − Gi c~Y© bvg Kx?
K. Butylated hydroxyanisole
L. Butylated hydroxyacetate
M. Butahydrated hydroxyanisole
N. Butahydrated budroxyamine
DËi : K
17. f¨vwbwks wµg Gi cÖavb Dcv`vb Kx?
K. miweUj L. cviwdDg
M. w÷qvwiK GwmW N. Kw÷K cUvk
DËi : M
18. †KvbwU mvm‡cbkvb?
K. Kv`vgq †Nvjv cvwb L. wPwbi `ªeY
M. `ya N. i³
DËi : K

19. Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i g~j wK¬wbs Dcv`vb †KvbwU?
K. Kw÷K L. wWUvi‡R›U
M. A¨v‡bvwgqv `ªeY N. mvjdvi WvBA·vBW
DËi : K
20. ‡KvbwU cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨ msiÿK?
K. digvwjb L. mvjdvi WBA·vBW
M. NaNO3 N. NaCl
DËi : N

ইমিমনয়ামরিং পাটট
imvqb 1g cÎ

Lv`¨`ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk G‡K mywbw`©ó wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& Gi gva¨‡g msiÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †hme
Dc`vb Lv‡`ï mv‡_ cwiwgZ cwigv‡Y wgwk‡q Lv`¨‡K wewfbœ AYyRxemg~‡ni AvµgY I eskwe¯Ívi wbqš¿Y
K‡i GivB g~jZ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&| cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek‡K cwi”Qbœ I RxevYygy³ ivL‡Z wK¬bvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv iv‡L|
***Lv`¨ msi¶Y wK? [RUET'17-18]
mgvavbt Lv‡`ï ¸Yv¸Y I gvb A¶zbœ †i‡L `xN© mgq m‡ZR ivLvi Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z wcÖRvi‡fwUfm eënvi
Kiv‡K Lv`¨ msi¶Y e‡j|
❑ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& †K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

1| b¨vPvivj dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&|
†hgb- jeY, wPwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj, wf‡bMvi, †Zj BZ¨vw`|
2| K…wÎg ev ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&|
❑ K…wÎg ev ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&:

mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi K…wÎg dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& i‡q‡Q|
1| Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj G‡R›U|
†hgb- †eb‡Rv‡qU, mi‡eU, bvBUªvBU BZ¨vw`|
2| Gw›UAw·‡W›U G‡R›U|
†hgb- mvjdvBU, wfUvwgb B, wfUvwgb wm, BHT, BHA, TBHQ, †cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU cÖf…wZ
ivmvqwbK `ªe¨‡K Gw›UAw·‡W›U wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
3| wK‡jwUs G‡R›U|
†hgb- mvBwUªK GwmW, j¨vKwUK GwmW, A¨vmKiweK GwmW, cwjdm‡dU I EDTA-Gi eënvi
†ek cÖPwjZ|

