Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems Series B: Applications & Algorithms 16 (2009) 271-279 Copyright c 2009 Watam

Press

http://www.watam.org

A STUDY ON THREE TYPES OF NONLINEAR KLEIN-GORDON EQUATIONS

Yin Zheng and Shaoyong Lai1
Department of Applied Mathematics Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, 610074, China Abstract. A mathematical approach based on the reduction of order for solving ordinary dierential equations has been employed to investigate three forms of nonlinear KleinGordon equations. The analytical expressions of the travelling wave solutions such as compactons, solitons and periodic solutions for the equations are obtained. The results of this work extend parts of those provided by Wazwaz [Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 28(2006) 1005-1013]. Keywords. Klein-Gordon equations, compactons, solitons, periodic solutions, solving integral equations. AMS (MOS) subject classication: 35K55, 35B40.

Introduction

Many analytical and numerical techniques have been employed to nd travelling wave solutions of nonlinear partial dierential equations. Rosenau and Hyman [1] used the pseudo spectral methods in space and a variable order, variable time-step Adams-Basford-Moulton method in time to study a family of nonlinear KdV equations, and obtained a class of solitary waves with compact support, which were called compactons. Wadati [2-4] developed the trace method to investigate the exact travelling wave solutions for a modied Kortweg-de Vries equation. The tanh method developed by Maliet et al. [5-6] is a reliable algebraic technique to obtain exact solutions of many nonlinear equations. Wazwaz [8] used the tanh method to acquire the exact solutions for several forms of nonlinear dispersive partial dierential equations. Making use of the extended tanh method and homogeneous balance method, Fan and Zhang [10] investigated the generalized mKdV equation and the generalized ZK equation. This method was an ecient tool to seek exact solutions of nonlinear equations so that abundant solitary wave solutions were obtained (see [14]). Other approaches include the inverse scattering method, the Bcklund transformation, the Darboux transformation, the a painlev analysis, the tri-Hamiltonian operators, the nite dierence method, e the Adomian decomposition method, the sin cos antaze method and so on.
1 Corresponding

Author: laishaoy@swufe.edu.cn

272

Y. Zheng and S. Lai

For details of these methods, the reader is referred to [1-9, 11-12] and the references therein. Dinda and Remoissenet [13] studied a nonlinear Klein-Gordon lattice with a soft on-site substrate potential and showed the existence of a breather with a compact support; i.e., a breather compacton. The discovery in [13] illustrated that the exact analytical compacton solution in the continuum lattice agreed with the exact numerical solution both in the continuum systems and in the highly discrete systems. The numerical experiments were used in [13] to reveal that after several dozens of collisions of compactons, no radiation is observed, indicating that the collisions are elastic. The signicant discovery that solitary wave solutions may compactify under nonlinear dispersion supported the fact that nonlinear dispersion causes qualitative changes in the nature of nonlinear phenomena. Using the tanh method, Wazwaz [9] obtain several exact travelling wave solutions for the following nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations utt a2 uxx + u un = 0, utt a2 uxx + u un + u2n1 = 0, and utt a2 uxx + u u1n + un+1 = 0, (3) where a, , , and n are nonzero constants. Eq.(1)-(3) plays a signicant role in many scientic applications such as solid state physics, nonlinear optics and quantum eld theory (see [9]). Using the tanh method, Wazwaz [9] obtained soliton solutions, periodic solutions, solitary pattern solutions and compacton solutions for Eq.(1), kinks solutions and complex solutions for Eq.(2) and kinks solutions and periodic solutions for Eq.(3). In this paper, by using a mathematical technique dierent from those in previous work [9], we further study Eqs.(1), (2) and (3). Firstly, we will obtain the soliton solutions, periodic solutions, solitary pattern solutions and compacton solutions for Eq.(1) whose analytical expressions are in full agreement with those obtained in [9]. Secondly, under various circumstances, the travelling wave solutions of Eq.(2) are expressed in terms of sin, cos, tan, cot, sinh, cosh, tanh, coth and algebraic proles while those presented in [9] are only in tanh, coth, tan, cot proles. It indicates that we obtain new solutions of Eq.(2), comparing to the results presented in [9]. Finally, we derive the kinks and periodic solutions for Eq.(3) which are the same with those obtained in Wazwaz [9]. (1) (2)

Klein-Gordon Equation (1)

We seek the travelling wave solutions for Eq.(1) in the form u = u() with wave variable = (x ct) where constants = 0 and c = 0. The wave

A Study on Three Types of Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equations

273

variable turns Eq(1) into the following second order ordinary dierential equation (ODE) 2 (c2 a2 )u + u un = 0, n = 1. Using transformation
du d

(4)

= Z, we change Eq.(4) into the rst order ODE dZ + u un = 0. du (5)

2 (c2 a2 )Z

Integrating Eq.(5) and letting the constant of integration to be zero, we have 1 2 2 u2 (c a2 )Z 2 + un+1 = 0, 2 2 n+1 which gives rise to ( du 2 1 2 n+1 ) = 2 u ). (u2 d (a c2 )2 n+1
a2 c2

(6)

