IMMUNE SYSTEM WITH

LYMPHATICS
KEVIN MICHAEL M. JASANI
WHAT IS IMMUNITY?
It is the body’s specific protective
response to an invading foreign agent
or organism.
 The Lymphatic System
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
lymphoid organs (tonsils, spleen and
thymus)
Primary Functions:
1. Maintains fluid homeostasis
2. Absorbs lipids from the GIT
3. Filters blood (spleen)
4. Contains lymphocytes participating in
immunity
The Lymph
Fluid similar to composition
as plasma
Without RBC and less
proteins
The Lymph vessels
Carry fluid away from tissues into
the venous circulation
These are NOT present in the
central nervous system, bone
marrow, epidermis and cartilage.
 3 mechanisms of edema
formation
1. Decreased oncotic pressure (less
protein) cirrhosis and kwashiorkor
2. Increased hydrostatic pressure
(greater pulling of water) CHF and
prolonged standing
3. Lymphatic obstruction or
destruction filiariasis, lymph node
dissection
 Lymphatic duct
1. Right lymphatic duct- drains
the right side of the head and the
upper right side of the thorax and
the right extremities
2. Thoracic duct- drains the rest
of the body
LYMPHATIC
ORGANS
Tonsils
A. palatine
B. pharyngeal
C. lingual
D. tubal
LYMPH NODES
Small round structures of
lymphoid tissue
Major lymph nodes are the
axillary, inguinal and cervical
Filters lymph
Activates the immune system
Removes microorganisms from
the blood
SPLEEN
Reddish, flat organ lying next
to the 9th and 10th rib in the
left upper quadrant
Functions:
Repository of old RBC
Activates the immune
system
Storage of Blood
Sequesters bacteria
MOST COMMONLY INJURED
in BLUNT abdominal
trauma
THYMUS
Bilobed organ in the
superior mediastinum
Positive selection=
T-cells that react to
foreign antigen are
selected
Negative selection=
T-cells that do not
react to the self-
antigen are selected
 BONE MARROW

BONE MARROW LYMPHOBLASTS THYMUS

MATURATION

REGULATOR EFFECTOR T
B LYMPHOCYTES T CELLS CELLS

MEMORY PLASMA HELPER SUPPRESSOR CYTOTOXIC

CELLS CELLS T CELLS T CELLS T CELLS

ANTIBODIES

HUMORAL CELLULAR (CELL- MEDIATED)

RESPONSE RESPONSE
 IMMUNITY
Innate or Non-specific Specific Immunity
1. Mechanical- skin, 1. Cellular Immunity-
mucus, saliva, urine T-cell system
2. Chemical- 2. Humoral
enzymes, lysozymes Immunity- B-cell
3. Vascular Blood system
cells- Neutrophils
and macrophages
4. Inflammation
 Non-specific Immunity
Inflammatory response
Reaction of the vacularized living
tissues to injury
Classic signs:
1. Rubor- redness
2. Calor- heat
3. Tumor- swelling
4. Dolor- pain
5. Functio laesa- loss of function
 Inflammation
Initial reaction Vasoconstriction
VC VD VP (due to HISTAMINE)
VD Redness and Heat
VP Swelling
Bradykinin, Prostaglandin,
compression of tissues pain
 Specific Immunity: T cell
T-cells that originate in the bone marrow
and mature in the thymus.
4 types of T-cells
1. Cytotoxic T cells- kill infected cells,
cancer cells and transplanted cells
2. Helper T cells- help the humoral
immunity
3. Suppressor T cells- suppress that
actions of cytotoxic and Helper cells
4. Memory T cells- for recall and specificity
 Specific Immunity: B cells
B cells are produced and mature in
the bone marrow
B cells helped by Helper cells
turn into Plasma cells secrete
ANTIBODIES
 ANTIBODIES
proteins that can combine with antigens and
function for:
1. Opsonization- the pathogen is marked for
ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte.
2. Neutralization- inhibits the effect of the
antigen.
3. Activation of complement system- proteins
that assist the antibodies in destroying the
antibody-coated antigen.
 Types of Antibodies
Five classes:
1. Ig M- primary response, frontliner
2. Ig G- secondary response, most
abundant, can cross placenta
3. Ig A- secreted by the body (fluids,
tears, saliva, breastmilk)
4. Ig D- receptor for B cells
5. Ig E- allergic and parasitic reactions
 TYPES OF IMMUNITY
1.Natural Immunity
Active natural
Passive natural
2. Artificial Immunity
Active artificial
Passive artificial
Fig. 14.18