**msÁv : Lv`ë¯‘i cPb ‡ivaKiƒ‡c wbw`©ó ¯^í gvÎvq eëüZ ivmvqwbK c`v_©mg~n‡K K…wÎg
ev ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm ejv nq| AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e Aby‡gvw`Z ivmvqwbK dyW
wcÖRvi‡fwUfmmg~n wZb ‡kÖwYfy³| ‡hgb |
(K) A¨vw›U gvB‡µvev‡qj G‡R›U,
(L) A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U G‡R›U,
(M) wK‡jwUs G‡R›U|
(K) A¨vw›U gvB‡µvev‡qj (antimicrobials) : A¨vw›UgvB‡µvev‡qj ivmvqwbK wcÖRvi‡fwUfm&
e¨vK‡Uwiqv| C÷ I ‡gvÛm-Gi e„w× cÖwZnZ K‡i| Gme ivmvqwbK c`v_© gvB‡µv AM©vwbRg ‡Kv‡li
‡gg‡eªb dvwU‡q ‡`q| GbRvB‡gi wµqv ‡iva K‡i _v‡K| G me wcÖRvi‡fwUf A¤øag©x nq| ‡hgb
(1) ‡mvwWqvg ‡eb‡Rv‡qU I ‡ebRwqK GwmW (m.p. 121°C) (KwVb)
(2) cUvwmqvg mi‡eU, ‡mvwWqvg mi‡eU I K¨vjwmqvg mi‡eU (KwVb)
(3) mvqwU«K GwmW (KwVb, m.p: 153°C)
(4) A¨vwmwUK GwmW (Zij, b.p. 118°C)
(5) K¨vjwmqvg ‡cÖvcv‡bv‡qU (CHCOO),Ca(s)|
(6) bvB‡U«U I bvBU«vBU jeY, (NaNO, KNO, NaNO,)(s) |
(7) mvjdvBU, SO2, M¨vm (cUvwmqvg ‡gUv evBmvjdvBU, 𝐾2 𝑆2 𝑂5 )
A¨vw›U Aw·‡WU (Anti Oxidant):
msÁv: Pwe© ev wjwcW AYyi RviY- we‡qvR‡b Ask MÖnYKvix 𝑂2 AYy I wjwcW AYy †_‡K m„ó gy³
g~jK‡K †kvlY K‡i wKQz ivmvqwbK c`v_© Pwe©hy³ Lv`ë¯‘i cPb †iva K‡i| G me ivmvqwbK c`v_©‡K
A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U e‡j|
Pwe© ev wjwcW AYy (L-H) mg~n 𝑂2 Gi ms¯ú‡k© mg‡hvRx eÜb †f‡½ we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb hy³ wjwcW
g~jK ev gy³ g~jK (L) m„wó K‡i, hv c‡i †PBb wewµqvi gva¨‡g cPb NUvq| d‡j Lv`ë¯‘‡Z Kv‡jv `vM
I `yM©Ü m„wó nq|
1. wjwcW AYy I 𝑂2 Gi gy³g~jK m„wó: L...H + 𝑂2 → 𝐿+𝐻−𝑂−𝑂
2. 𝑂2 mn cviAw·wjwcW gy³g~jK m„wó; 𝐿. + 𝑂2 → 𝐿−𝑂−𝑂
3. A¯’vqx nvB‡WªvcviA·vBW AYy MVb; 𝐿𝑂𝑂 + 𝐻. . 𝐿 → 𝐿𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝐿
4. cÖv_wgK AZxe mwµq gy³jK m„wó; 𝐿. 𝑂𝑂𝐻 → 𝐿. +𝐻𝑂𝑂.
G A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U AYy (A-H) wjwcW gy³g~jK (L) Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i wjwcW AYy (L-H) I
AwaK ¯’vqx Kg mwµq A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U gy³ gyjK (A.) m„wó K‡i| d‡j cP‡bi RviY-we‡hvRb †PBb
wewµqv eÜ nq|
A-H+L.→L-H+A. (AwaK ¯’vqx g~jK)
gy³ g~jK †kvlYKvix A¨vw›U -Aw·‡W›U n‡jv- (1) weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· Gwbmj, BHA
(butylated hydroxy anisole); (2) weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· UjyBb BHT; (3) Uviwmqvwi weDUvBj
nvBWªKzB‡bvb, TBHQ; (4) †cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU (Propyl gallate)|
Aw·‡Rb †kvlYKvix A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U: (1) wfUvwgb-wm (2) wfUvwgb -B (3) mvj‡dvBU jeY|

