1 Aim :

To investigate the heat changes

in chemical reactions.
2 Hypothesis :

The reaction between ammonium chloride

and water involves heat gain while the
reaction sodium hydroxide and water
involves heat loss .
 3 Variables :

i) Manipulated : Types of reactants

ii) Responding : Change in

temperature readings

iii) Constant : Volume of water

4 Apparatus and materials :

Boiling tubes, spatula, thermometer,

glass rod, sodium hydroxide,
ammonium chloride and distilled water.
5 Procedure :
a) 50 cm3 of distilled water is added into a boiling tube.
b) The initial temperature of the distilled water is
recorded.
c) A spatula full of sodium hydroxide pellets is added
into the boiling tube.
d) The mixture is stirred with a glass rod and the final
temperature is recorded.
e) The change of temperature is calculated.
f) Steps a until e is repeated by replacing sodium
hydroxide pellets with ammonium chloride .
7 Observation :
Initial Final Change in
Reactants temperature temperature temperature
(°C ) (°C ) (°C )
Distilled water
+ Sodium
hydroxide
Distilled water
+ Ammonium
chloride
 8 Discussion :

Based on the results obtained from the

reaction between sodium hydroxide and
water, there is an …………….. in the
temperature .
Thus, this reaction is an ……………….
reaction.
Based on the results obtained from the
reaction between ammonium chloride and
water, there is a …………….. in the
temperature .
Thus, this reaction is an ……………….
reaction.
9 Conclusion :
Hypothesis is accepted

(a) The reaction between ammonium chloride and

water has a positive ( + ΔH) heat change.
Therefore, it is an endothermic reaction
(b) The reaction between sodium hydroxide and
water has a negative ( - ΔH) heat change.
Therefore, it is an exothermic reaction.