MARKET EQUILIBRIUM

KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN

DEFINITION OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM

DEFINISI KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN
Market equilibriun is a situation in which there is no tendency for price or

quatity to change. Therefore in a condition of equilibrium,price and quantity

are stable.
A market is in equilibrium when the market demand curve and the market
supply curve intersect.
Keseimbangan pasaran ialah satu keadaan apabila tidak wujud sebarang

kecenderungan harga dan kuantiti untuk berubah.

Ini bermakna dalam keadaan keseimbangan, harga dan kuantiti adalah
tetap.
Sesuatu pasaran berada dalam keseimbangan apabila keluk permintaan
pasaran bersilang dengan keluk penawaran pasaran.

MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
KONSEP KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN
Market equilibrium refers to the interactions between demand and supply in

the market, causing the quantity demanded to become equal to the quantity
supplied at a certain price.
The price at the point of equilibrium is known as the equilibrium price, while
the quantity at the point of equilibrium quantity. However, the point of
equilibrium is not stable or permanent.
Konsep keseimbangan pasaran merujuk kepada interaksi antara permintaan

dengan penawaran dalam pasaran sehingga kuantiti diminta sama dengan

kuantiti ditawarkan pada tingkat harga tertentu.
Harga pada titik keseimbangan dikenali sebagai harga keseimbangan,
manakala kuantiti pada titik keseimbangaan dikenali sebagai kuantiti
keseimbangan.Walau bagaimanapun, titik keseimbangan bukan titik yang
stabil atau titik yang kekal lama.

CONDITION FOR MARKET EQUILIBRIUM

SYARAT MENCAPAI KESEIMBANGAN PASARAN

a)
b)

a)

b)

Market equilibrium occurs when the demand curve and the supply curve intersect:
Qd=Qs
A market will not be in equilibrium if the quantity demanded is not equal to the
quantity supplied.
this may happen in two circumstances :
Excess supply ( suplus)
Excees demand ( shortage)
Keseimbangan pasaran berlaku apabila keluk permintaan bersilang dengan keluk
penawaran.
Qd=Qs
Sesuatu pasaran tidak akan berada dalam seimbang sekiranya kuantiti diminta
tidak sama dengan kuantiti ditawarkan.
Ini mungkin berlaku dalam dua keadaan berikut :
Lebihan penawaran
Lebihan permintaan

EXCESS SUPPLLY OR SUPLUS

LEBIHAN PENAWARAN

Surplus occurs when the quantity supplied is greater than quantity

demanded at t certain price:

Qd<Qs
Lebihan penawaran ialah satu keadaan apabila kuantiti ditawarkan melebihi
kuantiti diminta pada tingkat harga tertentu, iaitu:
Qd<Qs

Table 3.1 depict a situation for surplus for a good and the effect on the price of
the good.
Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan keadaan lebihan penawaran bagi seuatu barang dan
kesannya terhadap tingkat harga
Pric Quality
e
supplied
(RM
(units)
Kuantiti
)
Harg ditawarkan
(Unit)
a
(RM)

30

27

Quantity
Demande
d
(units)
Kuantiti
diminta(u
nit)

16

20

Effect
quantity
supplied

Kesan
terhadap
kuantiti
penawaran

Surplus

Lebihan
penawaran

(14 units)
Surplus
Lebihan
penawaran

(7 units)

Effect
On price
Kesan
terhadap
tingkat
harga

Decreas
e
Jatuh

Decreas
e
Jatuh

 At the price of RM5 per unit, the qualitity supplied is 30 units, while the

quantity demanded is 16 units.Therefore, there is a surplus of 14(30-16)

units.This situation causes the price of the good to fall from RM5 to RM4 per
unit.Consequently,the quantity supplied will contract from 30 units to 27 units,
while the quantity demanded will expand from 16 units to 20 units.
At the price of RM4 per unit, there is still an excess supply of 7 (2720)units.Therefore, the price will decrease further to RM3 per
unit.Consequently, the quantity supplied will contract from 27 units to 24
units, while the quantity demanded will expand from 20 units to 24 units .
Pada tingkat harga RM 5 seunit, kuantiti ditawarkan ialah 30 unit manakala

kuantiti diminta ialah 16 unit. Oleh itu, wujud lebihan penawaran sebanyak
14(30-16) unit. Keadaan ini menyebabkan harga barang jatuh, iaitu RM5
seunit ke RM4 seunit. Kesannya,kuantiti ditawarkan mula menguncup
daripada 30 unit kepada 27 unit manakala kuantiti diminta mengembang
daripada 16 unit kepada 20 unit.
Pada tingkat harga RM4 seunit, masih wujud lebihan penawaran sebanyak
7(27-20) unit.Oleh itu, harga akan terus jatuh ke RM3 seunit.Kesannya,
kuantiti ditawarkan menguncup daripada 27 unit kepada 24 unit manakala
kuantiti diminta mengembang daripada 20 unit kepada 24 unit.

 At the price of RM3 per unit, the quantity supplied will be equal to the quantity
demanded, i.e. 24 units.Therefore, the market price becomes stable and does
not have the tendency to change further

Oleh sebab pada tingkat harga RM3 seunit, kuantiti ditawarkan sama dengan
kuantiti diminta, iaitu sebanyak 24 unit, harga pasaran menjadi stabil dan tidak
cenderung berubah lagi.

o
a)

b)

c)

o
a)

b)

c)

The concept of excess supply can also be explained in graphical from.Figure

3.1 depicts the market demand curve DD and the market supply curve SS.
At the price of RM5 per unit,the quantity demanded is 16 units,while the
quantity supplied is 30 units.Because the quantity supplied is greater than the
quantity demanded there is a surplus supply of 14 (30-16) units.This is shown
by the magnitude of AB.
The excess supply or surplus will cause the price to fall from RM5 per unit to
RM4 per unit.Therefore, quantity supplied will contract from 30 units to 27
units (movement from point B to point D), while the quantity demanded will
expand from 16 units to 20 units (movement from point A to point C).
This process will continue until the market achieves equilibrium at the price of
RM3 per unit, where the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied,
i.e. 24 units.
Konsep lebihan penawaran juga dapat diterangkan dalam bentuk rajah. Rajah
3.1 menunjukkan DD ialah keluk permintaan pasaran manakala SS ialah
keluk penawaran pasaran.
Pada tingkat harga RM5 seunit, kuantiti diminta ialah 16 unit manakala
kuantiti ditawarkan ialah 30 unit. Oleh sebab kuantiti ditawarkan melebihi
kuantiti diminta, wujud lebihan penawaran sebanyak 14(30-16) unit. Ini
ditunjukkan oleh AB.
Lebihan penawaran ini menyebabkan harga jatuh dari RM5 seunit ke RM4
seunit.Oleh itu, kuantiti ditawarkan akan menguncup daripada 30 unit kepada
27 unit (pergerakan dari titik B ke titik D) manakala kuantiti diminta akan
mengembang daripada 16 unit kepada 20 unit (pergerakan dari titik A ke titik
C).
Proses ini akan berterusan sehingga pasaran mencapai keseimbangan
pada tingkat harga RM3 seunit di mana kuantiti diminta sama dengan kuantiti
ditawarkan, iaitu sebanyak 24 unit.

 The excess supply or surplus will result in three important effects :

a) The price of the good will fall until equilibrium is achieved.
b) The quantity supplied will contract due to the fall in the price of the good,

until equilibrium is achieved.

c) The quantity demanded will expand due to the fall in the price of the good,
until equilibrium is achieved.

