Introduction

Room air conditioner is an appliance used especially for lowering temperature and humidity of air in a
room. Its purpose is to provide cooling comfort during hot weather. It removes heat from the enclosed
space and discharges it to the outside. Air conditioner (AC), once considered a luxury, is now gradually
becoming an essential requirement in many households. Popularity of a room air conditioner has
increased enormously despite consuming a large amount of electricity. Typically, one AC of 1.5 T capacity
may consume electricity equivalent to the running of about 25 ceiling fans, and thus can increase
electricity bill in a household substantially. In real practice, electricity cost for running an AC depends
upon its energy efficiency as designed by its manufacturer, number of operating hours and how efficiently
we operate and maintain it.
4.1.1 Definition of air conditioning
Air-conditioning is that process used to create and maintain certain temperature, relative humidity and air purity
conditions in indoor spaces. This process is typically applied to maintain a level of personal comfort.

4.1.2 Requirements of air conditioning

The main requirements of air conditioning include a power source to run the system, a well-designed
ventilation system to distribute the conditioned air, proper insulation to maintain the desired temperature, and
regular maintenance to ensure the efficient operation of the equipment. Additionally, the size and layout of the
space being cooled, as well as the local climate, are important factors to consider when designing an effective air
conditioning system.

4.1.3 Heat load or heat gain

A building or room gains heat from many sources. Inside occupants, computers, copiers, machinery, and lighting
all produce heat. Warm air from outside enters through open doors and windows, or as ‘leakage’ though the
structure. However the biggest source of heat is solar radiation from the sun, beating down on the roof and walls,
and pouring through the windows, heating internal surfaces.

The sum of all these heat sources is know as the heat gain (or heat load) of the building, and is expressed either
in BTU (British Thermal Units) or Kw (Kilowatts).

For an air conditioner to cool a room or building its output must be greater than the heat gain. It is important
before purchasing an air conditioner that a heat load calculation is performed to ensure it is big enough for the
intended application.

Heat load calculations

There are several different methods of calculating the heat load for a given area:

Quick calculation for offices

For offices with average insulation and lighting, 2/3 occupants and 3/4 personal computers and a photocopier,
the following calculations will suffice:

Heat load (BTU) = Length (ft.) x Width (ft.) x Height (ft.) x 4

Heat load (BTU) = Length (m) x Width (m) x Height (m) x 141
For every additional occupant add 500 BTU.
If there are any additional significant sources of heat, for instance floor to ceiling south facing windows, or
equipment that produces lots of heat, the above method will underestimate the heat load. In which case the
following method should be used instead.

A more accurate heat load calculation for any type of room or building

The heat gain of a room or building depends on:

The size of the area being cooled

The size and position of windows, and whether they have shading
The number of occupants
Heat generated by equipment and machinery
Heat generated by lighting
By calculating the heat gain from each individual item and adding them together, an accurate heat load figure
can be determined.

Step One

Calculate the area in square feet of the space to be cooled, and multiply by 31.25

Area BTU = length (ft.) x width (ft.) x 31.25

Step Two

Calculate the heat gain through the windows. If the windows don’t have shading multiply the result by 1.4
North window BTU = Area of North facing windows (m. sq.) x 164

If no shading, North window BTU = North window BTU x 1.4

South window BTU = Area of South facing windows (m. sq.) x 868

If no shading, South window BTU = South window BTU x 1.4

Add the results together.

Total window BTU = North window + South window

Step Three

Calculate the heat generated by occupants, allow 600 BTU per person.

Occupant BTU = number of people x 600

Step Four

Calculate the heat generated by each item of machinery - copiers, computers, ovens etc. Find the power in watts
for each item, add them together and multiply by 3.4

Equipment BTU = total equipment watts x 3.4

Step Five

Calculate the heat generated by lighting. Find the total wattage for all lighting and multiply by 4.25

Lighting BTU = total lighting watts x 4.25

Step Six

Add the above together to find the total heat load.

Total heat load BTU = Area BTU + Total Window BTU + Occupant BTU + Equipment BTU + Lighting
BTU

Step Seven

Divide the heat load by the cooling capacity of the air conditioning unit in BTU, to determine how many air
conditioners are needed.

Number of a/c units required = Total heat load BTU / Cooling capacity BTU

4.1.4 Tone of refrigeration and British Thermal Unit (BTU)

Pending
 4.1.5 Refrigeration

The word refrigeration refers to the process of cooling space, material, or system to lower and maintain its
temperature under room temperature. Refrigeration is a type of artificial cooling. Heat is extracted from a low-
temperature reservoir and transmitted to a high-temperature reservoir. Energy transfer work is classically
powered by mechanical means, but it can also be powered by high temperatures, magnetism, power generation,
laser, or other means. Domestic refrigerators, factory freezers, cold fusion, and air conditioning are all examples
of refrigeration applications.

Refrigeration has had a significant effect on the industry, way of life, agricultural production, and population
structure. Food preservation dates back to the ancient Egyptian and Chinese empires. Mechanical refrigeration
technology, on the other hand, has advanced rapidly over the last couple of centuries, from ice harvesting to air-
temp rail cars.

Refrigeration Cycle

The purpose of a refrigeration cycle is to absorb and reject heat. The four basic components of a basic cycle are
the compressor, condenser, expansion device, and evaporator. Let us explore them individually.

Compressor

o The first stage in the refrigeration cycle is compression.

o A compressor is the component of the system that boosts the pressure of the refrigerant fluid.
o The refrigeration fluid enters the compressor as a low-pressure, low-temperature gas and exits as a high-pressure,
high-temperature gas.
o Compression can be accomplished through a variety of mechanical processes, and as a result, several
compressed air designs are used in HVAC and cooling systems today.
o Here are a few popular ones: Reciprocate compressors, Scroll compressors, Rotary compressors, and so on.

