Building Technology 1

Materials of Construction
Taken from UST Architecture final exam by Arch. Rafael Alli
Recommended review material for UST Preboard Exams
Prepared by:
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Components of paints
Body

Vehicle

Pigment

Types of Glass
Plate

glass
Float glass
Sheet glass

Common Paint Problems

Tackining
Bleeding
Blistering
Chalking
Deadening
Moisture blush
Orange peel
Peeling
Wrinkling

Concrete Testing Methods

Slump

test
Compressive test
Core test

Types of Concrete

Heavyweight
Lightweight structural
Normal weight
Lightweight insulating
Cellular
Cap graded
Shotcrete
Preplaced
Pumped

Types of Concrete Finishes

Integrally pigmented finish

Screeded trowelled
Swirl
Broomed
Burlap drag
Travertine and rock salt
Stamped
Exposed aggregate
Form board
Form liner plastics
Dimpled

Types of Aggregates
Expanded

shale
Expanded slate
Porlite
Vermiculite

Types of Adhesive
Animal

glue
Cellulose cement
Chlorinated (rubber) adhesive
Natural rubber cement
Casein glue

Casein glue
A

kind of glue that is made from

protein material, it is a dry powder
that is mixed with water, it has good
bonding properties for wood to wood
or paper to wood application and will
develop the full strength of the wood
in most situations.

admixture
Any

substance other than cement,

water or aggregate, added to the
concrete or mortar mix to alter its
properties or those of the hardened
product; also called an additive.

Concrete hardener
An

additive which improves the

denseness of concrete surface which
are subjected to rolling live loads and
impact.

Body
That

solid, finely ground material

which gives paint the power to hide,
as well as color the surface.

Chalking
A

paint defect characterized by

progressive powdering from the
surface inward.

enamel
Any

paint or varnish drying to a

smooth, hard, usually glossy finish.

Natural resin
A

varnish made from natural resin or

exudations from living trees.

ferrocement
A

type of concrete having mortar

with large amount of light gauge
reinforcement is used; it is used in
bins, boat hulls and other thin
complex shapes

Reinforced concrete
A

type of concrete using reinforcing

bars (plain or deformed) and mats as
primary reinforcement.

Integrally pigmented concrete

A

type of concrete finish in which

coloring agents are added to the
mixture. It may be trowelled,
sandblasted, tooled or stamped.

Stamped concrete
A

concrete finish using proprietary

aluminum tools to imprint various
patterns in freshly placed horizontal
concrete surface.

aggregate
Any

of the various hard inert mineral

material, such as sand and gravel,
added to a cement paste to make
concrete or mortar.

fillers
Finishing

material which is used on

wood surfaces, particularly those
with open grains, to till the pores and
provide perfectly smooth, uniform
surface for varnish or lacquer.

Animal glue
A

glue in liquid form having excellent

bonding property with paper or glass
and reasonably good bond with wood
or metal. Resistance to heat, cold,
creep and water is poor.

Fire retardant
A

type of paint which retards the

passage of fire to the surface
beneath them.

Alkyd paint
A

type of paint using alkyd in the

formulation. It has a mild alkali
resistance but excellent water
resistance, particularly useful for
porch and deck application.

pigment
Paint

component which gives it color.

alligatoring
An

incomplete form of peeling where

the paint cracks into large segments,
usually due to repeated application of
new coats over old coats which are no
longer adherent.

thinner
Volatile

solvents used to cause paint

to flow better.

Normal weight concrete

A

type of concrete having density of

135-165 lbs/cu.ft., compressive
strength from 2,000psi - over
8,000psi. It is used in structural
framing, pavements, floor, etc.

Slump test
A

method of determining the

consistency and workability of freshly
mixed concrete by measuring the
slump of a test specimen.

Compressive test
A

test for determing the compressive

of a concrete batch, using a
hydraulic press to measure the
maximum load test a cylinder can
support.

Shotcrete
A

term used to describe mortar or

concrete placed by high velocity
compressed air that adheres to the
surface.

Polymer-portland cement
A

type of concrete wherein monomer

or polymer is added to freshly mixed
concrete and subsequently allowed to
cure, and if needed polymerized in
place.

sandglass
Concrete

characterized by textured
patterns through the use of
templates.

