II

.........................................................................................

.........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................

2
4
7

- 1 ......................................................................

....................................................................................................
.............................................................................
....................................................................... statements
.......................................................................... statements
.................................................................................
...............................................................
.................................
....................................................... Venn Diagrams
................................................................
........................................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
...................................................................
.................................................
...................................................................
........................................
.................................
.............................................................................
! .................................
).......................... (Sum Of Products
...............................................
)........................ (Product Of Sums
.............................................
.............................................................
* ......................
......................................................................
...............................................................................................

10
11
12
13
16
17
20
22
26
28
31
32
34
36
37
39
40
41
43
45
46
48
49
51
52
55
57

- 2 61 .........................................................
62 ...................................................................................................
64 ............................................................
68 ..............................................................
70 .......................................
72 ......................................
78 ...................................................
)( 80 .................................................................................
82 ...........................................................................
84 .....................................................
85 .........................................................................................................

III

 ........................................................................
? .........................................
.......................................................................
.........................................
* ..................................................
........................................................ NOT
OR .............................................. AND
- .....................................
..........................................................
* ..............................................................
I/O Standards * ........................................
? * ......................................................
- ..................................................................
......................................
........................................................
..............................................................
..............................
...............................
.........................................
......................................................................................
)( ..................................................................
............................................................
..............................................
* ................................................................................
...............................................................................................

88
92
94
95
97
100
103
105
110
112
116
122
128
129
131
133
137
139
140
142
144
146
147
151
152

- 3 159 .......................................
....................................................................................................
) ( ..........................................................
....................................................
............................................................
......................................
..............................
............................
......................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................
.......................................................
............................
..........................................................................
............................................
..........................................
...............................................................................................

IV

160
161
163
164
166
167
169
172
173
176
177
179
180
184
185
186

 - 4 ........................................................

193

....................................................................................................
...............................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
..................
SOP ....................
....................................................................................
................................................
...............................................
...........................................
.............................................................................
)....... (Map Entered Variables
) (POS ...........................
.............................
MEV - ..............................................
............................
..................................................................
..................................................
)................................................................ (Group Reduction
Implicants : ........................................... * Prime Implicants
QM Prime Implicants * .................
) ........................... * (Quine McClusky
...................................... * Quine McClusky
) POS ....................................................... * (Quine McClusky
) ............. * (Quine McClusky
- ) ....... * (Quine McClusky
) (Group Minimization ....... * Quine-McClusky
...............................................................................................

194
195
198
202
209
216
217
220
223
229
231
235
238
241
242
245
249
254
256
262
266
268
271
273
277
278
283

- 5 ........................................................................

287

....................................................................................................
......................................................................................
................................................................................................. NAND
.................................................................................................... NOR
NAND ........................................................... NOR
..................................................................... NAND
........................................................................ NOR
.................................................................................................... XOR
............................................. Reed Muller
................................................................................................ XNOR
'1' - * .................................................
XOR XOR ........................................................

288
288
291
294
297
300
303
305
313
315
318
319

 323 .................................................. XOR

XOR XNOR 326 ......................... Parity
)327 ............................. * (Finite Fields
)330 ........................................................................ * GF(2
332 ...............................................................................................
- 6 ......................................................

343

...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................
tpd ? ...........................................................................
........................................................................
.................................................................
.............................................
..........................................
.................................
..........................................................................................
Spike - ......................................
.............................................................................................
Static Hazards .................................................... ? SOP
Hazard ......................................................... ? SOP
Hazard ...................................................... ? SOP
Hazards SOP .........................................
Hazards POS .........................................
* ..........................................................
* ..........................................................
..................................
.......................................................................................
* .................................................................
...............................................................................................

344
345
347
348
351
353
356
360
360
363
365
366
370
371
372
375
378
381
382
386
388
389

- 7 399 ..................................................
...................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
............................................
.................................................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
...........................................................................
.................................................................................
.........................................................
...........................................................................
.............................................................
? ................................
* ...................................................
VHDL * ......
- .............................. 2
2 - ? * ........................................................
VI

400
401
408
409
413
416
419
423
433
434
435
436
437
439
440
443

 VHDL .......................................... * 2 -
- ........................ 2
2 - ? ............................................
..............................................................
....................................
2 - ? ...............................................................
VHDL ............................................ * 2 -
* .............
* .................................
............................................................................
..............................................................
.....................................................................
.......................................
......................................... * C
...................................................................................................... BCD
BCD - . * BCD
BCD - * BCD
BCD - * .......................
BCD * ..........................
2 ......................................
....2
- ....................................................
- ....................................................
.................................................................................
)( ......................................................................
2 ..................................
............................................................
..........................................................................................
....................................................................................... 1
....................................................................................... 2
....................................................................................
...................................................
...................................................................
.............................................................. 2C -
2C .................................................................... 2
2C - ........ * 2 -
2C ..................................................................... 2
2C - .... * 2 -
........................................................... 2C -
...................................................................................................... Gray
Gray ................................... * VHDL
...................................................... Gary
- ....................................................................... ASCII
...............................................................................................

444
445
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
456
459
460
462
464
465
466
467
469
471
472
473
474
477
478
480
482
482
483
485
488
490
493
496
499
503
504
506
507
508
514
515
518
519

VII

 - 8 ...................................................................

523

....................................................................................................
..........................................................
..................................................................
Full-Adder ......................................
...........................................................................
................................................................
..........................................................
..............................................................................
* ...............................
Carry ............................................ * Carry Look Ahead
CLA - * ..........................................................
- \ ..............................................
.......................................................... ALU
) 1C - .................................. (2C -
) 2C - ..................................(1C -
...................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
* ...........................................
..........................................................................
...............................................................................
LPM * ................................................................
..............................................................................................

