FIRE FIGHTING DESIGN

NFPA STANDARDS
UL (Underwriters Laboratory) & FM (FACTORY MANUAL)
APPROVALS
 FIRE FIGHTING PROTECTION SYSTEM
• FIRE FIGHTING CODES AND STANDARDS
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA (FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY)
NFPA ( NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION)
• NFPA 10 – PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
• NFPA 11 & 16 – FOAM
• NFPA 13 – SPRINKLER
• NFPA 14 – FIRE HOSE SYSTEM, WET RISER
• NFPA 20 – FIRE PUMPS
• NFPA 24 – FIRE HYDRANT & UNDER GROUND PIPING SYSTEM
• NFPA 2001 – CLEAN AGENT (FM-200)
• NFPA 72 – FIRE DETECTION & ALARM
• NFPA 418 – HELIPADS
 FIRE FIGHTING PROTECTION SYSTEM
• BEFORE PURCHASING THE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS WE HAVE TO CHECK THE
ISI MARK
• IBC FOR MAINTAINTINING REGULATIONS FOR BUILDINGS
• UL-UNDERWRITES LABORATORY FOR TESTING OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
AND THEIR CERTIFICATIONS
• FM-FACTORY MANUAL (HAZARDS)
EXAMS  CFPS(CERTIFIED FIRE PROTECTION SPECIALIST)
NEBOSH AND IOSH (IGC-1,2&3) (UK)
 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• FIRE FIGHTING TRIANGLE
• IT CONSISTS OF HEAT, FUEL AND OXYGEN – IF WE SUPPRESS ANY OF THESE THREE
FROM THE FIRE THEN FIRE WILL STOP
HEAT + FUEL +OXYGEN
 FIRE FIGHTING PROTECTION SYSTEM
• EQUIPMENTS USED IN FIRE FIGHTING PROTECTION SYSTEM
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
FIRE HYDRANTS
FIRE FIGHTING PIPES
FIRE FIGHTING NOZZLES
FIRE FIGHTING VALVES (LANDING VALVES,CIAMIS VALVE etc.)
FIRE HOSE CABINETS
FIRE SPRINKLERS
FIRE FIGHTING PUMPS
FIRE FIGHTING SENSORS AND DETECTORS
FIRE FIGHTING COLOUR COATING (RED – DANGER)
FIRE HYDRANT COLOUR TYPES
 FIRE FIGHTING (FIRE HYDRANT)
• FIRE HYDRANT
 FIRE HYDRANT COLOUR CODES
BODY COLORS

WHITE HYDRANT PUBLIC SYSTEM EBMUD

YELLOW HYDRANT PRIVATE SYSTEM CONNECTED TO PUBLIC WATER MAIN

RED HYDRANT SPECIAL OPERATION NOT USED EXCEPT FOR SPECIAL PROCEDURES

VIOLET HYDRANT NON POTABLE SUPPLY POND OR LAKE SUPPLY, EFFUENT

TOP COLORS (NFPA)

BLUE 1500 GPM or MORE VERY GOOD FLOW

GREEN 1000-1499 GPM GOOD FOR RESIDENTIAL AREAS

ORANGE 500-999 GPM ADEQUATE MARGINALLY

RED BELOW 500 GPM INADEQUATE

ALTERNATE OUTLET CAP COLORS (NOT NFPA)

GREEN OVER 120 PSI (Pound Per Square Inch) EXTREMELY HIGH PRESSURE (CAUTION)

ORANGE 50-120 PSI NORMAL PRESSURE RANGE

RED BELOW 50 PSI REQUIRES A PUMP

 FIRE FIGHTING(FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND TYPES)
• FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND THE AREAS IN WHICH WE CAN USE THE TYPES OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHERS FOR SUPPRESSION OF FIRE ACCORDING TO NFPA (NATIONAL
FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION)
 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND THEIR LIFE
• FIRE EXTINGUISHER IS A PRE-PLANNED FIRE SUPRESSANT WHICH IS INSTALLED IN
THE PLACE WHERE THERE IS AN INSTANT FIRE CATCHUPS AND MORE SEVERE
CONDITIONS HERE AFTER
• LIFE OF THE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
WATER TYPE 10 YEARS