Dimpled concrete
Concrete

cast over a bed of crushed

stone or gravel aggregate against a
polyethylene sheet between them to
prevent bonding.

vermiculite
Mica

exoanded by heat into very light

wormlike threads, used as nonstructural lightweight aggregate and
as loose fill insulation.

Expanded shale
A

strong lightweight aggregate

obtained by exfoliation of clay or
shale, also called expanded clay.

Vitreous colored glass

Polished plate glass which is heat

strengthened and coated on one side with
vitreous color which is fire fused to the
surface. This type of glass is widely used in
curtain wall construction, storefronts,
showrooms, laboratories and industrial
buildings.

Acoustical glass
Laminated

or insulating glass used for

sound control.

Insulating glass
A

glass unit consisting of two or more

sheets of glass separated by
hermetically sealed air spaces.

glass
A

hard brittle usually transparent or

translucent substance, produced by
fusing silica together with a flux and
a stabilizer into a mass that cools into
a rigid mass without crystallization.

Laminated safety glass

Glass

used in the transportation

industry, but also widely used in the
building industry. This is made of two
sheets or plate or sheet glass
bounded by a thin tough layer of
polyvinyl butyral resin.

Plate glass
A

flat soda lime-silica glass that is

extremely smooth and nearly
distortion free. It is manufactured
by pouring molten glass onto a
surface of molten tin and allowing it
to cool slowly.

Wired glass
A

rolled glass in which wire mesh is

inserted during the process of
manufacture. It is characterized by
its great resistance to shattering
through impact.

Crown glass
An

old form of window glass formed

by blowing and whirling a hollow
sphere of glass into a flat circular
disc with the center lump left by the
workers rod.

Glass block
A

translucent hollow block of glass

with clear, textured or patterned
faces made by fusing two halves
together with hollow core, used for
glazing openings.

Tempered plate glass

A

type of glass made by reheating

and suddenly cooling plate glass. Used
for swing doors, sliding doors, skating
rink enclosures, etc.

Elasticity
The

property of a material that

enables it to deform in response ti an
applied force and to recover its
original size and shape upon removal
of the force.

Thermal Expansion
The

change in length or volume which

a material or body undergoes while
being heated.

Hardness
The

resistance of a material to
deformation by compression or
indentation.

Acid resistance property

The

degree of which a surface such

as porcelain, enamel will resist attack
by acid.

Workability
The

ease with which a fresh concrete

can be molded or deformed.

Weatherability
The

property of a material that

enables it to retain its appearance
and integrity when exposed to sun,
wind, moisture and changes in
temperature.

ductility
The

property of a material described

as capable of being stretched or
deformed without fracturing.

malleability
The

property of a metal that permits

mechanical deformation by extrusion,
forging, rolling, etc. without
fracturing.

Sound absorption
A

property possessed by materials or

objects of absorbing sound energy.

Abrasion resistance property

The

property of a material that

enables it to resist being worn away
by friction when rubbed with another
object.

Hearthwood
The

central core of the log which is

composed of inactive cells.

slab
A

kind of rough lumber which is cut

tangent to the annual rings of the
wood, running full length of the log.

serviculture
The

process of growing timber crops

of the better and more valuable
species through scientific forestry.

Particle board
A

non-veneered wood panel product

made by bonding small wood particles
under heat and pressure.

plywood
A

wood panel product made by

bonding veneers together under heat
and pressure, usually at right angles
to each other.

lumber
The

term applied to wood after is is

sawed or sliced into boards, planks,
slabs, etc. used for commercial
purposes.

Straight grained
A

type of grain where the direction

of the wood fibers are nearly parallel
with the sides and edges of the
board.

wood
The

tough, fibrous cellular substance

that makes up most of the stem and
branches of trees beneath the bark.

endogenous
These

are inside growing trees. These

kind of trees are preferred for
lumbering because of the center core,
which is soft and brittle in character.

hardwood
Classified

as deciduous trees that

have broad leaves which normally
shed during the cold season.

checks
A

defect in wood which is

characterized by separation across
annual growth rings.

twisting
A

warp resulting from the turning of

the edges of a wood piece.

decay
A

wood defect which is caused by the

attack of fungi and microorganisms.

Rough lumber
A

term applied to undressed or

unplaned lumber.

lumbering
The

operation performed in preparing

wood for commercial purposes.

fiberboard
A

building material made of wood or

other plant fibers compressed with a
binder into rigid sheets.

waferboard
A

non-veneered panel product

composed of large, thin, wood-flakes
bonded under heat and pressure with
a waterproof adhesive.

