Transformer Fundamentals and Sizing

Introduction

Transformers are critical components in electrical power systems, enabling efficient

transmission and distribution of electricity. They work on the principle of
electromagnetic induction to convert voltages from one level to another, facilitating
the use of electrical energy in various applications. Proper sizing of transformers is
essential to ensure optimal performance, efficiency, and reliability.

How Transformers Work

Transformers consist of two or more windings (coils of wire) wrapped around a

magnetic core. The primary winding receives the input voltage, creating a magnetic
field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The voltage transformation
ratio is determined by the ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding to the
number of turns in the secondary winding.

Types of Transformers

1. Step-Up Transformers: Increase voltage from a lower level to a higher level.

2. Step-Down Transformers: Decrease voltage from a higher level to a lower
level.
3. Isolation Transformers: Provide electrical isolation between circuits without
changing the voltage level.
4. Autotransformers: Use a single winding to act as both the primary and
secondary winding, providing a variable voltage output.

Key Considerations in Transformer Sizing

1. Load Analysis

 Determine the total connected load and future expansion needs.

 Calculate the total power requirement in kilovolt-amperes (kVA) or
megavolt-amperes (MVA).

2. Voltage Requirements

 Identify the primary and secondary voltage levels.

 Ensure compatibility with the voltage levels of the connected
equipment.