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 oxford world’s classics

SECOND TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT

and
A LETTER CONCERNING TOLERATION

John Locke was the son of John Locke, attorney, and Agnes Keene. He
was born on 29 August 1632 at Wrington, Somerset, and attended
Westminster School, London (1647–52) and Christ Church, Oxford,
graduating BA in 1656 and MA in 1658. He remained in Oxford until
1667, employed as a tutor and lecturer in Greek, rhetoric, and moral
philosophy. While at Oxford Locke developed interests in medicine and
natural philosophy. In 1667 he moved to London under the patronage of
Anthony Ashley Cooper, future Earl of Shaftesbury and Lord Chancellor.
He served the earl’s interests in colonial ‘plantations’, helping to draft The
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669), and served as secretary to
Charles II’s short-lived Council for Trade and Plantations (1673–4). He
spent the years 1675–9 in France, and returned to embroilment in the Whig
movement which Shaftesbury now led against Charles II and his Catholic
brother and heir James. The earl fled to Holland in 1682, and Locke
followed in 1683, remaining until 1689. Locke returned to England after
the Glorious Revolution, which overthrew James II and installed William
III and Mary II.
Locke now rapidly became much published and famous. The Two
Treatises of Government, Letter Concerning Toleration, and Essay Concerning
Human Understanding all appeared in 1689. Later there followed Some
Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), The Reasonableness of Christianity
(1695), and a series of economic tracts. In 1696 he became one of the
state’s most senior servants as a founder member of the Board of Trade and
Plantations, attempting to govern America. He divided his time between
public duties in London and scholarly seclusion at Oates in Essex, the
home of Lady Damaris Masham, herself a published philosopher. He died
in her company on 28 October 1704, and is buried at the parish church of
High Laver.
Mark Goldie is Professor of Intellectual History at the University
of Cambridge, where he is a Fellow of Churchill College. He has written
extensively on British political, religious, and intellectual history in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and is currently working on an
intellectual biography of Locke’s final, post-Revolution, years.
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 OXFORD WORLD’S CLASSICS

JOHN LOCKE

Second Treatise of
Government
and

A Letter Concerning
Toleration
Edited with an Introduction and Notes by
MARK GOLDIE

1
 1
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 CONTENTS

Introduction vii
Note on the Text xxxii
Select Bibliography xxxvii
A Chronology of John Locke xlii

SECOND TREATISE OF GOVERNMENT 1

I. The Introduction 3
II. Of the State of Nature 4
III. Of the State of War 10
IV. Of Slavery 13
V. Of Property 14
VI. Of Paternal Power 27
VII. Of Political or Civil Society 39
VIII. Of the Beginning of Political
Societies49
IX. Of the Ends of Political Society
and Government 63
X. Of the Forms of a Commonwealth 65
XI. Of the Extent of the Legislative Power 66
XII. Of the Legislative, Executive,
and Federative Power of the
Commonwealth73
XIII. Of the Subordination of the Powers of the
Commonwealth75
XIV. Of Prerogative 81
XV. Of Paternal, Political, and Despotical
Power Consider’d Together 85
XVI. Of Conquest 88
XVII. Of Usurpation 98
vi Contents
XVIII. Of Tyranny 99
XIX. Of the Dissolution of Government 104

A LETTER CONCERNING TOLERATION 121

Explanatory Notes 169

Index 193
 INTRODUCTION

After the fall of Soviet Communism a journalist wrote that the Cold
War had been about whether John Locke or Karl Marx was right.1
The remark attests Locke’s eminence as the philosopher of liberal-
ism. His vocabulary of liberty, equality, rights, and consent is ours,
and his accent on property chimes with the primacy of economics
in modern politics. But Locke has been lucky. His Two Treatises of
Government was published in the year of the English Revolution and
was lauded in the year of the American Revolution. For as long as the
Anglo-American version of modernity continues to prevail, Locke
has a secure buttress for his canonical status. Locke made his own
luck too. He was skilful at rendering political ideas, inherited from
the classical and medieval past and familiar among his contemporar-
ies, into plain and resonant prose which made his truths seem self-
evident, and self-evidently his.

Locke’s Life
John Locke was a child of the Reformation and an inspiration of the
Enlightenment. During his lifetime (1632–1704) England changed
dramatically. When he was young, royal absolutism was a doctrine
in fashion and the Church of England the only lawful religion. By
the time he died, parliamentary monarchy and party politics were
the new norms, and Protestant Dissenters worshipped freely. Twice,
a revolution overthrew Stuart monarchy: Charles I was executed in
1649 and his son James II was expelled in 1688. Twice, Anglicanism
was restrained: abolished in the 1640s and its restored monopoly of
1662 curtailed by the Act of Toleration in 1689. The first revolution,
and the brief republic of the 1650s, collapsed; the second, the so-
called Glorious Revolution of 1688, endured.
In thought and action, Locke participated in these transform­
ations. The son of a village attorney in Somerset, his talents took
him to Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. A con-
ventional career beckoned, as a university tutor, to be followed by

1 Peregrine Worsthorne, Guardian, 14 Sept. 1996.

viii Introduction
clerical ordination. He was deflected by public service, and joined the
household of King Charles II’s minister Lord Ashley, future earl of
Shaftesbury. But in the 1670s Shaftesbury turned against the crown
and led the Whig movement which rocked the foundations of the
Restoration settlement in church and state. Fearing that royal power
was again menacing, that Protestant Dissenters were destined for
destruction, that the king appeased the French superpower, and that
the Catholicism of the king’s brother and heir, James, was incompat-
ible with the Reformation, the Whig movement campaigned against
‘popery and arbitrary government’ and tried to alter the succession.
The Whigs won general elections but were outmanoeuvred and
crushed by Charles, supported by loyalists who came now to be called
Tories. A savage reaction ensued, with the executions of leading
Whigs and mass repression of Dissent. Shaftesbury and Locke fled
to the Netherlands, where the earl died. James acceded to the British
thrones in 1685, but speedily alienated the political nation. A series of
risings, and Dutch military intervention led by Prince William of
Orange, cut short his reign. In February 1689 a Convention declared
the throne vacant and invited William and his consort Mary to
become monarchs.
Locke had followed Shaftesbury into opposition, confronta-
tion, and exile. In 1689 he returned to England. While before the
Revolution he was obscure and unpublished, afterwards he was famous
and prolific. A great trilogy of books appeared in 1689, prepared in
earlier years. The Essay Concerning Human Understanding reorien-
tated philosophy towards epistemology: the problem of the nature
and limits of human knowledge. The Two Treatises of Government
assailed absolutism and urged that no government is legitimate
which does not have the consent of the people. The Letter Concerning
Toleration argued that religious truth should never be imposed by
force. Locke continued to write, in self-vindication, and in new trea-
tises on economics, education, and theology. His Two Treatises and
Toleration appeared anonymously, but rumours of their authorship
were sufficient for commentators to begin to applaud or denounce his
entire oeuvre. His enemies called him an atheist and republican who
shook the foundations of Christianity, morality, and political stabil-
ity. His admirers began to excerpt the Second Treatise in pamphlets,
speeches, and even sermons. By the time of his death it was deployed
in manifold ways, such as in William Molyneux’s Case of Ireland
 Introduction ix
(1698), which insisted Ireland was not subordinate to England; and in
John Somers’s Jura Populi Anglicani (1701), which held that parlia-
ment was bound to listen to the sovereign voice of the people.