Parallel strand lumber

A

structural lumber product made by

bonding long, narrow wood strands
together under heat and pressure
using a waterproof adhesive; used as
beams and columns post and beam
construction.

wane
A

kind of wood defect which is

caused by chipping and drying at the
edge.

Plank
A

wide piece of lumber with thickness

ranging from 2-5.

decking
A

type of dimension lumber having a

width of 4 and wider.

Dimension lumber
A

classification of lumber and with

thickness of 2-4 and a width of 2.

plank
A

piece of lumber with thickness

ranging from 2-5.

s2s
These

are planed or dressed lumber

with two sides smooth or planed.

exogenous
These

are outward growing trees

which are most preferred for
lumbering.

Cast iron
A

hard brittle non-malleable iron

based alloy containing 2.0%-4.5%
carbon and 0.5%-3% silicon, cast in a
sand mold and machined to make
building products.

Medium steel
A

carbon steel containing 0.25%0.45% carbon.

Ferrous metals
A

metal containing iron as a principal

element.

zinc
A

ductile, crystalline, bluish white

metallic element, used for galvanizing
iron and steel and in making other
alloys.

Stainless steel
An

alloy containing a minimum of 12%

chromium, sometimes with nickel,
manganese, or molybdenum as
additional alloying element.

lead
A

lustrous, low-melting, bluish white

metallic element that is malleable and
ductile at ordinary temperatures and
used in plating and in making alloys
and soft solders.

Pig iron
Crude

iron that is drawn from a blast

furnace and cast into pigs in
preparation for conversion into cast
iron, wrought iron or steel.

metals
Any

class of elementary substances

as gold, silver or copper, all of which
are crystalline when solid and many of
which are characterized by opacity,
ductility, conductivity and a unique
luster when freshly fractured.

Wrought iron
A

tough malleable, relatively soft iron

that is readily forged and welded,
having a fibrous structure, containing
approximately 0.2% carbon and a
small amount of uniformly distributed
slag.

Carbon steel
Ordinary

unalloyed steel in which the

residual elements such as carbon,
manganese, phosphorous, sulfur and
silicon are controlled.

marble
A

metamorphic rock of crystallized

limestone, consisting mainly of calcite
and dolomite, used especially in
architecture and sculpture.

granite
A

very hard, coarse-grained igneous

rock, composed mainly of quartz,
feldspar and mica or other colored
minerals.

Metamorphic rock
A

class of rock that has undergone

change in structure, texture or
composition due to natural agencies,
as heat and pressure.

oolite
A

limestone composed of small, round,

calcerous grains resembling fish roe.
Also called egg stone.

limestone
A

sedimentary rock formed chiefly by

the accumulation of organic remains,
as shells and corals, and used as a
building stone in the manufacture of
lime.

slate
A

dense, fine-grained, metamorphic

rock formed by the compression of
various sediments, as clay and shale.

dolomite
A

limestone rich in magnesium and

carbonate.

quartzite
A

compact, granular metamorphic

rock consisting essentially of quartz,
derived from sandstone.

soapstone
A

massive, soft rock, containing a

high proportion of talc, used as
dimension stone for hearths,
tabletops and carved ornaments. Also
called steatite.

Sedimentary rock
A

class of rock formed by the

deposition of sediment, as limestone,
sandstone or shale.

gneiss
A

banded or foliated metamorphic

rock corresponding in composition to
granite.

travertine
A

variety of limestone deposited by

spring waters, especially hot springs,
sold as marble in the building trade.

sandstone
A

sedimentary rock consisting of

sand, usually quartz, cemented
together by various substances, as
silica, clay or calcium carbonate.

Building stone
Any

stone suitable for use in building

construction, as limestone, marble or
granite.

Construction terms:

Larga masa - concrete slab

Tirante - bottom chord
Plantilya - pattern
De bandeha - panel door
Pierno pasante - machine bolt
Uno sinatra - alternate
Ladrillo - brick
Tabike - exterior siding

Baral de kadena - chain bolt

Pie de gallo - brace
Yiero lizo galbanizado - plain GI
sheet
Biga - concrete beam
Tubo de banada - downspout
Hamba pintuan - door jamb
Kuatro aguas - hip roof

Done! :)
Source: preliminary and final examinations 2002
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