Lebihan penawaran akan menimbulkan tiga kesan penting seperti berikut :

a) Kejatuhan harga barang sehingga mencapai tingkat keseimbangan.
b) Penguncupan kuantiti ditawarkan akibat kejatuhan harga barang sehingga

mencapai tingkat keseimbangan.

c) Pengembangan kuantiti diminta akibat kejatuhan harga barang sehingga
mencapai tingkat keseimbangan.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)
S
D
A

5
4

B
C

D
E

3
2
1

5 10 15 16 20

24 25 27 30

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.1 Excess supply and market equilibrium

Rajah 3.1 Lebihan penawaran dan keseimbangan pasaran

EXCESS DEMAND
Lebihan Permintaan
Excess demand is a condition where the quantity demanded is greater than
the quantity supplied at a certain price, i.e.
Qs < Qd
Lebihan permintaan ialah satu keadaan apabila kuantiti diminta melebihi

kuantiti ditawarkan pada tingkat harga tertentu, iaitu :

Qd > Qs

Table 3.2 depicts a situation of surplus demand for a good and effect on the price.
Jadual 3.2 Lebihan permintaan dan kesannya terhadap tingkat harga

Pric
e
(RM
)

Quantity
demanded
(units)

Kuantiti
Harg diminta (unit)
a
(RM)

32

Quantity
supplied
(units)

Kuantiti
ditawarkan
(unit)

18

Effect on
quantity
demande
d

Kesan
terhadap
kuantiti
permintaa
n
Excess
demand

Lebihan
permintaan

Effect on
price
Kesan
terhadap
tingkat
harga

Increase
Naik

(14 units)

28

21

Excess
demand

Lebihan
permintaan

(7 units)

Increase
Naik

 The concept of excess demand or shortage can also be explained in

graphical form. Figure 3.2 shows the market demand curve DD and the
market supply curve SS.
a) At the price of RM1 per unit, the quantity demanded is 32 unit, while the
quantity supplied is 18 unit. Because the quantity demanded is greater than
the quantity supplied, there is a surplus demand of 14 (32-18) units. This is
shown by the magnitude of AB.
Konsep lebihan permintaan juga dapat diterangkan dalam bentuk

rajah.Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan DD ialah keluk permintaan pasaran manakala

SS ialah keluk penawaran pasaran.
a) Pada tingkat harga RM1 seunit, kuantiti diminta ialah 32 unit manakala
kuantiti ditawarkan ialah 18 unit.Oleh sebab kuantiti diminta melebihi kuantiti
ditawarkan, wujud lebihan permintaan sebanyak 14 (32 18) unit.Ini
ditunjukkan oleh AB.

a)

b)

a)

b)

At the price of RM1 per unit,the quantity demanded is 32 units,while the quantity
supplied is 18 units.Therefore,there is a surplus demand of 14(32-18) units.This will
cause the price of the good to rise from RM1 per unit to RM2 per unit.
Consequently,the quantity demanded will contract from 32 units to 28 units,while
the quantity supplied will expand from 18 units to 21 units.
At the price of RM2 per unit, there will still be a surplus demand of 7 (28 21)
units.Therefore, the price will increase further to RM3 per unit.Consequently, the
quantity demanded will contract from 28 units to 24 units, while the quantity
supplied will expand from 21 units to 24 units.
Pada tingkat harga RM1 seunit, kuantiti diminta ialah 32 unit manakala kuantiti
ditawarkan ialah 18 unit.Oleh itu, wujud lebihan permintaan sebanyak 14 (32 - 18)
unit.Keadaan ini menyebabkan harga barang naik, iaitu dari RM1 seunit ke RM2
seunit.Kesannya, kuantiti diminta mula menguncup daripada 32 unit kepada 28 unit
manakala kuantiti ditawarkan mengembang daripada 18 unit kepada 21 unit.
Pada tingkat harga RM2 seunit, masih wujud lebihan permintaan sebanyak 7 (28
21) unit.Oleh itu, harga akan terus naik ke RM3 seunit.Kesannya, kuantiti diminta
menguncup daripada 28 unit kepada 24 unit manakala kuantiti ditawarkan
mengembang daripada 21 unit kepada 24 unit.

b)

c)

The surplus demand will cause the price to rise from RM1 per unit to RM2
per unit. Therefore, the quantity demanded will contract from 32 units to 28
units (movement from point B to point D), while the quantity supplied will
expand from 18 units to 21 units (movement from point A to point C).
This process will continue until the market achieves equilibrium at the price
of RM3 per unit, where the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity
supplied, i.e. 24 units.

b)

Lebihan permintaan ini menyebabkan harga naik dari RM1 seunit ke RM2
seunit. Oleh itu, kuantiti diminta akan menguncup daripada 32 unit kepada
28 unit ( pergerakan dari titik B ke titik D) manakala kuantiti ditawarkan
akan mengembang daripada 18 unit kepada 21 unit ( pergerakan dari titik A
ke titik C)

c)

Proses ini akan berterusan sehingga pasaran mencapai keseimbangan

pada tingkat harga RM3 seunit di mana kuantiti diminta sama dengan
kuantiti ditawarkan, iaitu sebanyak 24 unit.

 The shortage will result in there important effects:

a) The price of the good will rise until equilibrium is achieved.
b) The quantity demanded will contract due to the rise in the price of the good,

until equilibrium is achieved.

c) The quantity supplied will expand due to the rise in the price of the good,

until equilibrium is achieved.

Lebihan permintaan akan menimbulkan tiga kesan penting seperti berikut :

a) Kenaikan harga barang sehingga mencapai tingkat keseimbangan.
b) Penguncupan kuantiti diminta akibat kenaikan harga barang sehingga

mencapai tingkat keseimbangan.

c) Pengembangan kuantiti ditawarkan akibat kenaikan harga barang sehingga

mencapai tingkat keseimbangan.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

3
C

S
0

10

D
18

20 21

24

28 30 32

40 Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.2 Surplus demand and market equilibrium

Rajah 3.2 Lebihan permintaan dan keseinbangan pasaran

DETERMINATION OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM

Kaedah Penentuan Keseimbangan Pasaran
Market equilibrium can be determined through three methods: numerical

analysis graphical analysis and mathematical analysis.

Keseimbangan pasaran dapat ditentukan melalui tiga kaedah, iaitu kaedah

jadual, rajah dan persamaan matematik.

Table 3.3 Determination of market equilibrium through numerical analysis

Jadual 3.3 Penentuan keseimbangan pasaran melalui kaedah jadual
Price
(RM)

Quanlity
demanded
Harga (units)
(RM)

Kuantiti
diminta (unit)

Quantity
supplied
(units)

Kuantiti
ditawarkan
(unit)

Market
equilibrium

Keseimbangan
pasaran

32

18

Shortage

28

21

Shortage

3
4

24
20

24
27

=0
Surplus

16

30

Surplus

Kekurangan
Kekurangan

Lebihan
Lebihan

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Kaedah Jadual
Table 3.3 shows the quantity demanded and quantity supplied for a good.
At the price of RM 3 per unit, the quantity demanded is the same as the

quantity supplied, i.e. 24 units.Therefore,the equilibrium price is RM3 and the

equilibrium quantity is 24 units.
At the price of RM1, the quantity demanded was found to be greater than the
quantity supplied.In other words, there was an excess demand of 14 (32
18) units. The excess demand or shortage will cause the price to increase.
Jadual 3.3 menunjukkan kuantiti diminta dan kuantiti ditawarkan bagi suatu

barang.
Pada tingkat harga RM3, didapati kuantiti diminta sama dengan kuantiti
ditawarkan, iaitu sebanyak 24 unit.Oleh itu, harga keseimbangan ialah RM3
dan kuantiti keseimbangan ialah 24 unit.
Pada tingkat harga RM1, didapati kuantiti diminta melebihi kuantiti
ditawarkan, atau wujud lebihan permintaan sebanyak 14 (32 18)
unit.Lebihan permintaan ini akan mendorong harga untuk naik.

The increase in price will cause the quantity demanded to decrease, and the
quantity supplied to increase.For example, when the price rises from RM1 to
RM2, the quantity demanded will decrease from 32 units to 28 units, while the
quantity supplied will increase from 18 units to 21 units.
Finally, when the price increase further to RM3, the quantity demanded will be
equal to the quantity supplied of 24 units.
However, if the item is sold at RM5, the quantity supplied will be greater than
the quantity demanded, or there will be a surplus supply of 14 (30 16)
units.The surplus supply will cause the price to fall.

