Spring

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Jurusan Teknik Mesin FTI
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 Apa perbedaan mendesain pegas dengan elemen mesin yang lain?

 Umumnya elemen mesin didesain atas dasar kekuatan, lalu analisa de-
fleksi digunakan sebagai checking apakah desain yang dibuat
reasonable atau tidak.

 Sebaliknya untuk pegas, analisa defleksi adalah dasar desainnya,

sedang-kan analisa kekuatan digunakan sebagai checking saja.

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 Pegas Heliks Tarik & Tekan

Pegas Heliks Torsi

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Pegas Torsi Spiral

Pegas Daun

Pegas Karet
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 Pegas: Perbandingan Pegas Heliks

Pegas: Perbandingan Pegas Torsi

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Deflection of Helical Spring
Using Castigliano’s theorem

T 2l F 2l
U 
2GJ 2 AG
4 F 2 D 3 N 2 F 2 DN
U 4

d G d 2G
U 8 FD 3 N 4 FDN 8 FD 3 N
y   2 
F 4
dG d G d 4G
F d 4G
k 
y 8D 3 N
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 Type of Spring Ends
Term Plain Plain and Squared or Squared and
Ground Closed Ground
End coils, Ne 0 1 2 2
Total coils, Nt Na Na + 1 Na + 2 Na + 2
Free length, Lo pNa + d p(Na + 1) pNa +3d pNa +2d
Solid length, Ls d(Nt + 1) dNt d(Nt + 1) dNt
Pitch, p (Lo –d)/Na Lo/(Na + 1) (Lo-3d)/Na (Lo-2d)/Na
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Helical Compression Springs for Static Service

The preferred range of the spring index is 4  C  12

The range of active turns is 3  N a  15

Lo  Ls
The fractional overrun   1  0.15
Lo  L1

S Sy
Factor of safety ns   1.2

 Spring Materials

Some useful hints;

D 1
Prehardened wire should not be used if 4 or d  in.
d 4

Winding of the spring induces residual stresses.

The tensile strength of the spring wires depend on their diameter by
the relation
A
Sut  m
d
This equation is valid only for materials listed in the next slide table.
 Helical Compression Springs for Static Service

The torsional yield strength

Ssy = 0.45 Sut for music wire and cold-drawn carbon steels
Ssy = 0.50 Sut for OQ&T plain carbon and low-alloy steel
Ssy = 0.35 Sut for stainless austenitic steel and nonferrous alloys
Ssy = 0.65 Sut for all above, but with set removal

8Fs D
Shear stress to closure  s  K B as wound
d 3
8Fs D
 s  Ks set removed
d 3

Lo  Lo cr 
2.63D
Critical length

 Relative
ASTM Diameter A Diameter A
Material m cost of
No. in kpsi·inm mm MPa·mmm
wire
Music wire A228 0.145 0.004-0.256 201 0.10-6.5 2211 2.6
OQ&T wire A229 0.187 0.020-0.500 147 0.5-12.7 1855 1.3
Hard-drawn wire A227 0.190 0.028-0.500 140 0.7-12.7 1783 1.0
Chrome- A232 0.168 0.032-0.437 169 0.8-11.1 2005 3.1
vanadium wire
Chrome-silicon A401 0.108 0.063-0.375 202 1.6-9.5 1974 4.0
wire
302 Stainless A313 0.146 0.013-0.10 169 0.3-2.5 1867 7.6-11
wire 0.263 0.10-0.20 128 2.5-5 2065
0.478 0.20-0.40 90 5-10 2911
Phosphor-bronze B159 0 0.004-0.022 145 0.1-0.6 1000 8.0
wire 0.028 0.022-0.075 121 0.6-2 913
0.064 0.075-0.30 110 2-7.5 932

 The torsional yield strength is needed to design the spring.

 It can be approximate in the range
0.35Sut  S SY  0.52Sut
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 Latihan

•Rencanakan suatu pegas spiral (gulungan aktif, gulungan total, tinggi solid,
tinggi bebas dan material pegas) untuk menanggung beban 700 lb/spring
dimana faktor keamanan 1.5, diameter kawat 9/16 in, radius rata-rata gulungan
pegas 27/16, kekakuan pegas 2500 lb/in dan modulus geser 76.8 × 106 psi.

•Tentukan keamanan rancangan pegas spiral yang menanggung beban 700

lb/spring dimana diameter kawat 9/16 in, radius rata-rata gulungan pegas 27/16,
kekakuan pegas 2500 lb/in, modulus geser 76.8 ×106 psi dan material pegas
yang dipakai mempunyai Ssyp = 55.000 psi.

•Pilihlah material yang sesuai untuk pegas spiral yang menanggung beban 700
lb/spring dimana diameter kawat 9/16 in, radius rata-rata gulungan pegas 27/16,
kekakuan pegas 2500 lb/in dan modulus geser 76.8 × 106 psi dimana ada 2
pilihan material:
a. Ssyp = 60.000 dan angka keamanan 2
b. Ssyp = 75.000 dan angka keamanan 1.75
c. Ssyp = 80.000 dan angka keamanan 1.5

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