CO2 15 YEARS

CLEAN AGENT (FM-200) 10 YEARS

• TEST INTERVALS IS ABOUT 3 YEARS FOR FIRE EXTUINGUSHERS AND 5 YEARS FOR
CO2 EXTUINGUISHERS AND FIRE EXTINGUISHERS MUST BE INSTALLED 1.5
METERS FROM FFL AND TRAVEL DISTANCE IS 75FT
 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• HOW TO USE FIRE EXTUINGUISHERS
PASS
P-PULL THE PIN LOCK
A-AIM AT THE FIRE
S-SQUEEZE THE HANDLE
S-SWEEP ON FIRE
NOTE: NOTE THAT, NO PERSON SHOULD STAND BEHIND THE FIRE AND SHOULD
USE PROPER TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR A PARTICULAR FIRE (CO2,WATER
etc)
Fuels – solids (wood, plastic, rubber etc )
Liquids – petrol, diesel etc
Gases – propane, Butane etc
Dangerous because they are already used in natural state required for ignition
FIRE FIGHTING (FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND TYPES)
COLOUR CODES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 FIRE FIGHTING (NOZZELS USED IN FIRE FIGHTING)
• TYPES OF NOZZLES USED IN FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM HYDRANT NOZZLE, FIRE HOSE
PIPE NOZZLE
 FIRE FIGHTING (FITTINGS IN FIRE FIGHTING)
• TYPES OF FITTINGS USED IN FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM TO CONNECT OR JOIN, TO
REDUCE, TO INCREASE, TO TURN, TO BEND etc.
 TYPES OF FITTINGS
• GROOVED FITTINGS
• FLANGED FITTING
• THREADDED FITTING
 FITTINGS IN FF
• FLANGE FITTING

