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MIMO Cng ngh truyn dn v tuyn tc cao
Trn Xun Nam - inh Th Cng - Nguyn Tun Minh (Hc vin K thut Qun s)
- Nguyn Vnh Hnh (Phng K thut, B T lnh Lng)

1. Li gii thiu
Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi thng tin, nhu cu v thng tin mi lc mi ni ang
ngy cng tr nn cn thit. T nhng nhu cu n gin v thng tin thoi hay in bo ban u,
n nay nhu cu truy cp v trao i cc ngun thng tin a phng tin, hnh nh video cht
lng cao ang ngy cng tr nn bc thit. Bn cnh nhu cu v tc truy cp, tnh di ng
cho php truy cp mi lc, mi ni cng l mt yu cu khng th thiu. Cc h thng thng tin
di ng th h th 3 ang c trin khai s dng cng ngh WCDMA (Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access) kt hp vi giao thc truy cp tc cao HSPDA (High Speed
Downlink Protocol Access) cho php download d liu vi tc ln ti 14.4 Mbps. Tuy nhin,
i vi cc dch v truyn hnh trc tuyn tc cao, nhu cu truy cp tc hng trm Mbps,
thm ch ln ti Gbps, vn cn l mt thch thc i hi phi c u t nghin cu nhiu hn
na. p ng c yu cu truyn d liu tc cao th h th 4 ca thng tin v tuyn di
ng, th cc h thng truyn dn a u vo a u ra (MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output)
ang l mt ng c vin trin vng nht.
Bi bo ny trnh by tng quan v cng ngh MIMO v tuyn v cc k thut m ha, tch tn
hiu i km vi n, ng thi ch ra mt s hng pht trin nghin cu v MIMO ang c quan tm.
2. M hnh h thng MIMO
MIMO l cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn s dng ng thi nhiu anten my pht
v my thu nh Hnh 1. Chui tn hiu pht { }
k
b c m ha theo c hai min khng gian
(theo hng cc anten pht) v thi gian nh b m ha khng gian thi gian (STE: Space-
Time Encoder). Tn hiu sau khi c m ha khng gian-thi gian (KG-TG) { }
k
s c pht
i nhN anten pht. My thu s dng phn tp thu vi M anten thu. Knh tng hp gia
my pht (Tx) v my thu (Rx) c N u vo vM u ra, v v vy, c gi l knh
MIMO M N .

Hnh 1: M hnh mt h thng MIMO in hnh
{ }
k
b

{ }
k
b
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2.1. Dung lng knh MIMO
Dung lng knh truyn c nh ngha l tc truyn dn ti a vi mt xc sut li
tng i nh no . i vi knh truyn khng s dng phn tp, c li h , chu nh hng
ca tp m cng trng Gauss th dung lng knh truyn c th tnh c theo nh l Shannon
[4] nh sau:

2
SISO 2
log (1 | | ) [bit/s] C W h = (8)
trong W l bng tn ca knh truyn tnh bng Hz v
2
h chnh l t s tn hiu
trn tp m (SNR) ti u vo my thu. T cc cng thc (8) chng ta thy rng vi mt
knh v tuyn c rng bng tn nht nh khng s dng phn tp khng gian (SISO:
Single Input Single Output) th dung lng knh truyn t l vi SNR u vo my thu
theo lut logarith nn. V vy, mun tng dung lng knh truyn th ch c cch tng cng
sut pht. Tuy nhin, do mi quan h logarith nn dung lng knh truyn SISO tng rt
chm.
MIMO c xut khc phc hn ch v dung lng knh truyn ca cc h
thng SISO. Vi N anten pht vM anten thu, trong mi trng pha-inh Rayleigh giu tn
x v bin i chm, knh MIMO N M nh Hnh 1, cho php t c dung lng knh
truyn [1], [2]