Condenser

o In a basic refrigeration loop, the condenser is also known as the condenser coil.
o It consists of a series of tubes of external fins situated at the back of the refrigerator.
o This component aids in the conversion of the gaseous refrigerant to liquid form.
o This component receives high-temperature, high-pressure vaporised refrigerant from the compressor.
o The condenser extracts heat from hot refrigerant vapour gas vapour until it cools into a concentrated liquid state,
also known as condensation.
o The coolant is a high-pressure, low-temperature fluid after condensing, and it is routed to the loop’s expansion
device.

Expansion device

o The expansion valve regulates the flow of coolant into the evaporator, also known as the cooling coil.
o Flow control valves are another name for expansion valves.
o It is a delicate simple tool that aids in sensing refrigerant temperature changes. However, regardless of setup, the
purpose of a system’s expansion device is the same: to create a pressure drop after the refrigerant exits the
condenser.
o Because of the pressure drop, some of the refrigerants will quickly boil, resulting in a two-phase mixture.
o This rapid phase change is known as flashing, and it assists the evaporator, the next part of hardware in the
circuit, in performing its intended function.
o These components are available in a variety of styles including fixed orifices, thermostatic valves or thermal
expansion valves, and more modern automation expansion valves are all popular configurations.

Evaporator

o The evaporator is another heat exchanger in a typical refrigeration circuit, and it, like the condenser, is named
after its primary function.
o Because it accomplishes what we predict air conditioning to do is absorb heat.
o It serves as the end of a refrigeration cycle.
o It is the main component of the cooler that assists in keeping the device and its contents cool at all times.
o It has high thermal conductivity tubes that aid in the absorption of heat rejected by the system’s fan or coil.
o This occurs when coolant enters the exchanger as a low-temperature fluid at low pressure, and a blower forces
air across the evaporator’s fins, cooling the atmosphere by absorbing heat from the space in question.
4.1.6 Different Types of Air Conditioners:

There are eight main types of air conditioning equipment out there in the market. Each type of air
conditioner is designed for a certain space & fulfills a certain purpose. The different AC types are as
follows:

1. Central Air Conditioner

2. Ductless Mini-Split

3. Window Air Conditioner

4. Portable Air Conditioner

5. Floor-Mounted Air Conditioner

6. Smart Air Conditioner

7. Geothermal Air Conditioning System

8. Hybrid / Dual Fuel Air Conditioner

9 Evaporator Cooler

1. Central Air Conditioner

 If you have a large home & wish to cool multiple rooms at once, then this type of air conditioning is
best suited for you. A central air conditioning unit uses a split system that regulates air through ducts
installed in your home. It is also known as a ducted system .

The split aspect implies that the system is a combination of two main units. The outdoor unit packs in
the condenser and compressor. While the indoor unit comprises the evaporator coils & air handler. Like
any typical air conditioner, central air conditioning also uses refrigerant to remove heat from the indoor
air. This heat is pulled outdoors & cool air is pushed in through the ducts.

Utilizing modern HVAC technology, smart thermostats can be coupled with central air conditioners for
a smart home experience.

Advantages of a central AC system:

 It cools all the rooms connected to ducts at once, thus creating a cooler & regulated environment around
the house in minimum time.
 Since cool air is circulated in all rooms, humidity is reduced around the house, making the overall
environment more comfortable.

Disadvantages of a central air conditioning system:

 It consumes a lot of energy, resulting in higher energy bills.

 Such units may lose efficiency & effectiveness in case a problem arises in the ducts.
 Some find the outdoor unit to be unattractive, but you can always creatively hide your air conditioning unit in
your backyard.

2. Ductless Mini-Split
If you want better efficiency, or you want to do away with a lot of ducting, or you simply just want a
portion of your home to be cooled, then opting for ductless mini-split air conditioners is a great
choice. Ductless systems are a great choice for contemporary homes.

Such type of an air conditioner is a combination of an outdoor unit comprising of a compressor & a
condenser that comes along with one or more indoor units. These indoor units are mounted on a wall
and equipped with air blowers. The indoor & outdoor units are connected through tubing and, refrigerant
circulates through them in variations depending on the type of usage.

Since these indoor units are small and compact, each room usually gets its own unit installed that can
either be used for heating or cooling purposes. Such types of air conditioners are regarded as much more
efficient in energy consumption compared to some of the other options available out there but can also
be heavy on the pocket if you plan on installing one in each room to cover the entire house.
Ductless mini-splits come with a remote control but, coupled with a smart AC controller you can operate
them using your phone, from anywhere!

Advantages of ductless mini-splits:

 It can be installed anywhere easily without a lot of hassle and ductwork.

 It can control the temperature of each room individually.

Disadvantages of ductless mini-splits:

 A single ductless mini-split unit is not enough for cooling large homes.
 Since the indoor unit of a ductless mini-split is wall-mounted, therefore, it will be visible to the naked
eye.
3. Window Air Conditioner

Since window air conditioners come in different sizes, they would be suitable if you’re looking to cool a
single room or a small area. If you go for a large window air conditioner, you can even cool a small
home, considering it is a single story or one open space. Window air conditioners, since the beginning,
have been labeled as champions of cooling smaller spaces & regarded as the most common type of air
conditioner.

A window air conditioner is a single unit with all of its components enclosed inside. It ejects heat out of
its outdoor side and blows cool air into the room on the indoor side. As the name suggests, it is
installed in a window or by making a hole in the wall. Such air conditioners have a filter that slides out
so that it can be cleaned regularly for full AC efficiency. These air conditioners have controls on the
unit & may also come with a remote.

Advantages of Window ACs:

 Window units are typically less costly and cheaper to operate

 Simple to install
 Easy to maintain
 Do not take up your floor space

Disadvantages of Window ACs:

 Can be noisy during operation & are visible from outside the home.
 They obscure the view from a window and must be located close to a suitable electrical outlet.
 Not all windows support air conditioners, some window ACs are not suitable for casement or irregularly
shaped windows.
4. Portable Air Conditioner
Portable air conditioners are similar to window air conditioners. They are also placed in a single unit
with all its components enclosed inside, but the difference is that it is a free-standing unit and therefore
can be moved from room to room. All it requires is a power outlet to power it up & access to a window
where the unit’s air can be exhausted from using its funnel.