• THREADDED FITTINGS
 FITTINGS IN FF
• BUTT WELD FITTINGS
• Butt weld fittings are used wherever liquid, gas, chemical and other fluid are
created, processed, transported, especially in large size piping system. Such as Oil
and gas industries, Midstream, Shipbuilding, Power plants, Food plants,
Pharmaceuticals, etc
 FIRE FIGHTING (FITTINGS IN FIRE FIGHTING)
• FITTINGS USED IN FIRE FIGHTING TO JOIN THE TWO PIPES
GROOVED JOINT FITTING
THREADDED
FLANGED JOINT
 FIRE FIGHTING VALVES
• VALVES USED IN FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
 FIRE FIGHTING VALVES
• ZONE CONTROL VALVE IN FIRE FIGHTING
• Zone control valve is a combined unit of 4 parts: signal butterfly valve, water-
flow indicator, pressure gauge and test & drain valve.
• They are assembled on fire pipeline to separates the fire area into small
distribution zone for indication and control. Because of fire sprinkler or test valve
activation, the indicator detects water flow and transmits signal to control
system. After fire suppression, butterfly valve gets signal and shut down the
water flow for recovering the system.
 FIRE FIGHTING (FIRE HOSE CABINETS)
• FIRE HOSE CABINET IS A CABINET IN WHICH WE HAVE TO INSTALL THE PIPE
CONNECTION ON EACH FLOOR
FIRE HOSE CABINET CONSISTS OF :
LANDING VALVE (WHICH IS USED IN EVERY FLOOR AND EVERY CABINET)
FIRE HOSE REEL DRUM (DIA 65 MM & 7 BAR PRESSURE OR 2 ½ “ ) CLASS 1
FIRE HOSE PIPE (35 METERS)
NOZZLE OR SHORT BRANCH PIPE
PIPE OF 1” OR 1 ½” AND 2-3 BAR PRESSURE & LENGTH 35 METERS CLASS 2
FIRE HOSE STAND IS OF THREE TYPES CLASS 1,2 & 3
CLASS 1 + CLASS 2 = CLASS 3
 FIRE FIGHTING (FIRE HOSE CABINETS CLASS)
• FIRE HOSE CABINETS CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 COMBINELY INSTALLED IT BECOMES
CLASS 3 FIRE HOSE CABINET
 FIRE FIGHTING LANDING VALVE
• LANDING VALVE IS LIKE A WATER SUPPLY VALVE TO EACH FLOOR OR IT IS ALSO
CALLED AS WATER OUTLET TO WHICH WE CONNECT THE PIPE FOR FIRE
SUPPRESSION
FIRE FIGHTING (FIRE FIGHTING DEPARTMEN CONNECTION)
• CIAMIS VALVE OR FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION OR BREECHING INLET OR
COLLECTING HEAD
• IF THERE IS A FIRE, FIRE DEPARTMENT WILL COME AND DIRECTLY GIVE SUPPLY OF
WATER TO CIAMIS VALVE AND THERE WILL BE SUPPLY OF WATER IN THE
BUILDING IN DRY RISING MAIN PIPE AND ON EACH FLOOR THROUGH LANDING
VALVE OR TO THE CABINET FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF FIRE
 FIRE FIGHTING (SPRINKLER SYSTEM)
• SPRINKLER IS A HEAT ACTIVATED FIRE EXTINGUISHER WHICH CONSISTS OF HIGH
EXPANSION LIQUID IN IT WHICH EXPANDS ON SENSING HEAT AND BURSTS TO
SUPRESS THE FIRE IN ITS RANGE.
 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• TYPES OF FIRE FIGHTING SPRINKLERS
PENDENT TYPE- FOR PROTECTION BELOW FALSE CEILING
UPRIGHT SPRINKLER- FOR PROTECTION BELOW FALSE CEILING
SIDE WALL SPRINKLER – FOR THE CORNER WALLS
HIDDEN OR CONCEALED SPRINLER – FOR GOOD LOOKING
ESFR(EARLY SUPPRESSION FAST RESPONSE)
TYCO COMPANY FOR FIRE FIGHTING COMPANY
SFFECO-SAUDI FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT COMPANY etc
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS IS 6FT AND FROM WALL TO
SPRINKLER IT IS 7.5 FT
FIRE FIGHTING SPRINKLER TYPES AND THEIR TEMPERATURE
RANGES
 FIRE FIGHTING--SPRINKLER CALCUALTIONS
• IT CONSISTS OF 5MM BULB FOR STANDARD RESPONSE AND 3MM BULB FOR
QUICK RESPONSE BASED ON THE TEMPERATURE AND ITS RANGES
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF COLOURED SPRINKLER ARE MANUFACTURED THE
COLOURS INDICATES THE VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AT WHICH BULB BURST
AND THE SPRINKLER OPERATES
• IN BULB THE LIQUID HAS HIGH CO-EFFICIENT OF EXPANSION AND WHEN IT
GAIN HEAT FROM THE SURROUNDING ITS PRESSURE INCREASES AND IT BURSTS
• IN SPRINKLER WE HAVE TO MAINTAIN A FLOW OF 20 GPM (NEARLY 80
LITERS/MINUTE)
• “DAMIT” CONTROL BAG ARE USED TO SEAL THE FLOW OF CONTINOUS WATER
FROM THE SPRINKLER AFTER SUPPRESSING OR COMPRESSING THE FIRE
Spare Sprinklers: A set of spare sprinkler heads shall be provided in a cabinet
together with sprinkler spanners as per NFPA-13 requirement for use in removing
and installation of the heads AND EVERY SPRINKLER HAS A SIN NUMBER
 FIRE FIGHTING
• TYPES OF SPRINKLER PIPING SYSTEM