(7)

Case 2.1.If n = 1 and Eq.(1) takes the form

> 0, it follows from Eq.(7) that the solution of (x ct)], a2 c2

u = k exp[

(8)

where k is an arbitrary constant. Case 2.2. If n = 1 and a2 < 0, the solutions of Eq.(1) have the form 2 c u = A exp[i (x ct)], a2 c2 (9)

where A is an arbitrary constant. Dening un1 = V 2 if n = 1, we have u=V du =

2 n1

,
2 n1 1

(10) dV. (11)

2 V n1

Substituting Eqs.(10) and (11) into (7) yields dV V

2 2 n+1 V

n1 d. 2 a2 c2

(12)

Case 2.3. n > 1 and a2 c2 < 0: Solving Eq.(12) and ignoring the integral constant, we have the periodic solutions

u={

(n + 1) n1 sec2 [ 2 2

1 (x ct)]} n1 a2 c2

(13)

274
n1 2 a2 c2 (x

Y. Zheng and S. Lai

2,

for |

ct) |<

and
1 (x ct)]} n1 a2 c2

u={ for 0 <|

n1 2

(n + 1) n1 csc2 [ 2 2 ct) |< .

a2 c2

(14)

a2 c2 (x

Case 2.4. n > 1 and solutions u={ and u = {

> 0: We solve Eq.(12) and get the soliton

1 (x ct)]} n1 a2 c2

(n + 1) n1 sech2 [ 2 2 (n + 1) n1 csch2 [ 2 2

(15)

1 (x ct)]} n1 . a2 c2

(16)

Case 2.5. n < 1, n = 1 and a2 c2 > 0: In this case, we get the solitary pattern solutions of Eq.(1) in the form

u={ and

1n 2 cosh2 [ (n + 1) 2 2 1n sinh2 [ (n + 1) 2

a2

1 (x ct)]} 1n 2 c

(17)

u = {

a2

1 (x ct)]} 1n . 2 c

(18)

Case 2.6. n < 1, n = 1 and a2 c2 < 0: the compacton solutions take the form 1 u = { 2 cos2 [ 1n 2 2 (x ct)]} 1n , (n+1) 2 a c (19) | 1n a2 c2 (x ct) |< , 2 2 u = 0, otherwise

and 1 u = { 2 sin2 [ 1n 2 2 (x ct)]} 1n , (n+1) 2 a c | 1n a2 c2 (x ct) |< , 2 u = 0, otherwise.

(20)

Here we state that the mathematical method used here is dierent from that presented in [9]. However, the analytical expressions of solutions from (13) to (20) for Eq.(1) are in full agreement with those obtained for Eq.(1) in Wazwaz [9] in which the tanh method was used.

A Study on Three Types of Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equations

275

Klein-Gordon Equation (2)

2 (c2 a2 )u + u un + u2n1 = 0, n = 0, n = 1. (21)

The wave variable = (x ct) converts Eq.(2) to the ODE

du d ,

Letting Z =

we have u = Z dZ . It follows from Eq.(21) that du 2 (c2 a2 )Z (22)

dZ + u un + u2n1 = 0. du Integrating Eq.(22) and ignoring the constant of integration produce 2 (c2 a2 )Z 2 + u2 which gives ( du 2 u2 2un1 u2(n1) ) = 2 2 [ + ]. d (a c2 ) n+1 n 2 n+1 2n u + u = 0, n+1 n

(23)

(24)

Case 3.1.If n = 1 and + > 0, it follows from Eq.(24) that the solution a2 c2 of Eq.(2) takes the form u = k exp[ + (x ct)], a2 c2 (25)

where k is an arbitrary constant. Case 3.2. If n = 1 and + < 0, the solution of Eq.(1) has the form a2 c2 u = A exp[i where A is an arbitrary constant. Letting W = un1 if n = 1, we have u = W n1 , 1 1 du = W n1 1 dW. n1 Substituting (27) and (28) into Eq.(24) yields dW W
2W n+1
1

(x ct)], a2 c2

(26)

(27) (28)

n1 d, = a2 c2 + nW2

(29)

Case 3.3. n = 0, n = 1, n = 1, a2 c2 < 0 and 2 n (n + 1)2 = 0: In this case, we integrate Eq.(29) and ignore the constant of integration to get the solutions of Eq.(2) as follows

u={

(n + 1)
2 n(n+1)2 n sin[(n 1) a2 c2 (x ct)]

} n1

(30)

276 and u={

Y. Zheng and S. Lai

(n + 1)
2 n(n+1)2 n cos[(n 1) a2 c2 (x ct)] a2 c2

} n1 .