Locke’s Critique
Locke’s Preface made clear his intention in publishing the Two
Treatises:
to establish the Throne of our great Restorer, Our present King William;
to make good his Title, in the Consent of the People, which being
the only one of all lawful Governments, he has more fully and clearly,
than any Prince in Christendom; and to justifie to the World the People of
England, whose love of their just and natural Rights, with their Resolution
to preserve them, saved the Nation when it was on the very brink of Slavery
and Ruin.
The book’s first task was to contribute to the controversy over alle-
giance to King William and Queen Mary that followed the Revolution.
Locke dogmatically insists that Whig doctrine alone should legiti-
mate the new regime: the community makes governments, and
tyrants may be forcibly deposed. He was dismayed that Tories, who
had earlier argued for royal absolutism, and who now, in fright at
James II’s rule, reluctantly accepted the Revolution, were trying
to justify allegiance to William as a merely de facto and not de jure
ruler. Tories also argued that James had not been deposed, but had
abdicated, and that his daughter, Mary, now reigned by hereditary
right. Locke’s dramatic counter-claim was that the old regime had
dissolved, and that the community was free to choose a new form or
new persons: the Convention was a constituent assembly of the sov-
ereign people. Even so, he handled his thesis paradoxically. Its form
is radical, yet he thought his countrymen were prudent to recur to
the ‘Ancient Constitution’, the balanced polity of king, lords, and
commons. Revolutionary theory underpinned a moderate constitu-
tional outcome.
Locke’s Preface is misleading about the origins of his book, for
most of it was written between 1679 and 1683, between the apo-
gee of the first Whig movement and its destruction. His fellow Whig,
Algernon Sidney, was executed in 1683 for a similar work, Discourses
Concerning Government (posthumously published in 1698), and
Locke kept his own book secret until after the Revolution. The three
x Introduction
most profound Whig works, Locke’s, Sidney’s, and James Tyrrell’s
Patriarcha non Monarcha (1681), were counterblasts against the ideo-
logical flagship of Toryism, Sir Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha, or, the
Natural Power of Kings. Drafted probably in the 1620s and excerpted
in tracts for the royal cause during the Civil Wars, Patriarcha was
published posthumously in 1680. Locke responded to the immediate
needs of the Whig movement, but he also incorporated self-contained
essays on larger themes, notably on property, the family, and legisla-
tive power.
The Second Treatise almost never refers to other theorists, friend or
foe. But Locke’s book comprises not one but two treatises, and the
First Treatise is a rebarbative line-by-line critique of Filmer. By
separating the Second from the First, Locke—and we—exaggerate
its detachment from the fray.2 Refuting Filmer was necessary to the
Whig cause. If today it is Hobbes’s Leviathan which is considered
the pre-eminent English defence of absolute sovereignty, Filmer’s
patriarchalism was far more characteristic of Royalism and Toryism.
Hobbes and Filmer both believed that royal supremacy was unim-
peachable and armed resistance impermissible. But Filmer claimed
that a theory of sovereignty grounded, as Hobbes’s was, in the natural
equality and liberty of individuals, was a house built on sand, because
the idea of a total alienation of our powers to a sovereign under a social
contract was unsustainable. Filmer denounced the premise of natural
liberty, promoted alike by Hobbes, Calvinist and Catholic enemies of
monarchy, Civil War Parliamentarians, and Whigs. Political author-
ity, he insists, cannot derive from the individuals who make up
communities.
Filmer argued that Adam’s dominion, in the Book of Genesis, was
the archetype of all human authority, familial, domestic, and civil. His
case is scriptural but naturalistic too. By nature we are born unfree,
subject to a father. The wild hypothesis of natural liberty and equality
is anarchic, and violates the truth of the Christian Bible. The sover-
eign is a patriarch like Adam, so that rebellion is a parricidal denial of
natural hierarchy. Filmer attempts to argue that modern kings derive
their right by lineal descent from Adam, but he is on safer ground in
regarding Adamic authority as paradigmatic of all human dominion.
2 The First Treatise is important for professional scholars but unrewarding for first-
time readers of Locke. It is omitted here, and was omitted early on, in the French trans-
lation, Du Gouvernement civil (Amsterdam, 1691).
 Introduction xi
He invigorated the Royalist and Tory doctrine of divine-right mon-
archy and the duty of ‘non-resistance and passive obedience’. Locke
remarked that he would not have bothered with Filmer had not the pul-
pit lately preached his doctrine. One purpose of Locke’s Two Treatises
was educative. It is a handbook of intellectual hygiene, for cleansing
the minds of an ideologically corrupted generation. Absolutism, he
held, was a recent and aberrant doctrine, whereas his own argument
was ancient—which is why he regularly quoted Richard Hooker, the
sixteenth-century voice of Christian natural law and natural liberty.
The Second Treatise summarizes the case against patriarchal-
ism. Locke holds that Filmer is guilty of a profound category error.
Familial relations are not political relations, and the family is not the
microcosm of the state. Commonwealths and families are distinct.
Every human community is built upon its telos, or end: our different
purposes generate a plurality of communities, each regulated by laws
and duties bounded by those ends. It is true that commonwealths
may historically have arisen from kin groups, but the patriarch’s
political authority depends on the consent of adult descendants, who
are, on attaining their majority, at liberty to secede. Similarly, while
it is true that children owe gratitude and respect to their parents, in
perpetuity, these are not political duties. Locke shows how Filmer’s
mistakes multiply. It is misguided to exalt fatherly power rather than
to stress the duties of parents to nurture and educate their children.
It is wrong to demean the role of wives and mothers. And it is false
to ignore the difference between the dependence of pre-rational chil-
dren and the autonomy of every adult child.