Kenaikan harga ini akan menyebabkan kuantiti diminta semakin berkurangan

manakala kuantiti ditawarkan semakin meningkat. Misalnya, apabila harga naik
dari RM1 ke RM2, kuantiti diminta akan berkurangan daripada 32 unit kepada
28 unit manakala kuantiti ditawarkan akan meningkat daripada 18 unit kepada
21 unit.
Akhirnya, apabila harga terus naik ke RM3, didapati kuantiti diminta sama
dengan kuantiti ditawarkan, iaitu sebanyak 24 unit.
Sebaliknya, pada tingkat harga RM5, didapati kuantiti ditawarkan melebihi
kuantiti diminta, atau wujud lebihan penawaran sebanyak 14(30 16) unit.
Lebihan penawaran ini mendorong harga untuk jatuh.

The decrease in price will cause the quantity demanded to increase, and the
quantity supplied to decrease.For example, when the price falls from RM5 to
RM4, the quantity demanded will increase from 16 units to 20 units, while the
quantity supplied will decrease from 30 units to 27 units.
Finally, when the price decrease further to RN3, the quantity demanded will
be equal to the quantity supplied of 24 units.

Kejatuahan harga ini akan menyebabkan kuantiti diminta semakin meningkat

manakala kuantiti ditawarkan semakin berkurangan. Misalnya, apabila harga
jatuh dari RM5 ke RM4, kuantiti diminta akan meningkat daripada 16 unit
kepada 20 unit manakala kuantiti ditawarkan akan berkurangan daripada 30
unit kepada 27 unit.
Akhirnya, apabila harga terus jatuh ke RM3, didapati kuantiti diminta sama
dengan kuantiti ditawarkan, iaitu sebanyak 24 unit.

GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS
Kaedah Rajah
Figure 3.3 shows the demand curve (DD) and supply curve (SS) for a good.
At the price of RM 5,the quantity supplied is 30 units and quantity demanded

is 16 units.Therefore at the price of RM 5,there is an excess supply of 14 (3016) units.

The surplus will cause the price to fall.The decreased price will cause the
quantity demanded to increase and the quantity supplied to decrease, until
market equilibrium is achieved at point E.
Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan keluk permintaan (DD) dan keluk penawaran (SS)

bagi sesuatu barang.

Pada tingkat harga RM5, didapati kuantiyti ditawarkan ialah 30 unit dan
kuantiti diminta ialah 16 unit. Oleh itu, pada tingkat harga RM5, wujud lebihan
penawaran sebanyak 14(30-16).
Lebihan penawaran ini akan mendorong harga untuk jatuh. Kejatuhan harga
ini akan menyebabkan kuantiti diminta semakin meningkat dan kuantiti
ditawarkan semakin berkurangan sehingga keseimbangan pasaran dicapai
pada titik E.

 At point E, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied of 24

units.Therefore, the equilibrium price and quantity are RM3 and 24 units
respectively.
However, at the price of RM1, the quantity demanded is 32 units, and the
quantity supplied is 18 units.Therefore, at the price of RM1, there is an excess
demand of 14 (32 -18) units.
The shortage will cause the price to rise.The icrease price will cause the
quanity demanded to decrease and the quantity supplied to increase, until
market equilibrium is achieved at point E.
Pada titik E, didapati kuantiti diminta sama dengan kuantiti ditawarkan, iaitu
sebanyak 24 unit. Justeru, harga dan kauntiti keseimbangan ialah RM3 dan 24
unit masing-masing.
Sebaliknya, pada tingkat harga RM1, didapati kuantiti diminta ialah 32 unit dan
kuantiti ditawarkan ialah 18 unit. Oleh itu, pada tingkat harga RM1, wujud
lebiahan permintaan sebanyak 14(32-18).
Lebihan permintaan ini akan mendorong harga untuk naik. Kenaikan harga ini
akan menyebabkan kuantiti diminta semakin berkurangan dan kuantiti
ditawarkan semakin meningkat sehingga keseimbangan pasaran dicapai pada
titik E.

At point E, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity

supplied of 24 units.Therefore, the equilibrium price and quantity
are RM3 and 24 units respectively.
The process by which market equilibrium is achieved through
changes in quantity demanded and quantity supplied due to price
fluctuations is known as the market mechanism.

Pada titik E, didapati ditawarkan sama dengan kuantiti diminta,

iaitu sebanyak 24 unit. Justeru, harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan
ialah RM3 dan 24 unit masing-masing.
Proses mencapai keseimbangan pasaran melalui perubahan
kuantiti diminta dan kuantiti ditawarkan kesan turun naik harga
dikenali sebagai mekanisme pasaran.

Price (RM)
Harga (RM)

D
S
5
4
E
3
2
1
D

S
0

10

15

20
16

18

25
21

24

Quantity (units)
Kuantiti (unit)

30
27 28

32

Figure 3.3 Determination of market equilibrium using graphical analysis

Rajah 3.3 Penentuan keseimbangan pasaran melalui kaedah rajah

MATHEMATICAL ANALSIS
Kaedah Persamaan Matematik
The function of demand and supply for a good are:

Qd = a - bP
Qs = c + dP

Fungsi permintaan dan penawaran bagi sesuatu barang adalah seperti

berikut:
Qd = a bP
Qs = c + dP

 The market will achieve equilibrium when:

Qd

= Qs

@
a bP = c + dP

Pasaran akan mencapai keseimbangan apabila :

Qd

= Qs
@
a bP = c + dP

 Example :The function of market demand and market supply for a good are as follows :
Qd = 36 4 P
Qs = 15 + 3P
Determine the equilibrium price and quantity.

Contoh :-

Fungsi permintaan pasaran dan penawaran pasaran bagi sesuatu barang

ditunjukkan seperti berikut :
Qd = 36 4P
Qs = 15 + 3P
Tentukan harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan

Solution / penyelesaian
The market will achieve equilibrium when:
Pasaran akan mencapai keseimbangan apabila:
Qd
36 4P
36 15
21
P

=
=
=
=
=
=

Qs
15 + 3P
3P + 4P
7P
21 / 7
RM 3

Replacing P = 3 into Qd = 36 4P
Gantikan P = 3 dalam Qd = 36 4P
Qd

= 36 4(3)
= 36 12
= 24 unit

EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN DEMAND ON MARKET

EQUILIBRIUM
Kesan Perubahan Permintaan Terhadap Keseimbangan Pasaran

The effects of changes in demand on market equilibrium price

and quantity can be seen in two situation, i.e. increased supply

and decreased supply.
Kesan perubahan permintaan terhadap harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan

pasaran dapat dilihat dalam dua keadaan, iaitu, pertambahan permintaan

dan pengurangan permintaan.

INCREASED DEMAND

Pertambahan Permintaan
o When demand increases, the demand curve will shift to the right.
o Therefore,inrease demand with a fixed supply will result in an increase
equilibrium price and quantity.
o Figure 3.4 shows the effect increase in demand on market equilibrium.

o Rajah 3.4 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan terhadap

keseimbangan pasaran.
o Apabila permintaan bertambah, keluk pemintaan akan beralih ke kanan.
o Kesimpulannya, pertambahan permintaan dengan penawaran tetap akan
menyebabkan harga kuantiti keseimbangan meningkat.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D1
S0

D0
E1

P1

E0

P0

S0

D1
D0

Q0

Q1

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.4 Effect of increase demand on market equilbrium

Rajah 3.4 Kesan pertambahan permintaan terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

DECREASED DEMAND
Pengurangan Permintaan
o Figure 3.5 shows the effect of decreased demand on market equilibrium.
o When demand decreases, the demand curve will shift to the left.
o Therefore, decrease in demand with a fixed supply will result decrease in
equilibrium price and quantity.

o Rajah 3.5 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan terhadap

keseimbangan pasaran.
o Apabila permintaan berkurangan, keluk permintaan akan beralih ke kiri.
o Kesimpulannya, pengurangan permintaan dengan penawaran tetap akan
menyebabkan harga kuantiti keseimbangan berkurang.

Price (RM)
Harga (RM)

D0

S0

D1
E0
P1

E1

P0

D0
S0
D1
0

Q1

Q0

Quantity (units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.5 Effect of decrease demand on market

equilibrium
Rajah 3.5 Kesan pengurangan permintaan terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran

EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN SUPPLY ON MARKET

EQUILIBRIUM
Kesan Perubahan Penawaran terhadap Keseimbangan
Pasaran
The effects of changes in supply on market equilibrium price and quantity can
be seen in two situations,i.e. increased supply and decreased supply.

