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Wide Area Cellular Services Wireless LANs Satellite Integrated Wireless Services
Rule: assign the same set to two cells that are sufficient geographically distant so that interference is small Net result: increased capacity!
Service
Speech Emergency SMS (Short Message Service) Group 3 Fax Asynchronous Data Synchronous Data Call Forward Call Barring
Comments
Full Rate 13Kbps Point to Point & Cell Broadcast 300 9600bps 300 9600bps Subscriber Busy, Not Reachable International & Incoming Calls
Service
Speech Emergency SMS (Short Message Service) Group 3 Fax Synchronous Packet Data Access CLI (Calling Line Identification) Call Waiting Call Hold Multiparty USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) Operator Barring Advice on charge
Comments
Half Rate 6.5Kbps Point to Point & Cell Broadcast 2400 9600bps
SIM
ME
PLMN
EIR
SD
HLR
AUC
Internet
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number Personal Identification Number (PIN) International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number Enables access to subscribed services Smart card
A GSM network must have at least one MSC May connect to other networks
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
IMSI number actual phone number permitted supplementary services current location i.e. which VLR subscriber is currently registered with parameters for authentication and ciphering
Integrating GPRS
Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem Other Networks MSC/ VLR GMSC PSTN
SIM
ME
BTS
BSC
EIR
HLR
AUC
PLMN
SGSN
SD
GGSN
Internet
GPRS MS
Two Components
Mobile Terminal (MT) SIM card
GPRS NSS
GPRS - Summary
Data capacity increased considerably Depending on configuration
@ 14.4 kb/s per channel, 115.2 kb/s achieved @ 21.4 kb/s per channel, 171.2 kb/s achieved
BUT up to 8 users per channel! Minimum set-up time always-on connection Charging determined by actual data not time
Integrating EDGE
Minimum changes to the existing network New Modulation scheme
8 phase shift keying (8PSK) 3 bits of information per signal pulse data rates increased by a factor of three
EDGE - NSS
Minimum impact on the core network SGSN & GGSN practically independent of data rates Some minor software upgrades
3G - UMTS
Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem Other Networks ME BTS BSC MSC/ VLR GMSC PSTN
SIM
EIR
HLR
AUC
PLMN
RNS
Node B RNC SGSN GGSN Internet
USIM
ME
SD
UTRAN
UMTS - MS
User Equipment
Mobile Equipment UMTS SIM (USIM) Air interface
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
W-CDMA TD-CDMA
UMTS BSS
Radio Network Subsystem Two new network elements
Node B
equivalent of a BTS supports a number of Node Bs equivalent of a BSC
CDMA BASICS
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) splits calls into fragments and send them over different frequencies simultaneously The use of multiple frequencies gives CDMA effective protection against interference and lost calls CDMA supports true packet switching and does not use time slots, therefore is more bandwidth efficient than TDMA -- also a more direct path to 3G Current CDMA penetration in the world market is about 27%
3G CDMA Architecture
Unlike Europe and Japan, the US now lacks a dominant 2G standard carriers and subscribers are using CDMA, TDMA, iDen, and GSM
More capable, multi-media handsets and devices Global interoperability and roaming* Advanced services and more profitable revenue opportunities**
3G Systems Overview
3G Migration
SOURCE: CDMA Development Group (CDG) CDG Migration Diagram
Mobility Overview
Future mobility will be provided with higher data rates and Ubiquitous access
This implies the need for seamless wide area and office coverage Future remote access techniques will mirror existing to protect current investments
Higher data rates and better coverage will be realized using disparate types of Wireless Technologies
Mobility across disparate networks is a significant change to the paradigm of current mobile networks. Mobility is attributed to L2 and L1 abstraction through use of IP (Mobile IP).
Web Browsing
E-mail E-Commerce Telemetry Vertical Solutions Messaging
Richer E-Commerce
Multimedia Messaging
Video Telephony
Music Download
Vehicle Location
9.6 Kbps 28.8 Kbps 384 Kbps
Europe/Parts of Asia
NMT/TACS/Other
Americas/Parts of Asia
AMPS
2nd Gen
PDC
GSM
TDMA
CDMA
3rd Gen
W-CDMA/UMTS
cdma2000
EDGE
cdma2000
Instead of solving the 2G network differences via 3G, we will continue to have W-CDMA and cdma2000 as separate networks. Both will be optional implementation modes in one 3G standard specification. Basic 3G phones will support one or the other. Global phones will be able to roam from one to the other.