A Philosophy of Right
Locke offers a theory of justice, a philosophy of right. Though often
curious about, and speculating upon, empirical facts about the exer-
cise of power in human societies, he is fundamentally concerned with
moral philosophy, and not political sociology. Often enough people
are coerced, whether by naked force, or more usually by inducements,
threats, or unyielding conventions. To live always thus is to be unfree,
to be a slave, to suffer under tyranny. No great physical suffering need
be entailed (a slave may be cosseted): the crime consists rather in
being subjected to the arbitrary will of another, the loss of auton-
omy, of reasoned agency. Political justice is certainly about material
xii Introduction
comfort, because it is about human flourishing, but it is at root about
preventing the violation of human personality, the evil of being
banished from the realm of right. Locke constantly abjures ‘force
without right’. Often his language is of bestiality: to renounce right
is to descend from humanity to the realm of beasts. The moral evalu-
ation of empirical human circumstances is constantly at issue. In par-
ticular, submission is not the same as consent: both involve accept-
ance, but only the latter is valorized by free agency. I might submit
to an armed robber—or a rapist—and do his bidding; but it is not
consent. A whole society might submit to a dictator or a domineering
foreign empire; but it is not consent.
None of this, however, is to say that legitimate rule can do without
force. Quite the contrary. The state is necessarily an instrument of
coercion. It exists to protect us, vigilantly, forcibly. The state is the
collectivized embodiment of every individual’s fund of physical force.
Enforcement is the corollary of law, and the rule of law is empty with-
out penalties. Indeed, for Locke, the majesty of the state is encapsu-
lated in its right to take our life, whether in capital punishment, or
in sending us to die in war. Locke’s conception of justice is punitive.
Those who exercise just power have the right to visit retribution on
the unjust, on violators. Authority is right armed with power—or
power infused with right. The philosophy of right, therefore, has the
task of redeeming coercion.
To suppose that coercion can be redeemed may seem perverse,
though Locke is not guilty of the naivety of supposing that coer-
cion can be dispensed with. We constantly inhabit two realms, the
brute facts of power relations, and the domain of rectitude, striving
to unite them whenever we use the word ‘ought’. In a strict sense,
Locke is idealist: he holds that in thought and moral volition we
strive to bend the realm of is to that of ought. But he is no utopian.
He stands at a distance from Plato’s Republic or More’s Utopia. While
social peace and freedom from injustice are viable aspirations, we can
expect no idyll of harmony. Locke is keenly aware that societies are
arenas of competing visions of the good, and that the goods that we
are capable of agreeing upon, and embodying in our communities,
are limited. A society of strenuous and sincere strivers towards a con-
sensual vision of the good is the height of his ambition. He is also
emphatic that commonwealths comprise a plurality of associations,
among which the political association is but one, albeit supreme. As
 Introduction xiii
we would now express it, ‘civil society’ is not the same as the state. He
is no less aware that individuals and groups compete for advantage
amidst limited material resources: justice is largely about managing
scarcity, and there would be no need of it in a land of cornucopias.
Another sense in which Locke’s is a philosophy of right is that
his method is juridical. He construes the relations between human
agents, one among another, and with the state, in terms of law.
Individuals are bearers of rights and obligations; human associations
and states are the makers of binding rules that protect rights, enforce
duties, and police the commensality pertinent to each association.
Furthermore, public procedures are macrocosms of the law-like
conduct involved in the self-rule of every individual person. Virtuous
agency in individuals, as ancient moralists had taught, comprises
rational deliberation, which is given substance through action by
well-motivated volition. The morally competent person succeeds in
having a will to do what ought to be done. In this sense, each of us
should embody right reason in our outward actions: activity in the
world should be the executive arm of right. The continuum between
good conduct in individuals and in rulers is visible, Locke holds,
if we consider that everyone exercises office, whether a widow gov-
erning a household, a constable a village, or a ‘supreme magistrate’
the commonwealth. ‘Office’ pertains to any of our duties, however
modest, and office is a trust, it is ‘fiduciary’, exercised on behalf of
communities, small and large. When we fail in our trust, we betray it,
and morally desert it. Though Locke has much to say about political
institutions, it is not procedural mechanics that are of the essence, but
the moral quality of the conduct of office. ‘True politicks I looke on as
a Part of Moral Philosophie.’3
Locke’s approach is juridical in that he follows the broad char-
acter of medieval ‘scholastic’ political and moral philosophy, which
fused Aristotle’s analysis of the purposes and affinities which bind
human associations with a Roman Law analysis of the formal legisla-
tive character of those associations, of which the state and its legisla-
tive and adjudicative power is the supreme instance. Affinities bind us
emotionally, but justice formalizes the ties that bind. Justice implies
courts: we stand before the court of conscience, before the king’s
courts, and before the court of God’s judgement.
3 Locke to Carey Mordaunt, Countess of Peterborough, c.1697: in Locke, Selected
Correspondence, ed. Mark Goldie (Oxford, 2002), 253.
xiv Introduction
Locke does recognize that inclination brings people together
in societies, but the Treatise offers a thin account of sociability. In
part this is because the state is not the primary locus of sociability.
Locke is far from supposing that the state, politics, engulfs all moral
and affective agency. There are many spheres of activity and obliga-
tion, of need and rapport, which are not the state’s immediate con-
cern. Relations like love and friendship, and virtues like gratitude
and charity, are not civil relations. In Locke, religious affiliation,
bargaining in the marketplace, disputing philosophy, assisting the
needy, and nurturing children are not political. They subsist outwith
the political sphere, and the public sphere by no means engulfs the
private. Of course there is a complex web of overlap, and resort to
public adjudication often arises, but there are essential distinctions
to be made. Consider, for example, the distinction between debt and
gift. My obligation to repay a debt is enforceable in a public court of
law; but my charitable giving cannot be enforced. (Locke was rigor-
ous in extracting rent from his tenants, but generous in distributing
gifts to them when needy and deserving.)

The Law of Nature

The Second Treatise is secular in a precise sense. Locke refuses to
turn to Adam for guidance on politics. The Bible teaches the path to
salvation, but not the pattern of temporal government. The ground-
work of politics lies elsewhere, in reason and nature. There was noth-
ing modern about this claim. It is an ancient theology which holds
that God speaks through his Works as well as his Words. Reason is
God’s natural revelation. Political philosophy, Locke holds, belongs
to theology, but not via Scripture. Just as public right mirrors the
virtuous conduct of the self, so also it is a microcosm of God’s
conduct towards humanity. The deity (and only the deity) achieves
the perfect union of right reason (an understanding of what ought
to be done) and will (the promulgating of binding commands). To
speak of divine, transcendent imperatives, law-like axioms of right, is
to speak of a law of nature. Human legislation ought always to con-
form to this higher law of nature. Our personal self-legislation, and
even God’s self-acting, are governed by natural law.
Philosophers disagreed about what constituted the law-like qual-
ity of nature. Nature might be construed as providing rationally
 Introduction xv
deducible norms, rules by which we can best flourish as natural organ-
isms. But we might demur at the thought that such axioms amount,
strictly speaking, to law, for law surely must be the command of
somebody authorized to give rules, and punish their breach, which,
in the case of nature, prior to the state, can only mean God. Thus
perhaps law resolves into command rather than into nature or rea-
son. Place too much emphasis on rationally discernible axioms, and
God and his commands become ciphers. On the other hand, place
too much emphasis on imperative command, and rules begin to
look devoid of rational content beyond the legislator’s arbitrary will.
The perfect harmony of reason and will begins to look philosophi-
cally precarious. In his early Essays on the Law of Nature (1663–4)
Locke grappled with this profound dilemma. In his Essay Concerning
Human Understanding he seems to doubt our capacity to arrive at
knowledge of natural law. But in the Second Treatise he blithely pro-
nounces that the law of nature is ‘writ in the Hearts of all Mankind’,
as if innately discernible (§ 11).4 There is no satisfactory resolution of
this ambiguity. Suffice to say, in the Treatise the law of nature stands
as a sturdy roadblock in the way of unlimited human, and especially
state, action. Whatever the ‘supremacy’ of human legislatures and
rulers, it is an earthly supremacy, always limited by eternal laws.
Human rulers are answerable before a higher court. None of Locke’s
contemporaries would have disagreed with him on this, but he adds
that a ruler’s actions are also justiciable here on earth, answerable to
human communities: for many, that was a shocking conclusion.
In the modern world, we have taken hold of a secular version of
Locke’s train of thought. We speak of human rights as generating
a system of law-like obligations that transcend the laws of particu-
lar states. By the twenty-first century it became possible to bring
to court even heads of state, notwithstanding that they are, or have
been, sovereign within their own territories. We have built a system of
transcendent natural law, bereft of theology, but still armed with an
Aristotelian sense that what is natural and right is what is universally
conducive to human flourishing, and we have armed it with quasi-
judicial procedures in the court of humanity.
For Locke, because we are bound by natural law, our natural liberty
4 Compare the famous second sentence of the American Declaration of Independence:
‘we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights . . .’
xvi Introduction
is not licence, a freedom to do whatever we wish. The point of a free
state is not to liberate us to follow our whims and desires, but to pro-
vide us with a secure arena within which to strive to perfect ourselves
within the mould of God’s making. Because we are God’s creatures,
there are strict limits on our freedom. In particular, nobody is free to
take their own life, because that violates God’s creation of us. We are
God’s property, and property should not be violated. Locke’s ‘suicide
taboo’ shows the distance between his Christian natural jurispru-
dence and modern secular libertarian values.