You can opt for a portable air conditioner if you want temporary space cooling, or wherever it’s not
practical to install a window or split air conditioner. They are very handy, and smaller versions can even
be used for kennels or bathrooms. Portable ACs can be single- hose that takes in air from inside a room
and expel it outdoors. Or, dual-hose, which pulls air from the outdoors using one hose, this air cools the
compressor and is then exhausted outdoors from the other hose.

Since a portable unit sits indoors, its evaporator fan runs continuously to evaporate the condensed
moisture that is collected inside the unit.

Advantages of portable ACs are:

 Quick and simple to set up

 They can be easily moved around the house
 They do not require any permanent installation
 An effective option for spot cooling
  Easy to store when not needed

Disadvantages of portable ACs are:

 Such units are noisy during operation

 Cooling larger rooms is a problem
 Portable units that come with a hose have to be placed near a window and the hose also obstructs the
lower part of your window
5. Floor-Mounted Air Conditioner

Floor-mounted air conditioners are designed for convenience if you prefer a mini-split but lack the
required space for a wall mounted unit. The indoor unit of floor-mounted AC rests on the floor, and the
outer unit can be installed without major site preparation or any ductwork.

This arrangement is also ideal for spaces with tilted walls, such as attics, or building constructed with
fragile materials such as glass.

The unit can be installed up to 6 inches higher than the floor, and through a small hole in the wall it is
connected to the outdoor unit.

An amazing benefit of the placement of this AC is that it allows you to very easily check the air filters!

Easy access to the air filters makes floor-mounted air conditioners ideal for individuals with respiratory
issues or people who are keen on keeping their indoor air quality as clean as possible.
Floor mounted systems cool/heat the room quicker than any other mounting system as the fan blows the
air directly at your level. On the contrary, units that are mounted high up on the wall can often face
difficulties cooling the room uniformly and efficiently. Floor units need free space around them to
function efficiently and circulate the air adequately. Make sure the unit is not obstructed by furniture or
walls.

Advantages of floor-mounted ACs:

 Perfect for elderly people living in the house due to accessibility

 Can be installed easily
 An excellent choice for difficult and small areas as they do not take much space

Disadvantages of floor-mounted air conditioners:

 Airflow can be compromised because of the obstacles in the room, i.e., furniture
 Not suitable for big rooms due to uneven and localized distribution of airflow

6. Smart Air Conditioner

Smart air conditioners are a type of mini-split, window, or portable air conditioner that are IoT enabled.
These ACs are connected to Wi-Fi and come with a native app providing global control through a
smartphone.

Depending on the manufacturer, these air conditioners come with numerous functionalities. Some of
these include weekly scheduling, geofencing, comfy mode, temperature range control, and numerous
other features. Utilizing these, you can achieve great comfort coupled with energy savings.

Smart AC controllers are also available in the market, providing all the functionalities of a smart AC to
any conventional ducted unit. They work like programmable thermostats and come at a fraction of the
cost compared to smart ACs.

Advantages of smart air conditioners:

 Provide comfort & convenience with numerous features

 Help save energy

Disadvantages of smart air conditioners:

 More expensive than regular units.

 Wi-Fi connectivity is necessary to utilize all the features\

7. Geothermal Air Conditioning System

Geothermal heating & cooling is considered a relatively new method, it works by utilizing the insulating
properties of the earth. Since the temperatures under 4 to 6 feet of land remain consistent all year
regardless of the weather, geothermal technology takes advantage of this to heat & cool your home more
efficiently.

This system has piping that consists of a loop that circulates water between your home, a heat pump &
the ground. They require intensive work to set up underground.

Advantages of a geothermal AC system:

 Highly efficient in terms of energy usage

 It has a relatively longer lifespan than other types of heating & cooling equipment

Disadvantages of a geothermal AC system:

 Installation depends on the location as loops are installed in the ground

 The setup cost is very high

8. Hybrid / Dual Fuel Air Conditioner

A hybrid system is one that combines a gas furnace with an electric air-source heat pump to deliver a
cost-effective & efficient performance in terms of heating & cooling. Depending on the temperature
outdoors, the system automatically switches between burning fossil fuels and the usage of electricity.
You program the temperature at which the system switches from heat pump to furnace, or you can make
the manual switch too.

During the summer season, the heat pump works as it functions, pulling hot air from inside your home
and throwing it outdoors. During the winters, this process is reversed, and heat is distributed throughout
your home. When the temperature is too cold for a heat pump to function efficiently, the furnace kicks
in.

Advantages of hybrid air conditioning:

 Maximize indoor comfort and minimize the cost of utility bills

 Lower your carbon footprint

Disadvantages of hybrid air conditioning:

 The high cost of initial setup

 Breakeven may occur in the long run.

9. Evaporator Cooler
Evaporative coolers are sometimes categorized as air conditioning alternatives, even though technically,
they are not air conditioners and differ in both mechanism and structure.

This inclusion in the list stems from their ability to effectively cool indoor spaces. Unlike conventional
AC systems with ducts and refrigeration cycles, evaporative coolers operate by drawing in warm air
through water-saturated pads or media.

They need less electricity than other types of air conditioners. However, on the downside, they utilize a
lot of water and need to be regularly filled. Additionally, they increase the rooms humidity levels. When
operating an evaporative cooler, it’s advisable to partially open windows so that your room’s humidity
levels do not exceed the recommended levels.

Unlike conventional AC systems with ducts and refrigeration cycles, evaporative coolers operate by
taking in warm, dry air, which is then passed through the water-saturated pads ,and cool humid air is
pushed into the room. They are more suitable for arid climates such as Arizona as compared to humid
areas.

Advantages of evaporator cooler:

 Consumes much less electricity

 It adds moisture to a very dry space.
 Evaporative cooler has a lower carbon footprint.
 It is available in a wide range of sizes.
Disadvantages of evaporator cooler:

 Not favorable in humid climates.

 It may not be able to achieve the same level of cooling as traditional air conditioners.
 Water needs to be regularly refilled.

