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Nhm 4
Cc ch im tho lun
Ngun
dng ha hc
ng dng ca in phn
MT S NGUN DNG HA HC
1.KHI NIM V NGUN DNG HA HC
2.PHN LOI NGUN DNG HA HC
3.MT S NGUN DNG HA HC THNG DNG
4.NG DNG CA ACQUI, PIN KM KHNG KH
Ngun dng ha hc
1. Khi nim chung v ngun dng ha hc
a. Ngun dng ha hc: l mt thit b m trong thit b nng lng ca
phn ng ha hc( ha nng) c bin i trc tip thnh in nng.
- Ngun dng ha hc bao gm mt hoc mt s pin n v( c s) hay cn gi
l nguyn t Galvanic. Th ca cc nguyn t Galvanic ring bit ny khng cao,
dao ng t 0,5 -4,0 V.
b. Ngun dng ha hc hay l mch in ha: L mt thit b gm 2 in cc c
th khc khng v khng bng nhau. Nh vy c 2 hng qua mch ca dng in:
- mch ngoi dng i t cc dng ti cc m tng ng cho s phng in
ca ngun dng ha hc c ngha l ng vi qu trnh ngun dng ha hc cho
mch ngoi nng lng
- Cn do tc dng ca th ngoi th dng i theo hng ngc li, trng hp
ny ng vi s np in( tch in) ca chng, ngha l tng ng vi qu trnh bin
i nng lng in thnh ha nng ging nh qu trnh in phn
Ngun dng ha hc
2. Phn loi ngun dng ha hc
a. Nhng nguyn t s cp: nhng nguyn t c tc dng hot ng mt ln cn gi
l nguyn t galvanic hay pin.
- Trong cc nguyn t ny c cha mt lng cht phn ng xc nh. Cc cht
tham gia phn ng, sau khi tiu hao ht ngun d tr th cc nguyn t s cp ny ht
kh nng lm vic
- Vd: pin Volta, pin Leclanch...
Pin Volta
Ngun dng ha hc
2. Phn loi ngun dng ha hc
b. Nguyn t th cp: nhng nguyn t hot ng c nhiu ln, cn gi l cqui.
- cqui sau khi phng in n cho php tch in li bng cch cho mt dng in mt
chiu t ngun bn ngoi i qua theo hng ngc li. Khi t nhng sn phm phn ng,
chng phn ng to ra cc cht bn u v ngc li
- Trong s cc loi cqui th cqui axit( cqui ch) v cqui kim c ng dng nhiu
hn c
Ngun dng ha hc
2. Phn li ngun dng ha hc
c. Pin nhin liu:
- Trong qu trnh lm vic ca pin nhin liu, nhng phn mi ca cht phn ng
c cp vo lin tc v sn phm phn ng c lin tc loi ra ng thi. V vy chng
c th phng in lin tc trong thi gian di.
- Cc nhin liu c s dng nh: hiro, metanol, hirazin, oxit cacbon, mt s loi
hidrocacbon, cht oxi ha nh oxi tinh khit hoc khng kh. Loi thng dng nht l pin
hiro oxi
Ngun dng ha hc
2. Phn loi ngun dng ha hc
d. Ngoi ra cn c mt loi l nguyn t lin hp
- Nguyn t lin hp: ch c mt cht phn ng c t d tr trong nguyn t, cn
cht h hai c cung cp lin tc t ngoi vo. Thi gian lm vic ca nguyn t ny xc
nh bi ngun d tr ca cht phn ng th nht.