( )
MIMO
nu
nu
2
2
log 1
log 1
MW M N
C
M
NW M N
N

'
< 1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1

1


1 ( )
1+
(9)
Xem xt cng thc (9) chng ta thy rng dung lng ca knh MIMO tng tuyn
tnh theo s anten pht hoc thu v c th t n min( , ) r M N = ln dung lng ca mt
knh truyn SISO. Hnh 2 biu din s tng tuyn tnh ca dung lng knh MIMO theo s
anten thu pht.
2.2. Cc phng php truyn dn MIMO
Kt qu nghin cu v dung lng knh truyn MIMO thc Ny mt ln sng
nghin cu cc k thut truyn dn nhm t c dung lng l thuyt mong mun.
Tip theo cng trnh chung vi Gans [3], Foschini xut mt h thng truyn dn theo
lp kt hp vi m ha nhm t c dung lng knh truyn mong mun nh kt qu
cng thc (9). Tuy nhin, kt qu nghin cu ca Foschini [4] cho thy dung lng knh
truyn MIMO (9) thc t ch l mt ng gii hn trn c th t c nh kt hp
cc phng php m ha v thut ton c phc tp hay gi chm khng c gii hn.
V vy, c c cc h thng truyn dn MIMO hiu qu c th ng dng trong thc
t, cc cng trnh nghin cu v MIMO tp trung vo vic xut cc phng php
truyn dn tha mn c s cn bng gia li thu c t knh MIMO v phc
tp cn thit. Cc phng php truyn dn ny c th phn loi thnh hai nhm sau: Phn
knh theo khng gian (SDM: Spatial Division Multiplexing) v m ha khng gian thi
gian (STC: Space-Time Coding).
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Hnh 2: Biu din dung lng knh MIMO theo min( , ) r M N =

3. Phn knh theo khng gian

Hnh 3: S phn knh theo khng gian
s phn knh theo khng gian, dng d liu pht, sau khi c nh x thnh cc du
(symbol) ca mt b tn hiu (constellation) c phn (DEMUX) thnhN lung song song v
truyn ng thi quaN anten pht. V vy, tc truyn dn tngN ln so vi h thng s dng
mt anten pht, mt anten thu (SISO) thng thng. Tuy nhin, do cc lung d liu thu c ti
my thu b nhiu ln nhau nn tng s lng anten pht N ng ngha vi vic tng nhiu ng
knh gia cc lung tn hiu, v v vy lm tng BER. gim nh BER ca h thng my thu s
dng M N anten v mt b tch tn hiu hiu qu thc hin tch ring tng lung tn hiu.


Hnh 4: So snh phm cht BER ca cc b tch tn hiu khc nhau
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Hnh 4 so snh phNm cht BER ca mt s b tch tn hiu bng m phng s dng iu
ch BPSK v M=N=4. Chng ta c th nhn thy phNm cht vt tri ca V-BLAST so vi cc
b tch tn hiu tuyn tnh hay QR.
4. M ha Khng gian-Thi gian
M ha khng gian-thi gian l phng php m ha cho cc h thng phn tp pht.
Phng php m ha khng gian-thi gian a ng thi tng quan trong c hai min
khng gian v thi gian vo trong tn hiu pht, kt hp vi k thut tch tn hiu my
thu nhm t c li phn tp v c th c li m ha. M khng gian-thi gian c
th c phn loi thnh hai loi: m khi khng gian-thi gian (STBC: Space-Time Block
Code) v m li khng gian-thi gian (STTC: Space-Time Trellis Code). M STBC c u
im thit k v gii m n gin. Tuy nhin, m STBC li ch cung cp li phn tp
pht m khng cung cp li m ha. Ngc li, m STTC cho php thu c c li
phn tp v m ha, nhng vic thit k v gii m li phc tp. Trong cc s m ha
khng gian-thi gian th phng php STBC do Alamouti xut nm 1998 [6] c nh
gi l phng php hiu qu nht. Phng php ca Alamouti s dng phng php m
ha v gii m n gin, tuy nhin li cho php t c y c tc m v phn
tp cho cc b tn hiu phc.


Hnh 5: S h thng MIMO s dng m STBC ca Alamouti.