Origins of Civil Society

The sense of ‘origin’ is ambiguous. It can mean priority in time, or
priority in concept. For Locke it is both. Conceptually deconstructed,
civil societies comprise individuals who may be understood to join
together to meet their natural needs and interests. Imagined outside
their social and institutional settings, in a ‘state of nature’, these indi-
viduals are said to be free and equal, and in need of having security for
their lives, liberties, and properties. These are the things that pertain
to their personhood, both their subsistence as physical beings and
their dignity as moral beings. In the state of nature individuals judge
that they are better off under a common umpire of their disputes,
for they find their natural state of independency unstable and liable
to tip into a state of war, which is a condition in which right cannot
prevail against the anarchy of rival arbitrary wills and unjust violence.
Such individuals therefore sanction an agreement by which they are
bound together and prescribe a regime for making rules. They are
not obliged unless they so sanction by their free consent. Locke is
accordingly commonly called a ‘social contract’ theorist, although he
tends rather to use the word ‘compact’. The agreement may be con-
strued as a contract because it involves reciprocal, enforceable obliga-
tions. Such a system is nugatory without the means of enforcement,
and the compact entails transference to the society of the right to use
force which each person naturally has in the state of nature. In nature
we have what Locke called the ‘Executive Power of the Law of Nature’
(§ 13), which is a right not only of self-defence but also to punish
invasions of others’ rights. The relationship of contract exists only
among individuals: there is no contract with the ruler, who is merely
a designated executive, entrusted with common power.
xxviii Introduction
individuals are not defined or limited by ethnicity, religion, language,
culture, or history. The liberal holds that local cultural norms and
particular identities cannot trump claims that are unconditionally
human. It is tempting to see here the spirit of the Enlightenment, but
it is rooted in ancient natural jurisprudence: the Stoics and the medi-
eval Scholastics appealed to human nature, to a putatively timeless
and placeless humanity that lies behind the artifices of culture and
history. Modern liberal political philosophy has, for persuasive and
unpersuasive reasons, detached Locke from ancient jurisprudence,
and from theology, and finds valuable his universalizing principles
concerning what should constitute justice in any human community,
and has entrenched ‘human rights’ in the political vernacular.
There is a line of descent from Locke (via Rousseau and Kant)
to such modern classics as John Rawls’s Theory of Justice (1971) and
Robert Nozick’s Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974). The former offers
a yet more abstracted thesis about what people need simply as
humans and what rights their needs generate. Humans are conceived
as standing behind a ‘veil of ignorance’, not knowing any aspect of
their contingent human identity, and they are asked what they would
rationally choose by way of just laws. Would I consent to a law by
which men are paid and promoted more than women, if I knew only
that I was human and not whether I was female or male? Rawls con-
cludes that, behind the veil, no such person would consent to such
a law, so that such a law is unjust. Nozick’s derivation is very differ-
ent, wherein universal humans have such a minimum of collective
aspirations, affiliations, and values that they have no wish for a state to
do anything other than provide law-and-order umpirage. It is there-
fore wrong to tax us to support any human collective endeavour other
than to pay judges, policemen, and soldiers.
Locke’s universalist ambition is vulnerable to the charge that it is
naive, deceptive, perhaps even manipulative, in obscuring, brushing
aside, our profound particularities, whether of culture, ethnicity, reli-
gion, gender, or class. In his own time and terms, there were three
patent vulnerabilities. First, the logic of universalizability, as Kant
would see, points to a world state. If the relations between individu-
als in nature are insecure, and require agreed and competent adju-
dication, so do relations between states. But Locke took for granted
mutually competitive states, which remain in a state of nature one
with another, and hence potentially or actually in a state of war. His
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Infants. On the Training of Young Children. Leisure Hours. Conclusion.
THE ENGLISH MAIDEN;
Her Moral and Domestic Duties. With engraved Title, designed by Gilbert,
engraved by Gilks, fcp. 8vo. cloth, lettered, price 4s. 6d. Silk, 6s. Mor. 8s.
“A little work well worthy, from its good sense and good feeling, to be a
permanent and favourite monitor to our fair countrywomen.”—Morning Herald.
“The book is one of the best fitted for presents to young women, in any rank
of life; its price putting it within the reach of most; its tendency calculated to be
beneficial to all.”—Sherborne Mercury.
THE LADIES’ WORK-TABLE BOOK,
Containing full Instructions in Plain and Fancy Needle-work, Embroidery,
Knitting, Netting, Crochet, &c. Illustrated by upwards of Fifty Engravings.
Imperial 32mo. Cloth, gilt edges, price 3s. 6d.
THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF FANCY NEEDLE-WORK AND EMBROIDERY,
Containing Plain and Ample Directions whereby to become a perfect Mistress
of those delightful Arts. 3rd edition, with Illustrations. Imperial 32mo. gilt edges,
price 1s.
“The directions are plain and concise, and we can honestly recommend the
volume to every reader.”—La Belle Assemblée.
THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF PLAIN NEEDLE-WORK,
Containing Clear and Ample Instructions whereby to attain proficiency in
every department of this most useful employment, with Explanations of the
various Stitches. By the Author of the “Ladies’ Hand-Book of Fancy Needle-
work,” &c. Imp. 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.
THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF KNITTING, NETTING, AND CROCHET,
Containing Plain Directions by which to become proficient in those branches
of Useful and Ornamental Employment. By the Author of the “Ladies’ Hand-
Book of Fancy Needlework,” &c. 3rd edition, with Illustrations. Imperial 32mo.
gilt edges, price 1s.
“A more useful work can hardly be desired.”—Court Gazette.
THE LADIES’ HAND-BOOK OF BABY-LINEN,
By the Author of the “Ladies’ Hand-Book of Fancy Needlework,” &c. Imperial
32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.
THE HAND-BOOK OF PAINTING IN OIL,
 With an Appendix, containing Sir J. Reynolds’ Observations and Instructions
to Students. Imperial, 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.
“A work of great utility to the Young Artist and Amateur.”—Polytechnic
Journal.