cÖvK…wZK A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›Umg~n wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨-e¯‘i Dr‡m _v‡K| ‡hgb; (1) wfUvwgb-C ev
GmKiweK GwmW : UKdj, wewfbœ kvKmewR, KvPvgwiP BZ¨vw`|
(2) wfUvwgb-E ev U‡Kv‡dij : meyR kvK-mewR, km¨-`vbv ev exR, M‡gi AsKyi, Dw™¢¾ ‰Zj
(mqvweb ‰Zj, mwilv ‰Zj) BZ¨vw`|
(3) weUv (β) K¨v‡ivwUb : wgwó Kygov, wgwó Avjy, U‡g‡Uv, MvRi, wewfbœ dj ‡hgb ZigyR, Rvg,
GwcÖKU BZ¨vw`|
(4) AavZy ‡m‡jwbqvg, se(34) : gvQ, gyiwMi gvsm, wWg, imyb BZ¨vw`|
AvšÍR©vwZK Lv`¨ ms¯’v KZ©…K Abyg‡vw`Z K…wÎg A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›Umg~n n‡jv BHA, BHT, TBHQ
I ‡cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU|
(M) wK‡jwUs G‡R›U (Chelating Agent) : Lv`ë¯‘i g‡a¨ _vKv Ae¯’vš—i avZyi Avqb (trace
elements : Fe2+, Fe3+, Co3+, Cu2+) ‰Zj-Pwe©i RviY-weh‡vRb wµqvq cÖfveKiƒ‡c wµqv
K‡i| ‡hgb Kcvi Avqb Øviv|
* ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 jeY Øviv Lv`¨ msiÿY‡K wKDwis e‡j|
 B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi 6-10% Rjxq `ªeY n‡jv wf‡bMvi|
 AYyRxe eskwe¯Ív‡ii AbyK‚j pH cwimi 6.5-7.5|
 wfUvwgb B mg„× Lv‡`¨ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm wn‡m‡e mvjdvBW eënvi wbwl×|
 BHT-Gi c~Y©iƒc- weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· UjyBb|
 BHT-Gi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ- C15H24O
 BHA-Gi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ- C11H16O2
❑ Lv`¨ †KŠUvRvZKiY cÖYvwj:

Lv`¨ †KŠUvRvZKiY Ggb GKwU c×wZ †hLv‡b Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K RxevYygy³ K‡i evqy‡ivax Ae¯’vq
wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& mnKv‡i †KŠUvi g‡a¨ Lv`¨gvb‡K AÿzYœ †i‡L msiÿY Kiv nq|
* ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 †KŠUvq dj msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î 30 - 40% NbgvÎvi wPwbi `ªeY‡K wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv
nq|
 Avg †KŠUvRvZKi‡Y 40% wPwb I 0.2% mvBwUªK GwmW eënvi Kiv nq|
 evuk †Kvij msiÿ‡Y 7-8% Lv`¨ jeY eëüZ nq|
 gv‡Q †cÖvwU‡bi cwigvY 14-20%|
 Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K RxevYygy³ Kivi Rb¨ 5-10 wgwbU DËß Kiv‡K eøvwÂs e‡j|
 eøvwÂs G GbRvBg m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c aŸsm nq|
 †KŠUvq dj msiÿ‡Y 30-40% wPwb `ªeY, kvKmewR‡Z 1.5-2.5% Lv`¨ jeY Ges gvQ I gvs‡mi
†ÿ‡Î 7-15% Lv`¨ jeY wcÖRvi‡fwUfm wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|

 GKRmwUs 90–110C ZvcgvÎvq 5-7 wgwbU a‡i Kiv nq|
 AwaK GwmW wewkó Lv`¨‡K 90-100C ZvcgvÎvq 30 wgwbU †÷wijvB‡Rkb Ki‡Z nq|
 GwmW Kg wewkó Lv`¨‡K 120C ZvcgvÎvq 1.5-2 NÈv †÷wijvBwRs Kiv nq|
 U‡g‡Uv msiÿ‡Y 10% NaCl `ªeY I 5% wPwbi `ªeY eëüZ nq|
* mvm‡cbkb: †Kv‡bv c`v_© ÿz`ª ÿz`ª KYvq wef³ n‡q Ab¨ c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ fvmgvb _vK‡j Giƒc wgkÖY‡K
mvm‡cbkb e‡j|
* †Kvqv¸‡jkb: Kj‡qW `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v_© †hvM K‡i Kj‡qW `ªe‡Yi KYvi Aat‡ÿc ev
Kj‡qW KYv I we¯Ívi gva¨‡gi ci¯úi `~‡i m‡i hvIqv‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb e‡j|
* ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Y †h Dcv`‡bi cwigvY Kg nq `ªeYwU‡K H Dcv`v‡bi `ªeY ejv nq|
 mvevb Rjxq gva¨‡g Kj‡qW wKš‘ A¨vj‡Kvnj gva¨‡g wµ÷vj‡qW|
 Kj‡q‡Wi g‡a¨ cvwbi cwigvY †ewk _vK‡j Zv‡K Sol Avi cvwbi cwigvY Kg _vK‡j Zv‡K gel e‡j|
 Kj‡qW c`v‡_©i AYyi AvK…wZ 1 nm A‡cÿv †QvU|
 B_vbj gva¨‡g mvevb wµ÷vj‡qW|
‡kªwY ‡fŠZ Ae¯’v KYvi e¨vm `„k¨gvb gva¨g wgkÖ‡Y w¯’wZ
`ªeY mgmË¡xq, ¯^”Q 0.1 𝑛𝑚 A`„k¨ myw¯’Z wgkÖY
wgkÖY − 2 𝑛𝑚
Kj‡qW AmgmË¡xq, 2 𝑛𝑚 AvjÆv myw¯’Z wgkÖY
A¯^”Q wgkÖY − 500 𝑛𝑚 gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc
mvm‡cbkb AmgmË¡xq, > 500 𝑛𝑚 mvaviY A¯’vqx wgkÖY,
A¯^”Q wgkÖY gvB‡µv‡¯úvc Aatwÿß n‡q
c‡o|
❑ `ya, gvLb I wN m¤úwK©Z Z_¨:

