Department of Chemical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Warangal

________________________________________________________

Academic Year

: 2014-15, I Semester, II Biotech

Course

: CH235 Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer

Instructor

: Dr. V. Ramsagar

Laminar flow of non-newtonian fluids

Because of the difference in the relation between shear stress and velocity gradient, the
shape of the velocity profile for non-newtonian liquids differs from that of a newtonian
liquid.
Using power law model
For
Pseudoplastics
and dilatant
fluids

n = 0.5 for pseudoplastic fluid

n = 2 for dilatant fluid

K is same for both fluids

Bingham Plastics

Laminar flow of non-newtonian fluids

For Bingham plastics

Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Closed Channels

In flow of fluid through a closed channel turbulence cannot exist permanently at
the boundary between the solid and the flowing fluid.
Viscous sublayer: velocity gradient is essentially constant and the flow is viscous most of
the time
sublayer had a definite thickness and was always free from eddies, but measurements
have shown velocity fluctuations in the sublayer caused by occasional eddies from the
turbulent fluid moving into this region
Transition layer: exists immediately adjacent to the viscous sublayer in which both
viscous shear and shear due to eddy diffusion exist.
The transition layer, which is sometimes called a buffer layer, also is relatively thin.
Turbulent Core: The bulk of the cross section of the flowing stream is occupied by entirely
turbulent flow .
In the turbulent core viscous shear is negligible in comparison with that from eddy viscosity.

Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Closed Channels

typical velocity distribution for a newtonian fluid moving in turbulent flow in a smooth
pipe at a Reynolds number of 10,000

The figure also shows the velocity distribution for laminar flow at the same maximum
velocity at the center of the pipe. The curve for turbulent flow is clearly much flatter than
that for laminar flow, and the difference between the average velocity and the maximum
velocity is considerably less. At still higher Reynolds numbers the curve for turbulent flow
would be even flatter than that in

velocity distribution in turbulent flow not velocity vs distance but in terms of

dimensionless parameters defined by the following equations

Shear velocity, also called friction velocity, is a form by which a shear stress may be rewritten in units of velocity.
Remember ?

UNIVERSAL VELOCITY-DISTRIBUTION EQUATIONS

Viscous sub layer: Can be derived from basic equations

Buffer layer

Turbulent Core
u+

Calculation of Average velocity

In general 3 integrations have to do
But bcz of thinness of 2 layers the two integrations can be neglected
For approximation the integration can be done by using the eqn for turbulent core over the
range r=0 to r=rw

Substitute u, y and u+

u=u+u*

FRICTION FROM CHANGES IN VELOCITY OR DIRECTION. Whenever the velocity of a fluid is

changed, either in direction or magnitude, by a change in the direction or size of the
conduit, friction is generated in addition to the skin friction from flow through the straight
pipe.
Such friction includes form friction resulting from vortices that develop when the normal
streamlines are disturbed and when boundary-layer separation occurs.
In most situations, these effects cannot be calculated precisely, and it is necessary to rely
on empirical data.

Friction loss from sudden expansion of cross section

Wakes with vertex motion

Ke