Kesan perubahan penawaran terhadap harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan

pasaran dapat dilihat dalam dua kaedah, iaitu pertambahan penawaran dan
pengurangan penawaran.

INCREASED SUPPLY
Pertambahan Penawaran
Figure 3.6 shows the effect of increased supply on market equilibrium.
When supply increases, the supply curve will shift to the right.
Therefore, increased supply with a fixed demand will result in a decreased
equilibrium price and increased equilibrium quantity.
Rajah 3.6 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan penawaran terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila penawaran bertambah, keluk penawaran akan beralih ke kanan.
Kesimpulannya, pertambahan penawaran manakala permintaan tetap akan
menyebabkan harga keseimbangan jatuh dan kuantiti keseimbangan
meningkat.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0

S0
E0

P0

S1

P1

E1
S0
D0

S1
0

Q0

Q1

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.6 Effect of increase supply on market equilibrium

Rajah 3.6 Kesan pertambahan penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

DECREASED SUPPLY
Pengurangan Penawaran
Figure 3.7 shows the effect of decreased supply on market equilibrium.
Whe supply decreases, the supply curve will shift to the left.
Therefore, decreased supply with a fixed demand will result in an increased

equilibrium price and decreased equilibrium quantity.

Rajah 3.7 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan penawaran terhadap

keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila penawaran berkurangan, keluk penawaran akan beralih ke kiri.
Kesimpulannya, pengurangan penawaran manakala permintaan tetap akan
menyebabkan harga keseimbangan naik dan kuantiti keseimbangan
berkurangan.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0

S1
E1

P1
P0

S0
E0

S1
D0

S0
0

Q1

Q0

Quantity units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.7 Effect of decreased supply on market equilibrium

Rajah 3.7 Kesan pengurangan penawaran terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran

EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN

EQUAL MAGNITUDES ON MARKET EQUILIBRIAM
Kesan Perubahan Permintaan dan Penawaran pada Kadar
yang Sama terhadap Keseimbangan Pasaran
The effects of changes in demand and supply in equal magnitudes on market
equilibrium can be seen in the following 4 situation:
1. Increase demand and supply in equal magnitudes
2. Decrease demand and supply in equal magnitudes
3. Increase demand and decrease in equal magnitudes
4. Decrease supply and increase in equal magnitudes
Kesan perubahan permintaan dan penawaran pada kadar yang sama terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran dapat dilihat dalam empat keadaan berikut :
1. Pertambahan permintaan dan penawaran pada kadar yang sama
2. Pengurangan permintaan dan penawaran pada kadar yang sama
3. Pertambahan permintaan dan pengurangan penawaran pada kadar yang
sama
4. Pengurangan permintaan dan pertambahan penawaran pada kadar yang sama

Increase in Demand and Supply in Equal Magnitudes

Figure 3.8 shows the effect of increased demand and supply in equal

magnitudes on market equilibrium.

When the demand and supply increase, the demand curve will shift to the
right and the supply curve will shift to the right.
In conclusion, increased demand and supply in equal magnitudes will result
in an increased equilibrium quantity, but a constant equilibrium price.

Pertambahan Permintaan dan Penawaran pada Kadar yang

Sama
Rajah 3.8 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan dan penawaran pada kadar

yang sama terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Apabila permintaan dan penawaran bertambah, keluk permintaan akan
beralih ke kanan dan keluk penawaran juga akan beralih ke kanan.
Kesimpulannya, pertambahan permintaan dan penawaran pada kadar yang
sama akan menyebabkan kuantiti keseimbangan meningkat tetapi harga
keseimbangan tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D1

S0

D0

S1
E0

E1

P0

S0
S1
0

D0
Q0

Q1

D1
Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.8 Effect of increased demand and supply at equal

magnitudes on market equilibrium
Rajah 3.8 Kesan pertambahan permintaan dan penawaran pada
kadar yang sama terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

Decrease in Demand and Supply in Equal Magnitudes

Pengurangan Permintaan dan Penawaran pada Kadar yang
Sama
Figure 3.9 shows the effect of decreased demand and supply in equal

magnitudes on market equilibrium.

When the demand and supply decrease, the demand curve will shift to the
left and the supply curve will shift to the left.
In conclusion, decrease demand and supply in equal magnitudes will result
in a decrease in equilibrium quantity, but a constant equilibrium price.
Rajah 3.9 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan dan penawaran

pada kadar yang sama terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Apabila permintaan dan penawaran berkurangan, keluk permintaan akan
beralih ke kiri dan keluk penawaran juga akan beralih ke kiri.
Kesimpulannya, pengurangan permintaan dan penawaran pada kadar yang
sama akan menyebabkan kuantiti keseimbangan berkurangan tetapi harga
keseimbangan tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0

S1
S0

D1
E1

P0

S1
0

E0

S0

D1
Q1

Q0

D0
Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.9 Effect of decrease demand and supply at equal magnitudes on market
equilibrium
Rajah 3.9 Kesan pengurangan permintaan dan penawaran pada kadar yang sama
terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

Increase in Demand and Decrease in Supply in Equal Magnitudes

Pertambahan Permintaan dan Pengurangan Penawaran pada
Kadar yang Sama
Figure 3.10 shows the effect of increased demand and decreased supply in equal

magnitudes on market equilibrium.

When the demand increase and the supply decreases, the demand curve will shift to
the right and the supply curve will shift to the left.
In conclusion, increased demand and decreased supply in equal magnitudes will
result in an increased equilibrium price, but a constant equilibrium quantity.
Pertambahan Permintaan dan Pengurangan Penawaran pada Kadar yang Sama
Rajah 3.10 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan dan pengurangan
penawaran pada kadar yang sama terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila permintaan bertambah dan penawaran berkurangan, keluk permintaan akan
beralih ke kanan manakala keluk penawaran akan beralih ke kiri.
Kesimpulannya, pertambahan permintaan dan pengurangan penawaran pada kadar
yang sama akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan naik tetapi kuantiti keseimbangan
tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

S1

D1
D0

S0
E1

P1
P0

E0
S1

D1
S0

D0
Q0

Quantity(unit)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.10 Effect of increased demand and decreased supply in equal magnitudes on
market equilibrium
Rajah 3.10 Kesan pertambahan permintaan dan pengurangan penawaran pada kadar
yang sama terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

Decreased Demand and Increased Supply in Equal Magnitudes

Pengurangan Permintaan dan Pertambahan Penawaran pada
Kadar yang Sama
Figure 3.11 shows the effect of decreased demand and increased of supply
in equal magnitudes on market equilibrium.
When the demand decreases and the supply increases, the demand curve
will shift to the left and the supply curve will shift to the right.
In conclusion, decreased demand and increased supply in equal magnitudes
will result in a decreased equilibrium price, but a constant equilibrium quantity.
Rajah 3.11 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan dan pertambahan
penawaran pada kadar yang sama terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila permintaan berkurangan dan penawaran bertambah, keluk
permintaan akan beralih ke kiri manakala keluk penawaran akan beralih ke
kanan.
Kesimpulannya, pengurangan permintaan dan pertambahan penawaran
pada kadar yang sama akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan jatuh tetapi
kuantiti keseimbangan tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0

S0

D1
E0

S1

P1
P0

E1
D0

S0

D1

S1
0

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuamtiti (unit)

Figure 3.11 Effect of decreased demand and increased supply in equal magnitudes on
market equilibrium
Rajah 3.11 Kesan pengurangan permintaan dan pertambahan penawaran pada kadar
yang sama terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN UNEQUAL

MAGNITUDES ON MARKET EQUILIBRIUM
Kesan Perubahan Permintaan dan Penawaran pada Kadar yang Berbeza
terhadap Keseimbangan Pasaran
Increase in Demand Greater than the Increase in Supply
Figure 3.12 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the increase in demand is greater
than the increase in supply.
Greater increase in demand compared to the increase in supply is shown by the shift of
the demand curve to the right that is greater than the shift of the supply curve to the right.
In conclusion, an increase in demand that is greater than an increase in supply will result
in a small increase in the equilibrium price, and a large increase in equilibrium quantity.

