SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

DIPLOMA TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN MEKATRONIK

ADTEC BINTULU
STRUKTUR SISTEM AUTOMASI
CONTROL PART OPERATIVE PART

SENSORS

INPUT INTERFACE

PROCESSOR ACTUATORS
(PLC)

OUTPUT INTERFACE

PREACTUATORS
CONTOH SISTEM AUTOMASI
TRANSDUCER – komponen / peralatan
yang menerima satu bentuk tenaga
dan menukarkannya kepada bentuk
tenaga yang lain
SENSOR - komponen / peralatan yg
sensitive kepada unsur / elemen tenaga
seperti pergerakan (motion), haba
(heat),cahaya (light), tekanan (pressure) dan
elektrik.
 JENIS – JENIS ISYARAT SENSOR
• Terdapat 3 jenis iaitu:
Discrete – ON / OFF BIT

DISCRETE SIGNAL
DIGITAL SIGNAL 0V

ANALOG SIGNAL
24V
V (volt)
V (volt)

• 24

Sensors that produce ON/OFF signals

are called discrete sensors.
Examples:
Limit switch , Proximity sensor
0 t (s)0 t (s)
 ISYARAT DIGITAL
i (mA)

Isyarat dalam kombinasi "0" dan (MSB)

1 0 1 0 0 0
(LSB)
0
"1" (dalam BCD) dipanggil 5

ISYARAT DIGITAL.

Boleh diubah kepada 0 t (s)

Hexadecimal atau Decimal . Sensors that produce digital

signals are called digital sensors.
Example:
Absolute rotary encoder
 ISYARAT ANALOG

• Isyarat Analog adalah isyarat

yang berterusan. 20
i (mA)

• Isyarat samada dalam

bentuk arus atau voltan.
• 4mA – 20mA , 0 – 10V , 0 30 d (m)

Sensors that produce continuos

• Cth Level Sensor mengeluarkan isyarat
signals are called analog sensors.
analog dalam bentuk arus elektrik dari Examples:
4mA (min) hingga 20mA (mak) Level transducer
Temperature transducer
 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF SENSORS:
ELECTRIC
ENERGY
ELECTRIC
OBJECT OUTPUT
SIGNAL
POSITION INFORMATION
ACQUISITION
DIGITAL

ELECTRIC
DIGITAL ENERGY
SENSOR
ELECTRIC
OBJECT OUTPUT
SIGNAL
PRESENCE INFORMATION
ACQUISITION
DISCRETE
0V-24V

DISCRETE
SENSOR
DISCRETE – LIMIT SWITCH
 KEGUNAAN
LIMIT SWITCH digunakan untuk mengesan:
• ABSENCE OR PRESENCE OF OBJECTS
• PASSING
• POSITIONING
• END OF TRAVEL (LIMIT)
 SIMBOL LIMIT SWITCH

NO NC

S1 S1
1 1
 LIMIT SWITCH – MECHANICAL SENSOR

PRINSIP KEFUNGSIAN :
• untuk pengesanan, objek hendaklah menekan
operator yang seterusnya menukar sesentuh
(contact) daripada NO ke NC ATAU NC ke NO
 OPERATING PRINCIPLES
• BEFORE • AFTER

240
240 Vac
Vac
COMPOSITION
OPERATOR & DETECTION MOVEMENT
• PLUNGER • ROLLER & PLUNGER
 OPERATOR & DETECTION MOVEMENT

• LEVER
 OPERATOR & DETECTION MOVEMENT

• MULTIDIRECTIONAL
 PROXIMITY SENSOR – REED SWITCH

Sensor mengesan medan magnet yang

menyebabkan suis tertutup apabila berada
dekat medan magnet
Contacts (space filled with
inert gas)
 CONTOH KEGUNAAN – SILINDER
Reed switch

Aluminium cylinder body

Magnetic cylinder piston

Magnetic field

The cylinder must be equipped with magnetic piston and aluminium

body so that the magnetic field can pass through it without
restriction.
 PRESSURE & VACUUM SWITCH

Pressure Switch – peralatan keselamatan pada peralatan

bertekanan di kilang dan pelantar. Ia tertutup dan
terbuka dengan mengesan tekanan.
Contoh : Well pump

The pump will run until a certain pressure is reached, then it will shut off.
If water pressure is too low, the switch will activate a pump to re-pressurize the system. If
water pressure is too high, the switch will shut off the pump until the pressure goes down.
 ACTUATION POINT

As fluid pressure rises, a force is transmitted through

transducer 6 which pushes against spring 2. When force
is strong enough to overcome the spring pressure
(set using adjustment screw 7), lever 4 moves upwards
and operates the electrical contact 1.
 STANDARD SYMBOL

S1 P S1 P
1 1
• 4.- APPLICATION EXAMPLES
• FREE TRANSFER MACHINE
• SURFACE TREATMENT MACHINE
• PUMP STATION
• TABLETS PACKAGING MACHINE
TEMPERATURE SWITCH
1) THERMOSTAT
2) BI – METALLIC TEMPERATURE
SWITCH
TEMPERATURE SWITCH
CONFIGURATION OF THERMOSTAT
 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• THE BULB, EITHER DIRECTLY OR VIA CAPILLARY TUBE, IS

CONNECTED TO THE THERMOSTAT BODY, AND TRANSMITS
THE EFFECTS OF A CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE TO IT.
• TEMPERATURE SENSOR CONTAINS A FLUID CHARGE
WHOSE PRESSURE CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE AND
ACTS UPON THE BELLOWS CAUSING IT TO EXPAND OR
CONTRACT.
• THE DEFORMATION OF THE BELLOWS TRANSMITS A
MOVEMENT TO THE ELECTRICAL CONTACT 1 VIA THE
OPERATING PISTON 5 AND THE LEVER 4.
BIMETALLIC TEMPERATURE SWITCH
 LEVEL SENSOR
Suis yang diaktifkan apabila aras yang
diukur mencapai paras yang dikehendaki.
Example Types of level switch:

Single-float
Multiple-float
Displacer
Paddlewheel
Vibrating-tines
 FLOAT LEVEL SENSOR

LOW LEVEL HIGH LEVEL

: FLOAT AND LIMIT SWITCH.
 MULTIPLE-FLOAT LEVEL SENSOR

Multiple-reed switches are mounted so that a magnet in the float

will activate each switch when the magnet is near the switch. The
float moves up and down a guide with the level of the liquid in the
tank.