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Objectives
Ability to explain operation of Wheatstone
Bridge and Kelvin Bridge.
Ability to solve the Thevenins equivalent
circuit for an unbalance Wheatstone
Bridge.
Define terms null or balance.
Define sensitivity of Wheatstone bridge.
Introduction
DC & AC Bridge are used to measure
resistance, inductance, capacitance and
impedance.
Operate on a null indication principle. This
means the indication is independent of the
calibration of the indicating device or any
characteristics of it.
Very high degrees of accuracy can be
achieved using the bridges
Types of bridges
Two types of bridge are used in measurement:
1) DC bridge:
a) Wheatstone Bridge
b) Kelvin Bridge
2) AC bridge:
a) Similar Angle Bridge
b) Opposite Angle Bridge/Hay Bridge
c) Maxwell Bridge
d) Wein Bridge
e) Radio Frequency Bridge
f) Schering Bridge
DC BRIDGES
The Wheatstone Bridge
The Kelvin Bridge
Wheatstone Bridge
A
Wheatstone Bridge
Definition: Basic circuit configuration consists of two parallel
resistance branches with each branch containing two series
elements (resistors). To measure instruments or control instruments
Basic dc bridge used for accurate measurement of resistance:
R1 R4 R2 R3
R 2R 3
R4
R1
Fig. 5.1: Wheatstone bridge circuit
Cont.
At balance condition;
voltage across R1 and R2 also equal, therefore
(1)
I1 R1 I 2 R2
I3R3= I4R4
(2)
I1 = I 3
and
I2=I4
(3)
Cont.
(4)
(5)
Example 5-1
Figure 5.2 consists of the following, R1 = 12k, R2 = 15 k,
R3 = 32 k. Find the unknown resistance Rx.
Assume a null exists(current through the galvanometer
is zero).
Solution 5-1
RxR1 = R2R3
Rx = R2R3/R1 = (15 x 32)/12 k,
Rx = 40 k
Sensitivity of the
Wheatstone Bridge
When the bridge is in unbalanced
condition, current flows through the
galvanometer, causing a deflection of
its pointer. The amount of deflection is
a function of the sensitivity of the
galvanometer.
Cont.
Deflection may be expressed in linear or angular
units of measure, and sensitivity can be expressed:
A
A
A
Total deflection,
D SI
Vth = Eab
R3
R4
R1 R 3 R 2 R 4
E ab E
R1R3/(R1 + R3)
+ R2R4(R2+R4)
Thvenins Theorem
An analytical tool used to extensively analyze an unbalance bridge.
Thevenins Equivalent
Circuit
Vth
Ig
R th R g
where Rg = the internal resistance in the galvanometer
Example 5-2
R2 = 1.5 k
R1 = 1.5 k
Rg = 150
E= 6 V
R3 = 3 k
R4 = 7.8 k
Figure 5.5: Unbalance Wheatstone Bridge
Calculate the current through the galvanometer ?
E r r
E
4R
4R
R r
1
r
Vth Vb Va
E
E
R R r 2
4 R 2r
Cont..
To find Rth:
Rth
R R
R
2 2
Example 5-3
500
500
10 V
500
525
Kelvin Bridge
The Kelvin Bridge is a modified version
of the Wheatstone bridge. The purpose of
the modification is to eliminate the
effects of contact and lead resistance
when measuring unknown low resistances.
Used to measure values of resistance
below 1 .
Cont.
It can be shown that, when a null exists, the value
for Rx is the same as that for the Wheatstone bridge,
which is
R2 R3
Rx
R1
Therefore when a Kelvin Bridge is balanced
R x R3 Rb
R2 R1 Ra
Cont.
Fig. 5-6: Basic Kelvin Bridge showing
a second set of ratio arms
Example 5-4
If in Figure 5-6, the ratio of Ra and Rb is 1000, R1
is 5 and R1 =0.5R2. What is the value of Rx.
Solution
The resistance of Rx can be calculated by
using the equation,
Rx/R2=R3/5=1/1000
Since R1=0.5R2, the value of R2 is calculated as
R2=R1/0.5=5/0.5=10
So, Rx=R2(1/1000)=10 x (1/1000)=0.01
CONTINUEAC BRIDGE