Pertambahan Permintaan Melebihi Pertambahan Penawaran

Rajah 3.12 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan melebihi pertambahan
penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Pertambahan permintaan melebihi pertambahan penawaran ditunjukkan oleh peralihan
keluk permintaan ke kanan yang lebih besar daripada peralihan keluk penawaran ke
kanan.
Kesimpulannya, pertambahan permintaan melebihi pertambahan penawaran akan
menyebabkan harga keseimbangan naik dengan sedikit dan kuantiti keseimbangan
meningkat dengan banyak.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D1
S0
D0
S1
P1

E1

P0

E0
D1

S0
S1
0

DO
Q0

Q1

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.12 Effect on market equilibrium when the increase in demand is greater than
the increases in supply
Rajah 3.12 Kesan pertambahan permintaan melebihi pertambahan penawaran terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran

Increase in Demand Smaller than the Increase in Supply

Pengurangan Permintaan dan Pertambahan Penawaran pada
Kadar yang Sama
Figure 3.13 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the increase in

demand is smaller than the increase in supply.

Smaller increase in demand compared to the increase in supply is shown by
the shift of the demand curve to the right that is smaller than the shift of the
supply curve to the right.
In conclusion, an increase in demand that is smaller than an increase in
supply will result in a small decrease in the equilibrium price, and a large
increase in equilibrium quantity.
Rajah 3.13 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan kurang daripada

pertambahan penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Pertambahan permintaan kurang daripada pertambahan penawaran
ditunjukkan oleh peralihan keluk permintaan ke kanan yang lebih kecil
daripada peralihan keluk penawaran ke kanan .
Kesimpulannya, pertambahn permintaan kurang daripada pertambahan
pernawaran akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan jatuh dengan sedikit
dan kuantiti keseimbangan meningkat dengan banyak.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D1

S0

D0
S1

E0
P0

E1

P1

S0

D1
D0
S1

Q0

Q1

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.13 Effect on market equilibrium when the increase in demand is smaller than
increase in supply
Rajah 3.13 Kesan pertambahan permintaan kurang daripada pertambahan penawaran
terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

Decrease in demand Greater than the Decrease in Supply

Pengurangan Permintaan Melebihi Pengurangan Penawaran
Figure 3.14 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in

demand is greater than the decrease in supply.

Greater decrease in demand compared to the decrease in supply is shown by
the shift of the demand curve to the left that is greater than the shift of the
supply curve to the left.
In conclusion, a decrease in demand that is greater than a decrease in supply
will result in a small decrease in the equilibrium price, and a large decrease in
equilibrium quantity.
Rajah 3.14 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan melebihi

pengurangan penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Pengurangan permintaan melebihi pengurangan penawaran ditunjukkan pleh
peralihan keluk permintaan ke kiri yang lebih besar daripada peralihan keluk
penawaran ke kiri.
Kesimpulannya, pengurangan permintaan melebihi pengurangan penawaran
akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan jatuh dengan sedikit dan kuantiti
keseimbangan berkurangan dengan banyak.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0
S1
S0

D1
E0

P0
P1

E1
D0

S1
S0
0

D1
Q1

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit(

Figure 3.14 Effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in demand is greater than
decrease in supply
Rajah 3.14 Kesan pengurangan permintaan melebihi pengurangan penawaran terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran

Decrease in Demand Smaller than the Decrease in Supply

Figure 3.15 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in demand

is smaller than the decrease in supply

Smaller decrease in demand compared to the decrease in supply is shown by the
shift of the demand curve to the left that is smaller than the shift of the supply curve
to the left.
In conclusion, a decrease in demand that is greater than a decrease in supply will
result in a small increase in the equilibrium price, and a large decrease in
equilibrium quantity.

Pengurangan Permintaan Kurang daripada Pengurangan

Penawaran
Rajah 3.15 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada

pengurangan penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada pengurangan penawaran ditunjukkan
oleh peralihan keluk permintaan ke kiri yang lebih kecil daripada peralihan keluk
penawaran ke kiri.
Kesimpulannya, pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada pengurangan
penawaran akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan naik dengan sedikit dan
kuantiti keseimbangan berkurangan dengan banyak.

Price(RM)

D1

D0

S1
S0
E1

P1
P0

E0
S1

D0
D1
S0

Q1

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.15 Effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in demand is smaller than
the decrease in supply
Rajah 3.15 Kesan pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada pengurangan penawaran
terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

Increase in Demand Greater than the Decrease in Supply

Figure 3.16 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the increase in

demand is greater than the decrease in supply.

Greater increase in demand compared to the decrease in supply is shown by
the shift of the demand curve to the right that is greater than the shift of the
supply curve to the left.
In conclusion, an increase in demand that is greater than a decrease in
supply will result in a large increase in the equilibrium price, and a small
increase in the equilibrium quantity.

Pertambahan Permintaan Melebihi Pengurangan Penawaran

Rajah 3.16 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan melebihi

pengurangan penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Pertambahan permintaan melebihi pengurangan penawaran ditunjukkan
oleh peralihan keluk permintaan ke kanan yang lebih besar daripada
peralihan keluk penawaran ke kiri.
Kesimpulannya, pertambahan permintaan melebihi pengurangan
penawaran akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan naik dengan
banyak dan kuantiti keseimbangan meningkat dengan sedikit.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D1

S1
S0

D0

E1

P1

E0
P0

D1

S1
S0

D0
Q0 Q1

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.16 Effect on market equilibrium when the increase in demand is greater than
the decrease in supply
Rajah 3.16 Kesan pertambahan permintaan melebihi pengurangan penawaran terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran

Increase in Demand Smaller than the Decrease in Supply

Figure 3.17 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the increase in

demand is smaller than the decrease in supply.

Smaller increase in demand compared to the decrease in supply is shown by
the shift of the demand curve to the right that is smaller than the shift of the
supply curve to the left.
In conclusion, an increase in demand that is smaller than a decrease in
supply will result in a large increase in the equilibrium price, and a small
increase in the equilibrium quantity.

Pertambahan Permintaan Kurang daripada Pengurangan

Penawaran
Rajah 3.17 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan kurang daripada

pengurangan penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Pertambahan permintaan kurang daripada pengurangan penawaran ditunjukkan oleh
peralihan keluk permintaan ke kanan yang lebih kecil daripada peralihan keluk
penawaran ke kiri.
Kesimpulannya, pertambahan permintaan kurang daripada pemgurangan penawaran
akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan naik dengan banyak dan kuantiti
keseimbangan berkurangan dengan sedikit.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

S1

D1
D0

S0

E1

P1

E0

P0

S1

D0
S0

D1

Q1 Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.17 Effect on market equilibrium when the increase in demand is smaller than
the decrease in supply
Rajah 3.17 Kesan pertambahan permintaan kurang daripada pengurangan penawaran
terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

Decrease in Demand Greater than the Increase in Supply

Figure 3.18 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in demand is

greater than the increase in supply.

Greater decrease in demand compared to the increase in supply is shown by the shift
of the demand curve to the left that is greater than the shift of the supply curve to the
right.
In conclusion, a decrease in demand that is greater than an increase in supply will
result in a large decrease in the equilibrium price, and a small decrease in the
equilibrium quantity.

Pengurangan Permintaan Melebihi Pertambahan Penawaran

Rajah 3.18 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan melebihi

pertambahan penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Pengurangan permintaan melebihi pertambahan penawaran ditunjukkan
oleh peralihan keluk permintaan ke kiri yang lebih besar daripada
peralihan keluk penawaran ke kanan.
Kesimpulannya, pengurangan permintaan melebihi pertambahan
penawaran akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan jatuh dengan
banyak dan kuantiti keseimbangan berkurangan dengan sedikit.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0

S0
S1

D1

E0

P0

E1

P1

D0
S0

D1

S1
0

Q1 Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.18 Effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in demand is greater than
the increase in supply
Rajah 3.18 Kesan pengurangan permintaan melebihi pertambahan penawaran terhadap
keseimbangan pasaran

Decrease in Demand Smaller than the Increase in Supply

Figure 3.19 shows the effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in demand is

smaller than the increase in supply.