ANNUALS, for 1843.

A LOVE GIFT for 1843.
Royal 32mo. cloth, price 2s. 6d. White Silk, 3s.
“A pretty little volume, bound in pink and gold, containing extracts from our
English poets, both ancient and modern, upon a subject which ‘rules the camp,
the court, the grove—man below, and gods above;’ all universal love—and
those who wish to learn what poets have said upon this all-interesting subject,
may find it here.”—Era.
THE BALL-ROOM ANNUAL for 1843.
Comprising, in addition to the most Fashionable Quadrilles, Galopades,
Mazourkas, &c. of the Present Season, the Steps used in the Strathspeys and
Highland Reels, as danced before her Majesty and Prince Albert, on their recent
Visit to Scotland. Medium 32mo. gilt edges, price 1s.
THE CHILD’S OWN ANNUAL for 1843;
Illustrated by upwards of Thirty Wood Engravings. Fcp. 8vo. handsomely
bound, price 4s. 6d.
HARRISON’S GARDEN ALMANAC and Floral Calendar for 1843.
The Floricultural Department by JOSEPH HARRISON, Editor of the
“Floricultural Cabinet,” “Gardener’s Record,” &c. Foolscap 8vo. price 1s.
CLARKE’S GUIDE BOOKS
To the Exhibitions in and near London; Free Galleries of Art in and near
London; a Guide Book for Visiters, by H. G. CLARKE. Fcp. 8vo. sewed, price
1s. 6d.; containing the National Gallery, Dulwich Gallery, and Greenwich
Hospital Naval Gallery.
The National Gallery; a Guide Book for Visiters. Price 4d.; abridged 3d. and
1d.
The Dulwich Gallery; a Guide Book for Visiters. Price 6d.; abridged 4d. and
2d.
The Naval Gallery at Greenwich Hospital; a Guide Book for Visiters. Price 3d.;
abridged 1d.
 The Royal Gallery, Hampton Court.—Nearly ready.
THE LIFE OF SAINT IGNATIUS,
Bishop of Antioch; being No. I. of the Lives of the Fathers, Saints, and Martyrs
of the Early Christian Church, Imperial 32mo, price 1s.
LETTERS TO A YOUNG LADY
On the Advantages of Early Piety. Imperial 32mo. cloth.—Nearly ready.
Contents.—Personal Advantages of Early Piety. Domestic Advantages of
Early Piety. Early Piety as a Preparatory for the Duties of Active Life. Early Piety
as connected with the Immortal Destiny of the Human Race.

MOSLEY’S METALLIC PENS.—The decided superiority of these Pens over all

others has long been acknowledged by the Public, and MOSLEY and Co., by
anxiously embracing every opportunity of improving their manufacture, have at
length brought them to such a state of perfection, as utterly to defy competition.
M. & Co. in returning thanks for the very liberal support they have received,
would beg at the same time to observe, that us few persons can write with the
same description of Pen, they have manufactured a great variety of kinds, being
thus enabled to suit the hand-writing of all.
MOSLEY’S PENS are sold by all stationers, and other respectable pen
dealers throughout the Kingdom, and Wholesale at No. 8, Hatton Garden,
London.
To guard against the many spurious imitations palmed upon the Public, every
genuine Pen is stamped “RICHARD MOSLEY & Co. London,” and it is requisite
that particular attention be paid to this circumstance, as the name of MOSLEY
has been marked upon articles of a worthless description, the name being
wrongly spelled, or the Christian name left out—“RICHARD MOSLEY & Co.
London,” is the only genuine stamp.

BENTLEY’S Patent PORCELAIN LETTERS, for shop-fronts, hotels, merchants,

shippers, &c., are 23 per cent. cheaper than the projecting; they are the most
beautiful and imposing to the sight possible, and by far the most durable of any
yet introduced; it is a fact worthy of remark, that every new letter that has been
brought out within the last ten years has been Bentley’s invention: also Bentley’s
newly-invented Zinc and Brass Shop Window Plates, both flat and circular, with
raised letters, without a particle of wax, which never get out of order. The
Queen’s, Prince Albert’s, and the Prince of Wales’ coats of arms in wood and
metal. Observe.—The only Manufactory is Bentley’s, 234, High Holborn.
LETTERS FOR SHOP FRONTS.—Use Mason’s Imperishable ones, made in
patent Iron-stone China, which have stood the severe test of 20 winters’
exposure in front of their manufactory at Fenton, in the Potteries.
To be had of Mr. Wager Brameld, Agent, 16, Norton-street, Portland-place.

GREAT COMFORT TO INVALIDS.—FYFE’S Patent Hermetically Sealed

Commode Pail, forming with its mahogany seat and earthen pan, a completely
air-tight, inodorous, portable chamber closet, for 1l. 6s., in a neat japanned box,
2l. 4s., in a handsome mahogany enclosure, 3l.; rendering a sick room, at all
times, as fresh and comfortable to enter as a well-appointed drawing-room.
Sold at Fyfe’s Repository, 26, Tavistock-street, Covent Garden.
Also,
TREDGOLD’S WARM ATMOSPHERIC AIR STOVE, filling the whole area of
a Church with a uniform warmth in two hours from lighting the fire.
Orders from the country, with a reference in London, immediately attended to.

PATENT TRANSPARENT VENTILATORS.—The increasing patronage afforded

to this invention, which has been extensively introduced into the palaces, public
offices, most of the principal banking and club houses, and many private
houses, warehouses, offices, &c., has induced the proprietors (FAIRS and CO.)
to an effort for their more general adoption, in furtherance of which they have
prepared a graduated and greatly reduced tariff of prices, which will be
forwarded, post-paid, on application to Fairs and Co., 22, Mortimer-street,
Cavendish-square; the Factory, 15, Gillingham-street, Pimlico; or Messrs.
Bunnett and Corpe, 26, Lombard-street, where orders are also received. Fairs
and Co. are also Manufacturers of the Improved Zinc Sashes, now so
extensively used for Churches and other buildings, which supersede the use of
copper, at a much less cost, and in which the most elaborate designs may be
executed.

WILLIAM SUGG AND CO., No. 19, Marsham-street, Westminster, BRASS and
IRON FOUNDERS, GAS ENGINEERS and FITTERS, Makers of Improved
Patent Gas Meters, Manufacturers of every description of plain and ornamental
bronze, brass and iron work, for OIL or GAS. Fan lights, passage and lantern,
plain or ornamented, Wholesale, Retail, and for Exportation. Casting for the
Trade.
BIRD’S EYE MAPLE PLANKS, lying in the West India Docks, for sale in any
quantity: also a Case of very superior Satin-wood Veneers. Apply, prepaid, W.,
340, Strand, London.