 `ya GKwU Kj‡qW|
 cÖwZ 100 ml `y‡a 30-35 MÖvg †cÖvwUb _v‡K|
 `y‡ai †cÖvwU‡bi 76-86% †cÖvwUbB †KBwmb|
 `y‡a A, B6, B12, C, D, K, E wfUvwgb _v‡K|
 `y‡a _vKv 4.8% j¨v‡±vR `y‡ai 40% K¨vjwii †hvMvb`vi|
 j¨v‡±vR GKwU WvBm¨vKvivBW hv Møy‡KvR I M¨vjv‡±vR Øviv MwVZ|
 gvLb n‡jv `y‡ai †¯œn RvZxq c`v‡_©i Bgvjkb|
 gvL‡bi 80% Pwe©, 16% cvwb, 4% `y» †cÖvwUb|
 gvLb evbv‡bvi Rb¨ `ya‡K †mw›UwdDR Kiv nq|

 `ya‡K 70C ZvcgvÎvq DËß K‡i `ªæZ kxZj Kivi gva¨‡g cv¯‘wiZ Kiv nq|
 cwi‡kvwaZ gvLb n‡jv wN|
 gvLb 30C ZvcgvÎvq Mjv ïiæ K‡i Ges 64C ZvcgvÎvq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c M‡j hvq|
 120C ZvcgvÎvq gvL‡b wKQz mgq Zvc w`‡q wN ˆZwi Kiv nq|
 wN †jvnv ev Zvgvi cv‡Î msiÿY Kiv DwPZ bq|
 wN Gi ¯^v`, MÜ I eY© wbf©i K‡i `y‡ai Drm Ges Drcv`‡bi mgqKvi ZvcgvÎv I mgqKv‡ji Dci|
1. ‡cÖvwUb (Protein): `y‡i wZb †kÖwYi †cÖvwUb _v‡K| †hgb, (1) K¨vwRb, (2) j¨vKU Gjeywgb I
(3) j¨vK‡Uv †Møveywjb| j¨vKU Gjeywgb I j¨v‡KUv‡Møvwjb‡K †mivg ev †nv‡q - †cÖvwUb e‡j| `y‡ai †gvU
†cÖvwUb (0.9-4.6%) Gi g‡a¨ 82% n‡jv K¨vwRb Ges 18% ‡nv‡q- †cÖvwUb| K¨vwRb n‡jv `y‡ai cÖavb
†cÖvwUb Dcv`vb| MøyUvwgb I GmcvivwRb A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW ev‡` Ab¨ me A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW K¨vwR‡b Av‡Q,
ZvB ZiæY- ZiæYx‡ì †`n e„w×i Rb¨ cÖvq me Acwinvh© A¨vgvB‡bv GmW mg„× `y‡ai †cÖvwUb DrK…ô †cÖvwUb
Lv`ïƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nq| K¨vwRb n‡jv GK cÖKvi dm‡dv‡cÖvwUb Av`ª©we‡køl‡Yi d‡j K¨vwRb dmdwiK GwmW
I A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡W wef³ nq| K¨vwRb cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq; `y‡a GwmW wgkv‡j K¨vwRb Aat‡ÿciƒ‡c c„_K
n‡q c‡o| gv‡qi `y‡a 0.9% Ges cïi`y‡a 3.2-4.6% †cÖvwUb _v‡K| Avevi `y‡ai cÖavb †cÖvwUb K¨vwRb