• PIPE SIZING IS DONE BY PIPE SIZER SOFTWARE
1. BRANCHED SYSTEM
THERE MUST BE ONLY “8” SPRINKLERS IN A LINE NOT MORE THAN THAT
 FIRE FIGHTING
2. GRIDDED SYSTEM
 FIRE FIGHTING
3. LOOPED SYSTEM
 FIRE FIGHTING
• SPRINKLER CALCULATION
 FIRE FIGHTING SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• TYPES OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
1. WET PIPE FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
WET TYPE OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS MOST COMMON TYPE OF FIRE
SPRINKER SYSTEM IN USE. IN A WET TYPE OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM THE WATER IS
DIRECTLY STORED INTO THE PIPES & RELEASED BY HEAT ACTIVATED SPRINKLER HEADS.
THIS TYPE OF FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO ACTIVATE
INSTANTLY, WITH NO LAG TIME WHEN THE FIRE SPRINKLER HEADS OPEN.
2. DRY PIPE FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM :
DRY PIPE OF FIRE SPRINKLER IS SIMILAR TO WET PIPE, EXCEPT THE WATER IS
NOT STORED IN THE PIPES. INSTEAD, THE PIPES ARE FILLED WITH PRESSURISED AIR OR
NITROGEN GAS. WHEN THE SPRINKLER HEAD OPENS, THE GAS IS RELEASED & A VALVE
OPENS THAT ALLOWS THE WATER TO FLOWS OUT THROUGH THE OPEN FIRE SPRINKLER
HEADS, WHILE THIS CAUSES THE SLIGHT DELAY IN WATER DISCHARGE , IT IS USEFUL IN
BUILDINGS WHERE WATER COULD FREEZE IF IT IS KEPT IN THE PIPE
 FIRE FIGHTING SPRINKLER SYSTEM
3. DELUGE FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
A DELUGE FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS VERY SIMILAR TO A WET PIPE FIRE
SPRINKLER SYSTEM, EXCEPT THE FIRE SPRINKLER HEADS ARE KEPT OPENED AT ALL
THE TIMES-THEY ARE NOT ACTIVATED BY HEAT INSTEAD, DELUGE FIRE SPRINKLER
SYSTEM ARE OPERATED BY A SPECIALIZED FIRE ALARM WHICH CAUSES THE VALVE
TO OPEN AND RELEASE THE WATER. ONCE THE VALVE OPENS IT CANT BE CLOSED
UNTIL THE VALVE TURNED OFF MANUALLY
DELUGE FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS NOT COMMONLY USED IN HOMES AND
OFFICES. INSTEAD, THEY ARE USED IN PLACES WHERE RAPID FIRE IS A CONCERN
YOU CAN USUALLY SEE THE DELUGE SYSTEM NEAR HIGH RISE WINDOWS, WARE
HOUSES BAY ENTRIES OR ANY WHERE ELSE WHERE A FIRE COULD ESCAPE QUICKLY
 FIRE FIGHTING SPRINKLER SYSTEM
4. PRE-ACTION FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
A PRE ACTION FIRE SPRINKLER SYTEM IS BASICALLY A COMBINATION
OF WET PIPE AND DRY PIPE FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM. BASICALLY, WATER IS NOT
STORED IN THE PIPES UNTIL A FIRE DETECTION DEVICE DETECTS A FIRE. AT THIS
POINT, THE DETECTION DEVICE OPENS A VALVE TO LET THE WATER IN BEFORE THE
SPRINKLER HEAD OPENS. THE PRE-ACTION FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM REACTS AS
QUICK AS A WET PIPE FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
A PRE-ACTION SYSTEM IS A DOUBLE INTERLOCK SYSTEM, WHICH ADMITS THE
WATER TO SPRINKLER PIPING UPON THE ACTIVATION OF DETECTION DEVICES AND
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS
NOTE: PRE ACTION FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM ARE BEST SUITED FOR AREAS THAT
ARE AT HIGH RISK FOR SERIOUS WATER DAMAGE IN THE EVENT OF ACCIDENTAL
FIRE SPRINKLER ACTIVATION
 FIRE FIGHTING (WATERLESS SYSTEM) OR FM-200
• FM200 FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM (PIPE NETWORK)
• Fm200 (HFC-227ea, Heptafluoropropane) is a colorless, odorless and low-toxic
gas which is liquefied stored in cylinders and dispensed into the hazard as a non-
conductive vapor to put out the fire. It is especially suitable for electrical fire, and
also available for Class A, B and C fire. It is usually used in computer room,
telecommunications facility, library, archive store, base station, battery room,
laboratory, etc.
 PLUMBING DESIGN
FIRE MAIN : A FIRE MAIN IS ALEADING WATER SUPPLY FROM THE MUNICIPAL
WATER SUPPLY TO THE BUILDING.
A-ASH- (WOOD,PAPER etc.)
B-BARREL-(OIL,PETROL,KEROSENE,GASOLINE etc)
C-CO2-(ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT)
D-DYNAMITE (EXPLOSIVE)
K-KITCHEN-(OILS AND FATS)
F-FM200-FOAM
FIRE FIGHTING PIPE MATERIALS
 FIRE FIGHTING
• BRANCH PIPE PASSING BELOW BEAM
• THE DRAWING WHICH GIVES YOU THE DETAIL OF WALL OPENINGS AND SLAB
OPENINGS IS CALLED AS BUILDERS WORK