Overview of WAP
WAP is an acronym for Wireless Application Protocol A WAP-enabled phone acts like a miniature browser with obvious limitations on graphical display WAP content is marked up in WML Wireless Markup Language Small client-side applications can be written in WMLScript (like JavaScript) Images are crude and delivered in wbmp format
WAP Architecture
WAP combines handset and server functionality: The mobile device has embedded browser software This browser connects to a WAP gateway and makes a request for information from a WAPenabled web server The content for wireless devices can be stored on any web server on the Internet, but the content must be formatted for the mobile device using WML
Currently WAP is valued as infrastructure for delivering content and messaging to phones
Re-emerging as Internet enabled phone client
Evolution of messaging
Rich Call
Mobile Multimedia
Versatility of Content and User Benefits Multimedia Message Service
Browsing
SMS
Picture Messaging
Text
Messaging
SMS
SMS=Short Message Service=Current Worldwide Killer Application
A basic text messaging service for sending messages
up to 160 characters to mobile phones Runs on separate channel from voice traffic-much cheaper for operators to carry text messages (started out as free service in many countries) Overwhelming user uptake in Europe and A/P -billions of messages sent each month; very profitable for carriers
SMSs/subs/month
40 30 20 10 0
Greece France
0% 10% 20% 30%
Italy
i-Mode
In 1999 Japanese wireless operator NTT DoCoMo decided to launch its own specially developed application environment for subscribers and to open its billing system to application providers DoCoMo developed a programming language based on HTML (cHTML), set up the billing and distribution infrastructure and manufactured a new breed of application friendly handsets. The service was branded as i-Mode
User not worried about cost of airtime or message delivery; one-time fee for downloading easier to present to the marketplace
Can use processing power of device to add speed, graphics, and logic support for richer user experience Simpler value chain for all players
New Phones Have MMS, WAP, Java (GSM) or BREW (CDMA) 400 million plus in 2003
What is J2ME?
Java 2 Micro Edition
Optimized Java programming and execution for mobile devices CLDC: Connected Limited Device Configuration MIDP: Mobile Information Device Profile Creates a Virtual Machine that runs programs on the device Makes it easy for large Java programming community to write mobile applications Apps can be downloaded from carrier sites, Java portals, or directly from developers No consistent business model to support revenue collection and marketplace management Nokia provides a marketplace at Tradepoint, but no testing and billing services
What is BREW?
Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless
Also a sly poke at Java from its Qualcomm creators Like Java, BREW runs a virtual machine on the handset Allows user to download an application once from the wireless network and then interact with content without using air time Supports graphics, etc. to make it suitable for games and interactive apps Applications written in C or C++ (or even Java) Well-organized BREW business model created and maintained by Qualcomm Testing and TrueBREW certification for apps For 20% of app revenue, Qualcomm manages marketplace
Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN networks, including 802.11 or Wi-Fi, are growing quickly for home and office applications Unregulated frequency bands - Quality of Service not guaranteed, but speed, low cost, and ease of implementation are compelling Very suitable for local data transmission and access outside operator networks - e.g. company internal solutions or home installations Being endowed with roaming capabilities and voice enabled devices to compete directly with carrierowned networks
Wi-Fi
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) IEEE 802.11b 50m range approximately Data rates vary
11 - 56 Mb/s in theory
Higher with some proprietary extensions
Walls can reduces range and throughput Number of users can reduce data rates
WLAN Overview
WLANs are specified by IEEE 802.11 standards:
RF & MAC Layer
802.11a: 5.8 GHz OFDM technology supporting typical ranges of 100m and 54 Mbps data rates. 802.11b: 2.4 GHz DSSS technology supporting typical ranges of 100m and 11 Mbps data rates. 802.11g: 2.4 GHz OFDM & DSSS technology supporting typical ranges of 100m and 54 Mbps data rates. 802.11i: MAC layer security using AES, 802.1x, and SHAExpected draft for 2004 802.11e: QoS features in the air interfaceExpected draft for 2004 802.11f: Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) for seamless interoperable roamingExpected draft for 2005
Wi-Fi Problems
Security
Wi-Fi was not designed with robust security in mind operates in unlicensed 2.4 GHz spectrum competes with other products e.g microwave ovens!
Interference
Scarcity of hotspots
Bluetooth
1998 Goal: eliminate the need for cables Short range - 10m data rate - 1 Mb/s Example of an ad-hoc network
network formed on an as-needed basis
Bluetooth Topology
Piconet
Two or more Bluetooth devices One master
regulates traffic between devices
Scatternet
Two or more piconets
Note that a device can be a member of more than one piconet at a given time.
Satellite
Satellite Telephony
TYPE GEO (Geosynchronous Earth Orbit) Altitude 35,800km LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Between 500km and 1500km Characteristics Large coverage footprint Small number of satellites Large propagation delay High power requirements Small coverage footprint Larger number of satellites Faster response time Low power requirements Short life span of satellites (due to increased radiation at low altitudes) MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) Between 5000km and 12000km Essentially between a GEO compromise and LEO Odyssey ICO Iridium GlobalStar Examples INMARSAT
satellites with the respective advantages and disadvantages being affected accordingly.
Future of Mobility
Enterprise
WLAN
Gateway, HA, FA
Corporate LAN
Ethernet
VPN Firewall
Current mobility is based on single wireless technologies. Future will allow automatic configuration for seamless roaming amongst various wireless technologiesand, hence, greater coverage (ubiquitous).
IP Backbone/ Internet
CDMA WSP
PDSN/FA/HA/Fir ewall
PCF
GSM/UMTS WSP
Public WLAN
GGSN/FA/HA/ Firewall SGSN
WLAN
Gateway & FA
Ethernet
MSC/RNC BS BS
802.11 Access Points
BSC BS
CGF
BS
There is not yet a defined standard architecture for 1x-EVDO WLAN Interworking via 3GPP2 (ITU CDMA2000 standards group), but loose integration is currently favored in preliminary drafts.
Loose integration makes most sense because it allows office WLAN, public hotspot WLAN, home WLAN, and operator WLAN access.
WLAN-3G IntegrationMobile IP
IP Address is Constant