Pvi ai‡bi nq| †hgb, (1) 𝛼𝑆1 K¨vwRb, (2) 𝛼𝑆2 K¨vwRb, (3) 𝛽 K¨vwRb I (4) Κ (ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎) K¨vwRb|
2. `y»wPwb ev j¨vK‡UvR (Lactose) : j¨vK‡UvR ev `y»wPwb `y‡ai GKgvÎ WvBm¨vKvivBW
Kve©nvB‡WªU Dcv`vb| j¨vK‡UvR AYy mgmsL¨K Møy‡KvR I M¨vjvK‡UvR AYyi mgš^‡q MwVZ| j¨vK‡UvR
`y‡ai Am‡gvj iƒ‡c KvR K‡i; A_©vÕ GwU gvggvwi Mø¨v‡Û ev ¯Í‡b cvwb‡K Amgwmm cÖwµqvq †U‡b Av‡b|
3. `y‡ai LwbR Dcv`vb (Minerals): Aw¯’ MV‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK K+, Ca2+ I dmdivm
AwaK cwigv‡Y _v‡K| `y‡a Lye Kg cwigv‡Y †jvnv I Kcvi _v‡K| G‡Z `y»‡cvl¨ wkïi i³k~b¨Zv †iv‡Mi
Avk¼v _v‡K, ZvB wkï- Lv‡`¨ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K †jvnvI Kcvi Dcv`vb _vKvi eë¯’v Kiv DwPZ|
4. wfUvwgb I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb (Vitamines & others): wfUvwgb-G `y‡a †ewk _v‡K| Z‡e
wfUvwgb-wW I wfUvwgb-wm Kg _v‡K| `y‡a cv¯‘wiKiY I dzUv‡bvi Kvi‡Y `y‡a wfUvwgb-wm bó nq| †k^ZKwYKv
(W.B.C ev wjD‡KvmvBU) _v‡K|
❑ Uq‡jwUªR I cviwdDgvwi m¤úwK©Z Z_¨:

 U¨vjKg cvDWvi‡K duvcv‡bvi Rb¨ CaCO3 ev MgCO3 eëüZ nq|
 ms‡e`bkxj Z¡‡Ki Rb¨ A¨viviæU cvDWvi eënvi Kiv nq|
 †¯œv‡Z wcÖRvi‡fwUfm wn‡m‡e 0.2% †cÖvcvBj c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qU I 0.15% wg_vBj
c¨vivnvBWªw· †ebR‡qU eëüZ nq|
 †Kvì wµ‡g †cÖvcvBj c¨vivweb wcÖRvi‡fwUfm wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
 wjcw÷K g~jZ ÿv‡ii g‡a¨ iÄK c`v‡_©i wWmcvimb|
 AvdUvi †kf †jvk‡b K¨v‡gvwgj dzj, †ngv‡gwjm dzj, j¨vwKwUK GwmW I A¨vj‡Kvnj eëüZ nq|
 †eviv· Gi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ: Na2B4O7.10H20
** ‡UjKg cvDUvi cÖ¯‘wZ: cÖmvab mgvMÖxi g‡a¨ †UjKg cvDWvi Ab¨Zg| kix‡ii Av`ª©Zv I
Ng©‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †UjKg cvDWvi eënvi Kiv nq| DbœZgv‡bi †UjKg cvDWvi wcw”Qj I D¾¡j mv`v e‡Y©i|