4.1.7 AC BRANDS



Electrolux AC

Amazon basics AC

 Croma AC


Godrej AC

Blue Star AC 

Cruise AC

Haier AC

BPL AC 

Daikin AC

Hisense AC

Carrier AC
  

Intex AC

Hitachi AC Lloyd AC

 

Kelvinator AC

Hyundai AC MarQ by Flipkart AC

 

Koryo AC

IFB AC Micromax AC

 

LG AC

Impex AC Midea AC

 

Livpure AC
 

Mitashi AC Realme TechLife AC

 

Ogeneral AC

Mitsubishi AC Samsung AC

 

Onida AC

Motorola AC Sansui AC

 

Panasonic AC

Nokia AC Singer AC

 

Realme AC

O General AC TCL AC
   

Thomson AC Vestar AC Whirlpool AC

  

White Westinghouse AC

Toshiba AC Videocon AC

 

Trane AC Voltas AC
4.1.8 FEATURES OF AIR CONDITIONERS:

Features:

 Remote control with night light function

 Adjustable fan speeds
 Heat and cool function with heat pump technology
 Air improvement system with particle filter
 Dehumidify
 Energy A rating
 Out of the box operation - plug and play
 No water tank to empty
 Portable - On easy-glide casters

Lets Us Start with the Most Basic Functions

ON/OFF button PLUS/MINUS signs button

The ON/OFF button is a simple symbol to This button is used to adjust the temperature you desire. Pressing the
understand. It switches on or off your air (+) plus button will increase the temperature by one degree, and the (-)
conditioning system. minus button decreases the temperature by a degree.

Know Your Air Conditioner Modes

Cool Mode Fan Mode
Commonly symboled with a snowflake – the cool mode is The fan mode turns on the fan to circulate cool air
basically the default mode of most AC units. When you around the room. If you want a mild breeze, but don’t
use this mode, your air conditioner starts by turning on the need to lower the temperature drastically, use fan mode.
compressor to push cold air into the room. The internal This mode can save energy since it is not using the
temperature sensor within the AC senses when the desired compressor. However, it does not offer any cooling
temperature has been reached, and when this happens, the effect but rather circulates or blows air. The fan mode is
compressor will switch off and only the fan will run. generally represented by a windmill symbol.

Dry Mode
A water droplet commonly represents this mode. Among
other of your air conditioner modes and function, the dry Heat Mode / Reverse Cycle Mode
mode can be very useful if you’re living in a humid area. Usually represented by different versions of the sun.
The dry mode or “dehumidification” is a feature that can When your AC is in reverse cycle mode, the airflow
be found on several ducted and split-type air conditioning within your air conditioning unit is reversed. Hot air is
units that can reduce humidity levels in a room. It is introduced instead of being blown out to the
intended for days when the weather is humid but not too environment, and cold air is ejected outside. This mode
hot or too cold. It’s for those days when the weather has a can be very useful during the winter or cold season.
tropical feel, but it’s just a little too cool to use cooling
mode.

If you are using a gas ducted heating system, here’s why you should consider upgrading. In fact, some Australian
government units are encouraging and offering rebates for residents to switch.

Auto Mode Eco Mode

 The eco mode is one of the most energy-efficient modes on
Auto mode is a function on many air conditioning your air conditioner modes and functions. The eco mode
systems that allows the unit to adjust its cooling power works by efficiently using the AC unit’s compressor and
automatically in response to changing room conditions. fan so that minimal energy is consumed to achieve the
Auto mode also helps ensure consistent comfort for desired temperature. When the air conditioning reaches this
your family by maintaining a comfortable temperature temperature, the compressor is turned off and the fan speed
and relative humidity in the room. is maintained. This maintains the desired temperature
without using extra energy.

Turbo Mode
The turbo mode is a mode of an air conditioning system
that causes the compressor and fan to run faster. This
mode can be used to cool or heat a space more quickly
than other modes. Some manufacturers also call this
mode high power, jet, or power mode.

Other Important Functions of Your AC remote

Fan Speed
Timer Setting
A fan in an air conditioner discharges cool or warm air
The timer setting is a function that allows you to program
into a space. You can control the speed at which you
your air conditioner to turn on and off at certain times.
want to cool or heat by adjusting the fan speed; most
For example, some people set their air conditioners to
ACs have four settings: low, medium, high, and auto.
turn on when they arrive home from work or school and
The auto setting regulates the speed of the fan in reaction
turn them off immediately after leaving the house. You
to temperature changes so that it will automatically
can refer to the user manual for instructions about how to
increase or decrease depending on whether you need
set this feature up since every manufacturer has a
more cooling or heating. The higher the setting goes, the
different way of doing it.
faster your fan will work.
 Quiet Mode
Air Swing Control
Some air conditioners feature a quiet mode that allows
Air swing control is a feature that can be used to adjust
the fan to run at minimal speed, creating a tranquil
the airflow direction in an air conditioner. Depending on
environment. This setting is generally used when the air
whether your air conditioner supports it, modern ACs can
conditioning unit is in a space where noise is not
swing left, right, up, or down.
welcome, such as at night.

The Three Main Functions of an Air Conditioner

1. Cool a specific area

2. Dehumidify
3. filter the air

4.1.9 EER Rating

EER stands for Energy Efficiency Ratio, and it has been around since the mid-1970s. It calculates an A/C unit’s
energy efficiency using a constant outside temperature and a constant inside temperature.
Formula: EER rating = Capacity in BTU/h (British thermal unit per hour) ÷ Power (in watts)
If you’re wondering what a good EER rating for an A/C unit is, it is 8.5 and above. The higher the rating, the
more efficient the A/C unit is. Also, consider looking for the ENERGY STAR label. It indicates that the A/C
unit uses 10% less energy to operate.

4.2.1 Definition of refrigerants

"Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from
the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher
temperature and pressure.

