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Equine Behavioral Medicine
This page intentionally left blank
Equine Behavioral
Medicine

Bonnie V. Beaver
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom

© 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
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such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our
website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using
such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others,
including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-12-812106-1

For information on all Academic Press publications

visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

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Horses reach into your soul, pull out the good and
heal what isn’t.
Sandy Collier
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

About the Author xiii

Acknowledgments xv

1. The History of Horses and Their Relationship to Humans 1

Horses Throughout History 1
Evolution 1
Genetics 7
The Horse and the Human 14
Human-Horse Bond 18
Uses of Modern Horses 22
Horse “Whisperers” and “Naturalists” 23
References 23

2. Equine Behavior of Sensory and Neural Origin 31

Senses 31
Vision 31
Hearing 37
Smell 38
Taste 40
Touch 41
Pheromones 42
Neurological Development of Foals 42
Temperament 44
Neurologic Origins of Behavior 47
Stress and Distress 47
Anxiety and Fear 51
Neurotransmitters 54
Other Influences 55
Displacement Behavior 55
Vacuum Activity 56
References 57

vii
viii Contents

3. Learning 65
Types of Learning 67
Associative Learning 68
Nonassociative Learning 77
Complex Learning 80
Bridging 82
Memory 83
Motivation 84
Learned Helplessness 84
Special Techniques Using Learning 84
Taste Aversion 84
Smell Aversion 85
Negative Impacts on Learning 85
Fear, Stress, and Anxiety 86
Temperament 88
Relationship Between Training and Learning 88
References 90

4. Equine Communicative Behavior 97

Vocal 97
Voiced Emissions 97
Nonvoiced Sounds 99
Postural 100
Distance-Reducing Body Language 101
Distance-Increasing Body Language 105
Ambivalent Body Language 107
Scents and Pheromones 107
Pain Associated Body Language 108
Human-Horse Communication 110
References 111

5. Equine Social Behavior 115

Critical Periods 115
Introduction to Humans 116
Social (Reactive) Distances 117
Home Range 118
Territory 118
Reactive Distances 119
Social Organization of Free-Ranging and Wild Horses 120
Social Orders 121
Aggression 122
Movement as a Herd 124
Dispersal of Herd Members 124
Presence of Geldings Instead of Stallions 124
Social Organization of Tamed Horses 125
 Contents ix

Social Orders 127

Aggression 128
Relations With Other Equids 129
Play 129
Problems Related to Social Behavior 130
Aggression 130
Orphan Foals 142
Separation Anxiety 143
References 144

6. Equine Reproductive Behavior 151

Prenatal Influences 151
Male Behaviors 152
Development of Male Behaviors 152
Mating by Free-Ranging Stallions 154
Mating by Domestically Managed Stallions 157
Gelding Behavior 159
Female Behaviors 161
Development of Female Behaviors 161
Behavior in Free-Ranging Mares 161
Behavior in Domestically Managed Mares 165
Parental Behaviors 170
Maternal Behavior 170
Fraternal Behavior 174
Foal Behaviors 175
Neuroendocrine Relations to Behavior 177
Stallions 178
Mares 179
Problems Related to Reproductive Behaviors 181
Problems in Male Sexual Behavior 181
Problems in Female Sexual Behavior 186
References 191

7. Equine Maintenance Behaviors 199

Ingestive Behaviors 199
Suckling Behaviors 199
Transitional Eating Behaviors 202
Adult Eating Behaviors 203
Drinking Behavior 209
Eliminative Behaviors 211
Urination 212
Defecation 214
Grooming Behavior 214
Self-Grooming 214
Grooming Using Inanimate Objects 215
Allogrooming 218
Shelter Seeking 220
x Contents

Common Oral Behavior Problems 220

Bolting Food 221
Coprophagy 221
Destructive Chewing 222
Eating the Bedding 224
Pica 224
Obesity 225
Psychogenic Polydipsia 226
Refusing to Drink 226
Common Problems Associated With Grooming Behavior 227
Splashing in Water 227
Excessive Grooming and Self-Rubbing 227
Self-Biting or Kicking 228
References 228

8. Equine Locomotive Behavior 237

Infant Growth and Movement 237
Adult Movement 238
Symmetrical Gaits 240
Asymmetrical Gaits 241
Special Gaits 245
Swimming 248
Jumping 248
Backing 249
Stopping 249
Circling/Spinning 249
Pawing 250
Rearing 250
Bucking 251
Laterality (Foot Dominance) 251
Resting and Rising Patterns 252
Stretching 252
Sitting 252
Lying Down and Rising 252
Sleeping 256
Daily Activity Patterns 258
Transport of Horses 260
Loading 260
Unloading 262
Travel 263
Trailering Problems 264
Common Problems Associated With Movement 267
Bolting 267
Bucking 268
Rearing 269
Shying 270
Walking Off 270
Kicking 270
 Contents xi