524
525
529
533
539
542
545
548
551
554
564
570
573
578
582
585
587
593
597
598
601
604

- 9 ............................................................

617

....................................................................................................
..................................................................................... Multiplexer
......................................................................
..........................................................................................
...............................................................
............................................................................... De-Multiplexer -
.....................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................................
....................................................................
.............................
......................................................................................
..................................................................................... Decoders
..................................................................................
- ................................................................
..........................................................
...................................................................................
.......................................................................
* .............................................................
.................................................................... * VHDL
...............................................................................................

618
619
623
627
629
634
638
640
642
643
647
654
655
658
664
665
666
668
671
674
677

VIII

 - 10 ............................................... BUS

683

....................................................................................................
..........................................................................
............................................................................... Open-Drain
Open-Drain .................................................
Open-Drain ......................................... Wired-Logic
Open-Drain ......................................... Shared-BUS
................................................. Tri-State
...................................... Tri-State
Tri-State .............................................. Shared-BUS
Shared-BUS - ........................................... Dedicated Buses
Tri-State ................................................................... Open Drain -
* ...............................................................
* ..............................................
* .............
VHDL ......................................................... * Verilog
...............................................................................................

684
685
689
691
693
695
699
701
705
707
710
711
713
718
722
723

- 11 733 .........................................................................
) ........ (1
) ..................................................................... (2
NOT ) CMOS ........................ (2
AND ) CMOS ....................... (2
OR ) CMOS ......................... (2
I/O Standards - ) .................................... (2
) ............................................. (2
LED ) ............................................. (2
) (TTL ) ............ (2
) .................... (4
ESPRESSO ) PLA . (4
) ESPRESSO .................................................. (4
) Pull-Up ......................................... (10
................................... ..........................DIP

734
739
743
747
750
753
759
762
767
771
772
775
781
785

IX


,
" " ,
, , ,
. .
) (Digital Systems
: - ) ,(Logic Design- ) (Digital Design :
).(Switching Theory
"
" " " .
. ,
. ,
. ,
) (.
.- * ,

. ) (* -
.
. *.
) .(Hardware
.

. : , , ,
) ,(Video ) ,(Audio ) ,(DSP ,
, .
: ,- ,
, , .
:
, .
" " " " ) (
,
,
. ,

, , .
: , Hazards Spikes
, ,
,
Tri-State BUS Open-Drain
, ) XOR AND ,(XOR
Mealy Moore
, Moore ,

 One-Hot ,LUT
, ,
Mealy ,
, ,
Meta-stable-State
...
, ,
" : " ) VHDL ,(Verilog
" " ) , ( .
) ( :
VHDL
Altera
.Verilog "
.
,
. .
, , :
) ,(Boolean Algebra )Truth
(Tables , ,
.
. ,
. ,
.
) ( .
: , )
( , ) ,
, ( , .BUS
) ,Latch- ,,
( .
.

.
, ) ,
Tri-State ,Open-Drain .(BUS ,

.
, .
-
.


:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11

BUS -

. ,

- . ,
,
,
. , .

) ,(7 ) .(8
7 .
.
.
, )
.(* -
.
.
.

.
.
, .
.
,
.
.
.
. :
, '0' - '1' -
, , - ,
, , ' '0 ' '1 TTL ,CMOS
,
, .

 . ,
. )
(
. :
(Dont care) ,
) ,(Truth Table entered Variables
" "else , ,
.
.
.

) ( .
: ) (Minimization ),(Reduction
, )
( , .
) Map-Entered Variables ( .
,Quine-Mclusky ) (Group Reduction .
).(Resource Sharing
. ,AND
OR .NOT .
: , ,
NAND , NOR ,
) ( , XOR ,
XOR ,
- ) AND ,(XOR .XNOR
. ,

. ) ( .
.
: , )tpd - Propagation Delay
,(Time Minimum ,Maximum Typical ,
) : Inertia ,(transport Hazard
Hazard , Hazard
,
.
. ,
.
.
.
" " .
.

 : ) (
) (Unsigned . ) ,(2 )(8
) .(16 : .
. .
) (signed : ) ,(Sign & Magnitude 1 -
) ,(Ones Complement ,(2s Complement) 2 - ).(Offset-Binary
" . : ,gray ,BCD .ASCII
. ,
. :
, )( ,Full Adder - , ),(CLA
Unsigned ,Signed Carry - .Over Flow - )(Comparators
, ) ,(ALU ,
mod .2
.
.
) (Multiplexer ) .(Demultiplexer ,
: , ,
, .
, : ,
, - ,
- " " .
) (Decoders ) .(Encoder
)( )(.
, : ,
,
) ,(Enable ,
, -
- " " . ,
: ,

) ,(Priority Encoder ,
, " ".
.BUS -

. BUS )
.(Shared-BUS BUS -
. ,
. : Tri-State
Open-Collector .Open Drain
) (Wired Logic
) (Interface . :
,
,

 Open-Collector Open-Drain Wired Logic -

,Pull-Up Resistor - Open Collector - Open-Drain BUS -
. Tri-State BUS - , Tri-State
,Open Drain - .(contention) BUS -
.

,
. ,
.
,
.
,
: .
.
,

. .
.
- ,
- ,89C51 .
.

.
.
.
. :
, , ,
.
,
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.

 : , ,
,
, ,
.
.
: .
.C
.

. .
, .
.

,

.

. ,
.
:
amos.zaslavsky@gmail.com
amos.books@gmail.com
amos@eguru-il.com
:
050-7270673
)( 04-8230219
:
http://www.amos.eguru-il.com/