Pipe size A (min dimension)

25 DIA to 40 DIA 225 to 400 MM

65 DIA 250 MM TO 400 MM

 FIRE FIGHTING PIPES AND MATERIAL
• The most commonly used steel pipe for sprinkler systems is black steel pipe.
Copper tubing is another piping material listed for sprinklers in NFPA 13. Also,
plastic pipe (namely, CPVC and PEX tubing) is permitted for certain types of
sprinkler systems.
 FIRE FIGHTING (FIRE SUPPRESSANTS)
• INTUMESCENT IS A SUBSTANCE WHICH SWELLS AS A RESULT OF HEAT EXPOSURE,
THUS INCREASING IN VOLUME AND DECRESING IN DENSITY WHICH HELPS IN
CONTROLING OR STOPPING THE FIRE TO EXCEED MORE
 FIRE FIGHTING
• FIRE DAMPERS ARE USUALLY INSTALLED IN FIRE RATED WALLS
• FIRE CURTAINS FOR FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• SMOKE CURTAINS WITH ROLLER BLINDS AND DRAPES(VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL DRAPES)
• FIRE FIGHTING LIFTS WHICH HAS FIRE RATED WALLS CAN WITHSTAND FIRE UPTO
2 HOURS
• EVACUATION SAFETY MEASURE WITH EXIT ACCESS SYMBOLS FOR THE STAIR
CASE AND SHOULD PROVIDE STAIR WELL PRESSURIZATION FOR THE STAIR CASE
AS A VENTILATION
• DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO DOORS IS ½ OF THE DIAGONAL DISTANCE IS
MINIMUM
 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION SYSTEM IN CAR PARKING (PPM)
• CO ( CARBON MONOXIDE ) SENSORS AND GAS DETECTORS ARE USED IN CAR
PARKING
• DETECTORS ARE INSTALLED AT 1.5 METERS FROM FFL(FINISH FLOOR LEVEL)
• SMOKE DETECTORS AND HEAT DETECTORS ARE USED IN FIRE FIGHTING FOR
SMOKE MANAGEMENT AND HEAT SYSTEM IN KITCHENS.
 FIRE FIGHTING
• HAZARD = HAZARD IS A WORD WHICH DESCRIBES
A. TYPE OF HAZARD
B. HOW FAST THE FIRE WILL BURN
C. HOW MUCH HEAT A FIRE WILL GENERATE
THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAZARD AND DEPENDING UPON THE TYPE OF
AREA WE WILL SELECT THE HAZARD TYPE
BASICALLY THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF HAZARDS THEY ARE
SINGLE HAZARD (ONLY FOR PARTICULAR AREA)
MULTIPLE HAZARD(IF THERE ARE TWO OR MORE THAN TWO HAZARDS IN A
SINGLE AREA OR SPACE THEN IT IS CALLED AS MULTIPLE HAZARD LIKE
KITCHEN WITH HALL ATTACHED etc)
 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• HAZARD CLASSIFICATION AND FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM USED
TYPES OF HAZARDS BASED ON NFPA STANDARDS
TYPE OF HAZARD WHERE TO USE

LIGHT HAZARD OFFICES, INSTITUTES, BEDROOMS etc

ORDINARY HAZARD GROUP 1 BELOW 3M (9-10 FT)

CAR PARKINGS, CELLARS etc

ORDINARY HAZARD GROUP 2 EXCEED TILL 12 FT

GARAGE, MALL etc

EXTRA HAZARD GROUP 1 RUBBER MANUFACTURE INDUSTRY, SAW

MILLS

EXTRA HAZARD GROUP 2 SPRAY PAINTING COMPANIES, PETROL –

PUMPS ETC
 FIRE FIGHTING
• Find out the type of hazard from the following