THE PATENT FIRE PUMP AND ANTI-FRICTION PUMP.—They are both simple
and cheap, and not so likely to get out of repair as the common Pump. The Fire
Pump combines, without any alteration, the common domestic Pump, the Lifting
Pump, and the Force Pump. The Fire Pump is adopted by her Majesty’s Board
of Works, and one is fixed in the House of Commons. Patent Water-closets,
Portable ditto, Self-acting ditto, &c. &c.
Freeman Roe, Plumber, Engineer, &c., 70, Strand, opposite the Adelphi
Theatre.

SMITH’S PATENT IMPROVED WATER-CLOSET combines all the requisites

considered indispensable to form a perfect machine of this nature. In its action it
is rapid, certain, and complete; simplicity of construction (the want of which in
every other kind has been the fruitful and constant source of so much perplexity)
is the distinguishing characteristic of Smith’s Patent Improved Water-Closet.
The value of these Closets has been confirmed, after the severest tests in
which they could be subjected, by persons holding important situations in
various public institutions, and must be considered conclusive in a matter so
nearly affecting the comfort and convenience of the establishments under their
care. Such is the confidence of the Patentee in the completeness of this
invention, that he distinctly holds himself responsible for the perfect action of
every Closet fixed under his own superintendence, and undertakes to remove,
free of expense, any that may be found not to fulfil the conditions of his
prospectus.
⁂ See “Mechanic’s Magazine” of Sept. 17th, 1842.
Prospectuses and Testimonials may be had of the Patentee, T. SMITH,
Plumber, Northampton; or Hayward, Tyler, and Co., Brass-founders, 85, Upper
Whitecross-street, St. Luke’s, London.
 PATENT PERRYIAN PENS.
PRICES ACCESSIBLE TO ALL WRITERS.
James Perry & Co., Manufacturers to Her Majesty and H.R.H. Prince Albert.
Have just introduced a new variety of their excellent Metallic Pens, in boxes
containing one gross, &c., in cases containing a quarter of a hundred, and on
cards; all of which are manufactured under the protection of their Patents,
suitable for every description of writing, and superior to all the ordinary Steel
Pens in general use. J. P. & Co. strongly recommend Bankers, Merchants,
Exporters of Metallic Pens, and all large buyers to make trial of these articles, in
the full confidence they will be found to possess more of the necessary elasticity
for the production of good writing than any other Pens at a similar price.
Pens in Boxes.

DOUBLE PATENT LARGE BARREL PENS, in Boxes,

containing one dozen with Holder, or in Boxes of three
dozen each, Fine or Medium Points.

DOUBLE PATENT SMALL BARREL PENS, in Boxes, containing

one dozen with Holder, or in Boxes of three dozen, six
dozen, or twelve dozen each, Fine or Medium Points.

DOUBLE PATENT PENS, No. 2, in Boxes, containing three

dozen, six dozen, or twelve dozen each, with Fine, Medium,
or Extra Fine Points.

CURVE-CUT PENS, in Boxes, containing three dozen, six

dozen, or twelve dozen each, with Fine or Medium Points.

Pens on Cards.

DOUBLE PATENT LARGE BARREL PENS, with Fine or Medium Points.—

Nine Pens with Holder.
DOUBLE PATENT SMALL BARREL PENS ”
CURVE-CUT PENS ”

Pens in Cases containing a Quarter Hundred, with Holder.

DOUBLE PATENT PENS, No. 2, with Fine or Medium Points

RAVEN BLACK PENS No. 2, ”
 BRONZE PENS No. 2, ”

The Following Sorts of the Perryian Pens, manufactured by James Perry &
Co., are Sold on Cards as Usual.

s. d.
RAVEN BLACK PENS, with Fine or Medium Points per Card 1 0
NATIONAL PENS, Nos. 1, 2, 3, & 4, with Fine or Medium Points ditto 1 0
OFFICE PENS ditto 1 0
FINE OFFICE PENS ditto 1 0
NATIONAL PENS, Nos. 7 and 8, with Fine or Medium Points ditto 1 6
DOUBLE PATENT PENS, with Fine, Medium, Broad, or Extra ditto 2 0
Fine Points
UNDER SPRING PENS ditto ditto 2 0
FLAT SPRING PENS ditto ditto 2 0
SIDE SPRING PENS ditto ditto 2 0
THREE-POINTED PENS ditto 2 0
ELASTIC FOUNTAIN PENS, with Fine, Medium, Broad, or ditto 2 6
Extra Fine Points
INDIA-RUBBER SPRING PENS, ditto ditto 2 6
REGULATING SPRING PENS ditto ditto 2 6
ELASTIC HOLDER, with appropriate Pens ditto ditto 2 6
FOUNTAIN PENS ditto ditto 3 0
SCHOOL PENS, for Large, Round, or Small Hand, per Packet 2 0
N.B.—Each Card and Packet contains NINE PENS, with suitable Holder.
DRAWING and MAPPING PENS, per Card of Six Pens, with Holder 3 6
LITHOGRAPHIC PENS ditto 3 6

PATENT PERRYIAN ELASTIC HOLDER.

The Elastic Holder is so constructed as to impart an agreeable softness and
flexibility to the Pen, rendering it so unconstrained in its action as not to fatigue
the hand. This Holder facilitates the progress of the Pen over every description
of paper. It may be had with the Perryian Pens, at an advance of Threepence
per Card; or separately, at Threepence each. Each Holder is stamped with the
words “Patent, Perry, London.”

PERRYIAN LIMPID INK.

This Ink has a flowing property peculiar to itself, and does not corrode Metallic
Pens as other Inks.—In Bottles, 6d., 1s., and 2s. each.
 BLACK INK POWDER, 6d. and 1s. per Packet.
LIMPIDUM, for neutralising the ill effects of the usual Inks, when used with
Metallic Pens, Sixpence per Packet.
Writing Paper; Silver, Albata, and other Pen-Holders and Pencil-Pen Cases,
adapted to the Perryian Pens, at the usual Prices.
⁂ £20 Reward will be given, on
conviction, for information of any
Person or Persons infringing any of
the Proprietors Patent Rights.
☞ Sold by all Stationers and
Dealers in Metallic Pens, and at the Manufactory, 37 Red Lion Square, London.

DOUBLE PATENT PERRYIAN FILTER

INKSTAND.
JAMES PERRY and Co., Manufacturers to Her Majesty and H. R. H. Prince
Albert,
Having effected considerable improvement in their FILTER INKSTAND, have
now the pleasure to announce that a Second Patent has been granted to them
for such improvement, which they have united with their First Patent, under the
title of “DOUBLE PATENT PERRYIAN FILTER INKSTAND.” The eulogy
bestowed on the Patent Filter Inkstand by the public journals, and the
preference obtained for them over the common Inkstands, were almost
unprecedented. The present novel and scientific method of supplying Clear Ink
to the Dipping Cup, and returning it into the reservoir, is exceedingly simple, the
action being now performed by merely lifting up the lid to obtain a supply, and
shutting it down to withdraw it; in this state it is protected from dust or other
injury in any place or climate. When the Inkstand is filled, it is always ready for
use, and the writer will have a regular and daily supply of Clear Ink for four or six
months.
 No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4.

No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. No. 4½.