4.2.2 Physical characteristics of refrigerants

 Boiling and condensing temperature and pressures

 Freezing temperature

 Critical temperature

 Discharge temperature

 Latent heat Of vapourisation

  Specific heat

 Density

 Viscosity

4.2.3 Safe economical and efficient refrigerants.

pending

4.2.4 Refrigerant color codes:

Refrigerants - Color Codes

Refrigerant Chemical Name Color Code

R-11 Trichlorfluoromethane Orange

R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane White

R-13 Chlorotrifluoromethane Light Blue (Sky)

 Refrigerants - Color Codes

Refrigerant Chemical Name Color Code

R-13B1 Pinkish-Red (Coral)

R-113 Trichlorotrifluoroethane Dark Purple

R-114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Navy Blue

R-12/114 Dichlorodifluoromethane, Dichlorotetrafluoroethane Light Gray

R-13B1 Bromotrifluoromethane Pinkish-Red

R-14 Yellow-Brown
(Mustard)

R-22 Chlorodifluoromethane Light Green

R-23 Trifluoromethane Light Blue Gray

R-32 Light Blue-Green

R-113 Dark Purple

(Violet)

R-114 Dark Blue (Navy)

R-116 Dark Grey

(Battleship)

R-123 Dichlorotrifluoroethane Light Blue Gray

R-124 Chlorotetrafluoroethane DOT Green

R-125 Medium Brown

(Tan)

R-134a Tetrafluoroethane Light Blue

 Refrigerants - Color Codes

Refrigerant Chemical Name Color Code

R-236fa Dark Grey

(Battleship)

R-245fa Maroon

R-401A Chlorodifluoromethane, Difluoroethane, Pinkish-Red (Coral)

Chlorotetrafluoroethane

R-401B Chlorodifluoromethane, Difluoroethane, Yellow-Brown

Chlorotetrafluoroethane (Mustard)

R-401C Blue-Green (Aqua)

R-402A Chlorodifluoromethane, Pentafluoroethane, Propane Light-Brown (Sand)

R-402B Chlorodifluoromethane, Pentafluoroethane, Propane Green-Brown

(Olive)

R-403B Chlorodifluoromethane, Octafluoropropane, Propane Light Purple

(Lavender)

R-404A Pentafluoroethane, Trifluoroethane, Tetrafluoroethane Orange

R-407A Lime Green

R-407B Cream

R-407C Difluoromethane, Pentafluoroethane, Tetrafluoroethane Brown

R-407D Dark Brown

(Chocolate)

R-407F Green-Yellow-
White

R-407H Light Purple

 Refrigerants - Color Codes

Refrigerant Chemical Name Color Code

(wisteria)

R-408A Chlorodifluoromethane, Trifluoroethane, Medium Purple

Pentafluoroethane

R-409A Chlorodifluoromethane, Chlorotetrafluoroethane, Medium Brown

Chlorodifluoroethane

R-410A Difluoromethane, Pentafluoroethane Rose

R-411A Dark Purple

(Violet)

R-411B Blue-Green (Teal)

R-413A Deep Blue

R-414A Beige

R-414B Chlorodifluoromethane, Chlorotetrafluoroethane, Medium Blue

Chlorodifluoroethane, Isobutane

R-416A Tetrafluorethane, Chlorotetrafluoroethane, Butane Yellow-Green

(Lime)

R-417A Pentafluoroethane, Tetrafluoroethane, Isobutane Green

R-421A Light Green-Blue

R-422A Yellow-Orange

R-422D Green-Yellow

R-423A Wedge Wood Blue

R-424A Black
 Refrigerants - Color Codes

Refrigerant Chemical Name Color Code

R-426A Pastel Orange

R-427A Green-Blue (Jungle

Green)

R-428A Traffic Yellow

R-434A Sulfur Yellow

R-437A Royal Blue

R-438A Blue Jay

R-442A Night Blue

R-448A Gentian Blue

R-449A Grayish Blue

R-450A Sapphire Blue

R-452A Metallic Blue

R-453A Dark Purple

(Violet)

R-455A Sea Foam Green

R-500 Dichlorotrifluoromethane, Difluoroethane Yellow

R-502 Chlorodifluoromethane, Chloropentafluoroethane Light Purple

(Lavender)

R-503 Chlorotrifluoromethane, Trifluoromethane Blue-Green (Aqua)

 Refrigerants - Color Codes

Refrigerant Chemical Name Color Code

R-507A Blue Green (Teal)

R-508B Trifluoromethane, Hexafluoroethane Dark Blue (Navy)

R-513A Sky Blue

R-514A Pinkish Purple

A Refrigerant is a fluid/gas/liquid that is employed in the Air Conditioning systems and Refrigerators. Without

refrigerant, Air Conditioners, Refrigerators or any other freezing technology will not be possible.

ACs contain the refrigerant inside the condenser coils. The Refrigerant absorbs the heat from the room and leaves

the hot air out in the environment. As refrigerant absorbs heat, It undergoes state changes from liquid to gas.

When the compressor compresses, it transitions back to liquid.

4.2.5 Types of Refrigerants

Let’s have a look at most common refrigerants used in ACs over the years.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

The Making of CFCs including R12 is discontinued in 1994 as the CFCs are one of the main reasons for
greenhouse gas effect and depletion of ozone layer.

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

R-22 is the most common refrigerant that is used in the air conditioners. In the late 1990s, the CFCs were replaced
by Hydrochlorofluorocarbons. R-22 is the refrigerant that is used in more than 50% of Air Conditioners in India
(As of now).

R-22 is just slightly better than CFCs. But, It is also harmful to the environment and also has ozone depletion
potential. HCFCs including R22 will be phased within 4–5 Years.
When you are buying an AC or Refrigerator, have a look at the exterior component. If R-22 is mentioned on it,
Do not opt for it. R22 is a refrigerant that is outdated and harmful to the environment.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

HFCs (R-410A, R-32, and R-134) are better than HCFCs and do not deplete the ozone layer. But, they also have
the potential for global warming.

Please note that R-32 is better than R-410A regarding Global warming. Even the HFCs like R-32, R-410A are
also not environment-friendly, but they are a lot better than R-22.

Our Indian Government is also planning to phase out Hydrofluorocarbons in the coming years.

Hydrocarbons (HC)

As of now, the most environment-friendly refrigerants available for Air Conditioners in India are R-
290 (Propane) and R-600A (Iso-Butane). The Global warming potential of R-290 is 3 and R-600A is 3, and both
of them have zero impact on the ozone layer.