Hnh 5 m t cu hnh mt h thng MIMO s dng m STBC ca Alamouti s dng
hai anten pht v hai anten thu. S lng anten pht b gii hn bng 2 N = trong khi s
anten pht M c th tng ln bt k thu c li phn tp tt hn. Nguyn l, m ha
ca Alamouti nh sau: ti thi imk , anten pht th nht pht i s
k
trong khi anten pht th
hai pht i s
k+1
, vi du * biu din php ton ly lin hp phc. Ti thi im tip theo,
anten pht th nht pht i -s
*
k+1
, trong khi anten pht th hai pht i s
*
k
Do tn hiu pht i
t hai anten pht trc giao vi nhau nn vic gii m c n gin ha nh s dng cc b
kt hp (combiner) tuyn tnh kt hp vi tch tn hiu hp l ti a (MLD: Maximum
Likelihood Detector).
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Hnh 6: Phm cht BER ca STBC ca Alamouti so vi phng php MRC

Hnh 6 so snh phNm cht BER ca STBC Alamouti vi h thng khng s dng phn
tp (SISO) v h thng phn tp thu (SIMO) s dng kt hp t l ti a (MRC: Maximum
Ratio Combining). T hnh v chng ta c th thy rng s STBC ca Alamouti cho php
ci thin BER ng k so vi h thng SISO. So vi h thng s dng phn tp thu SIMO
MRC, s ca Alamouti cho php thu c cng cp phn tp (cng dc), tuy nhin
b thit hi 3dB v cng sut do iu kin chuNn ha cng sut pht sao cho tng cng sut
pht t 2 anten pht bng vi cng sut pht trn mt anten ca h thng SIMO MRC [6].
Ngoi m STBC ca Alamouti, cc s m STBC v STTC khc c th tham kho chi tit
thm [7].
5. Kt lun v cc hng nghin cu m
MIMO l mt phng thc truyn dn d liu mi cho php tng nhanh dung lng ca
knh truyn v tuyn. Vic ng dng MIMO vo thng tin v tuyn c trin khai ng dng
v xut cho cc h thng 3G tr i. Tuy nhin, xy dng c mt h thng MIMO t c
hiu qu cao nht vn ang l vn c t ra. Mt trong cc hng nghin cu vn cn tip
tc pht trin l vic xut ra cc b tch tn hiu MIMO hiu qu, c phNm cht BER tt trong
khi li khng yu cu phc tp tnh ton cao. Mt hng nghin cu kh thi khc l vic tch
hp m khng gian thi gian vo cc h thng bng rng vi nhiu ng knh (CCI) v nhiu
tng tc gia cc du (ISI)
Tm tt
Cung cp dung lng vt trn gii hn Shannon, cc h thng v tuyn a u vo a
u ra (MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output), ang c bit n nh mt nn tng cho cng
ngh truyn dn th h th 4 (4G). S dng a anten pht v a anten thu, cc h thng MIMO
cho php truyn dn d liu vi tc ln ti gigabit trong cc mi trng truyn sng khng c
tia truyn thng (NLOS: Non Light of Sight). Bi bo ny gii thiu tng quan v cng ngh
MIMO, cc k thut truyn dn tim Nn bn trong, v cc hng ng dng ca n trong cc h
thng thng tin th h tip theo.
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Summary
With the integration of Internet and multimedia applications in next generation wireless
communications, the demand for wide-band high rate communication sevices is growing. As the
radio spectrum is limited, higher data rates can be achieved only by designing more efficient
signaling techniques. Recent research on information theory showed that large gain in capacity
of communication over wireless chanels is feasible in multiple-input multiple output (MIMO)
systems. The MIMO chanel is contructed with multiple element array antennas at both ends of
the wireless link. Space-time coding is a set of pratical signal design techniques aimed at
approaching the information theoretic capacity limit of MIMO chanels.

Ti liu tham kho

[1].I. E. Telatar (1999), Capacity of multiantenna Gaussianchannels, European Transactions on
Telecommunications, vol.10, no.6, pp.585595, November/December.
[2].G.J. Foschini and M.J. Gans (1998),On limits of wireless communications in a fading
environment when using multiple antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, vol.6, pp.311335.
[3].G.J. Foschini (1996), Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a
fading environment when using multielement antennas, Bell Labs Technical Journal, pp.4159,
Autumn,.
[4].C.E.Shannon (1949), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press.
[5].P.W.Wolniansky, G. Foschini, G. Golden, and R.A. Valenzuela (1998), "V-BLAST: an
architecture for realizing very high data rates over the rich-scattering wireless channel" in Proceedings
URSI International Symposium on Signals, Systems, and Electronics, (IEEE, New York, NY, USA), pp.
295-300.
[6].S.M. Alamouti (1998), A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 14511458,
[7]. B. Vucetic and J. Yuan (2003), Space-Time Coding, Wiley & Sons Ltd.