(31)

Case 3.4. n = 0, n = 1, n = 1, solutions of Eq.(2) have the form u={ and u={
2 n(n+1)2

> 0 and 2 n (n + 1)2 = 0: The

1

(n + 1)
n

} n1
a2 c2 (x

(32)

sinh[(n 1)

ct)]

(n + 1)
2 n(n+1)2 n

} n1 .
a2 c2

(33)

cosh[(n 1)

(x ct)]

+1 In fact, we let = 0, = and n = n 2 , then the solutions from (30) to (33) are in full agreement with the results obtained for Eq.(1) in Section 2. Case 3.5. n = 0, n = 1, n = 1, a2 c2 > 0 and 2 n (n + 1)2 = 0: In this case the Eq.(29) becomes

dW n1 = d. a2 c2 ( (n+1) W )2

(34)

It follows from Eq.(34) that the kink solutions of Eq.(2) take the form u={ and u={ (n + 1) n1 (1 tanh[ 2 2 (n + 1) n1 (1 coth[ 2 2
a2 c2

a2

1 (x ct)])} n1 2 c

(35)

1 (x ct)])} n1 . a2 c2

(36)

Case 3.6. n = 0, n = 1, n = 1, obtain the complex solutions u={ and

< 0 and 2 n (n + 1)2 = 0: We

1 (x ct)])} n1 a2 c2

(n + 1) n1 (1 i tan[ 2 2

(37)

1 (n + 1) n1 (x ct)])} n1 . (1 i cot[ (38) 2 c2 2 2 a Case 3.7. n = 0, n = 1, n = 1, = 0 and = 0: We get the algbraic solitary wave solution for Eq.(2) as follows

u={

u = {

1 2n(n + 1)(a2 c2 ) } n1 . (n + 1)2 (a2 c2 ) + 2 n(n 1)2 (x ct)2

(39)

A Study on Three Types of Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equations

277

The solutions of Eq.(2) expressed by (35) to (38) are the same with those obtained in [9] while other solutions obtained in this Section are new ones for Eq.(2).

Klein-Gordon Equation (3)

2 (c2 a2 )u + u u1n + un+1 = 0, n = 2, n = 2. (40)

The variable turns Eq.(3) into the second order ODE as follows

Setting u = Z, we have u = Z dZ . It follows from (40) that du 2 (c2 a2 )Z dZ + u u1n + un+1 = 0. du (41)

Integrating Eq.(41) and ignoring the integral constant yields Z2 = 1 2u2n 2un+2 (u2 + ). 2 (c2 a2 ) 2n n+2 (42)

Letting un = T 2 , we have u = T n , du = Eq.(43) makes that Eq.(42) becomes dT

2 2n + T 2 + 2 4 n+2 T
2

2 2 1 T n dT. n

(43)

n d. 2 a2 c2

(44)

If =

2 (n2 4) , 16

we know that 2 + n2 2 T 2 )2 , n+2 (45)

2 2 + T 2 + T4 = ( n2 n+2

which produces that the Eq.(44) is solvable. Here we state that we do not 2 2 consider the case for Eq.(3) where = (n 4) . Therefore, in the case where 16 =
2 (n2 4) 16

and

c2 a2

> 0, the kink solutions of Eq.(3) are expressed as

1 (x ct)]} n 2(c2 a2 )

u = { and u = {

4 n tanh2 [ (n 2) 2 4 n coth2 [ (n 2) 2

(46)

1 (x ct)]} n . 2(c2 a2 )

(47)

278 If = (n 4) and 16 in the form

2 2

Y. Zheng and S. Lai

c2 a2

< 0, the Eq.(3) admits the periodic solutions given

1 (x ct)]} n 2(c2 a2 )

u={ and u={

4 n tan2 [ (n 2) 2 n 4 cot2 [ (n 2) 2

(48)

1 (x ct)]} n 2(c2 a2 )

(49)

The solution formulas from (46) to (49) are in full agreement with those obtained in [9].

Conclusion

A mathematical method based on the reduction of order for solving ordinary dierential equations is used to study three types of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations (1), (2) and (3). The travelling wave solutions for these three equations obtained in this paper cover those presented in Wazwaz [9] in which the tanh method was used.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the SWUFEs third period construction item funds of the 211 project. Meanwhile, the authors are grateful to the referees whose comments and suggestions led to a number of signicant improvements.

References
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A Study on Three Types of Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equations

279

[9] A.M. Wazwaz, Compactons, solitons and periodic solutions for some forms of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 28, (2006) 1005-1013. [10] E.G. Fan, H.Q. Zhang, New exact solutions for a system of coupled KdV equation, Phys. Lett. A, 245, (1998) 389-392. [11] Z. Zhao, Q. Song and Y. Li, Global Exponential Stability and Existence of Periodic Oscillatory Solutions for Reaction-Diusion Generalized Neural Networks with Time-Varying Delays, Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems-B, 14(3), (2007) 371-384. [12] T.A. Burton and A. Somolinos, The Lurie Control Satises a Lienard Equation, Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems-B, 14(5), (2007) 625640. [13] P. Dinda, M. Remoissenet, Breather compactons in nonlinear Klein-Gordon systems, Phys. Rev. E, 60, (1999) 6218-6221. [14] A. Elgarayhi and A. Elhanbaly, New exact travelling wave solutions for the twodimensional KdV-Burgers and Boussinesq equations,Phys. Lett. A, 343, (2005) 85-89. Received December 2007; revised May 2008. email: journal@monotone.uwaterloo.ca http://monotone.uwaterloo.ca/journal/