Both R-290 and R-600A refrigerants are energy efficient and are the greenest refrigerants. The Hydrocarbons and
Hydrofluorocarbons are highly flammable.

Most of the top Refrigerators in India are already using R-600A, and there are no accidents were reported. Now,
most of the users are asking for Inverter Air Conditioners and AC’s that have little impact on the environment.
R-290 and R-600A are the new age environment-friendly and energy efficient refrigerants.

Daikin, One of the Leading AC manufacturer, is using R32 refrigerant which has GWP (Global warming
potential) of 675. The R32 Refrigerant has three times lower GWP than R410A (2088). R32 is also more
energy efficient than R410A.

Now, Other companies like Mitsubishi, Hitachi, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp and Fujitsu General are also using
R32 Refrigerants in their Air Conditioners.

Godrej NXW inverter series AC’s use R290 greenest refrigerant that has the lowest impact on the environment.
Godrej had sold over one lakh R290 units in India.

R-290 and R-600A are the future of Refrigerants. If you are looking to buy an Air Conditioner, Make sure you opt
for the model that is not only energy efficient but also eco-friendly.
4.2.6 Refrigerant Cylinder Valves
Refrigerant cylinder valves manufactured by Sherwood are specifically made
for refrigerant recovery applications. The diaphragm used in each diaphragm
refrigerant cylinder valve features a sulfur-free neoprene seat construction.
Conversely, the diaphragm packless refrigerant valves each have diaphragm
that is made from unique PCTFE seat material.
1014 Valve Series
Key Features & Benefits
 Diaphragm refrigerant cylinder valve for use in refrigerant recovery
applications
 Integral Pressure Relief Device (CG-7)
 Diaphragm construction with sulfur-free neoprene seat

1031X19-CL1 - Diaphragm Packless Refrigerant Valve with ¼ NPT Tapped

Inlet and PCTFE Seat
Key Features & Benefits
 Cylinder valve for use with refrigerant gases
 Diaphragm construction with unique PCTFE seat
 Cylinder Working Pressure up to 250 PSI
 Pressure Relief Device (CG-7) start to discharge pressure: 450 PSI
Order from the below selection of our quality-tested, durable refrigerant cylinder valves.

4.2.7 Ozone layer and green house effect

 Pending
4.3.1 Basic Technician Tools

Basic HVAC tools can also be called essential HVAC tools. This is because these tools are essential
in the HVAC installation and repair process.

1. VRV/VRF Installation Tools(Miracle Braze-free

tool)
f you are into the installation of VFR/VRV air conditioners, then our fireless connection tool is the
first thing you need to use.

It has the advantages of efficient construction, safety, and reliability.

2. Utility Knife
The main function of the tool knife is to cut the product packing tape. Without this tool you will
be very difficult to unpack, this tool is very common.

Therefore, you can buy in many places, for example, hardware and tool stores.

3. Hammer

This is a must-have tool, but it doesn’t need to be too big, the key is just to make it easy to carry.

4. Cordless Drill
A drill that can be carried around is also necessary.

When choosing a drill, you should consider the voltage of the drill, the capacity of the battery, the
type of drill bit, etc.

You can learn how to choose a cordless drill.

5. Level

The main purpose of Level is to help you precisely install drain pumps, fan coils, and other
products.

Therefore, you should choose a level with magnetism when choosing a level. Because many
products of HVAC equipment are iron casing, the level with magnetic can be better fixed.
6. Hexagonal Wrench Set

Hexagonal wrench sets are available for different types of screw applications. The regular
hexagonal wrench set is a nine-piece set with a size range of 1.5mm-10mm.

7. Service Wrench

The service wrench includes an adjustable wrench, pipe wrenches. an adjustable wrench is also
called an adjustable spanner.
An adjustable wrench is mainly used for fastening screws, the advantage of this wrench is that
the size of the opening can be adjusted according to the size of the screw.

So when you choose one, you need to consider the maximum size of the wrench opening.
Pipe wrenches are mainly used for the repair of metal water pipes and gas pipes. The size of the
opening needs to be considered when selecting.
You can get more details from home depot or buy in bulk from Alibaba.

You can also learn more about the wrench buying guidelines here.

8. Fuse Puller

When HVAC electrical equipment is not working properly, the first step is that you need to check
if the fuse is blown first.

Therefore, you need a suitable fuse puller to facilitate your inspection.

9. Screwdriver
A full set of screwdrivers is essential to help you open the case of the machine that needs to be
repaired on any occasion.

Your screwdriver list should have the two common types of Phillips and flat mouth.

10. Pipe Cutter

The cutter is used to cut metal pipes, such as copper pipes, aluminum pipes, etc.

A deburring tool is also used to trim the edges of the pipe after it has been cut.

11. Manual Pipe Bender

Manual pipe bender is mainly used for air conditioning system pipe bending.
Therefore, you should choose the bender set, because a set of benders can meet the bending of
8 different diameter pipes.

This is necessary when installing central air conditioning.

12. Sheet Metal Shears

When installing ventilation ducts, HVAC technicians need to cut and trim the sheet metal shears
to meet the installation needs.

Not only that, but this tool can also dig holes in the ventilation ducts.

Sheet metal shears are available in both manual and electric sizes, with a large price difference,
we recommend the manual style.

You can learn more about how sheet metal shears work.

13. Pipe Caliper

Maybe you will have questions you already have a micrometer, still, need to pipe caliper?

The answer is that it depends on your needs, if your requirements for accuracy are very high,
then a micrometer is more suitable for you.

But micrometers are more expensive and require high environmental requirements.

Pipe caliper is more competitive in price and easy to operate.

14. Extension Cords

When HVAC technicians are working, sometimes the power source is far away from you.
Therefore, this is when you need extension cords to meet the needs of an electric HVAC tool.

The power of HVAC tools is usually small, so household wire sizes are fine.

But pay attention to the length of the wire, 15m is the right length.

15. Tape Measure

A tape measure is the most commonly used, and perhaps you are already using it.