‡UjKg cvDWv‡ii Dcv`vbmg~n:
(1) g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv †UjK; Gi mvivqwmK bvg nvB‡Wª‡UW g¨vM‡bwmqvg wmwj‡KU; Gi ms‡KvPb
𝐻2 𝑀𝑔3 (𝑆𝑖𝑂3 )4 ev, 𝑀𝑔3 𝑆𝑖4 𝑂10 (𝑂𝐻)2 ev, 3𝑀𝑔𝑂. 4𝑆𝑖𝑂2 . 𝐻2 𝑂|
(2) AwZwi³ wcw”QjZvi Rb¨ †UjK Gi mv‡_ eënvi Kiv nq wRsK w÷qv‡iU, g¨vM‡bwmqvg wmwj‡KU
I Ab¨vb¨v wmwj‡KU| wRsK w÷qv‡iU n‡jv †Kvgj A¨vw›U‡mcwUK| A¨vw›Um‡cwUK wn‡m‡e †evwiK GwmWI
eënvi Kiv nq| w÷qv‡i‡Ui cwigvY 4-10% Gi g‡a¨ n‡q _v‡K| (3) cvDWvi‡K dvucv‡bvi Rb¨
K¨vjwmqvg ev g¨vM‡bwmqvg Kve©‡bU I eënvi Kiv nq| G¸‡jv †UjKg cvDWv‡ii myMwÜ a‡i iv‡L| (4)
GQvov cvDWv‡ii mv‡_ myMwÜiƒ‡c †gb_j I K¨või mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y †hvM Kiv nq|
❑ Møvm wK¬bvi I Uq‡jU wK¬bvi cÖ¯‘wZ:

 Møvm wK¬bvi cÖw¯‘wZ‡Z wjKvi A¨v‡gvwbqv, ivwes A¨vj‡Kvnj, wf‡bMvi, wmwjKb I mvidvKU¨v›U eëüZ
nq|
 Møvm wK¬bv‡i A¨v‡gwbqvi m‡e©v”P eënvi‡hvM¨ gvÎv 5–10%|
 Uq‡jU wK¬bvi Gi g~j cwi®‹viK Dcv`vb Kw÷K †mvWv A_ev †ewKs †mvWv (NaHCO3)
 A¤øxq Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i dmdwiK GwmW eëüZ nq|
 Uq‡jU N‡l cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ wK¬bvi‡K †¯‹vDwis wK¬bvi ejv nq|
❑ wf‡bMvi m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

 wf‡bMvi n‡jv B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi (6–10)% Rjxq `ªeY|
 gvB‡KvWvgv© A¨vwmwU KZ…©K B_vb‡ji RviY evqyi gva¨‡g N‡U|
 MvuRb ev RviY cÖwµqvi ZvcgvÎv (25–30)C n‡j fv‡jv|
 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Drm wn‡m‡e †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU eënvi Kiv DwPZ|
 wf‡bMvi †hv‡Mi d‡j Lv`¨`ª‡eï pH gvb nq 4 Gi wb‡P|
 4.5 Gi Kg pH G e¨vK‡Uwiqv Rb¥ †bq bv|
 wf‡bMvi cvwb‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv Abycv‡Z `ªeYxq|
 B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi ùzUbv¼ (118-119)C|
 cPbKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqvi eskwe¯Ív‡ii Dchy³ pH †iÄ 5.4–7.0|

MCQ
1. K…wÎg dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm n‡jv-

i. Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj G‡R›U
ii. Gw›UAw·‡W›U G‡R›U
iii. wK‡jwUs G‡R›U
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
A. i I ii B. i I iii C. ii I iii D. i, ii I iii
Ans: [D]
2. K…wÎg wcÖRvi‡fwUfm wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq-
i. †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU
ii. †eb‡RvwqK GwmW
iii. K¨vjwmqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU
Ans: [A]
3. Gw›UAw·W›U G‡R›U-
i. wfUvwgb wm
ii. Lv`¨`ªe¨‡K Kv‡jv `vM †_‡K iÿv K‡i
iii. AYyRxe aŸsm K‡i
Ans: [D]
4. mvjdvBU-
i. AYyRxe aŸsmKvix
ii. gvQ msiÿ‡Y eëüZ nq
iii. GKwU Gw›UAw·W›U
Ans: [D]
5. Pwe©hy³ Lvevi msiÿ‡Y †hme wcÖRvi‡fwUfm eëüZ nq-
i. BHA
ii. TBHQ
iii. EDTA