Smaller decrease in demand compared to the increase in supply is shown by the shift of
the demand curve to the left that is smaller than the shift of the supply curve to the right.
In conclusion, a decrease in demand that is smaller than an increase in supply will result
in a large decrease in the equilibrium price, and a small decrease in the equilibrium
quantity.

Pengurangan Permintaan Kurang daripada Pertambahan Penawaran

Rajah 3.19 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada pertambahan

penawaran terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada pertambahan penawaran ditunjukkan oleh
peralihan keluk permintaan ke kiri yang lebih kecil daripada peralihan keluk penawaran
ke kanan.
Kesimpulannya, pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada pertambahan penawaran
akan menyebabkan harga keseimbangan jatuh dengan banyak dan kuantiti
keseimbangan meningkat dengan sedikit.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0

S0

D1

S1

E0
P0
P1

E1
S0
D1

S1
0

Q0 Q1

D0
Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.19 Effect on market equilibrium when the decrease in demand is smaller than
the increase in supply
Rajah 3.19 Kesan pengurangan permintaan kurang daripada pertambahan penawaran
terhadap keseimbangan pasaran

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN PRICE ON MARKET EQUILIBRIUM

Kesan Perubahan Harga terhadap Keseimbangan Pasaran

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

The effect of changes in price on market equilibrium can be seen in the

following four situations:
Increase in supply (with a fixed quantity) result in a decrease in price.
Decrease in supply (with a fixed quantity) result in an increase in price.
Increase in demand (with a fixed quantity) result in an increase in price.
Decrease in demand (with a fixed quantity) result in a decrease in price.

Kesan perubahan harga terhadap keseimbangan pasaran dapat

dilihat dalam empat keadaan berikut :
Pertambahan penawaran (kuantiti tetap) menyebabkan harga jatuh.
Pengurangan penawaran (kuantiti tetap) menyebabkan harga naik.
Pertambahan permintaan (kuantiti tetap) menyebabkan harga naik.
Pengurangan permintaan (kuantiti tetap) menyebabkan harga jatuh.

Increase Supply (with a Fixed Quantity) Resulting in a Decreased

Price
Figure 3.20 shows the effect of increase supply (with a fixed quantity) on
market equilibrium.
When the supply increases, the supply curve will shift to the right .
Consequently, the price will decrease while the quantity is constant

Pertambahan Penawaran (Kuantiti Tetap) Menyebabkan Harga

Jatuh
Rajah 3.20 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan penawaran (kuantitin tetap)
terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila penawaran bertambah, keluk penawaran akan beralih ke kanan.
Kesannya, harga jatuh manakala kuantiti tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0
S0
S1
E0

P0

P1

S0

E1
S1

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.20 Effect of increased supply (with a fixed quantity) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.20 Kesan pertambahan penawaran (kuantiti tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaran

Decreased Supply (with a Fixed Quantity) Resulting in an

Increased Price
Figure 3.21 shows the effect of decreased supply (with a fixed
quantity) on market equilibrium.
When the supply decreases, the supply curve will shift to the
left.
Consequently, the price will increase while the quantity is
constant.
Pengurangan Penawaran (Kuantiti Tetap) Menyebabkan Harga
Naik
Rajah 3.21 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan penawaran (kuantiti
tetap) terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila penawaran berkurangan, keluk penawaran akan beralih
ke kiri.
Kesannya, harga naik manakala kuantiti tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0
S1
S0
E1

P1

P0

S1

E0
S0

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.21 Effect of decreased supply (with a fixed quantity) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.21 Kesan pengurangan penawaran (kuantiti tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaran

Increased Demand (with a Fixed Quantity) Resulting in

an Increased Price
Figure 3.22 shows the effect of increased demand (with a fixed quantity) on
market equilibrium.
When the demand increases, the demand curve will shift to the right.
Consequently, the price will increase while the quantity is constant.

Pertambahan Permintaan (Kuantiti Tetap) Menyebabkan

Harga Naik
Rajah 3.22 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan (kuantiti
tetap) terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila permintaan bertambah, keluk permintaan akan beralih ke
kanan.
Kesannya, harga naik manakala kuantiti tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

S0
D1

P1

P0

D0

E1
E0

D1
D0

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.22 Effect of increased demand (with a fixed quantity) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.22 Kesan pertambahan permintaan (kuantiti tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaraan

Decreased Demand (with a Fixed Quantity) Resulting in

a Decreased Price
Figure 3.23 shows the effect of decreased demand (with a fixed quantity) on
market equilibrium.
When the demand decreases, the demand curve will shift to the left.
Consequently, the price will decrease while the quantity is constant.

Pengurangan Permintaan (Kuantiti Tetap) Menyebabkan

Harga Jatuh
Rajah 3.23 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan (kuantiti
tetap) terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila permintaan berkurangan, keluk permintaan akan beralih
ke kiri.
Kesannya, harga jatuh manakala kuantiti tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

S0
D0
P0

D1

E0
E1

P1

D0
D1

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.23 Effect of decreased demand (with a fixed quantity) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.23 Kesan pengurangan permintaan (kuantiti tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaran

EFFECT OF CHANGES IN QUANTITY ON MARKET

EQUILIBRIUM
Kesan Perubahan Kuantiti terhadap Keseimbangan Pasaran
The effects of changes in quantity on market equilibrium can be seen in

following four situations:

1. Increase in supply (with a fixed price) results in an increase in quantity
2. Decrease in supply (with a fixed price) results in a decrease in quantity.
3. Increase demand (with a fixed price) results in an increase in quantity.
4. Decrease demand (with a fixed price) results in a decrease in quantity.
Kesan perubahan kuantiti terhadap keseimbangan pasaran dapat dilihat

dalam empat keadaan berikut :

1. Pertambahan penawaran (harga tetap) memyebabkan kuantiti meningkat.
2. Pengurangan penawaran (harga tetap) menyebabkan kuantiti berkurangan.
3. Pertambahan permintaan (harga tetap) menyebabkan kuantiti meningkat.
4. Pengurangan permintaan (harga tetap) menyebabkan kuantiti berkurangan.

Increased Supply (with a Fixed Price)Resulting an

Increase in Quantity
Figure 3.24 shows the effect of increased supply (with a fixed price) on

marked equilibrium.
When the supply increases, the supply curve will shift to the right.
Consequently, the quantity will increase while the price is constant.

Pertambahan Penawaran (Harga Tetap) Menyebabkan

Kuantiti Meningkat
Rajah 3.24 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan penawaran (harga tetap)

terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Apabila penawaran bertambah, keluk penawaran akan beralih ke kanan.
Kesannya, kuantiti meningkat manakala harga tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

S0
S1
E0

P0

S0
0

E1

D0

S1
Q0

Q1

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.24 Effect of increased supply (with a fixed price) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.24 Kesan pertambahan penawaran (harga tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaran

Decrease in Supply (with a Fixed Price)Resulting a

Decrease in Quantity
Figure 3.25 shows the effect of decreased supply (with a fixed price)

on marked equilibrium.
When the demand decreases, the supply curve will shift to the left.
Consequently, the quantity will decrease while the price is constant.

Pengurangan Penawaran (Harga Tetap) Menyebabkan

Kuantiti Berkurangan
Rajah 3.25 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan penawaran

(harga tetap) terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.

Apabila penawaran berkurangan, keluk penawaran akan beralih
ke kiri.
Kesannya, kuantiti berkurangan manakla harga tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

S1

E1

P0

S1
0

E0

S0
D0

S0
Q1

Q0

Quantity(units)
Kuantity (unit)

Figure 3.25 Effect of decreased supply (with a fixed price) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.25 Kesan pengurangan penawaran (harga tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaran

Increased Demand (with a Fixed Price)Resulting in an

Increased Quantity
Figure 3.26 shows the effect of increased supply (with a fixed price)

on marked equilibrium.
When the demand increases, the demand curve will shift to the right.
Consequently, the quantity will increase while the price is constant.