You can prepare an extra one because the tape measure is often forgotten in a corner and can
not be found.

We recommend that you choose a magnetic tape measure as a backup. Because when you
measure alone or confined space measurement, that will be very helpful.

16. Flashlight
When you choose a flashlight, we recommend choosing the rechargeable type.

This is because it has the advantages of long illumination time, high reliability, and small size. A
flashlight can solve your HVAC problems in the dark.

17. Marking Pen

A marker is an HVAC basic tool to keep on hand, and you can use it anywhere. For example, when
you tighten the bolts, use the marking pen to mark them to prevent loosening.

18. HVAC No Welding Connection Tool

he HVAC no-solder connection tool is designed for HVAC piping connections.
It can realize the connection of copper and copper pipe, copper and steel pipe, copper and
aluminum pipe, copper and titanium pipe, copper and stainless steel pipe, aluminum and
stainless steel pipe, etc.
This tool is easy to use, efficient, safe, and reliable

19. Electric Hydraulic Tools

The electric hydraulic tool is also a no-weld connection tool, which uses electric propulsion for
more energy-efficient use.

20. Copper Press-fitting

Copper press fitting is a fireless connection ring, the connection between metal pipelines is
realized by this product.
Miracle copper press fitting can be used for refrigeration and air conditioning, water system
connection, heat pump system, solar system, hospital oxygen piping, transport refrigeration
piping, etc.

21. Insulated Copper Pipe

Insulated copper pipe is also called air conditioning connection pipe, this product is mainly used
in VRV, VRF system.
The main function of insulated copper pipe is to realize the branching of central air conditioning
piping with copper Y joint.

22. Handheld Digital Thermometer

The Handheld digital thermometer is used to measure the exhaust temperature of your HVAC
system, which can help you detect potential risks and resolve HVAC system failures in a timely
manner.

23. Radiator Fin Straightener

During HVAC repairs, you may find that the fins of your outdoor unit are bent out of shape.

You can use a radiator fin straightener to smooth out the misshapen fins, which will ensure the
heat transfer efficiency of the evaporator or condenser.

24. Core Removal

Core removal can help you easily replace your repair spool.

25. Manifold Gauges

Core removal can help you easily replace your repair spool.

Manifold gauge is used to check the pressure of the HVAC system and to change the refrigerant.

26. Filter Puller

The purpose of the filter puller is to give you a holding point when you change the filter.

It depends on your job. If you are not in the business of changing filters in your HVAC system,
then you don’t need a filter puller.

27. Caulking Gun

A caulking gun is used with caulk, it is a tool for extruding caulk. It is mainly used to fill the gaps in
ventilation ducts.

28. Thermal Imaging Tools

When you are checking for leaks, thermal imaging tools is your best helper, it can detect leaks not
only in HVAC outdoor units but also in HVAC lines.

29. Flushing Solvent

Flushing solvent is to help you clean the line, but it is not a necessity, you can also clean the line
in other ways. For example, wet towels. Anyway, it depends on your needs.

30. Leak Detector

The main purpose of the leak detector is to detect refrigerant leaks in the HVAC system.

There are many ways to detect refrigerant leaks, such as nitrogen holding pressure.

31. HVAC Vacuum Pump

The vacuum pump is designed to achieve the rated vacuum level in the HVAC system. The
vacuum pump is usually used with a manifold gauge.

32. Refrigerant Recovery Machine

A refrigerant recovery machine is used to recover refrigerants from refrigeration and air
conditioning systems.
This is mainly used when servicing air conditioners.

Currently, there are many types of refrigerants used in air conditioning systems such
as R22, R32, R410a, R134a, etc.
These types of refrigerants are more damaging to the atmosphere.
33. Refrigerant Charging Scale

A refrigerant charging scale can be used for the installation and servicing of refrigeration and air
conditioning systems.
All types of air conditioners have a rated refrigerant charge.

Therefore, when charging an air conditioning system, you need to use the refrigerant charging
scale to determine the refrigerant charge.

These types of refrigerants are more damaging to the atmosphere and therefore cannot be
released directly into the atmosphere.

34. HVAC Software

There are many providers of HVAC software, each with different features, and for beginner.

HVAC Safety Tools

HVAC safety tools protect you and your team from harm.
This is a very important point, especially for new HVAC technicians HVAC safety tools are very
necessary.

35. Multimeter

A multimeter can help you troubleshoot circuits. It can also help you detect if the HVAC system
circuit is charged.

36. Gloves

Safety cannot be ignored. You can save elsewhere, but when it comes to safety, please don’t do it.
So, please always have gloves in your kit.
37. Safety Glasses

This effectively protects your eyes from splashes. Be sure to use it.

4.3.2 List Of Air Conditioner Parts

The Basic Principle Of Air Conditioner

All air conditioners systems function or have similar working principles. Heat will be removed from one area
and replaced by cool, dry air. The hot air is then expelled to the normal outside air. With this simple example, we
can say it works almost like a car radiator, but rather than running water to cool an engine, it uses refrigerant,
which runs through the condenser.

As such, air conditioners have about three primary stages: –

 The evaporator, which contains the sub-cooled refrigerant

 The air blower, which directs chilled dry air into a room through blower motor & fan
 The condenser, which contains high temperature and where cooling takes place
The air blower & evaporator stages are parts of the indoor air conditioning unit, and the condenser is part of the
outdoor unit.

With these three stages, an air conditioner can remove heat from a building through its indoor system and
transfer the heat outdoor, where it is expelled into the environment. All this is made possible by the
characteristics of a refrigerant.

Aircon Refrigerant

Refrigerant is a type of chemical that has the ability to absorb heat and release heat quickly. As such,
the refrigerant is constantly being pumped through the system. The function of the outside fan is to blow air over
the hot coil, which helps transfer heat from the refrigerant to the outdoor air.

Let’s look at each of the components that reside in the indoor units and outdoor units.