TESTIMONIALS.
It possesses the advantage, from being air-tight, of preserving Ink for almost
any period of time.—Times.
One of the most useful inventions of the present day that has come under our
observation.—Morning Herald.
It is really most ingenious, and not in the slightest degree liable to get out of
order.—John Bull.
Very ingeniously constructed to keep the surface of the Ink at a uniform level,
where it is presented to the dip of the Pen.—Morning Post.
We have tested the PERRYIAN INKSTAND, and have every reason to be
perfectly satisfied with the trial.—Atlas.

PATENT PERRYIAN GRAVITATING

INKSTAND.
 As Cheap as the Common Inkstand.
This neat and novel invention is exceedingly well adopted for general use; it
preserves the Ink in great perfection for months together, without the trouble of
refilling; it excludes dust, &c., and at any moment the writer is supplied with Ink
in the most perfect state.
The Patentees strongly recommend it to the notice of Bankers, Merchants,
Solicitors, Government Offices, Public Companies, Shops, Schools, &c., as a
great improvement over the ordinary Inkstand, both as regards convenience,
and considerable saving of Ink. This Inkstand will be found invaluable in keeping
the Ink always clear and fit for use in every climate. It is of a cylindrical form,
with a gravitating action, adjusted so as to supply the Dipping Cup with Ink,
which can be returned into the Cylinder when not in use. Economy, cleanliness,
and usefulness are secured by it, and it cannot get out of order.

No. 1. No. 3. No. 2.

☞ Sold by all Stationers and Dealers in Metallic Pens, and at the Manufactory,
37, Red Lion Square, London.
 “THE BUILDER.”
THE BUILDER.—This Journal will be exclusively devoted to the
interests of Builders, by which term must be understood all that
numerous and wealthy portion of persons connected directly or
indirectly with Building. It will partake of the character of a Trade
Journal or Magazine, and also fulfil the objects of a Weekly
Newspaper, by giving a faithful and impartial abstract of the News of
the Week. The Conductors will not discuss the question of general
Politics, nor will they enter upon Political disquisition at all, unless
any measure should be proposed affecting the class whose interests
they will always support and defend. Upon such occasions, and
upon such occasions only, will their paper be political. It will be of no
party, unless, indeed, the advocating the true interests of all classes
connected with the Building Business, from the Labourer to the
Architect, can be so considered. A portion of
“THE BUILDER”
will be occupied by Essays on the Building and Furnishing Arts in all
their various and numerous branches. It will contain the designs of
Ancient Buildings and Works, and of those of our own day—not
mere pictures or views from which nothing is to be learnt, but plans,
sections, &c., which, while they will be rendered perfectly intelligible
to workmen of ordinary information, it is hoped will not be below the
notice of the Architect and the Amateur.
When we consider how numerous and important is the class to
whose interests this Journal is dedicated; a class of British Artisans
numbering at least half a million; a class whose trade-education
distinguishes them in intellect, knowledge, and wealth, it can only
form matter of surprise, that while the Clerical, Medical, Legal,
Military, and Naval, the Artists and Literati, and other classes have
their public organs of opinion and information; while the Gardeners
and Agriculturists, Railway and Commercial and Banking Companies
have each their mouth-piece and record; the religious sects, and all
Politicians their special advocates that this most numerous, most
intelligent, and most wealthy, should have so long remained without
this bond of the Press; to instruct and inform, to disseminate
knowledge as to discoveries and inventions, to advertise wants, and
form for it a general nucleus of strength, light, and union.
Amongst the Tradesmen, Manufacturers, &c. who are particularly
interested in
“THE BUILDER,”
both as a medium for obtaining information, and for Advertising their
own productions and requirements, we may enumerate the following:
—

Architectural Authors and Publishers

Asphalte Companies
Artificial Stone Manufacturers
Auctioneers and Agents for Buildings, Land, Timber Sales, &c.
Bath, Portland, Granite, Yorkshire, and other Stone Merchants
Brass Fender, Rods, Plate, &c. Manufacturers
Brass Founders
Blind Makers, Venetian and others
Booksellers
Bent Timber Manufacturers
Brokers, Consignments, Sales, &c.
Bronzists
Builders’ Cards and Advertisements
Building Material Dealers
Carpet Warehouses
Carvers
Cabinet Makers
Chimney-piece Manufacturers
Cement Manufacturers
Carriers, Canals, and Vans
Clerks of Works and their Employers
Clock Makers and Bell Founders
Coppersmiths and Braziers
Contractors and Contracts
Drawing Schools, Academies, and Schools of Design
Engineers and Workmen
Estate and House Agents
Fender Makers
Founders and Furnishing Ironmongers
Fire-proof Materials
Fencing,—Iron, Wood, or Stone
Foremen wanted
Glass and Lead Merchants
” Manufacturers, Plate and Stained
Gas Fitters, &c.
Grindstones, &c.
Houses of Call
Insurance Companies
Iron and Steel Merchants
Iron and Tin Plate Workers
Iron Bedstead Makers, Safes, &c.
Land Jobbers, and Sales for Building, &c.
Lamp Manufacturers
Lath Renders
Lead Merchants
Lime Merchants and Burners
Locksmiths and Bellhangers
Lock Manufacturers
Loan Societies
Mathematical Instrument Makers
Machine Makers, Engines, &c.
Metallic Sash Makers—Springs, &c.
Mechanics’ Institutions
Mechanical Instrument Makers
Millwrights and Millstones
Modellers and Carvers
Marble Workers—Chimney-piece Manufacturers
Nail Merchants
Oven Builders
Paint and Colour Merchants
Papier Maché Manufacturers
Paviours
Picture Frame and Gilt Moulding Makers
Patents—Patent Agencies, &c.
Plasterers and Plaster of Paris
Pump Makers, &c.
Pencil Makers
Prices Current—Timber, Lead, Iron, &c.
Publishers, Printers, &c.
Railway Companies
Registration of Designs
Roman Cement Makers
Sales—Timber, Land, Houses, &c.
Scagliola Manufacturers
Saw Mills, Sawing, Saw Makers
Stone Quarries and Merchants
Slate do. do.
Staffordshire Tiles, Bricks, Pipes, &c.
Ships—Imports, Exports, Emigration, &c.
Steam Engines, and Boiler Makers
Stove Grate Makers
Tool Makers
Turners
Ventilating and Warming Buildings
Upholsterers
Wire Drawers and Workers
Water Closet Makers
Wood Paving Companies
Wood Letters
Window Blind Makers—Transparent, &c.
Workmen wanted
Zinc Manufacturers, and Door-plate Makers
Zincography and Artists
 The following presents a list, taken from the census of 1831, of the
building and connected classes in Great Britain only, and of these
only the male adults of 20 years old and upwards:—

Architects and Engineers—No number given.