Other Problems 271

Refusal to Enter a Stall 271
Escaping From a Stall or Paddock 271
References 271

9. Equine Behavioral Medicine 279

The Veterinarian’s Role 280
Working Safer 280
Overview of Behavior Problems 286
Factors Promoting Abnormal Behavior 286
Approach to Existing Behavior Problems 288
Equine Psychopharmacology 293
Neurotransmitters 294
Psychopharmacologic Medications 295
References 304

10. Equine Behavior Problems 311

The Basis of Repetitive Behavior Problems 312
Stereotypies 312
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders 316
Repetitive Oral and Head Problems 317
Cribbing, Windsucking 318
Excessive Licking 325
Head Nodding (Tossing) 326
Headshaking 326
Head Shy 327
Lip/Tongue Flapping 328
Teeth Grating 328
Teeth Grinding 329
Repetitive Locomotor Problems 329
Circling/Stall Walking 329
Fence Walking 330
Pawing 331
Weaving 331
Neurological and Medically Related Behavior Problems 333
Blindness 334
Depression 335
Narcolepsy 335
Seizures 336
Sleep Deprivation 337
Equine Self-Mutilation Syndrome 337
References 339

11. Equine Welfare 347

Defining Animal Welfare 348
Relationships Between Behavior and Welfare 349
xii Contents

Measuring Animal Welfare 351

Performance Standards 352
Prohibited Practices 352
Input-Based Standards 353
The Five Freedoms 354
Five Domains 354
Record-Based Standards 356
Subjective Evaluations 356
General Concepts of Welfare in Horses 356
Working Horses 356
Show and Performance Horses 357
Race Horses 360
Horses Used for Recreation 361
Free-Ranging Horses 362
Unwanted Horses 363
End-of-Life Issues 364
References 364

Index 371
About the Author

Bonnie V. Beaver

Dr. Beaver is a veterinarian internationally recognized for her work in animal

welfare and in the normal and abnormal behaviors of animals. She has given
over 250 scientific presentations on these subjects and has discussed many areas
of veterinary medicine for the public media. In addition, she has authored over
150 scientific articles and has nine published books, including Feline Behavior,
Canine Behavior, Efficient Livestock Handling (with Don H€oglund), Your
Horse’s Health, and Horse Color (with D. Phillip Sponenberg). Her expertise
in behavior and welfare has been passionately shared with the students at Texas
A&M University and veterinary colleagues worldwide.
Dr. Beaver is a member of numerous local, state, and national organizations.
Professionally this includes having served as president of the American Veter-
inary Medical Association (AVMA) and Texas Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion. She was also a founding member and first president of the American
Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior (1975), the American College of
Animal Behaviorists (AVMA recognized veterinary specialty 1993), and the
American College of Animal Welfare (AVMA recognized veterinary specialty
2012). Additionally, Dr. Beaver is a long-time member of numerous horse
organizations including the American Association of Equine Practitioners,
American Horse Council, American Quarter Horse Association, Palomino
Horse Breeders of America, and National Reining Horse Association.

xiii
This page intentionally left blank
Acknowledgments

It may take a village to raise a child, but it takes a lot more people to create a
book like this. Because of the curiosity of numerous researchers and their will-
ingness to share results of their studies through publications, we are able to
understand horse behavior in a scientific, rather than anthropomorphic, way.
To these many colleagues, I express appreciation.
No book on horse behavior should ever be written by someone who has not
worked with those splendid animals. Each teaches us something, but collective
experiences change learning from individual anecdotal happenings to a more
comprehensive understanding of this species’ fascinating behavior. For this, I
owe a lifetime of thanks to the collective group of horses I have owned, ridden,
and/or worked with over the years. Some excelled in the show ring; some
excelled at challenging their rider. Several are pictured throughout this book.
The author is very appreciative of the support and encouragement given by
so many individuals. Some freely supplied photographs; others allowed access
to their horses. A few people helped with some proofreading; still others just
said “do it.” With sincere apologies to those who I may have overlooked, I wish
to express special appreciation to the following people:
Mark Bradford of Skyline Ranch
Alda Buresh
Carla Carleton
Pat Gonzalez
Don H€ oglund
Jon Levine
Tami Nelson
Nathan and Jean Piper of Nathan Piper Reining Horses
Nyla Rayburn
Stanley and Lauren Stephenson
John and Nancy Tague of Toyon Ranch
Maggie Gratny Young

xv
This page intentionally left blank
12 Equine Behavioral Medicine

TABLE 1-2 Location and Number of Local Breeds Reported to the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 201286