Pertambahan Permintaan (Harga Tetap) Menyebabkan

Kuantiti Meningkat
Rajah 3.26 menunjukkan kesan pertambahan permintaan

(harga tetap) terhadapa keseimbangan pasaran.

Apabila permintaan meningkat, keluk permintaan akan beralih
ke kanan.
Kesannya, kuantiti meningkat manakala harga tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D0
P0

D1

E0

E1

S0

D0
0

Q0

Q1

D1

Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.26 Effect of increased demand (with a fixed price) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.26 Kesan pertambahan permintaan (harga tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaran

Decreased Demand (with a Fixed Price) Resulting in a

Decreased Quantity
Figure 3.27 shows the effect of decreased demand (with a fixed price)
on market equilibrium.
When the demand decreases, the demand curve will shift to the left.
Consequently, the quantity will decrease while the price is constant.

Pengurangan Permintaan (Harga Tetap) Menyebabkan

Kuantiti Berkurangan
Rajah 3.27 menunjukkan kesan pengurangan permintaan (harga
tetap) terhadap keseimbangan pasaran.
Apabila permintaan berkurangan, keluk permintaan akan beralih
ke kiri.
Kesannya, kuantiti berkurangan manakala harga tidak berubah.

Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

D1
P0

D0

E1

E0

S0

D1
0

Q1

Q0

D0
Quantity(units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Figure 3.27 Effect of decreased demand (with a fixed price) on market

equilibrium/equilibrium price
Rajah 3.27 Kesan pertambahan permintaan (harga tetap) terhadap keseimbangan
pasaran

PENGUKUHA
N

Market equilibrium is achieved when

Keseimbangan pasaran dicapai apabila

a. The number of buyers is equal to number of sellers.

Bilangan pembeli sama dengan bilangan penjual.
b. The quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied.
Kuantiti diminta sama dengan kuantiti ditawarkan.
c. The price is equal to the quantity.
Harga sama dengan bilangan pembeli
d. The quantity demand is equal to the number of buyers.
Kuantiti diminta sama dengan bilangan pembeli
2

When the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied, there will be
Apabila kuantiti diminta melebihi kuantiti ditawarkan, akan wujud

a. Shortage
Lebihan permintaan
b. Supply
Lebihan penawaran
c. Surplus consumers
Lebihan pengguna

d. Surplus producers
Lebihan pengeluar

The following table show the relationship between quantity demanded and quantity supplied and
the price of a good.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara kuantiti diminta dan kuantiti ditawarkan dengan
harga sesuatu barang.

Price (RM)
Harga
(RM)

Quantity
demanded
(units)
Kuantiti
diminta (unit)

Quantity
supplied
(units)
Kuantiti
ditawarkan
(unit)

550

40

500

100

450

200

350

350

10

225

650

3 At the price of RM8, there exists

Pada tingkat harga RM8, wujud

a. Surplus supply of 250 units.

lebihan penawaran sebanyak 250 unit.
b. Surplus demand of 250 units.
lebihan permintaan sebnyak 250 unit.

c. Surplus consumers of 250 units.

Lebihan pengguna sebanyak 250 unit.
d. Surplus producers of 250 units.
Lebihan pengeluar sebanyak 250 unit.

Surplus of 425 units exists at the price of

Lebihan penawaran sebanyak 425 unit wujud pada tingkat harga

a.
b.
c.
d.

RM7
RM8
RM9
RM10

5 The market achirves equilibrium at the price of

Pasaran mencapai keseimbangan pada tingkat harga
a.
b.
c.
d.

RM6
RM7
RM8
RM9

6 Increase in both demand and supply of a good will result in

Pertambahan penawaran dan permintaan sesuatu barang akan menyebabkan
a. Increased equilibrium price and quantity
Kenaikan tingkat harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan
b. Decreased equilibrium price and quantity
Kejatuhan tingkat harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan
c. Increased equilibrium price and decreased equilibrium quantity
Kenaikan harga dan kejatuhan kuantiti keseimbangan
d. The effect on equilibrium price is hard to determine, but the equilibrium quantity will increased
Kesan harga sukar ditentukan tetapi kuantiti keseimbangan pasti naik

7 If commodity X and commodity Y are substitutes for goods, an increase in the price of good X will
cause the
Jika barang X dan barang Y ialah pengganti antara satu sama lain, kenaikan harga barang X
akan menyebabkan keluk
a. Supply curve for good X to shift to the left
Penawaran barang X beralih ke kiri
b. Demand curve for good X to shift to the right
Permintaan barang X beralih ke kanan
c. Demand curve for good Y to shift to the right
Permintaan barang Y beralih ke kanan
d. Demand curve for good Y to shift to the left
Permintaan barang Y beralih ke kiri

8 The figure below shows curves that represent the relationship between the price of good Y and

the quantity demanded of good X

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keluk-keluk yang menunjukkan hubungan antara harga barang Y
dengan kuantiti diminta barang X
Price of good Y (RM)
Harga barang Y (RM)

B
0

A
D
Quantity of good X (unit)
Kuantiti barang X (unit)

Of the following curves, which shows that good X and good Y are substitutes?
Antara keluk berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan barang X dan barang Y ialah barang pengganti?
a.Curve AA
Keluk AA
b. Curve BB
Keluk BB
c. Curve CC
Keluk CC
d. Curve DD
Keluk DD

9 The demand curve for a good will shift to the left when
Keluk permintaan sesuatu barang akan beralih ke kiri apabila
a.Consumers income increase
Pendapatan pengguna meningkat
b. The price of complementary goods increase
Harga barang penggenap naik
c. The number of substitute goods increase
Harga barang pengganti naik
d. The population increase
Jumlah penduduk bertambah
10 Of the following factors, which will not cause a supply curve to shift?
Antara faktor berikut, yang manakah tidak akan menyebabkan peralihan keluk penawaran
sesuatu barang?
a.Change in the price of a good
Perubahan harga barang tersebut
b. Change in the price of substitute goods
Perubahan harga barang pengganti
c. Changes in the price of complementary goods
Perubahan harga barang penggenap
d. Changes in the level of technology
Perubahan tingkat teknologi

11 What is the effect on the equilibrium price and quantity of chicken when there are technological
advances in the fisheries industry ?
Apakah kesan terhadap tingkat harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan ayam apabila berlaku
kemajuan teknologi dalam industri penangkapan ikan ?
a.The price of chicken will increase and the equilibrium quantity of chicken will decrease.
Harga ayam naik dan kuantiti keseimbangan ayam berkurangan.
b. The price of chicken will increase and the equilibrium quantity of chicken will decrease.
Harga ayam jatuh dan kuantiti keseimbangan ayam berkurangan.
c. The price of chicken will increase and the equilibrium quantity of chicken will not change.
Harga ayam naik dan kuantiti keseimbangan ayam tidak berubah.
d. The price of chicken will not change and the equilibrium quantity of chicken will increase.
Harga ayam tidak berubah dan kuantiti keseimbangan meningkat.

12 The figure below shows the relationship between price and the quantity demanded of a good.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara harga dengan kuantiti diminta sesuatu barang
.

Price (RM)
Harga (RM)
D

D
0

Q1

Quantity (units)
Kauntiti (unit)

The change in quantity demand from 0Q to Q1 is caused by

Perubahan kuantiti diminta daripada 0Q kepada Q1 disebabkan
a.Increased population
Pertambahan jumlah penduduk
b.Decreased price of the good
Kejatuhan harga barang pengganti
c.Decreased price of substitute goods
Kejatuhan harga barang pengganti
d.Increased income
Kenaikan tingkat pendapatan

The following table shows the quantity demanded and quantity supplied of a good at various price
levels.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan kuntiti diminta dan kauntiti ditawarkan bagi sesuatu barang pada
pelbagai tingkat harga.