Agents—None given.
Auctioneers 2,823
Bricklayers 29,653
Brickmakers 10,184
Builders 5,204
Carpenters 103,238
Cabinet Makers 21,774
Carvers and Gilders 2,854
Chair Makers 802
Ironmongers and Ironfounders 10,411
Land Jobbers 651
Lime Burners 3,122
Masons or Wallers 49,159
Marble Cutters 1,732
Nailors 1,882
Painters 15,653
Plumbers and Glaziers 11,999
Plasterers 9,683
Sawyers 19,181
Slaters 4,539
Turners 5,905
Upholsterers 2,932
Undertakers 1,121
314,502

To which, if we add for Ireland, for apprentices and increase of

population, we shall have a number probably far exceeding half a
million!
That this description of paper has been long a desideratum, is
evinced by the history and character of the associations of years
past. The struggles on the part of masters and men, and the attitude
taken by the public towards both, required an interlocutor of this
nature to promote a good understanding, and to secure equity and
justice to all. With such an auxiliary, what waste of time and funds
had been avoided—what noble projects carried out—what petty
strife suppressed—what distractions kept down. Our dignity would
have been maintained, and our cause ennobled.
But more than this. How many of the claims of humble merit have
slept in this interval for the want of a friendly expositor, or a common
vehicle of publicity? And how many valuable inventions have
languished wanting encouragement, or died still-born in the obscurity
of their birth? How many toilsome wanderings of the artisan in
search of employment might have been avoided?—how many
common benefits have been withheld?—How frequently the hand of
brotherly charity undirected, and the worthy object frustrated of its
aid? In the glut of work in one quarter and its scarcity in another, how
promptly would
“THE BUILDER”
have adjusted the balance? Its columns at all times open to inquiries,
and the office for reference, would have solved many difficulties, and
facilitated many purposes of good.
But “better late than never.” The present effort will be under the
chief conduct of one who, from his experience and practice, has
derived means and opportunities of knowing the wants, and
understanding the interests, of the class to whom he has the honour
to belong. And it will be the object at all times to enlist in behalf of
this enterprise the talent and services of all superior minds and
zealous hearts in the various kindred professions.
The paper will be of a convenient size for being bound as a book,
and so that the essays and illustrations may be separated and
preserved. As before stated in respect of the political department,
the Editor will endeavour to steer clear of partizanship. But times
may arise when a fearless advocacy of trade interests will require
him to oppose or support the party in power; on such occasions he
will claim for himself the right to assert his views, and those of his
class, in a manly and temperate manner.
The illustrations will consist of views, plans, elevations, and
sections of ancient and modern buildings, and of parts of buildings,
so as effectually to describe their peculiar excellencies;—of working
drawings and diagrams for the carpenter, mason, cabinet-maker, &c.
&c.;—designs of manufactured articles and implements used in
building;—of improved associations and architectural arrangements,
whether in the cottage or the mansion, the villa or the palace, in the
farm, the village, and the city; in short, there will be no subject in art
or science connected with building and the furnishing of buildings
that will not be sought after to be introduced here.
As a medium of Advertisements, its merits will be obvious: the list
already given comprehends a large number of those to whom such a
paper as this offers always the only proper vehicle. But there are
many besides to whom it will be a welcome organ. In the matter of
contracts for building, of business to be disposed of or sought after,
of workmen wanted or seeking employment, and in all such
pertaining to the class of builders and cabinet makers, it will at once
form a perfect scheme of publicity, thereby encouraging many to
advertise, in the certainty of their advertisements being read, and
many to read in the same certainty of finding an answer to their
wants.
All communications to be addressed to the Editor of “The
Builder,” No. 2, York-street, Covent Garden.

TESSELLATED PAVEMENT.—WYATT, PARKER, and CO.

respectfully call the attention of the Public to their Specimens of
Tessellated Pavement which may be seen at Albion Wharf, Holland-
street, Surrey Foot of Blackfriars-bridge.
The Tesseræ for forming this Pavement or Flooring, being
composed of similar material to that used in the manufacture of
porcelain, and highly vitrified, are imperishable. They can be had of
any size and form, from cubes of a quarter of an inch, and with the
colours burnt throughout the entire body. If required, they may be gilt
similar to those on the tombs of Edward the Confessor and Henry
the Third. They are prepared to execute designs for these floors, or
to dispose of the small Quarries or Tesseræ by the gross, to such
persons as may wish to execute their own floors. These Tesseræ
may be united on the floor with Roman Cement, Lime, and
Pozzolano, Plaster of Paris, or most of the Cements now in use; or
prepared in slabs, and laid with the same facility as Portland Stone
paving.

ENCAUSTIC or INLAID ORNAMENTAL TILES, for paving churches,

halls, corridors, &c.—WYATT, PARKER, and Co. beg to acquaint the
public that they are now prepared to execute PAVEMENTS with
these beautiful tiles, manufactured in imitation of the best ancient
examples from the Chapterhouse, Westminster, Winchester
Cathedral, Romsey Church, Great Malvern, &c. Being made of the
famous red Staffordshire clay, they are of a less porous body than
the ancient tiles, consequently are more durable, and will bear the
roughest usage to which a foot-pavement can be subject, and are
therefore more economical than any of the marbles and stones now
in use for similar purposes. W. P., and Co. also have a great variety
of other tiles of various colours for flooring, and white glazed tiles for
the sides of stoves, dairies, baths, &c. Specimens may be seen at
Wyatt, Parker, and Co.’s wharf, Holland-street, Surrey Foot of
Blackfriars-bridge.

ARTISTS, PRINTSELLERS, and Others are respectfully informed

that C. F. Brelefeld has formed a large Collection of new and elegant
Designs for Picture Frames in the Improved Papier Maché. The
superiority of these Frames consists in their having all the effect of
old carved work; many patterns represent exactly the finest carvings
of the 17th century. The small parts are far less liable to injury than
putty work. Papier Maché being a remarkably tough and hard
substance, it never shrinks, and takes gilding very freely; the frames
do not weigh one quarter the weight of others, and the price is below
that usually charged.
Many specimens are now on view at C. F. Brelefeld’s Papier
Maché Works, No. 15, Wellington-street North, Strand, where also
Pattern Books may be had, price 14s., consisting of a variety of
Patterns of Picture and Glass Frames and Window Cornices, already
executed, and on sale.
“PICTURE FRAMES.—We direct the especial attention of all
persons interested in this subject to the frames for pictures
manufactured by Mr. Brelefeld; they are of Papier Maché, and the
advantages they possess over the ordinary composition frames are
so strong and so numerous, that they must inevitably be brought into
general use. They look exceedingly attractive, and are in reality as
much so as if they had passed through the hands of the carver, and
been produced at about ten times the expense. The gilding tells with
very brilliant effect; and no matter how elaborate the pattern may be,
they have a clearness and sharpness that we have seldom or never
seen obtained in composition.”—Art-Union.

TO CIVIL ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, AND THE

PUBLIC.
THOMAS PEAKE’S TERRO-METALLIC MANUFACTORIES,
Tunstall, near Newcastle, Staffordshire. Depôt, Albion Wharf,
Holland-street, London, per Messrs. Wyatt, Parker, and Co.
The manufacturer and his late father have conducted the present
business since 1808, now thirty-four years. He begs to remark that,
during that period, the articles have supplanted other materials to a
considerable extent provincially; and experience leads him to believe
that they will be more generally adopted in the metropolis, as they
become known.
T. P. had the honour to supply roof tiles for lodges, villas, &c. at
Chatsworth, and he believes they are not excelled in efficiency or
appearance by any tiled roofs in the world.