- Mt trong nhng nguyn t lin hp c s dng rng ri l nguyn t lin hp km
khng kh hay cn gi l my pht km khng kh
Ngun dng ha hc
3. Mt s ngun dng ha hc thng dng
a. Pin Leclanch
- Pin Leclanch l mt trong nhng loi nguyn t
Galvanic s cp, n c nhiu ng dng trong thc t. S cu to pin Leclanch
(-)Zn|NH4Cl(MnO2)|C(+)
Khi pin hot ng, cc phn ng in cc xy ra nh sau
+ Ti ant(cc Zn): Zn -2e
Zn2+
+ Ti catt( cc than graphit): s phng in ca ion H +
2NH4+
NH3 + 2H+
2H+ + 2e
H2
H2 to thnh b MnO2 oxi ha thnh H2O:
2MnO2 + 2H2
Mn2O3 + H2O
NH3 c tch ra t cn bng trn tc dng vi ion Zn+2
v Cl- to thnh phc cht kh tan [Zn(NH3)2]Cl2
Vy phn ng to dng trong pin nh sau
Zn + 2NH4Cl + MnO2
[Zn(NH3)2]Cl2 +Mn2O3 + H2O
Ngun dng ha hc
3. Mt s ngun dng ha hc thng thng
b. cqui( cqui axit)
+ tch in cho cqui: ngi ta thc hin s in phn bng
cch cc m v cc dng ca cqui ni vi cc m v cc
dng ca ngun dng mt chiu bn ngoi, di tc dng ca
dng in mt chiu bn ngoi, hin tng in phn xy ra
catot: ion Pb2+ nhn e tr thnh Pb:PbSO4 +2e
Pb + SO42 ant: ion Pb2+ nhng e tr thnh Pb4+
PbSO4 -2e +2H2O
Pb + PbO2 +2H2SO4
Nh vy qu trnh tch in trong c qui xy ra nh sau:
PbSO4 + PbSO4 + H2O
Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4
ng thi cc in cc b bin i: cc dng l PbO2 v cc m
l Pb, tng ng vi s cu to nh sau
(+)PbO2|H2SO4|Pb(-)
Ngun dng ha hc
3. Mt s ngun dng ha hc thng dng
b.cqui
Khi cqui phng in, cc phn ng in cc xy ra nh sau:
- cc dng (PbO2):PbO2+ SO42- +4H+ +2e
PbSO4+2H2SO4
- cc m (Pb): Pb + SO42PbSO4 +2e
Nh vy qu trnh phng in trong cqui xy ra nh sau:
Pb + PbO2 +2H2SO4
2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Vy qu trnh phng v tch in trong cqui ch c biu th
bng phn ng 2 chiu sau
Tch in
2PbSO4 + 2 H2O Phng
Pbin
+ PbO2 + 2H2SO4
* c tnh ca cqui axit
- cqui ch c th n nh v tng i cao. Tui th t vi trm
n vi nhn chu k phng np in
- Ty mc ch s dng m ngi ta chia lm cc loi cqui
+ Khi ng c nng lng ring 26-28(W.h/Kg), chu k 100-300
ln, thi hn phc v 2-3 nm
+ Ko: c nng lng ring 20-28(W.h/kg), chu k 800-1500 ln,
thi hn phc v 4-6 nm
+ Tnh ti: nng lng ring 8-12(W.h/kg), thi hn 10-20 nm
Ngun dng ha hc
3. Mt s ngun dng ha hc thng dng
c. Pin km khng kh
S cu to pin nh sau
(-) Zn|KOH|O2(C) (+)
Ti catt: O2 + 2H2O +4e
4OHTi ant: 2Zn +4OH2Zn(OH)2 +4e
Phn ng to dng trong pin
2Zn + O2 +2H2O
2Zn(OH)2
Ngun dng ha hc
3. Mt s ngun dng ha hc thng dng
d. Pin nhin liu( cn gi l my pht in ha)
- V nguyn tc hot ng ca pin da vo vic s
dng phn ng oxi ha cc dng nhin liu t nhin
chuyn trc tip ha nng thnh in nng. Mt trong
nhng loi pin nhin liu c nghin cu y v tng
i ph bin l pin hiro oxi
- Cc phn ng in ha xy ra cc in cc nh sau
+ Cc dng (+): O2 +2H2O +4e
4OH+ Cc m (-): 2H2 - 4e
4H+
Cm n c v cc bn lng
nghe