Ans: [A]
6. wµ÷vj‡qW n‡jv-
i. NaCl
ii. BDwiqv
iii. CaCO3
Ans: [A]
7. U¨vjKg cvDWv‡i Essential Oil eënvi Kiv nq-

i. ms‡e`bkxjZv evov‡bvi Rb¨
ii. Gw›U e¨vK‡Uwiqvj e‡j
iii. Gw›U dvsMvm e‡j
Ans: [C]
8. NvgvwP cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ U¨vjKg cvDWv‡i †hvM Kiv nq-
i. P›`b Kv‡Vi wbhv©m
ii. K¨v‡gvwgj KvÛ
iii. K¨v‡gvwgj dz‡ji wbhv©m
Ans: [B]
9. ewiK GwmW-
i. wcw”Qj KviK
ii. NvgvwP †ivax
iii. Gw›U‡mcwUK wn‡m‡e
Ans: [B]
10. †¯œv Gi gvb wbf©i K‡i-
i. w÷qvwiK Gwm‡Wi weï×Zvi Ici
ii. cvwbi cwigv‡Yi Ici
iii. cÖ‡qvMK…Z ÿv‡ii cwigv‡Yi Dci

Ans: [D]
11.evwYwR¨K †¯œv‡Z †h Dcv`vb¸‡jv _v‡K-
i. wMømvwib
ii. †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU
iii. w÷qvwiK GwmW
Ans: [B]
12.AvdUvi †mf †jvk‡b G‡gvwj‡q›U iƒc eëüZ nq-
i. miweUj
ii. †cÖvwUwjb
iii. MøvBKj
Ans: [D]
13.AvdUvi †mf †jvkb-
i. RxevYybvkK
ii. dmv©Kvix
iii. RxevYy cÖwZ‡ivaK
Ans: [B]
14.K¨v‡gvwgj wUsPvi Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb-
i. K¨v‡gvwgj dzj
ii. A¨vj‡Kvnj
iii. j¨vKwUK GwmW
Ans: [A]
15.AvdUvi †m‡fi †hme ag© we`¨gvb-
i. †e`bvbvkK
ii. RxevYybvkK
iii. i³ÿiY eÜKviK

Ans: [D]
16.AvdUvi †mf †jvk‡b †evwiK Gwm‡Wi f‚wgKv-
i. mv›`ªZv e„w× ii. pH wbqš¿Y iii. RxevYybvkK
Ans: [C]
17.Møvm wK¬bv‡ii êwkó¨ n‡jv-

i. Møvm‡K ÿq K‡i bv ii. †¯úª K‡i Møv‡m cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq
iii. Møv‡mi `vM `~i K‡i
Ans: [D]
18.wMÖb wK¬bvi-
i. A¨v‡gvwbqv hy³ ii. A¨v‡gvwbqv wenxb
iii. cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb Øviv ˆZwi
Ans: [C]
19.A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm-
i. SvuuSv‡jv MÜ wewkó
ii. KUz MÜ wewkó
iii. myMÜ wewkó
Ans: [A]
20.Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq-
i. †ewKs †mvWv
ii. Kw÷K †mvWv
iii. †K¬vwi‡b‡UW Kw÷K †mvWv
Ans: [D]
21.Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i eëüZ nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW-
i. K‡gv‡Wi `vM `~i K‡i
ii. RxevYy aŸsm K‡i
iii. K‡gv‡W ïåZv `vb K‡i

Ans: [D]
22.mvev‡bi mvaviY ms‡KZ-
i. R–COONa
ii. R–COOK
iii. (R–COO)2Ca
Ans: [A]
23.mvev‡bi nvB‡WªvwdwjK Ask-

i. cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq
ii. †cvjvi
iii. A‡cvjvi
Ans: [A]
24.mvev‡bi wj‡cvwdwjK Ask-
i. nvB‡WªvKve©b
ii. †Z‡j `ªeYxq
iii. A‡cvjvi
Ans: [D]
25.C÷ †_‡K wbM©Z GbRvBg¸‡jv n‡jv-
i. Bbfvi‡UR
ii. g¨vj‡UR
iii. RvB‡gR
Ans: [D]
26. `y‡a cÖvK…wZK Bgvjwmdvqvi wn‡m‡e †KvbwU _v‡K? [Ans: c]
[KUET'17-18]
(a) j¨v‡±vR (b) Pwe© (c) cÖv‡wUb (d) M¨vjv‡±vR