Price /
harga
(RM)

Quantity demanded /
kuantiti diminta
(units)

Quantity
supplied/kuantiti
ditawarkan
(units)

12

395

200

14

375

250

16

350

290

18

320

320

20

280

345

22

235

365

13Market equilibrium is achieved at the price of

Keseimbangan pasaran dicapai pada tingkat harga
a. RM12
b.RM14
c.RM16
d.RM18

SECTION B : ESSAY QUESTIONS

BAHAGIAN B : SOALAN ESEI
Answer all the questions given below.
Jawab semua soalan di bawah.
1 Explain the meaning of surplus demand and surplus supply.
Terangkan maksud lebihan permintaan dan lebihan penawaran
2 With a suitable example, explain how market equilibrium for a good is achieved.
Berdasarkan contoh yang sesuai, terangkan bagaimana keseimbangan pasaran bagi
sesuatu barang dicapai.
3 Explain the effects of equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in each situation:
Terangkan kesan terhadap tingkat harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan dalam setiap
kaedaan berikut:
a)Increased demand.
Pertambahan permintaan.
b)Decreased supply.
Pengurangan penawaran.
c)The increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply.
Pertambahan permintaan melebihi pertambahan penawaran.
d)The decrease in demand is greater than the increase in supply.
Pengurangan permin taan melebihi pertambahan penawaran.

14 Increased labour costs have caused the quantity supplied to decrease by 65 units for each price
level, assuming other factors remain unchanged. The new equilibrium price
Kenaikan kos buruh menyebabkan kuantiti ditawarkan berkurangan sebanyak 65 unit pada
setiap tingkat harga dengan andaian faktor lain tidak berubah. Tingkat harga keseimbangan baru
ialah
a.RM14
b.RM16
c.RM20
d.RM22
15 A rise in quantity demanded of a good is caused by
Pertambahan kuantiti permintaan sesuatu barang disebabkan
a.Increased individual taxation rates
Kenaikan kadar cukai pendapatan individu
b. Decreased consumer income
Kemerosotan pendapatan pengguna
c. Decreased prices of substitute goods
Kejatuhan harga barang pengganti
d. Decreased prices of complementary goods
Kejatuhan harga barang penggenap

SECTION C : QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONS

BAHAGIAN C : SOALAN KUANTITATIVF
Answer all the questions given below. Show your workings.
Jawab semua soalan di bawah. Tunjukkan jalan pengiraan.
1 The table below shows the quantity demanded and quantity supplied for wheat at
several price levels.
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan kuantiti diminta dan kuantiti ditawarkan bagi gandum
pada pelbagai tingkat harga.
Price (RM)
Harga (RM)

Quantity
demanded (units)
Kuantiti diminta
(unit)

Quantity
supplied (units)
Kuantiti
ditawarkan (unit)

85

72

80

73

75

75

70

77

65

79

60

81

a) Using graph paper, draw the demand and supply curves for wheat. What are the
equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity?
Dengan menggunakan kertas graf, lukis keluk permintaan dan keluk penawaran bagi
gamdum. Berapakah harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan?
b) What happens at the price of RM3?
Apakah yang berlaku pada tingkat harga EM3?
c) What happens at the price of RM6?
Apakah yang berlaku pada tingkat harga RM6?
d) If there is an increase in the incomes of consumers of wheat, what will happen to the
demand curve?
Jika pendapatan pembeli gandum bertambah, apakah yang akan berlaku kepada
keluk permintaan tersebut?

2 The demand function and supply function for a good in the market are as follows:
Fungsi permintaan dan fungsi penawaran bagi sesuatu barang dalam pasaran adalah
seperti berikut:
Qd = 140 10P
Qs = 20 + 10P
Where
Di mana,
Qd = Quqntity demanded (units)
kuantiti diminta (unit)
Qs = Quantity supplied (units)
kuantiti ditawarkan (unit)
P = Price (RM)
Harga (RM)

a) Complete the following

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah
Price(RM)
Harga (RM)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Quantity demanded
(units)
Kuantiti diminta (unit)

Quantity supplied
(unit)
Kuantiti ditawarkan
(unit)

b) Determine the market equilibrium price and quantity.

Tentukan tingkat harga dan kuantiti keseimbangan pasaran.
c) Why is the price of RM4 not the equilibrium price?
Mengapakah tingkat harga RM4 bukan tingkat harga keseimbangan?
d) Using graph paper, determine the market equilibrium price/point.
Dengan menggunakan kertas graf, tunjukkan tingkat keseimbangan pasaran.

JAWAPAN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

B
A
B
D
D
D
C
B
B
A
B
B
D
C
D

SECTION B : ESSAY QUESTIONS

BAHAGIAN B : SOALAN ESEI
1 Surplus demand quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied at acertain
price.
Lebihan permintaan kuantiti diminta melebihi kuantiti ditawarkan pada tingkat harga
tertentu.
Surplus supply quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded at a certain
price.
Lebihan penawaran kuantiti ditawarkan melebihi kuantiti diminta pada tingkat harga
tertentu.
2 * Market equilibrium is achieved when the market demand curve intersects with the
market supply curve.
* Keseimbangan pasaran tercapai apabila keluk permintaan pasaran bersilang dengan
keluk penawaran pasaran.
* When the price increases, the quantity supplied will be greater than the quantity
demanded surplus supply will cause the price to fall until equilibrium is achieved.
* Apabila harga naik, kuantiti ditawarkan melebihi kuantiti diminta lebihan penawaran
akan menyebabkan harga jatuh semula ke harga keseimbangan.

* When the price decreases, the quantity demanded will be greater than the quantity
supplied surplus demand will cause the price to increase until equilibrium is achieved.
* Apabila harga jatuh, kuantiti diminta melebihi kuantiti ditawarkan lebihan permintaan
akan menyebabkan harga naik semula ke harga keseimbangan.
3 (a) Equilibrium price will increase and the equilibrium quantity will increase.
Harga keseimbangan naik dan kuantiti keseimbangan meningkat.
(b) Equilibrium price will increase and the equilibrium quantity will decrease.
Harga keseimbangan naik dan kuantiti keseimbangan berkurangan.
(c) There will be a small increase in equilibrium price and a large increase in
equilibrium quantity.
Harga keseimbangan naik dengan sedikit dan kuantiti keseimbangan meningkat
dengan banyak.
(d) There will be a large decrease in equilibrium price and a small decrease in
equilibrium quantity.
Harga keseimbangan jatuh dengan banyak dan kuantiti keseimbangan
berkurangan dengan sedikit.

SECTION C : QUANTITATIVE QUESTION

BAHAGIAN C : SOALAN KUANTITATIF
1 (a)

Price (RM)
Harga (RM)

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

S
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

D
80

90

Quantity (units)
Kuantiti (unit)

Equilibrium price is RM4 and equilibrium quantity is 75 units.

Harga keseimbangan ialah RM4 dan kuantiti keseimbangan ialah 75 unit.

(b) There is a surplus demand of 7 units (80 73)

Wujud lebihan permintaan sebanyak 7 unit (80 73)
(c) There is a surplus supply of 14 units (79 65)
Wujud lebihan penawaran sebanyak 14 unit (79 65)
(d) The demand curve will shift to the right
Keluk permintaan akan beralih ke kanan

2 (a)

Price (RM)
Harga (RM)

Quantity demanded
(units)
Kuantiti diminta
(unit)

Quantity supplied
(unit)
Kuantiti ditawarkan
(unit)

130

30

120

40

110

50

100

60

90

70

80

80

70

90

60

100

50

110

10

40

120

(b) Equilibrium price is RM6 and equilibrium quantity is 80 units

Harga keseimbangan ialah RM6 dan kuantiti keseimbangan ialah 80 unit
(c) The price of RM4 is not the equilibrium price because at this price, the quantity
demanded is greater than the quantity supplies, or there is a surplus demand
of 40 units (100 60).
Tingkat harga RM4 bukan tingkat harga keseimbangan kerana pada tingkat harga
ini, kuantiti diminta melebihi kuantiti ditawarkan atau wujud lebihan permintaan
sebanyak 40 unit (100 60).
(d)

Price (RM)
Harga (RM)

10

8
6
4
2

S
0

20

D
40

60

80

100 120

140

Quantity (units)
Kuantiti (unit)