Geographic Location Number of Local Breeds

Africa 38
Asia 138
Europe & Caucasus 306
Latin America & Caribbean 76

Near & Middle East 14

North America 22
Southwest Pacific 24
Total 618

Population Statistics
Exact numbers of horses are imprecise because census counts are not done and
free-ranging horses are difficult to count. Population statistics are also a moving
target, since numbers will vary based on local economics and weather condi-
tions. Data for the last several years indicate a worldwide horse population
of approximately 59 million horses, 43 million donkeys, and 10 million mules
(Tables 1-3 and 1-4).86,89,91,92

TABLE 1-3 Distribution of Horses Around the World in 2010 and 2014 as
Reported to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO)91
2010 % of Horse 2014 % of Horse
Horse Population— Horse Population—
Region Population 2010 Population 2014
Americas 33,494,042 56.0% 32,528,035 55.2%
Asia 13,620,634 22.8% 14,348,443 24.4%
Africa 5,985,701 10.0% 6,076,168 10.3%

Europe 6,269,921 10.5% 5,556,545 9.4%

Oceania 404,350 0.7% 404,766 0.7%
Total 59,774,648 58,913,957
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2882 Dreal D “ 2B
4
17 July
3207 Dusalt A
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3314 Dyre Wm 17 July
 B 14
22 July
3610 Davy R
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July
3619 DeRealt F 5C
20
Aug
4660 Decker G S, Cor Cav 5K
3
Aug
4669 Darct S 5 I
4
21 Aug
4670 Dugan D
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17 Aug
5070 Dawson D
H 8
Aug
5351 Dalzell Wm 6A
10
Aug
5666 Dolph S 8B
14
Aug
6225 Duinz G W Cav 5 I
20
Aug
6401 Denton G 5E
21
Sept
7654 Derffy Wm 1H
3
36 Sept
7769 Dumont W
H 4
Sept
8651 Daly A, Cor Cav 7E
13
Sept
9995 Dyer J 5 I
29
Oct
10161 Doass M Cav 1L
1
Oct
10922 Dixon Jno “ 5L
14
11125 Dennis O 1H Oct
18
24 Oct
12124 Dunroe P
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22 Feb
12574 Drake O 65
D 2
22 July
2850 Egsillim P H 64
K 4
Aug
5318 Eggleston Wm Cav 7E
10
24 July
3981 Elliot J
G 26
22 May
1210 Eaton R
H 19
May
1240 Ellis E Cav 2B
20
11 July
2788 Ensign J
A 2
Sept
7901 Edwards S 6E
5
Sept
8255 Edmonds B 1H
9
17 Oct
11065 English James
B 17
77 Aug
5817 Everett J 64
K 16
27 May
890 Force F
D 5
May
1064 Fitzpatrick M Cav 1B
13
14 May
1367 Folk C
E 25
2197 Fitse T Cav 1C June
 19
15 June
2252 Fairbanks J “
G 20
June
2343 Face W H 6 -
23
22 June
4194 Fisher F
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22 Aug
5081 Farmer M
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Aug
5861 Flanigan John 5D
16
Aug
6135 Farnham A 5A
19
Aug
6353 Fox James 3H
21
22 Aug
6680 Fritchie M
G 24
Aug
6983 Fitzpatrick M 8E
27
Aug
7027 Fox Charles 1B
27
Aug
7060 Forsythe H 5F
28
Aug
7171 Forbs C Cav 1B
27
Sept
8586 Fethton F “ 1G
12
27 Oct
10275 Fliflin H
F 3
Oct
11500 Freeman B SS 1 -
26
Nov
11709 Fredenburg F 7 -
1
12688 Findlater H Cav 7C Feb 65
22
April
12845 Frederick G 9G
23
Sept
8250 Face C SS 1B 64
9
22 Oct
11509 Fox W
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Goodenough G 23 Mch
145
M K 25
20 April
566 Grover Jas
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April
784 Grippman J Cav 5M
28
May
956 Graham Geo W 5C
8
May
1049 Goodbold Wm Cav 2L
12
13 May
1131 German E, Cor
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May
1234 Garrett S H Cav 2G
20
22 June
1927 Grimley Jas
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June
2192 Ganigan J Cav 9L
19
June
2614 Gorden Jas 1D
28
July
2862 Gilbert F 3K
3
July
2928 Gibbons M 6C
5
3863 Goodman W 5 I July