27. Kj‡qW `ªeY n‡Z KYvi †Kvqv¸‡jkb nq hLb [Ans: d]
[KUET'17-18]
(i) `ªe‡Y Zwor we‡k-l¨ c`v‡_©i cwigvY †ewk _v‡K|
(ii) Kj‡qW KYvi Avavb Zwor we‡køl¨ KYvi wecixZ Avavb Øviv cÖkwgZ nq|
(iii) Kj‡qW KYv I we¯Í vi gva¨g ci¯ci Kv‡Q m‡i Av‡m|
(iv) ZvcgvÎv †ewk _v‡K|
D‡jøwLZ Dw³mg~‡ni Rb¨ wb‡Pi †Kvb DËiwU mwVK?
(a) i, ii (b) i, iii (c) ii, iii (d) i, ii, iii
28. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Møvm wK¬bvi ˆZixi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq? [Ans: d]
[KUET'15-16]
6-10 fvM Zij B_vb Na0H Gi

B_vbwqK GwmW + A¨vgv‡wbqv| j Mvp Rjxq `ªeY
H 20
M N O P
(a) M (b) N + M (c) 0 + N + M (d) P
(e)N+O
29. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwU Uz_‡c÷ Gi GKwU Dcv`vb? [Ans: c]
[BUET'13-14)
(a) CaF (b) SiF (c) NaF (d) HF


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কর্মমুখী রসায়ন

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QNA রসায়ন ১ম cÎ

কর্ মুম খী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

= (4-10%) GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªeb‡K wf‡bMvi e‡j|

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

= Lv`¨`ªe¨ msiÿ‡b evqyg³

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

1. MøvmwK¬bv‡i 𝑵𝑯𝟑 e¨env‡ii KviY I †Kb 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 e¨envi Kiv nq bv

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

প্রেঃ B †hŠMwU Kxfv‡e cwi®‹viK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

টিপসঃ Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 e¨envi Gi KviY

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

5. wf‡bMvi ‰Zwii Dcvq

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

প্রেঃ wcÖRvi‡fwUf wn‡m‡e A Gi Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

1. K…wÎg wcÖRvi‡fwUf Gi ÿwZKviK w`K

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

(Pasteurize) Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Avg‡K †KŠUvRvZ KiY Kiv nq|

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

প্রশ্নের ধরণঃ০৩ আনারি

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

1. `ya n‡Z gvLb ˆZwii c×wZ

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

3. wPwbi Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

K¨vwbs c×wZ‡Z GwU msiÿY Kiv nq|

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

❑ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& †K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡MfvMKivhvq:

❑ K…wÎgevivmvqwbKdzWwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&: mvaviYZwZbai‡bi K…wÎgdzWwcÖRvi‡fwUfm&i‡q‡Q|

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

❑ Uq‡jwUªR I cviwdDgvwim¤úwK©Z Z_¨:

❑ wf‡bMvim¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

* †Kvqv¸‡jkb:Kj‡qW `ªe‡Yig‡a¨ Zworwe‡køl¨ c`v_© †hvMK‡iKj‡qW `ªe‡YiKYviAat‡ÿcevKj‡qWKYv I

❑ `ya, gvLb I wNm¤úwK©Z Z_¨:

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

12. AvdUvi †mf †jvk‡bG‡gvwj‡q›Uiƒce¨eüZ nq-

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

❖ Lv`¨e¯Íz bó nIqvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv g‚jZ wZbwU

❖ Lv`¨e¯Ízi ï®‹Kib c×wZ:

Lv`¨e¯Íz kxZjxKiY c×wZ:

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

❑ Lv‡`¨ Drcv`b I msiÿY:

❑ wcÖRvi‡fwUfm& †K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:

2| K…wÎg ev ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm-

❖ ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †ebRwqK GwmW-

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

cUvwmqvg mi‡eU †mvwWqvg mi‡eU I K¨vjwmqvg mi‡eU-

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

❖ Gw›U Aw·‡W›U G‡R›U-

লেকচার শীট কর্মর্ুখী রসায়ন

➢ Cu I Fe Df‡q Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb A webó K‡i I Lv`¨e¯‘‡Z weeY© K‡i|