The Parts In The Indoor Aircon Unit

Evaporator Coil

Evaporator coils are used in air conditioners to facilitate heat absorption from indoor spaces. They’re usually
made of copper, a material that provides easy heat transfer and is commonly equipped with additional fins or
vanes for increased surface area. Evaporator coils also contain the refrigerant necessary for this process between
two chambers — one cold and one hot—that use fans to circulate cool air across homes’ living rooms.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

An air conditioner PCB is the motherboard of an AC unit. These devices are similar to a computer’s
‘motherboard’ or CPU, but it also serves as a wiring for various components like resistors, capacitors and
transistors. The connections between these different components are known as conductive tracks, which connect
all necessary wires with copper layers atop fibreglass silkscreening

Thermostat
The thermostat of an AC is used to maintain the desired room temperature and save energy. These devices work
by sensing changes in temperature to turn on or off the unit as needed. Thermostats come manual or automatic,
but all types of air conditioners have one included with them for convenience

Thermistor

A thermistor is a temperature sensor found in most modern air conditioning systems that regulate the
temperatures of your room. The thermostat detects room temperature and sends back resistance signals, which
automatically adjust the room’s control system for improved comfort.

Capacitor

An air conditioner capacitor is a small cylindrical object that stores charge in an electrostatic field. When
somebody switches their AC on, it delivers the electric boost needed to turn the unit and provide continuous
power!

Blower Fan

The blower fan is one of the key components in any air conditioning system. It blows cool and fresh air into your
home, which creates a cooling effect that leaves you feeling refreshed after being exposed to its chilly breeze for
too long.

Blower Motor

The blower motor on an AC unit is there to make the fan blades move, which moves air through the system. This
airflow ensures that you can feel cool blissful breezes.

Air Filter
An air conditioner’s filter uses a porous structure that prevents large and coarse particles from passing through.
Its purpose is to remove pollutants, like pollen, grease, dust or smokes, etc., to improve the indoor environment’s
quality by preventing all sorts of allergens and contaminants from infiltrating your home.

Drain Pan

A drain pan is a crucial piece of an air conditioning system that catches the condensation from inside it. The
water then drains through pipes to be dumped out or discharged outside, depending on its location.

The Parts In The Outdoor Aircon Unit (Condenser Unit)

Compressor

Compressors move the refrigerant

between evaporator and condenser coils to
ensure it will change into either gas or
liquid as needed so that your system can
function properly. Compressors work much
like blood in our bodies, pumping through
the cooling solution without stopping until
they have done their duty, making sure
you’re always cool!

Condenser Coil

Condenser coils are devices that transfer

heat from one medium to another. They
can be found in air conditioners, where
their purpose is to remove outside the
warmth and vent it into the space being
cooled.

Condenser coils come equipped with a

fan that pulls cool air over them while
they condense water vapour back out of
the hot gas stream coming through these
tubes at high pressure

Expansion Valve

Expansion valves help to manage the flow of liquid refrigerant inside an air conditioning unit. This device
changes high pressure into low pressure, which is then sent through the evaporator and condenser before finally
reaching a compressor again.

Aircon Bracket
An aircon wall bracket is a metal or plastic fixture that fastens to an exterior wall using concrete bolts and a flat
plate. The unit attaches to the horizontal arms of these brackets, which means it sits above ground level.

The Aircon Parts Connecting The Indoor And Outdoor Unit

Aircon Piping

A split-type air conditioner, it features 2 different types of piping for different uses. These are the copper pipes
(primary function: to transfer refrigerant through the whole system) and the water drain pipes( primary function:
transporting condensed humidity away from your home).

Drain Pipe

The drain pipe is an important part of the air conditioning system that helps protect against humidity and water
damage. The condensate drains through a pipe connected to the whole unit, so it can properly remove all
moisture from evaporator coils while also draining outside your home for safekeeping.

Aircon Insulation

A typical aircon insulator is made up of wide black foam wires that protect the copper pipes of an air conditioner
unit. The insulation works like a sponge, soaking up condensation water on top and in-between metal piping for
better protection against dripping or leakages.

Aircon Vent

Air conditioning vents are there to help keep the air pressure in your home or office at a comfortable level. You
may not realize it, but these openings also serve an additional function: they filter out any dust and debris that
might have made its way into your house!

Isolator Switch

Air conditioning isolator switches are devices or systems that isolate a particular circuit for maintenance.
Preventing currents from passing through, they’re used to ensure the safety of engineers performing repairs and
improvements on circuits.

What Are The Four Major Components In An Air Conditioning System?

There are four most important components in an air conditioner. What do we mean by the term ‘Major
components’? Well, it simply refers to components that cannot lack in any type of AC. In other words, an air
conditioner cannot be an air conditioner without these four components. As such, they include: –

 The evaporator: – As you probably know, the evaporator is found on the cold side of an AC. Its primary
function is to receive liquid refrigerant and then turn it into gas where it is cooled and dehumidified. The
gas then absorbs heat from the air and is then transferred to the condenser.
 The condenser: – The condenser is the exact opposite of the evaporator, and its primary function is quite
the opposite of the evaporator as well. As such, it is located on the hot side. It helps transfer the collected
heat to the air and turn the refrigerant back to liquid.
 The compressor: – This is an electric pump that works hand in hand with the condenser to turn the
refrigerant to liquid and return the liquid to the evaporator. As such, it is located on the hot side of the
AC.
  Expansion Valve: – The expansion valve works together with the evaporator but is often located in-
between the condenser and evaporator. Its primary function is to regulate the amount of liquid refrigerant
that goes to the evaporator.

4.3.3 Concept of route plan for maximum target achievement

pending

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

After completing this two year A.C.& Ref. skill course of NSQF at +2 level a student has the following
career opportunities: -

1. Student shall be gainfully employed in Domestic, Ice-factory, cold storage plant, specialized A/C
units and Refrigerator and A/C manufacturing plants.

2. ‘Easy to employ in different government, semi-government and private sector such as: - Public
Health, Railways, Hospitality, Health-department, Air-lines and many other engineering departments.

3. They can start their own enterprise by setting up manufacturing or servicing work-shops etc.

4. They can get franchisee of different renowned companies like: - Voltas, Godrej, Samsung, whirlpool
etc.

5. More employment opportunities at international level.